*9-3 422. CHAPTER 9 / EXTERNAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW TAMINAR FLAT-PLATE BOUNDARY LAYER: EXACT SOLUTION wn a horizontal flat plate was obtained by dy, incompressible ‘The solution for the laminar boundary lay Pranaitl’s student H. Blasius [2] in 1908. For two-dimensional, tea Fran t e oro pressure gradient, the governing equations of motion reduce 0 (21 (93) 4) with boundary conditions au Fo ayos wel BBasius reasoned thatthe velocity profile u/U, should be similar for al values of x when plotted versus a nondimensional distance from the wall the ‘boundary-layer thickness, Benet tatoral choice for nondimensionafiing th distance from the wall Thus the solution is of the form 7 6) g(n) where Based on the solution of Stokes [4], Blasius reasoned that 6 & J/va/U and set 7 nay 7 : Novx a) Introducing the stream function, , where ab ab w= and v= -$ 4 oy : ax ch) ically; substituting for u and v into satisfies the continuity equation (Eq. 9.3) ident the single dependent variable, Defi: Fa, 94 reduces the equation to one in which iis ing a dimensionless stream function as 2 08) 4 Jost Sn) = ndependent variable in Eq. 9.4. With makes f(n) the dependent variable and 7 the i ‘we can evaluate each of the terms it tb defined by Eq, 9.8 and 7 defined by Eq. 9.7, Eg. 9.4 ‘The velocity components are fen by «This section may be omitted witht oss of continity in the text materia5 LAMINAR FLAT-PLATE BOUNDARY LAYER: EXACT SOLUTION 423 ved by sible 1 ’ (2.10) 03) By liferentiatng the velocity components, it also ean be shown that (9.4) =-£ ” a ou = Tix pen and os) A A eu ey ay yxdni x when Substituting these expressions into Eg, 9.4, we obtain hus the on on with boundary conditions: a 1 =0, on ano 2) an The second-order partial differential equations governing the growth of the laminar boundary layer on a flat plate (Eqs. 9.3 and 9.4) have been transformed to a nonlinear third-order ordinary differential equation (Eq. 9.11) with boundary conditions given by Eq. 9.12, It is not possible to solve Eq. 9.11 in closed form; Blasius solved it using a power series expansion about 1) = 0 matched to an asymptotic expansion for n —> = The same equation later was solved more precisely—again using numerical methods — by Howarth [5], who reported results to 5 decimal places, The numerical values of f, fldn, and d° ian? in Table 9.1 were calculated with a personal computer using sth order Runge-Kutta numerical integration. The velocity profile is obtained in dimensionless form by plotting w/U versus 7, ad v int te. Defing values from Table 9.1. The resulting profile is plotted in Fig. 93a. Velocity pro. 94. Wit files measured experimentally are in excellent agreement with the analytical solution e terms Profiles from all locations on a flat plate are similar: they collapse to single profile when plotted in nondimensional coordinates From Table 9.1, we see that at 7 = 5.0, wl = 0.992, With the boundary-layer thickness, 8, defined as the value of y for which WU = 0.99, Eq. 9.7 gives 0.13) 9.34. The boundary-layer thickness, 5, is indicated on the velocity profile plot of424 HAPTER 9 / EXTERNAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW Table 9.1 The Function f(n) for the Laminar Boundary Layer along a Fiat Plate al Zero Incidence f f 0 03321 0.1659 03309 0.3298 0.3230 o.aaes. 0.3026 20 0.6298 0.2668 07513 02174 | o.8460 0.1614 09130 0.1078 0.9555 0.0642 0.9795 0.0340 0.9915 0.0159 0.9969 0.0066 0.9990 0.0024 i 0.997 0.0008 0.9999 0.0002 1.0000 0.0001 1.0000 0.0000 The wall shear stress may be expressed as au} a . uv Jun By yay OO? Then (ud) 9.15) Each of the results for boundary-layer thickness, 5, wall shear stress, 7, and skin friction coefficient, C, Eqs, 9.13 through 9.15, depends on the length Reynolds num- bet, Rey, to the one-half power. The boundary-layer thickness increases as x', and the wail shear stress and skin friction coefficient vary as 1/x"?, These results characterize the behavior of the laminar boundary layer on a flat plate. EXAMPLE 9.2 Laminar Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate: Exact Solution ‘Use the numerical results presented in Table 9.1 to evaluate the following quantities for laminar boundary-layer flow on a flat plate: (a) 5°16 (for = Sand asm — =) hy v/U/ atthe boundary-layer edge {c) Ratio of the slope ofa streamline atthe boundary-layer edge tothe slope of 6 versus x.© LAMINAR FLAT-PLATE BOUNDARY LAVER: EXACT SOLUTION 425, EXAMPLE PROBLEM 9.2 GIVEN: Numerical solution for laminar flat-plate boundary layer, Table 9.1 FIND: (@) 618 (for = 5 andas 1 —> =). (b)_v/U atboundary-layer edge. () Ratio ofthe slope ofa streamline at the boundary-layer edge to the slope of 8 versus x SOLUTION: ‘The displacement thickness is defined by Eq, 9.1 as [e-a)o-[-a)e i and dy = dy, 8 romeg 91.0 xf E509 = Thus _— oo ———. From Bo, 9.13, ‘Thus Substituting from Eg. 9.9, we obtain Integrating gives Evaluating a tue Sq=9 ‘The quantity 7 — f(m) becomes constant for n > 7. Evaluating at rpax = 8 gives a 3 0344 (n>) eee ‘Thus 65... is 0.24 percent larger than 5.426 HAPTER 9 / EXTERNAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW From Eq 9.10 fou ar _ ,\ (4-4) oni} © Gat 2)" x Evaluating at the boundary-layer edge (1) = 5), we obtain 0837 oa ga-d 5(0.9915) ~ 3.2833) ‘hus v is only 0.84 percent of U at Re, = 10%, and only about 0.12 percent of U at Rex = 5% 10°. “The slope of a streamline atthe boundary-layer edge is 084 ‘The slope ofthe boundar a a ay\ 0.84.45 48 Tos 2) ae as OO “This result shows that streamlines penetrate the boundary-layer edge, as sketched: “This problem illustrates application of results from the numerical solution of the laminar boundary layer ona flat plate 9-4 MOMENTUM INTEGRAL EQUATION “The exact solution of Blasitus provided an expression for the boundary-layer thickness, (x), and the wall shear stress, 7,(x). The velocity profiles were found to be similar ‘when plotted nondimensionally as u/U/ versus y/5. A closed-form solution for the ve- locity profile was not possible; a numerical solution was necessary “Approximate methods may be used to obtain solutions for laminar boundary-layer flow. The same approximate methods may be used to solve for the characteristics of