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Giao Trinh Dien Tu Co Ban Day Du
Giao Trinh Dien Tu Co Ban Day Du
Gio trnh in t c bn
1. Cu trc nguyn t :
hiu v bn cht dng in ta bit rng ( kin thc PTTH ) tt ccc nguyn tu c cu to ln t
cc nguyn t v mi nguyn t ca mt cht c cu to bi hai phn l
-Mt ht nhn gia cc ht mang in tch dng gi l Proton v cc ht trung ho in gi l
Neutron.
-Cc Electron (in t ) mang in tch m chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn .
-Bnh thng cc nguyn t c trng thi trung ho vin ngha l s Proton ht nhn bng s electron
bn ngoi nhng khi c tc nhn bn ngoi nh p xut, nhit , ma st tnh in, tc ng ca t
trng .. th cc in t electron lp ngoi cng c th tch khi quo trqr thnh cc in t t do.
-Khi mt nguyn t b mt i mt hay nhiu in t, chng bthiu in t v tr thnh ion dng v
ngc li khi mt nguyn tnhn thm mt hay nhiu in t th chng tr thnh ion m.
2 . Bn cht dng in v chiu dng in .
Khi cc in t tp trung vi mt cao chng to ln hiu ng tch in
-Dng in chnh l dng chuyn ng ca cc ht mang in nhin t , ion.
-Chiu dng in c quy c i t dng sang m ( ngc vi chiu chuyn ng ca cc in t -i
t m sang dng )
3. Tc dng ca dng in :
Khi c mt dng in chy qua dy dn in nh th nghim sau :
Ta thy rng dng in to ra mt t trng xung quanh lm lch hng ca nam chm, khi i
chiu dng in th t trng cng i hng => lm nam chm lch theo hng ngc li.
-Dng in chy qua bng n lm bng n pht sng v sing nhit nng
-Dng in chy qua ng c lm quay ng c quay sinh ra cnng
-Khi ta np c quy cc cc ca c quy b bin i v dng in c tc dng ho nng..
Nh vy dng in c cc tc dng l tc dng v nhit , tc dng vc nng , tc dng v t trng v tc
dng v ho nng.
4. Cng dng in :
L i lng c trng cho mnh yu ca dng in hay c trng cho s lng cc in ti qua tit
Gio trnh in t c bn
Gio trnh in t c bn
Cc mch in thng s dng ngun mt chiu hot ng do khi chy ngun xoay chiu
chng phi c i thnh mt chiu trc khi a vo my hot ng.
7. nh lut m
nh lut m l nh lut quan trng m ta cn phi nghi nh
Cng dng in trong mt on mch t l thun vi in p hai u on mch v t l nghch vi
in tr ca on mch .
Cng thc : I = U / R trong
I l cng dng in , tnh bng Ampe (A)
U l in p hai u on mch , tnh bng Vol (V)
R l in tr ca on mch , tnh bng m
Gio trnh in t c bn
Nh s trn th U = U1 + U2 + U3
Theo nh lut m ta li c U1 =I1 x R1 , U2 = I2 x R2, U3 = I3 x R3 nhng on mch mc ni tip th
I1 = I2 = I3
St p trn cc in tr => t l thun vi cc in tr .
on mch mc song song
Trong on mch c nhiu in tr mc song song th cng dng in chnh bng tng cc dng
in i qua cc in trv st p trn cc in tr l nh nhau:
dng in t l nghch vi in tr .
9. in nng v cng xut :
* in nng.
Khi dng in chy qua cc thit b nh bng n => lm bng n sng, chy qua ng c => lm ng
c quay nh vy dng in sinh ra cng. Cng ca dng in gi l in nng, k hiu l W, trong thc
t ta thng dng Wh, KWh ( Kilo wat gi)
Cng thc tnh in nng l :
W = U x I x t Trong W l in nng tnh bng June (J) U l in p tnh
bng Vol (V)
I l dng in tnh bng Ampe (A) t l thi gian tnh bng giy (s)
* Cng xut .
Cng xut ca dng in l in nng tiu th trong mt giy , cng xut c tnh bi cng thc
Gio trnh in t c bn
* Cng t trng
L i lng c trng cho mnh yu ca t trng, k hiu l H n v l A/m
* t cm
L i lng c trng cho vt c t tnh chu tc ng ca ttrng, t cm ph thuc vo vt
liu . VD St c t cm mnh hn ng nhiu ln . t cm c tnh bi cng thc
B = .H
Trong B : l t cm : l t thm H : l cng t trng
* T thng
L sng sc i qua mt n v din tch, t thng t l thut vi cng t trng.
Gio trnh in t c bn
v cc loi M t DC.
Th nghim trn cho thy, khi cng tc bn ngoi ng, dng in i qua bng n lm bng n sng
ng thi dng in i qua dy dn sinh ra t trng lm lch hng kim nam chm .
Khi i chiu dng in, ta thy kim nam chm lch theo hng ngc li , nh vy dng in i chiu
s to ra t trng cng i chiu.
3. T trng ca dng in i qua cun dy.
Khi ta cho dng in chy qua cun dy, trong lng cun dy xut hin t trng l cc ng sc song
song, nu li cun dy c thay bng li thp th t trng tp trung trn li thp v li thp tr thnh
mt chic nam chm in, nu ta i chiu dng in th t trng cng i hng
Dng in mt chiu cnh i qua cun dy s to ra ttrng cnh, dng in bin i i qua cun
dy s to ra ttrng bin thin.
T trng bin thin c c im l s to ra in p cm ng trn cc cun dy t trong vng nh
hng ca t trng , ttrng cnh khng c c im trn.
ng dng: T trng do cun dy sinh ra c rt nhiu ng dng trong thc t, mt ng dng m ta
Gio trnh in t c bn
R le in t
Khi cho dng in chy qua cun dy, li cun dy tr thnh mt nam chm in ht thanh st v cng
tc oc ng li, tc dng ca r le l dng mt dng in nhiu khin ng mch cho dng in ln
gp nhiu ln.
4. Lc in t
Nu c mt dy dn t trong mt t trng, khi cho dng in chy qua th dy dn c mt lc y =>
l lc in t, nu dy dn t do chng s chuyn ng trong t trng, nguyn l ny c ng dng
khi sn xut loa in ng.
Gio trnh in t c bn
trn l cc dng in xoay chiu hnh sin, xung vung v xung nhn.
Chu k v tn s ca dng in xoay chiu.
Chu k ca dng in xoay chiu k hiu l T l khong thi gian m in xoay chiu lp li v tr c ,
chu kc tnh bng giy (s)
Tn sin xoay chiu : l s ln lp li trang thi c ca dng in xoay chiu trong mt giy k hiu l F
n v l Hz
F=1/T
Pha ca dng in xoay chiu :
Ni n pha ca dng xoay chiu ta thng ni ti s so snh gia 2 dng in xoay chiu c cng tn s .
* Hai dng in xoay chiu cng pha l hai dng in c cc thi im in p cng tng v cng gim
nh nhau:
Gio trnh in t c bn
Trong U : l in p
=> Nu dng xoay chiu i qua in tr th lch pha ga U v I l = 0 khi cos = 1 v P = U.I
=> Nu dng xoay chiu i qua cun dy hoc tin th lch pha gia U v I l +90 hoc -90,
khi cos = 0 v P = 0 ( cng xut ca dng in xoay chiu khi i qua tin hoc cun dy l = 0 )
2. Dng in xoay chiu i qua in tr
Gio trnh in t c bn
Dng in xoay chiu i qua in tr th dng in v in p cng pha vi nhau , ngha l khi in p
tng cc i th dng in qua trcng tng cc i. nh vy dng xoay chiu c tnh cht nh dng mt
chiu khi i qua tr thun.do c th p dng cc cng thc ca dng mt chiu cho dng xoay chiu i
qua in tr
I = U / R hay R = U/I Cng thc nh lut ohm
P = U.I Cng thc tnh cng xut
3 . Dng in xoay chiu i qua tin .
Dng in xoay chiu i qua tin th dng in s sm pha hn in p 90
Gio trnh in t c bn
Gio trnh in t c bn
Gio trnh in t c bn
S dng ng h vn nng o p AC
Khi o in p xoay chiu ta chuyn thang o v cc thang AC, thang AC cao hn in p cn o
mt nc, V d nu o in p AC220V ta thang AC 250V, nu ta thang thp hn in p cn o th
ng h bo kch kim, nu thanh qu cao th kim bo thiu chnh xc.
* Ch -ch :
Tuyt i khng thang o in tr hay thang o dng in khi o vo in p xoay chiu => Nu
nhm ng h s b hng ngay lp tc !
Gio trnh in t c bn
Gio trnh in t c bn
Gio trnh in t c bn
Gio trnh in t c bn
Khi o in tr ta chn thang o sao cho kim bo gn v tr gia vch ch s s cho chnh xc
cao nht.
Dng thang in tro kim tra tin
Gio trnh in t c bn
5.
Gio trnh in t c bn
* c gi tr in p AC v DC
Khi o in p DC th ta c gi tr trn vch ch s DCV.A
Nu ta thang o 250V th ta c trn vch c gi tr cao nht l 250, tng t thang 10V th c trn
vch c gi tr cao nht l 10. trng hp thang 1000V nhng khng c vch no ghi cho gi tr
1000 th c trn vch gi tr Max = 10, gi tro c nhn vi 100 ln
Khi o in p AC th c gi tr cng tng t. c trn vch AC.10V, nu o thang c gi tr khc th
ta tnh theo t l. V d nu thang 250V th mi ch s ca vch 10 s tng ng vi 25V.
Khi o dng in th c gi tr tng tc gi tr khi o in p .
ng h vn nng s Digital
Hng dn s dng :
* o in p mt chiu ( hoc xoay chiu )
Gio trnh in t c bn
t ng h vo thang o in p DC hoc AC
Xoay chuyn mch v v tr "V" hy thang o cao nht nu cha bit r in p, nu gi tr bo dng
thp phn th ta gim thang o sau.
* o dng in DC (AC)
* o in tr
Tr li v tr dy cm nh khi o in p .
Xoay chuyn mch v v tr o " ", nu cha bit gi trin tr th chn thang o cao nht , nu kt
qu l s thp phn th ta gim xung.
c gi tr trn mn hnh.
Gio trnh in t c bn
* o tn s
im cn o c tr s trn mn hnh.
* o Logic
Chng V -in tr
1. Khi nim vin tr.
in tr l g ? Ta hiu mt cch n gin -in tr l s cn tr dng in ca mt vt dn in, nu
mt vt dn in tt th in tr nh, vt dn in km th in tr ln, vt cch in th in tr l v cng
ln.
in tr ca dy dn :
in tr ca dy dn ph thc vo cht liu, di v tit din ca dy. c tnh theo cng thc sau: R =
.L / S
R l in trn v l Ohm
2. in tr trong thit bin t.
a) Hnh dng v k hiu : Trong thit bin tin tr l mt linh kin quan trng, chng c lm
t hp cht cacbon v kim loi tu theo t l pha trn m ngi ta to ra c cc loi in trc tr s khc
nhau.
Gio trnh in t c bn
b) Cch ghi tr s ca in tr
Cc in tr c kch thc nhc ghi tr s bng cc vch mu theo mt quy c chung ca th gii.(
xem hnh trn )
Cc in tr c kch thc ln hn t 2W tr ln thng c ghi tr s trc tip trn thn. V d nh cc
in tr cng xut, in tr s.
3. Cch c tr s in tr .
Quy c mu Quc t
Mu sc
Gi tr
Mu sc
en
Nu
Cam
Vng
0
1
2
3
4
Xanh l
Xanh l
Tm
Xm
Trng
Nh vng
Nh bc
Gi
tr
5
6
7
8
9
-1
-2
Gio trnh in t c bn
Cch c in tr 4 vng mu
Vng s 4 l vng cui lun lun c mu nh vng hay nhbc, y l vng ch sai s ca in tr,
khi c tr s ta b qua vng ny.
Vng s 3 l bi s ca c s 10.
Tr s = (vng 1)(vng 2) x 10
( m vng 3)
Gio trnh in t c bn
Vng s 5 l vng cui cng , l vng ghi sai s, tr 5 vng mu th mu sai s c nhiu mu, do
gy kh khn cho ta khi xc inh u l vng cui cng, tuy nhin vng cui lun c khong cch
xa hn mt cht.
i din vng cui l vng s 1
Tng t cch c tr s ca tr 4 vng mu nhng y vng s 4 l bi s ca c s 10, vng s 1, s
2, s 3 ln lt l hng trm, hng chc v hng n v.
Tr s = (vng 1)(vng 2)(vng 3) x 10
( m vng 4)
Gio trnh in t c bn
Cc in tr c vng mu s 1 v s 2 thay i .
Gio trnh in t c bn
Gio trnh in t c bn
Cc in tr : 2W - 1W -0,5W - 0,25W
in tr s hay tr nhit
Cng xut ca in tr.
7.
Khi mc in tr vo mt on mch, bn thn in tr tiu thmt cng xut P tnh c theo cng
thc
2
P = U . I = U / R = I .R
Theo cng thc trn ta thy, cng xut tiu th ca in tr phthuc vo dng in i qua in tr
hoc ph thuc vo in p trn hai u in tr.
Cng xut tiu th ca in tr l hon ton tnh c trc khi lp in tr vo mch.
Nu em mt in tr c cng xut danh nh nh hn cng xut n s tiu th th in tr s b
chy.
Thng thng ngi ta lp in tr vo mch c cng xut danh nh > = 2 ln cng xut m n
s tiu th.
Gio trnh in t c bn
s trn cho ta thy : Ngun Vcc l 12V, cc in tru c tr s l 120 nhng c cng xut
khc nhau, khi cc cng tc K1 v K2 ng, cc in tru tiu th mt cng xut l
2
Gio trnh in t c bn
Cu to ca bin tr
Trit p : Trit p cng tng t bin tr nhng c thm cn chnh v thng b tr pha trc mt my
cho ngi s dng iu chnh. V d nh - Trit p Volume, trit p Bass, Treec v.v.. , trit p ngha l trit
ra mt phn in p tu vo tu theo mc chnh.
Gio trnh in t c bn
in tr mc ni tip.
in tr mc song song
Gio trnh in t c bn
in tr mc hn hp.
Mc hn hp cc in tr to ra in tr ti u hn .
V d: nu ta cn mt in tr 9K ta c th mc 2 in tr 15K song song sau mc ni tip vi in
tr 1,5K .
12 . ng dng ca in tr :
in tr c mt mi ni trong thit bin t v nh vy in trl linh kin quan trng khng th thiu
c , trong mch in , in tr c nhng tc dng sau :
Khng ch dng in qua ti cho ph hp, V d c mt bng n 9V, nhng ta ch c ngun 12V,
ta c thu ni tip bng n vi in tr st p bt 3V trn in tr.
Gio trnh in t c bn
Cu phn p ly ra p U1 tu .
T ngun 12V trn thng qua cu phn p R1 v R2 ta ly ra in p U1, p U1 ph thuc vo gi tr
hai in tr R1 v R2.theo cng thc .
U1 / U = R1 / (R1 + R2) => U1 = U.R1(R1 + R2)
Thay i gi tr R1 hoc R2 ta s thu c in p U1 theo mun.
Gio trnh in t c bn
Chng VI - T in
Tin : Tin l linh kin in t thng c s dng rt rng ri trong cc mch in t, chng
c s dng trong cc mch lc ngun, lc nhiu, mch truyn tn hiu xoay chiu, mch to dao ng
.vv...
1. Cu to ca tin .
Cu to ca tin gm hai bn cc t song song, gia c mt lp cch in gi l in mi.
Ngi ta thng dng giy, gm , mica, giy tm ho cht lm cht in mi v tin cng c phn
loi theo tn gi ca cc cht in mi ny nh T giy, T gm, T ho.
Cu to tgm Cu to t ho
2. Hnh dng thc t ca tin.
Gio trnh in t c bn
Hnh dng ca t ho
3. in dung , n v v k hiu ca tin.
* in dung : L i lng ni ln kh nng tch in trn hai bn cc ca tin, in dung ca tin
ph thuc vo din tch bn cc, vt liu lm cht in mi v khong cch gi hai bn cc theo cng thc
C=.S/d
Trong C : l in dung tin , n v l Fara (F) : L hng sin mi ca lp cch in. d : l
chiu dy ca lp cch in. S : l din tch bn cc ca tin.
z 1 Fara = 1000 Fara = 1000.000 n F = 1000.000.000 p F z 1 Fara = 1000 n Fara z 1 n Fara = 1000 p
Fara
* K hiu : Tin c k hiu l C (Capacitor)
Gio trnh in t c bn
Mt tnh cht quan trng ca tin l tnh cht phng np ca t , nh tnh cht ny m t c kh nng
dn in xoay chiu.
Gio trnh in t c bn
(M s th 3 )
l
4
Cch c tr s t git v t gm .
Ch : ch K l sai s ca t . 50V l in p cc i m t chu c.
* T giy v t gm cn c mt cch ghi tr s khc l ghi theo sthp phn v ly n v l MicroFara
Ta thy rng bt k tin no cng c ghi tr sin p ngay sau gi trin dung, y chnh l
gi trin p cc i m t chu c, qu in p ny t s b n.
Khi lp t vo trong mt mch in c in p l U th bao gingi ta cng lp tin c gi trin
Gio trnh in t c bn
Tin c nhiu loi nh T giy, T gm, T mi ca , T ho nhng v tnh cht th ta phn t l hai
loi chnh l t khng phn cc v t phn cc
7. T giy, T gm, T mica. (T khng phn cc )
Cc loi t ny khng phn bit m dng v thng c in dung nh t 0,47 F tr xung, cc t ny
thng c s dng trong cc mch in c tn s cao hoc mch lc nhiu.
T ho - L t c phn cc m dng.
9. T xoay .
T xoay l t c th xoay thay i gi trin dung, t ny thng c lp trong Radio thay i
Gio trnh in t c bn
hnh nh trn l php o kim tra t gm, c ba t C1 , C2 v C3 c in dung bng nhau, trong C1 l
t tt, C2 l t b d v C3 l t b chp.
Khi o t C1 ( T tt ) kim phng ln 1 cht ri tr v v tr c.
Gio trnh in t c bn
Lu : Khi o kim tra t giy hoc t gm ta phi ng h thang x1K hoc x10K, v phi o
chiu kim ng hvi ln khi o.
o kim tra t ho
Nu hai t phng np bng nhau l t cn kim tra cn tt, trn ta thy t C2 phng np km hn do
t C2 trn bkh.
Trng hp kim ln m khng tr v l t b d.
Ch : Nu kim tra tin trc tip trn mch , ta cn phi ht rng mt chn t khi mch in, sau
kim tra nh trn.
12 . Tin mc ni tip .
C2 )
Gio trnh in t c bn
Gio trnh in t c bn
Trong mch lc ngun nh hnh trn , t ho c tc dng lc cho in p mt chiu sau khi chnh lu
c bng phng cung cp cho ti tiu th, ta thy nu khng c t th p DC sau i t l in p
nhp nh, khi c tin p ny c lc tng i phng, tin cng ln th in p DC ny cng
phng.
Gio trnh in t c bn
-7
L = ( r.4.3,14.n .S.10 ) / l
L : l h s t cm ca cun dy, n v l Henrry (H)
{ n : l s vng dy ca cun dy.
{ l : l chiu di ca cun dy tnh bng mt (m)
b) Cm khng
Cm khng ca cun dy l i lng c trng cho s cn tr dng in ca cun dy i vi dng in
xoay chiu .
ZL = 2.3,14.f.L
Trong : ZL l cm khng, n v l
{ f : l tn sn v l Hz
{ L : l h s t cm , n v l Henry
Gio trnh in t c bn
W = L.I / 2
Gio trnh in t c bn
Gio trnh in t c bn
Micro
Thc cht cu to Micro l mt chic loa thu nh, v cu to Micro ging loa nhng Micro c s vng
qun trn cun dy ln hn loa rt nhiu v vy tr khng ca cun dy micro l rt ln khong 600( tr
khng loa t 4 - 16 ) ngoi ra mng micro cng c cu to rt mng d dng dao ng khi c m
thanh tc ng vo. Loa l thit b chuyn dng in thnh m thanh cn micro th ngc li , Micro i
m thanh thnh dng in m tn.
6.R le ( Relay)
R le
R le cng l mt ng dng ca cun dy trong sn xut thit bin t, nguyn l hot ng ca Rle l
bin i dng in thnh ttrng thng qua qun dy, t trng li to thnh lc c hc thng qua lc ht
thc hin mt ng tc v c kh nhng m cng tc, ng m cc hnh trnh ca mt thit b tng
vv...
Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca R le
7. Bin p.
Bin p l thit b bin i in p xoay chiu, cu to bao gm mt cun s cp ( a in p vo ) v
mt hay nhiu cun th cp ( ly in p ra s dng) cng qun trn mt li t c th l l thp hoc li
Gio trnh in t c bn
ferit .
K hiu ca bin p
* T s vng / vol ca bin p .
U1 v I1 l in p v dng in i vo cun s cp
Ta c cc h thc nh sau :
U1 / U2 = n1 / n2 in p trn hai cun dy s cp v thcp t l thun vi s vng dy qun.
U1 / U2 = I2 / I1 Dng in trn hai u cun dy t lnghch vi in p, ngha l nu ta ly ra
in p cng cao th cho dng cng nh.
* Cng xut ca bin p .
Cng xut ca bin p ph thuc tit din ca li t, v ph thuc vo tn s ca dng in xoay chiu,
bin p hot ng tn s cng cao th cho cng xut cng ln.
* Phn loi bin p .
* Bin p ngun v bin p m tn:
Gio trnh in t c bn
mng hn trnh tn hao, bin p m tn hot ng tn scao hn , v vy c s vng vol thp hn, khi
thit k bin p m tn ngi ta thng ly gi tr tn s trung bnh khong 1KHz -n 3KHz.
* Bin p xung & Cao p .
Gio trnh in t c bn
Gio trnh in t c bn
Cht bn dn P
4. Tip gip P - N v Cu to ca Diode bn dn.
Khi c c hai cht bn dn l P v N , nu ghp hai cht bn dn theo mt tip gip P - N ta c
mt Diode, tip gip P -N c c im : Ti b mt tip xc, cc in t d tha trong bn dn N khuych
tn sang vng bn dn P lp vo cc l trng => to thnh mt lp Ion trung ho vin => lp Ion ny
to thnh min cch in gia hai cht bn dn.
Gio trnh in t c bn
Gio trnh in t c bn
o chiu thun que en vo Ant, que vo Katt => kim ln, o chiu o kim khng ln l => Diode
tt
8. ng dng ca Diode bn dn .
* Do tnh cht dn in mt chiu nn Diode thng c s dng trong cc mch chnh lu ngun xoay
chiu thnh mt chiu, cc mch tch sng, mch gim p phn cc cho transistor hot ng . trong mch
chnh lu Diode c thc tch hp thnh Diode cu c dng .
Gio trnh in t c bn
Ta thy rng khi ngun U1 > Dz th p trn Dz lun lun cnh cho d ngun U1 thay i.
Khi ngun U1 thay i th dng ngc qua Dz thay i, dng ngc qua Dz c gi tr gii hn khong
30mA.
Thng thng ngi ta s dng ngun U1 > 1,5 => 2 ln Dz v lp tr hn dng R1 sao cho dng ngc
ln nht qua Dz < 30mA.
Gio trnh in t c bn
Gio trnh in t c bn
hnh trn khi ta chnh trit p VR, in p ngc t vo Diode Varicap thay i , in dung ca
diode thay i => lm thay i tn s cng hng ca mch.
Diode bin dung c s dng trong cc b knh Ti vi mu, trong cc mch iu chnh tn s cng
hng bng in p.
Gio trnh in t c bn
Diode nn in 5A
Chng IX - Transistor
1. Cu to ca Transistor. ( Bng bn dn )
Transistor gm ba lp bn dn ghp vi nhau hnh thnh hai mi tip gip P-N , nu ghp theo th t
PNP ta c Transistor thun , nu ghp theo th t NPN ta c Transistor ngc. v phng din cu to
Transistor tng ng vi hai Diode u ngc chiu nhau .
Cu to Transistor
Gio trnh in t c bn
l h s khuych i ca Transistor
Gii thch : Khi c in p UCE nhng cc in t v l trng khng th vt qua mi tip gip P-N
to thnh dng in, khi xut hin dng IBE do lp bn dn P ti cc B rt mng v nng pha tp thp,
v vy sin t t do t lp bn dn N ( cc E ) vt qua tip gip sang lp bn dn P( cc B ) ln hn
Gio trnh in t c bn
K hiu ca Transistor
Transistor Nht bn : thng k hiu l A..., B..., C..., D... V dA564, B733, C828, D1555 trong
cc Transistor k hiu l A v B l Transistor thun PNP cn k hiu l C v D l Transistor ngc
NPN. cc Transistor A v C thng c cng xut nh v tn s lm vic cao cn cc Transistor B v
D thng c cng xut ln v tn s lm vic thp hn.
Gio trnh in t c bn
Gio trnh in t c bn
Cu to ca Transistor
Kim tra Transistor ngc NPN tng t kim tra hai Diode u chung cc Ant, im chung l cc B,
nu o t B sang C v B sang E ( que en vo B ) th tng ng nho hai diode thun chiu => kim
ln , tt c cc trng hp o khc
kim khng ln.
Kim tra Transistor thun PNP tng t kim tra hai Diode u chung cc Katt, im chung l cc B
ca Transistor, nu o t B sang C v B sang E ( que vo B ) th tng ng nho hai diode thun
chiu => kim ln , tt c cc trng hp o khc kim khng ln.
Gio trnh in t c bn
Minh ho php o trn : Trc ht nhn vo k hiu ta bit c Transistor trn l bng ngc, v cc
chn ca Transistor ln lt l ECB ( da vo tn Transistor ). < xem li phn xc nh chn Transistor >
Bc 1 : Chun bo ng h thang x1Bc 2 v bc 3 : o thun chiu BE v BC => kim ln .
Gio trnh in t c bn
Bc 1 : Chun b .
Gio trnh in t c bn
Cng xut cc i : Khi hoat ng Transistor tiu tn mt cng xut P = UCE . ICE nu
cng xut ny vt qu cng xut cc i ca Transistor th Transistor sb hng .
2. Mt s Transistor c bit .
* Transistor s ( Digital Transistor ) : Transistor s c cu to nh Transistor thng
nhng chn B c u thm mt in tr vi chc K
Gio trnh in t c bn
Gio trnh in t c bn
Ta thy rng : Nu Transistor l ngc NPN th Vcc phi l ngun dng (+), nu
Transistor l thun PNP th Vcc l ngun m (-)
Gio trnh in t c bn
* Mch khuych i ch A c s dng trong cc mch trung gian nh khuych i cao tn,
khuych i trung tn, tin khuych i v v..
b) Mach khuych i ch B.
Mch khuych i ch B l mch ch khuych i mt na chu k ca tn hiu, nu khuych i bn k
dng ta dng transistor NPN, nu khuych i bn k m ta dng transistor PNP, mch khuych i
ch B khng c nh thin.
Gio trnh in t c bn
giao im ca mch khuych i ch B, mch ny cng c s dng trong cc mch cng xut y ko .
d) Mch khuych i ch C
L mch khuych i c in p UBE c phn c ngc vi mc ch ch ly tn hiu u ra l mt phn
nh ca tn hiu u vo, mch ny thng s dng trong cc mch tch tn hiu : Th d mch tch xung
ng b trong ti vi mu.
Mch khuych i E chung thng c nh thin sao cho in p UCE khong 60% 70 % Vcc.
Bin tn hiu ra thu c ln hn bin tn hiu vo nhiu ln, nh vy mch khuych i vin
Gio trnh in t c bn
Tn hiu a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc E
Bin tn hiu ra bng bin tn hiu vo : V mi BE lun lun c gi tr khong 0,6V do khi in
p chn B tng bao nhiu th p chn C cng tng by nhiu => v vy bin tn hiu ra bng bin tn
hiu vo .
Tn hiu ra cng pha vi tn hiu vo : V khi in p vo tng => th in p ra cng tng, in p vo
gim th in p ra cng gim.
Mch trn c ng dng nhiu trong cc mch khuych i m (Damper), trc khi chia tn hiu lm
nhiu nhnh , ngi ta thng dng mch Damper khuych i cho tn hiu khohn . Ngoi ra
Gio trnh in t c bn
mch cn c ng dng rt nhiu trong cc mch n p ngun ( ta s tm hiu trong phn sau )
5. Transistor mc theo kiu B chung.
Mch mc theo kiu B chung c tn hiu a vo chn E v ly ra trn chn C , chn B c thot mass
thng qua t.
Mach mc kiu B chung rt t khi c s dng trong thc t.
Mch khuych i kiu B chung , khuych i vin p v khng khuych i v dng in.
Khi nim v ghp tng : Mt thit bin t gm c nhiu khi kt hp li, mi khi li c nhiu tng
khuych i c mc ni tip vi nhau v khi mc ni tip thng s dng mt trong cc kiu ghp sau :
Ghp tng qua tin. Ghp tng qua bin p . Ghp tng trc tip.
Ta hy xt cc trng hp c th :
6. Ghp tng qua tin.
* S mch ghp tng qua tin
trn l s mch khuych i u t trong i Cassette, mch gm hai tng khuych i mc theo
kiu E chung, cc tng c ghp tn hiu thng qua tin, ngi ta s dng cc tC1 , C3 , C5 lm t
Gio trnh in t c bn
ni tng cho tn hiu xoay chiu i qua v ngn p mt chiu li, cc t C2 v C4 c tc dng thot
thnh phn xoay chiu t chn E xung mass, C6 l t lc ngun.
trn l s mch trung tn Radio s dng cc bin p ghp tng, tn hiu u ra ca tng ny c
ghp qua bin p i vo tng pha sau.
u im ca mch l phi hp c tr khng gia cc tng do khai thc c ti u h s
khuych i , hn na cun scp bin p c thu song song vi t cng hng khi mch
khuych i mt tn s cnh.
Nhc im : nu mch hot ng di tn s rng th gy mo tn s, mch ch to phc tp v
chim nhiu din tch.
Gio trnh in t c bn
Mch khuych i cng xut m tn c n o pha Q1 c ghp trc tip vi hai n cng xut Q2 v
Q3.
9. Trong cc mch khuych i ( ch A ) th phn cc nhth no l ng.
Gio trnh in t c bn
Khi mch b phn cc sai ( tc l UCE qu thp hoc qu cao ) ta thy rng tn hiu ra b mo dng, h s
khuych i ca mch b gim mnh.
Hin tng mo dng trn s gy hin tng m thanh b r hay b nght cc mch khuych i m tn.
Mt tng khuych i nu ta kim tra thy UCE qu thp so vi ngun hoc qu cao sp s bng ngun =>
th tng khuych i c vn .
Gio trnh in t c bn
Gio trnh in t c bn
chu k dng ( u dy pha trn dng, pha di m) dng in i qua diode D1 => qua Rti =>
qua diode D4 vu dy m
chu k m, in p trn cun th cp o chiu ( u dy trn m, di dng) dng in i
qua D2 => qua Rti => qua D3 vu dy m.
Nh vy c hai chu ku c dng in chy qua ti.
Khi cng tc K m, mch chnh lu khng c t lc tham gia , v vy in p thu c c dng nhp nh.
Gio trnh in t c bn
Trong cc mch chnh lu, nu c t lc m khng c ti hoc ti tiu th mt cng xut khng ng k
so vi cng xut ca bin p th in p DC thu c l DC = 1,4.AC
tr thnh mch chnh lu nhn 2 ta phi dng hai t ho cng tr s mc ni tip, sau u 1 u
ca in p xoau chiu vo im gia hai t => ta s thu c in p tng gp 2 ln.
Gio trnh in t c bn
T ngun 110V khng cnh thng qua in tr hn dng R1 v gim trn Dz 33V ly ra mt in
p cnh cung cp cho mch d knh
Khi thit k mt mch n p nh trn ta cn tnh ton in trhn dng sao cho dng in ngc cc
i qua Dz phi nh hn dng m Dz chu c, dng cc i qua Dz l khi dng qua R2 = 0
Nh s trn th dng cc i qua Dz bng st p trn R1 chia cho gi tr R1 , gi dng in ny l I1
ta c
Gio trnh in t c bn
IC n p h LA78..
z LA7805
IC n p 5V
z LA7808
IC n p 8V
LA7809 IC n p 9V
LA7812 IC n p 12V
IC n p LA7805
Lu : H IC78.. ch cho dng tiu th khong 1A tr xung, khi rp IC trong mch th U in > Uout t 3
n 5V khi IC mi pht huy tc dng.
8. ng dng ca IC n p h 78..
IC n p h 78.. c dng rng ri trong cc b ngun , nh Bngun ca u VCD, trong Ti vi mu,
trong my tnh v v...
Gio trnh in t c bn
R3 lin lc gia Q3 v Q2, R1 nh thin cho n cng xut Q1 R6 l in tr phn dng, l in tr cng
Gio trnh in t c bn
Mch dao ng a hi
f = 1 / 2..( L1.C1 )
*
1/2
Gio trnh in t c bn
X1 : l thch anh to dao ng , tn s dao ng c ghi trn thn ca thach anh, khi thch anh c cp
in th n t dao ng ra sng hnh sin.thch anh thng c tn s dao ng t vi trm KHz n vi
chc MHz.
Gio trnh in t c bn
Hai n Led
Ngun Vcc l 6V DC
1.4
T = 0.7 (R1 + 2R2) C1 v f = (R1 + 2R2) C1
T = Thi gian ca mt chu k ton phn tnh bng (s) f = Tn s dao ng tnh bng (Hz) R1 = in tr tnh
Gio trnh in t c bn
Chu k ton phn T bao gm thi gian c in mc cao Tm v thi gian c in mc thp Ts
-6
-5
C1 = 10F = 10 x 10 = 10 F
3
lm :
Gio trnh in t c bn
-5
Gio trnh in t c bn
Mosfet kn N c hai
Gio trnh in t c bn
Khi cng tc K1 ng, ngun UG cp vo hai cc GS lm in p UGS > 0V => n Q1 dn => bng n D
sng.
Khi cng tc K1 ngt, in p tch trn t C1 (t gm) vn duy tr cho n Q dn => chng t khng c
dng in i qua cc GS.
Khi cng tc K2 ng, in p tch trn t C1 gim bng 0 => UGS= 0V => n tt
=> T thc nghim trn ta thy rng : in p t vo chn G khng to ra dng GS nh trong Transistor
thng thng m in p ny ch to ra t trng => lm cho in tr RDS gim xung .
Gio trnh in t c bn
Gio trnh in t c bn
to ra siu khin cho Mosfet lin tc ng ngt to thnh dng in bin thin lin tc chy qua cun s
cp => sinh ra t trng bin thin cm ng ln cc cun th cp => cho ta in p ra.
* o kim tra Mosfet trong mch .
Khi kim tra Mosfet trong mch , ta ch cn thang x1 v o gia D v S => Nu 1 chiu kim ln
o chiu o kim khng ln => l Mosfet bnh thng, Nu c hai chiu kim ln = 0 l Mosfet bchp
DS.
6. Bng tra cu Mosfet thng dng
Hng dn :
Gio trnh in t c bn
12 13A,70W
13 20A,75W
14 6A,35W
15 9A,25W
16 6A,50W
17 8A,100W
18 10A,40W
19 10A,40W
20 10A,40W
21 7A,60W
Gio trnh in t c bn
31 8A,150W
32 8A,150W
33 3A,80W
34 3A,80W
Gio trnh in t c bn
K30A/2SK304/
99
N-Channel 10mA,1W
2SK30R
100 0.5A,1W101 20mA,1W102 10-100103 8A
Gio trnh in t c bn
Gio trnh in t c bn