LI NI U

YES v NO
NHC I V NHC LI
NGN V DI
MT V NHIU
CON V CHU
TH V THI
SHOULD V WOULD
NY V N
TRC V SAU
SINCE V AGO
IN V AT
CON DAO V CI KO
TO V FROM
BY V WITH
RU NG V CM B
CHM V PHT
SHALL V WILL
QU KH V HIN TI
MNH LNH V YU CU
HA HN V HM DA
MONG C V HY VNG
D NH V XP T
BT BUC V CN THIT
CHO PHP V T CHI
C L V C TH
MC CH V KT QU
NGUYN NHN V L DO
QUYT TM V KHNG
HN V KM

LI NI U

Nhm p ng nhu cu hc ting Anh ang ngy mt pht trin, Nh xut bn

Tng hp Hu Giang cho in li cun Anh ng, hc m khoi ca Trn Nh.
Anh ng, hc m khoi l mt cun sch hay c c gi hc ting Anh
hoan nghnh.
Nh tn gi, Anh ng, hc m khoi l mt tp hp nhng bi ging l th v
Anh ng - t cc vn ng php n gin n phc tp, nhng mo lut, nhng kinh
nghim ring ca tc gi trong qu trnh dy v hc Anh ng.
Ngoi ra, tc gi cng cung cp cho chng ta mt phng php hc Anh ng
va say m li va c kt qu thc tin.
Cc bn hy c th mt vi trang, chc chn cc bn s thy ngay s hp dn
v b ch .
Chc cc bn thnh cng.

NH XUT BN TNG HP HU GIANG

YES v NO

Chng ta thng cho rng trong Anh ng hai ting yes v no l hai ting d ni
nht. V khi ch mt ngi km Anh ng, ta thng ni ng-L ca hn ch c yes
v no. Nhng ti c th qu quyt rng i vi ngi VN hc Anh ng, hai ting yes v
no li l hai ting kh ni hn c.
Ni nh vy khng khi c bn cho l ni ngoa, v yes v no ch c ngha l
c v khng, c th ni c, khng th bo khng, c g l kh khn u.
S tht tri ngc th: hai ting yes v no qu l hai ting kh ni nht trong
Anh ng i vi chng ta v l do sau y: ngi VN mnh, khi ng mt iu g vi
ngi i thoi vi mnh, thng dng mt trong nhng ting sau y: , c, vng, d,
phi, c v tt c nhng ting ny dch ra Anh ng u l yes. Khi chng ta ng
vi mt iu xc nh (affirmation) chng ta ni yes l ng ri. Nhng khi chng ta
ng vi mt iu ph nh (negation), chng ta cng ni yes lun. Ci sai l ch
, v trong Anh ng, khi ng vi mt li ph nh, ngi ta ni no ch khng ni
yes.

Th d, bn hy th dch ra Anh ng mu i thoi sau gia A v B, hai ngi

bn i do ph v bnh phm v mt c gi qua ng:
A C ta khng p.
B , c ta khng p.
Chc chn bn s dch nh sau:
A She is not beautiful.
B Yes, she is not beautiful.
Dch nh vy l sai, v nu A v B l ngi Anh hoc M th mu i thoi trn
y phi l:
A She is not beautiful.
B No, she isnt.
Ta thy B ng vi li ph nh ca A l c ta khng p, nhng B ni
no pht biu s ng ch khng ni yes. Nu ni yes tc l B khng ng vi
A l c ta khng p v trong trng hp th cu ni ca B phi l Yes, she is.
Nhng nu B l ngi VN th khi khng ng l c ta khng p, tc l
ng vi li ph nh ca A, B chc hn s ni yes pht biu s ng ca mt
li no ca ngi i thoi d l mt li ph nh. Ci yes l do nhng ting
, vng, d, c phi, c, t trong thm tm ta m bt thnh yes trong khi ng ra th
phi ni no. V ci yes chc chn s lm A (ngi Anh hoc M) ly lm l v
khng hiu ti sao B bo l c ta khng p m li ni yes.
S xo trn gia yes v no ny lm cho ngi Anh-M khi ni chuyn vi
ngi VN nhiu lc khng khi cm thy ngi mnh kh hiu, v khi h ch i mnh
ni no th mnh li ni yes v ngc li mnh ni yes lm khi h li phi hiu l no. Ch
c nhng ngi Anh-M sng VN lu ngy, bit r rng ngi VN nhiu khi ni yes
nhng phi hiu l no, mi trnh c nhng ngc nhin trong lc m thoi. Mt b
gio s ngi M ni chuyn vi ti rng nhiu khi nghe hc sinh ca b ni yes, b ta
khng hiu l yes tht hay l no, v phi hi li l yes yes hay yes no!
Ni tm li, yes v no khng phi l hai ting d ni nh chng ta tng, v s
lm ln gia hai ting ny l mt trong nhng li cn bn ca ngi Vit khi hc ting
Anh. iu ng ch hn na l c khi chnh mnh bit r nguyn tc ng vi
mt li ph nh th phi ni no, vy m trong lc ni chuyn vn b lm ln, thay v
ni no vn but ming ni yes.

Ta khng th ni rng l mt s sai lm ng chm ch v n pht sinh t

phn ng t nhin ca ngi Vit khi ni ting Anh. (Theo thin , khi hc ni mt
ngoi ng th phi ni cho ng, d c khi phi ngoi ha ci phn ng c hu ca
mnh. Ni mt cch khc, mun ni ting Anh cho gii v ng, chng ta phi hc th
no c th ngh bng ting Anh ch khng phi ngh bng ting Vit ri mi tm
ch dch ra Anh ng, v nh vy khng th no trnh khi nhng li lm tng t nh
yes v no trn y.)
Ngh bng ting Anh tc l s Anh ng ha c ci phn ng my mc ca
mnh trong lc m thoi bng Anh ng. Mc ch ny i hi nhiu thi gi v mt
phng php hc tp cng phu m ti s trnh by vi bn c y. Trong khi ch
i, mun ni yes v no cho ng, khng c cch no khc hn l nn c chm ri
trong khi m thoi bng Anh ng, ng vi yes ng vi no, mt vi giy suy ngh
trc khi biu ng tnh hay khng biu ng tnh vi ngi i thoi ca mnh,
trnh tnh trng yes ni thnh no, no ha ra yes vy.

NHC I V NHC LI

Phn ng ngi Vit Nam hc Anh ng u mun hc th no cho mau c kt

qu, hc th no trong mt thi gian ngn, su by thng hoc mt nm, c mt
vn Anh ng kha kh.
Chnh v vy m t ngy c phong tro hc Anh ng nc ta, pht sinh t mt
hon cnh lch s v x hi c bit, cc trng, cc lp dy Anh ng c m ra rt
nhiu v u qung co l dy c kt qu mau chng, thm ch c trng khng ngi
cam oan rng ch hc trong ba thng, hc vin c th ni v vit Anh ng thng
tho i lm. Hu ht cc trng u c mt chng trnh tng t, c chia ra lm
ba cp: s cp, trung cp v cao cp, vi thi gian mi cp l vi thng. V ngi ta gi
l hc cp tc.
Li hc cp tc ny hay hay d, kt qu c thc nh li qung co hay khng v
hc vin ht chng trnh cp tc c th s dng Anh ng ca mnh vo nhng vic g?
iu chng ti xin nhng cho bn c xt on. Ch xin ni ngay rng chng ti
khng ch trng y mt li hc cp tc na m tri li rt mong cc bn hc Anh
ng hy c mt tinh thn hc hi trng k, quyt tm theo ui ti tn cng m
khng quan tm n thi gian di hay ngn, khng lm nh ngi leo ni bc c
mt bc ngoi c li xem mnh leo c my bc.
Ti thng ni vi cc bn hc sinh rng phi quan nim vic hc mt ngoi
ng d l Anh, Php hay bt c mt th ting no khc nh mt ci voyage hay sans
retour, mt cuc i khng hn ngy v, tin ti l khng bao gi quay u tr li.
Chng ta ng ngh rng Anh ng kh hay d, hc mau bit hay chm bit, m ch nn
quan nim rng hc th phi hc u v hc mi, lc no n gii l gii, ng bao
gi st rut l mnh gii hay cha.
Nhng lm th no hc m khng st rut, hc u v hc mi m vn thy
khoi? t cu hi ny tc l ni n vn phng php. Cn c vo kinh nghim c
nhn, ti xin ngh vi cc bn mt phng php m ti tin rng nu p dng ng, s
em li nhng kt qu tht kh quan m chnh cc bn khng ng trc c. Phng
php ny i hi nhiu kin nhn v cng phu, nhng ci thch th, ci khoi ca n
chnh l nhng kt qu m n em li, khin ngi c thy mnh gii lc no khng
bit.
Trc ht, nh trong bi trc ni v chc cc bn cng ng l hc
Anh ng th phi nhm ci mc tiu v hnh l c th ngh bng ting Anh ch khng
phi ngh bng ting Vit ri mi tm ch dch ra. Mun t ti mc ch ny thng
ch c 2 cch: mt l hc Anh ng t nh tr thnh mt ngi English-educated tc

l mt ngi c o to trong nn vn ha Anh; hai l phi sng chung ng vi

ngi Anh M thng ngy. Nhng khng phi l trng hp ca a s chng ta
v chng ta khng hc ting Anh t nh v cng khng sng chung vi ngi Anh-M
thng ngy: thnh thong gp mt ng hay mt b hi Good morning how are you
c n thua g u! Cc trng dy Anh ng y u c mn gio s Anh-M luyn
ging cho hc vin nhng luyn ging hay luyn nghe cng ch l ph m luyn ni
mi l phn cn bn. M mun luyn ni th trc ht phi luyn ngh
t ti trnh ngh v ni Anh ng cho tho v ng, phng php hc
chc chn hn c l phng php nhp tm t trn nguyn tc nhc i nhc li.
Phng php nhp tm (assimilation) l phng php c hng Assimil Php p
dng trong cc sch v a dy ngoi ng ca h (ci tn Assimil l do ch assimilation
m ra). Nguyn tc cn bn ca phng php ny l s nhc i nhc li m khng h
c hc thuc lng. Ti ly th d mi bui sng bn u vn my thu thanh v sng
no chng trnh cng m u bng mt bn nhc. Bn nhc y ngy no cng nhc i
nhc li bn tai bn tt nhin mt ngy kia bn s thuc m khng h c hc. Nay nu
bn p dng nguyn tc nhc i nhc li ny vo vic hc Anh ng, nhc i nhc
li mi mt cu m bn phi hc, tt nhin ci cu y phi nhp vo thm tm ca
bn n khi no bn cn phi ni n n th n s t ng t trong thm tm bn m
bt ra.
S nhc i nhc li s gip chng ta Anh ha c ci phn ng t nhin ca
mnh khi ni ting Anh mnh c th ni ng ting Anh, ch khng phi l ting
Vit dch tng ch ra Anh ng, cng nh bn dch cu , c ta khng p ra Yes,
she is not beautiful trong khi phi ni l No, she isnt mi ng.
Phng php nhp tm gm c 2 phn: phn th nht l c, phn th nh l
Dch. Phn c chia lm hai giai on: c hiu v c nhp tm. Phn Dch
chia lm bn giai on: Dch vit, dch c, dch nhn v dch nghe.
V phn c, trc ht l c hiu tc l cng vic ta vn phi lm khi hc
mt bi Anh ng no. Ta phi hiu nhng ting mi trong bi, nhng thnh ng l, cch
dng ting v t cu, chi tit vn phm, ngha tng cu v i ton bi. Nhng
ch l giai on th nht. Nhiu bn khi hiu xong bi ri lin k nh mnh hc
xong bi y, v ly lm ngc nhin khi gio s hi n li khng nh c nhng cu
hc v t hi: Qui ci mnh c hc ri m!
trnh tnh trng hc ri m khng nh, bn hy c gng thm cht na: c
nhp tm. Khi hiu mt cu trong bi ri, bn hy c cu ln tht ln ting,
ri gp sch li v c cu m nhc i nhc li mi bn nm ln l t, chn mi ln
cng tt. Nhng nh l phi c ln ting v khng nhn vo sch.
c tht ln ting v c i c li nhiu ln mi cu trong bi m khng nhn
vo sch, l ci b quyt luyn ngh bng ting Anh. n khi c dp cn pht biu

mt kin ging mt cu no hc, chc chn bn s c th ni c cu y ngay,

ni mt cch t ma tch (Automatic) m khng cn phi ngh tm ch. Nhng c
mt iu l d bn cng vic th no i na bn cng phi ra mi ngy mt t thi
gi hc nh vy. Nhiu cng hay nhng t nht cng phi na gi ng h - ch
c nh vy thi. Nhng bn t trc n nay cha bao gi hc theo li ny hy th p
dng mt phen xem sao. Ti tin rng trong vng su thng, bn s thy ci ng l ca
bn n khc by gi nhiu lm.
Nay ni phn Dch ca phng php nhp tm. Phy ny cn i hi nhiu kin
nhn hn na, nhng cng em li nhng kt qu thch th hn.
Phn Dch chia lm bn giai on: dch vit, dch c, dch nhn, v dch nghe.
1) DCH VIT: Mi khi c xong mt bi Anh ng theo cch trnh by trn, bn
hy ly mt quyn v ring v chu kh dch bi y ra Vit ng. Khong mt tun sau
bn hy ly bn Vit dch ra Anh ng. (C nhin l trong khi dch bn khng c
nhn vo bi ting Anh trong sch).
Khi dch xong bn hy m sch ra i chiu bi dch ca mnh vi nguyn bn
Anh ng trong sch xem mnh dch sai nhng ch no. Chc chn l ln u tin s c
nhiu li. Nhng bn ng vi nn ch. vi ngy sau bn li dch bi ting Vit
qua ting Anh mt ln na v li i chiu xem cn ch no sai khng. Nu cn sai
nhiu tc l bn cha c bi k. Vy bn hy c nhng cu m bn cn vp li
nm by ln na, ri qua vi ngy sau li dch t Vit sang Anh mt ln th ba. C nh
vy cho ti khi no bi dch ca bn ng hn vi bi Anh ng trong sch khi y mi l
xong giai on dch vit.
2) DCH C: Mt tun sau bn li ly bn dch Vit ng ra dch qua Anh
ng, nhng ln ny bn khng phi vit ra na m ch c thi. Ngha l bn c mt
cu ting Vit ri dch ming ngay sang ting Anh, cu no khng tri bn m sch ra
xem li. V c nh vy m dch cho ht bi.
Nn nh trong khi dch vit, gp cu no b, bn hy nh du khi dch c
bn s ch trng n nhng cu y hn.
Trong khi dch c, bn cng nn lun lun c tht ln ting v ch c ln
ting m gip bn pht m cho quen khi ni khng ngng.
3) DCH NHN: Mt tun hoc mi ngy sau khi dch c bn s qua giai
on dch nhn. Ngha l cng bn dch Vit ng , bn ch nhn tng cu ri dch ln
ting ra Anh ng. Ni mt cch khc l trong giai on ny mt bn nhn cu ting Vit
nhng ming bn s ni cu ting Anh vy.
Nhng cu no dch cn ngp ngng cha c tri chy bn s m sch ra coi
li sau khi c nh m khng nh ra. Nhng ti tin rng nu bn hc my giai

on trn tht k cng, th nht nh ti giai on ny bn s khng thy kh khn na.

Hn th chnh bn s ly lm l ti sao mnh li dch c mt cch d dng nh vy.
l ci kt qu ng nhin ca tt c nhng c gng trc, mt kt qu khng chy
i ng no c. V khi t c mc dch nhn ri th qua giai on cht bn nht
nh phi thnh cng.
4) DCH NGHE: y l giai on cht ca phng php nhp tm. Ti giai
on ny bn cng ly bn Vit ng ni trn, nh mt ngi khc c tng cu bn
thng dch Anh ng. Khi ngi c va dt mt cu ting Vit khi bn ni ngay
cu ting Anh . Bn s ly lm kinh ngc khi thy mnh t c mt kt qu phi
thng. V ci ngi c ting Vit gim bn cn kinh ngc hn khi thy trc mt
mnh mt cy ng l xanh rn! Nhng tht ra th khng c ci g l phi thng c.
ch l mt kt qu hp l ca mt phng php hp l m thi.
Bn thy trn ti va vit l khi nghe c cu ting Vit, bn s ni c
cu ting Anh ngay. Ti dng ch ni m khng dng ch dch na, v ti giai on
ny, tht s bn khng cn dch na. Bn nghe cu ting Vit v ni cu ting Anh nh
ci my, v bn ngh c bng ting Anh v l ci mc tiu m chng ta
nhm t lc u vy.
Ci khoi ca phng php nhp tm l hc th nht nh phi c kt qu
m l mt kt chc chn ch khng phi ci kt qu l m ca nhng lp hc cp tc.
Cn g th bng khi nghe mt cu ting Vit mnh c th ni ngay cu y bng ting
Anh, khng phi ngp ngng suy ngh, v ng l trong bng khi n tun ra nh
gi.
Nhiu bn hc sinh, khi nghe ti ngh nn hc Anh ng theo phng php
ny, t ngi ngng v n i hi nhiu cng phu v thi gi qu, nht l mi cu
hc c phi nhc i nhc li nhiu ln, s rng hng xm nghe thy h s ci mnh l
ln u ri m c mt cu, c li nhi hc i hc li hoi.
Th thut l ngy xa khi mi bt u hc Anh ng v p dng phng php
ny, ti cng gp mt tnh trng nh th. Bn cnh nh ti c mt c gi, v m m
nghe thy ti ln ging c i c li mi nhng cu nh My tailor is rich hay Our
doctor is not good th c ta bo vi l em ti rng: ng anh chng my hc c dm ba
ch ng l m ti no cng go ln cho hng xm bit lm nh ta y le lm.
Nhng li bnh phm , d l ca mt ngi p, khng lm cho ti nn
ch. Ti c tip tc hc nh th ht bi ny qua bi khc, ht cun sch ny qua cun
sch khc, ht nm ny qua nm khc. V ci kt qu m ti gt hi c lm cho ti
gn nh sng thm mt cuc i na vy.
Cc bn tr ang hc Anh ng, nu nh hc cho n ni n chn, cng nn
c mt tinh thn l lm nh vy th mi c th vt qua nhng tr ngi lc u. Ni

tm li l hc ng l th cng phi pht tnh nh ng l, d bn hng xm c

ngi p ang ci thm.
cc hi ngh quc t, c nhng thng dch vin va nghe dch nh ci my.
H c hai ng nghe mc vo hai tai nghe mt i biu h ht trn din n bng
ting Php chng hn v tai va nghe ming va dch lun ra ting Anh cho cc i
biu khng bit ting Php nghe. Nhng i biu ny cng c hai ci ng mc vo tai
nghe dch ra Anh ng nhng li hng bin bng Php ng ca din gi. Nhng
thng dch vin chuyn mn ca i Hi Lin Hip Quc chng hn l nhng nhn ti
n lng khng km mt b trng. Nhng ci ti ca h cng ch l kt qu ca cng
phu luyn tp lu di, s thin bm ch c phn no thi.
Chng ta hc Anh ng, tuy khng phi ai cng nhm mc ch tr thnh nhng
ci my dch Lin Hip Quc, nhng t nht cng phi lm th no ni c nhng
iu mnh mun ni mt cch tri chy v ng n. t ti mc ch ny, phng
php nhc i nhc li chnh l ng li duy nht cho chng ta.
Cc bn c th tng tng t lc u hc vi nhng cu rt ngn v d nh
This is a chair hay The book is on the table qua giai on hc nhng bi trnh
trung bnh tng t nh nhng bi hc Anh ng ca i pht thanh cho n lc bn c
nhng tc phm ln ca nn vn hc Anh-M m lc no bn cng p dng li hc
nhc i nhc li nh ti trnh by th nht nh phi c mt ngy no bn s cm
thy mnh sng thm mt cuc i na.
Vy ngay t hm nay, bn hy p dng phng php nhp tm vi bt c mt
hc liu no m bn ang hc trong chng trnh ca bn d l Direct Method, English
For Today, English by Radio hay mt cun sch no m bn ang c. Phng php
nhp tm c th p dng cho mi trnh , ngi mi hc nn p dng ngay t u,
ngi ang hc p dng cng khng mun, v ngi hc lu ri cng nn p dng
tin b hn na.
Ni tm li, ti trnh by vi cc bn ci cha kha ca s thnh cng trong
vic hc Anh ng. By gi ti s xin hu chuyn vi bn c v nhng ci cha kha
ca c cu, mo lut, c php v s thng dng trong Anh ng, cng nhng li lm cn
bn ca ngi Vit Nam thng vp phi trong khi hc mn ngoi ng ny.

NGN V DI

Trong khi dy hc, mi khi c mt lp hc sinh mi, ti thng t mt vi cu

hi th s hiu bit ca h. Mt trong nhng cu hi m ti thng t ra l Trong
Anh ng, mt cu thng phi c my phn? Mi khi ti hi nh vy th hu ht c
lp u nhanh nhu p: Phi c ba phn: ch t, ng t v tc t.
l mt iu sai lm ln. V mi cu trong Anh ng u phi c hai phn v
ch c hai phn m thi. Khng cu no c mt phn, m cng khng cu no c ba hay
bn nm phn c. D l mt cu tht ngn v tht gin d, hay mt cu tht di, tht kh
v phc tp, cng ch c hai phn, khng hn khng km. Hai phn l phn Subject
(ch t) v phn Predicate (din t).
Subject l g? Khi bn ni hoc vit mt cu, trc ht bn phi ni n mt ci
g. Ci c th l mt ngi, mt con th, mt s kin hay mt nim tru tng. Ta
hy ly mt vi cu lm th d:
1) I am going to school.
2) The book is on the table.
3) The dog ran into the street.
4) How to keep him quiet is a real problem.
5) Patience is the key of success.

6) Keep off the grass.

Bn nhn thy rng trong mi cu trn y ti u ni n mt ci g. Cu th
nht ni n ti. Cu th nh ni n cun sch. Cu th ba ni n con ch. Cu
th t ni n lm th no cho hn im lng. Cu th nm ni n s kin nhn. Th
cn cu th su? Cu ny mi xem qua tng chng nh khng ni n ci g c,
nhng s tht th khi ti ni Keep off the grass (ng dm ln c) l ti ni n anh
v bo anh ng dm chn ln c.
Vy th ci m ta ni n mi khi ta ni hay vit mt cu chnh l phn subject
ca cu . Cn predicate l g? Predicate, ting Vit tm gi l din t, l phn ch
iu m ta mun ni v ci subject. Khi ti ni I am going to school l ti mun ni
ti ang i hc ch khng phi i chi hay i ch. Khi ti ni The book is on the
table l ti mun ni n cun sch trn bn ch khng phi di hay ct trong t.
Khi ti ni The dog ran into the street l ti mun ni con ch chy ra ngoi ng
ch khng phi chy vo trong nh hay nm ng di gc cy.
C nh th, trong mi cu ti u ni n mt ci g (Subject) v mun ni mt
iu g (Predicate) v ci .
Vy chng ta c th phn tch hai phn ca mi th d trn y nh sau:
Subject

Predicate

am going to school.

The book

is on the table

The dog

ran into the street

Patience

is the key of success

How to keep him quiet

is a real problem

(You)

Keep off the grass

Trn y l nhng cu rt ngn v d. n nhng cu tht di v tht phc tp,

khi phn tch ra, ta cng ch thy c hai phn m thi, v trong trng hp ny th mi
phn u c nhiu chi tit, nhiu giy m r mung chng cht, nht l phn din t
n c th di l th nh mt bi din t ca cc nh chnh tr vy.
Chng ta th so snh hai cu sau y:
1- A man opened the door.
2- at 10 oclock in the morning a fat, ugly man, wearing a grey hat and black
trousers, and carrying an umbrella in his hand, carefully and without making a sound,

opened the big, glasspanelled door which led, by way of a short passage, to the
directors officel.
Chng ta thy rng trong cu th nht, ci m ti ni n l a man (mt ngi)
v iu m ti mun ni v a man l opened the door (m ci ca). V cu c th
phn tch ra hai phn r rt nh sau:
Subject
A man

Predicate
opened the door

Trong cu th hai, nu c k bn s thy rng ci m ti ni n vn l a man

v iu m ti mun ni v a man vn l opened the door.
Ni mt cch khc nhng ting cn bn (key words) ca cu s hai vn l a man
bn phn subject v opened the door bn phn predicate. Nhng trong trng hp ny
c hai bn u c gc r chng cht, cnh l xum xu. Phn tch c s chng cht v
xum xu i tm ci mch lc ca n l nm c ci cha kha ca c php Anh
ng vy.
Trc khi th phn tch Subject v Predicate ca mt cu di v kh, c my
iu quan trng m ti mun trnh by vi cc bn. Nhng iu ny c l cc bn
hc ri, nhng tng cn phi nhc li, cho khi c s thiu st i vi nhng bn
mi hc:
iu th nht l cc loi cu trong Anh ng. C tt c 4 loi cu: Cu ni
(Statement), Cu hi (question), cu than (exclamation) v cu lnh (command). Th
d:
Statement

He wrote a letter.

Question

Where are we going?

Exclamation :

How beautiful she looks !

Command

Don'ts smoke.

C nhin l mi cu trn u c hai phn, phn tch ra nh sau:

Subject

Predicate

He

wrote. a letter

We

are going. where

She

looks how beautiful

(You)

dont smoke

iu th hai m ti mun lu cc bn l nhng trng hp ca Predicate.

Chng ta thy rng t ci ting chnh bn phn Subject phi l danh t hoc i danh t,
v ci ting chnh bn phn Predicate phi l ng t. Nhng c tt c ba trng hp
ng t, cng c th ni l ba trng hp Predicate m chng ta phi phn bit.
Trng hp th nht l ng t chuyn tip ( ransitive verb) tc l mt ng t
t n cha ngha v i hi mt s b tc, tc l i hi mt tc t (object) th mi
ngha. Th d: ng t punish, nu ti ni The teacher punished chng hn th cu
khng ngha v bn s hi punished ci g mi c ch. ng t punish ng
mt mnh khng ngha, n i hi mt s b tc. l mt transitive verb, mt
ng t cn chuyn tip hnh ng m n pht biu qua t no khc ng sau n v t
chng ta gi l tc t (object). Vy th ta hy thm cho ng t punished trong cu
th d trn y mt ci object.
The teacher punished the pupils.
l trng hp th nht, tc l trng hp ng t chuyn tip c tc t theo
sau.
Trng hp th hai l trng hp ng t khng chuyn tip (intransitive verb),
ngha l mt ng t t n ngha, c th ng mt mnh m khng cn mt s b
tc no c. Th d: ng t to laugh. Nu ta ni We laughed chng hn, th cu ca ti
hon ton ngha, ng t laughed khng i hi mt ting no khc b tc
cho n.
Trng hp th ba l trng hp ng t khng chuyn tip nhng t n vn
cha ngha v i hi mt s b tc. Th d: ng t to be, nu ni He is th mc d
c ng t is l mt ng t khng chuyn tip nhng n vn cha ngha v cn
c s b tc. Ti phi ni He is a boy hay He is good th cu ca ti mi ngha.
Trng hp ny Anh ng gi l intransitive verb of incomplete predicate v ci
ting m chng ta dng b tc cho ci ng t khng chuyn tip nhng khng
ngha y, Anh ng gi l complement.
Ch complement Vit ng vn dch l tc t nhng ta cn phi phn bit
complement vi object: mt bn l tc t ca mt ng t khng chuyn tip v mt
bn l tc t ca mt ng t chuyn tip.

Mt iu quan trng na l trong khi object phi l mt danh t hay i danh t,

th complement c th l mt danh t, ai danh t hay l mt tnh t (adjective). Th d
trong cu He is a boy th complement ca is l mt danh t (boy). Trong cu He is good
th complement ca is li l mt tnh t (good).
Ni tm li c ba trng hp predicate: trng hp th nht l ng t chuyn
tip c object theo sau; trng hp th hai l ng t khng chuyn tip v ngha;
trng hp th ba l ng t khng chuyn tip nhng cha ngha, phi c
Complement theo sau.
Ngoi ba trng hp trn y, bn khng th tm ra mt trng hp no khc.
Vy mi khi vit mt cu Anh ng, bn phi t hi xem cu vn ca mnh nm trong
trng hp no trnh nhng cu vn lng chng.

MT V NHIU

Chng ta bit rng n v cn bn ca cu l ting (word) cng c th gi l ch.

Ting c chia lm nhiu loi nh: danh t, i danh t, ng t, trng t, tnh t, gii
t v lin t. C mt iu kh quan trng m i khi chng ta qun l nhng ci t y
c th l mt ting, m cng c th l nhiu ting hp li.
iu ny cng c th p dng cho Vit Ng. V d khi ti ni Mt c gi nh
bc ngang ng th ch nh l mt tnh t ti dng miu t c gi. Nay nu
ta ni Mt c gi nh mc o tm bc ngang ng th ba ch mc o tm cng
hp thnh mt tnh t miu t danh t c gi. Nu ta ni Mt c gi nh mc o tm,
tay xch chic cp da, bc ngang ng th thm hai tnh t nh v mc o tm ta
cn c mt tnh t th ba miu t c gi, l tay xch chic cp da C nm ch
ny hp li thnh mt tnh t miu t danh t c gi. C nh th tnh t (cng gi
l hnh dung t) m ti dng miu t cho mt danh t, c th l mt ting m cng
c th l nhiu ting hp li. Trong trng hp sau ny, ci tnh t ca c gi l
nhm ting tnh t, Anh ng gi l adjective phrase.
Ni v trng t cng vy. Trng t c th l mt ting, v cng c th l nhiu
ting hp li. Th d: Mt c gi nh, mc o tm, tay xch chic cp da, bc vi
ngang ng th ch vi l mt trng t dng miu t ng t bc ca ti.

Nay nu ti ni Mt c gi nh, mc o tm, tay xch chic cp da, bc vi

ngang ng trong nh nng u thu th nm ch trong nh nng u thu hp
thnh mt trng t miu t cho ng t bc.
Ti gi l mt nhm ting trng t, Anh ng gi l adverb phase. Ci
gi tr v nhim v ca nhm ting trng t trong nh nng u thu cng tng ng
vi gi tr v nhim v ca trng t vi vy.
Danh t th cng c danh t ting mt v nhm ting danh t. Ta hy ly lm
th d cu Ti khng thch mo.
Cu ny thuc vo trng hp ng t th nht m ta thy bi trc, tc l
ng t chuyn tip c tc t theo sau. ng t y l khng thch v tc t ca n
l mo.
Nhng nu ti ni Ti khng thch con mo ca ba ti th tc t ca ng t
khng thch l khng phi l con mo m l c nm ch con mo ca ba ti. Ni
mt cch khc, nm ch ny hp li thnh mt danh t, Anh ng gi l Noun
phrase.
Ni tm li, mi khi ta ni hoc vit mt cu th nhng n v ta dng xy
dng ci cu c th l mt ting hoc nhiu ting hp li. Theo nhng th d trn,
ta thy u p dng cho 3 loi ting: danh t, tnh t v trng t. Nhng trn y l
nhng th d Vit ng. Nay ta th dch nhng th d y ra Anh ng xem sao. Th d th
nht:
- A little girl crossed the street.
- A little girl, wearing a purple dress and carrying a leather bag in her hand,
hurriedly crossed the street in the early autumn sun.
Trong cu trn, little l mt tnh t ti dng miu t danh t girl. Trong
cu di, ngoi ch little ti cn dng wearing a purple dress v carrying a leather
bag in her hand l nhng nhm tnh t dng miu t danh t girl.
Trong cu trn, ng t crossed ca ti khng c ting no m t cho n
c tc l khng c trng t (adverb). Nhng trong cu di ti dng ch
hurriedly (vi) l mt trng t, v in the early autumn sun l nhm ting trng t
(adverb phrase) miu t cho ng t crossed vy.
V v d th hai:
- I dont like cats.
- I dont like the cat of my father.

Ta thy rng trong cu trn, danh t cats l object ca ng t dont like.

Cu di th c nm ch the cat of my father l nhm ting danh t (noun phrase)
lm object cho ng t dont like.
Mt th d khc: I want you to go. ( Ti mun anh i). Trong cu ny ci
object ca ng t want khng phi l you m l you to go. Khng phi ti
mun anh (xin li, vic qui g m ti li mun anh mi c ch?) m l ti mun
anh i. Vy th you to go l mt nhm ting danh t lm tc t cho ng t want
vy.
Trn y l ni v n v ting v nhm ting trong mt cu. By gi ti s ni
v n v mnh (clause) trc khi tr li vn phn tch subject v predicate ca
nhng cu di v kh.
Mnh l g? Mnh l mt n v c subject v predicate ng trong
phn subject hoc predicate ca mt cu di. Ni cch khc, mnh l mt cu ngn
nm trong mt cu di. Ta hy ly th d my cu sau y:
1) The early settlers had treated the natives shamefully.
2) The settlers arriving first on the island had treated the natives shamefully.
3) The settlers, who arrived first on the island, had treated the natives
shamefully.
Trong cu th nht ti dng tnh t early miu t cho danh t settlers
ca ti. Trong cu th hai ti dng nhm ting tnh t arriving first on the island
miu t cho danh t settlers. V trong cu th ba, ti dng su ch who
arrived first on the island miu t cho danh t settlers. Su ch ny l mt cu
ngn v n c subject (who) v predicate (arrived first on the island). Cu ngn ny
ng vai tr mt tnh t miu t cho danh t settlers. Gi tr v nhim v ca n
cng tng ng nh gi tr v nhim v ca tnh t early trong cu th nht hay
nhm ting tnh t arriving first on the island trong cu th hai. Mt cu ngn nm
trong mt cu di v ng vai tr mt tnh t nh vy, ti gi n l mnh tnh t
(adjective clause).
Mt v d khc:
1/ We met a reputed statesman.
2/ We met a statesman of great reputation.
3/ We met a statesman who had an international reputation.

Trong cu th nht, danh t statesman, object ca ng t met c m t

bng tnh t reputed. Trong cu th hai, cng danh t statesman c m t bng
nhm ting tnh t of great reputation. Trong cu th ba, ci tnh t m ti dng
miu t cho danh t statement li l mt ming , who had an international
reputation.
Tm li chng ta c th miu t mi danh t trong cu bng mt tnh t
(adjective), nhm ting tnh t (adjective phrase) hay mnh tnh t (adjective clause).
Ni v trng t cng th, c th c trng t ting mt, nhm ting trng t v
mnh trng t. Th d:
1/ I arose early.
2/ I arose at dawn of day.
3/ I arose as soon as it was light.
Trong cu th nht, ng t arose c m t bng trng t early. Trong
cu th hai, ng arose c m t bng nhm trng t at dawn of day. V trong
cu th, ng arose c m t bng mnh as soon as it was light. Mt mnh
dng m t mt ng t nh vy, ti gi n l mnh trng t (adverb clause). Gi
tr v nhim v ca n cng tng ng nh mt trng t thng vy.
V danh t cng khng c g khc. Danh t m ta dng trong cu c th l danh
t ting mt, nhm ting danh t, hay mnh danh t. Th d:
1/ We knew the route.
2/ We knew where to go.
3/ We knew that the road led to Dalat.
Trong cu th nht (thuc trng hp ng t chuyn tip c object theo sau)
ci object ca ng t knew l the route, danh t ting mt. Trong cu th hai, ci
object ca ng t knew l where to go, nhm ting danh t. Trong cu th ba ci
object ca ng t knew l the road led to Dalat tc l mnh danh t (noun
clause). iu ng ch l nhng nguyn tc trn y u c th p dng cho Vit ng.
Th d ti ni:
1/ Ti hiu anh.
2/ Ti hiu cu ni ca anh.
3/ Ti hiu anh ni g.

Trong cu th nht, tc t ca ng t hiu l i danh t anh. Trong cu

th hai, tc t ca ng t hiu l nhm ting danh t cu ni ca anh. Trong cu
th ba, tc t ca hiu l mnh danh t anh ni g.
Ni tm li, nhng danh t, tnh t v trng t m ta dng trong cu c th l
mt ting m cng c th l nhiu ting hp li. iu ny rt quan trng cho vic t
cu cho ng mo lu tm ti s trnh by.
By gi chng ta hy tr li vi cu th d A man opened the door. Cu ny
tht l d, phn subject ca n ch c c mt danh t a man; phn predicate th c
ng t opened l ng t chuyn tip dn theo danh t the door lm object cho n.
Nu trong Anh ng, cu no cng nh cu ny c th chng ta chng c chuyn g
ni na. Rt tic l li c nhng cu di v kh hn nhiu m chng ta phi tm hiu c
cu, mch lc c th ni v vit Anh ng cho ng mo.
Ti th d bn mun vit mt cun tiu thuyt khi u bng ci cnh mt
ngi m ci ca. Nu bn ch vit Mt ngi m ci ca ri chm cu qua mt
cu khc th tiu thuyt ca bn chc chn l chng c ma no thm c. Vy ta phi
lm th no cho ci cnh mt ngi m ci ca n c thm chi tit, ngha l ta phi
thm mm thm mui cho c hai phn ch t mt ngi v din t m ci ca
cho cu vn ca ta thm phn bay bm, th mi gi l vn chng c. Ci bay
bm y c th din tin nh sau y:
Trc ht ti vit:
- A man opened the door.
Trong phn subject ca cu vn c danh t man, ti bn cho n mt tnh t
(adjective) miu t cho ci ngi ca ti. ng thi, bn phn predicate c danh t
door, cng c th c miu t bng mt tnh t. V ti vit:
- A fat man opened the glass-panelled door.
Ta cng miu t ng t opened bng mt trng t ch th cch (adverb of
manner):
- A fat man cautiously opened the glass panelled door.
Th l cu vn ca ti bt u di di ri y. Nay ti mun t thm ci ngi
ca ti. Ni ng ta bo cha , ti mun ni thm l ng ta i nn xm v mc
qun en, tc l ti miu t danh t man bng hai nhm ting tnh t (adjective
phrase). V ti vit:
- A fat man, wearing a grey hat and black trousers, cautiously opened the glasspanelled door.

By gi ti s ni thm v ci ca. l mt ci ca knh ln dn ti vn phng

ng Gim c.
Vy ti thm cho danh t door mt tnh t na l big v mt mnh tnh
t ( adjective clause) ni ci kin l n dn ti vn phng ng Gim c. V ti
vit:
- A fat man, wearing a grey hat and black trousers, cautiously opened the big
glass-panelled door which led to the Directors office.
Nay ti li mun miu t thm ci hnh ng m ca ca nhn vt ca ti.
Khng nhng m ca mt cch cn thn(cautiously) m cn c khng lm mt ting
ng. Ti bn vit:
- A fat man, wearing a grey hat and black trousers, cautiously and without
making a sound, opened the big glass-panelled door which led to the Directors office.
Cu vn ca ti ti y kh di nhng ti vn mun ni thm rng nhn vt tiu
thuyt ca ti m ci ca vo hi 10h sng. Ti bn thm cho ng t opened mt
nhm ting trng t ch thi gian (adverb phrase of time). V ti vit:
-At ten oclock in the morning, a fat man, wearing a grey hat and black
trousers, cautiously and without making a sound, opened the big glass-panelled door
which led to the Directors office.
Nay ti mun ni thm rng ci ca dn ti vn phng ng Gim c bng
mt li i ngn, tc l ta s miu t ng t led trong mnh tnh t which led to
the Directors office bng mt ting trng t ch th cch (adverb phrase of manner).
V ti li vit:
- At ten oclock in the morning, a fat man, wearing a grey hat and black
trousers, cautiously and without making a sound, opened the big glass-panelled door
which led, by way of a short passage, to the Directors office.
n y, ti t hi cu vn ca ti ni nhng iu m ti mun ni v ci
cnh mt ngi m ca cha? , ti qun mt ci chi tit l nhn vt ca ti c xch
mt ci d. Ti li phi thm cho danh t man mt nhm ting tnh t na l tay
xch mt ci d. V ti vit:
- At ten oclock in the morning, a fat man, wearing a grey hat and black
trousers, and carrying an umbrella is his hand cautiously and without making a sound,
opened the big glass-panelled door which led, by way of a short passage, to the
Directors office.

Th l ti ni c ht nhng chi tit v mt ngi m ci ca m u

cho cun tiu thuyt ca ti. V cu vn ca ti k ra cng kh bay bm y ch!
T mt cu rt ngn, ti pht trin thnh mt cu kh di v c phn hi kh mt
cht vy.
Sau y ti xin ly mt th d khc v s pht trin t ngn n di v t d n
kh ca mt cu Anh ng. Ti s vit lun nhng giai on din tin ca th d ny
bng Anh ng km theo li dch ra Vit ng, cc bn t theo di v tm xem s
thm mm thm mui s din ra nh th no:
- The situation improved.
(Tnh hnh ci thin).
- The situation of the farmers improve considerably.
(Tnh hnh ca dn cy ci thin mt cch ng k).
- The situation of the farmers in the western provinces, who had suffered heavy
losses for some years owing to bad harvests and disartrous floods, improved
considerably in 1965.
(Tnh hnh ca dn cy cc tnh min Ty, nhng ngi chu nhiu thit hi
nng n sut my nm v mt ma v nhng trt lt tai hi, ci thin mt cch ng
k vo nm 1965.)
- The situation of the farmers in the western provinces, who had suffered heavy
losses for some years owing to bad harvests and disartrous floods, improved
considerably in 1965 when a large-scaleprogram of financial and technical assistance
was implemeneted by the government.
(Tnh hnh ca dn cy cc tnh min Ty, nhng ngi chu nhiu thit hi
nng n sut my nm v mt ma v nhng trt lt tai hi, ci thin mt cch ng
k vo nm 1965, khi mt chng trnh gip ti chnh v k thut i quy m c
chnh ph thi hnh.)
- The situation of the farmers in the western provinces, who had suffered heavy
losses for some years owing to bad harvests and disartrous floods, improved
considerably in 1965 when a large-scaleprogram of financial and technical assistance
was implemeneted by the government in cooperation with relief agencies from several
friendly countries.
(Tnh hnh ca dn cy cc tnh min Ty, nhng ngi chu nhiu thit hi
nng n sut my nm v mt ma v nhng trt lt tai hi, ci thin mt cch ng
k vo nm 1965, khi mt chng trnh gip ti chnh v k thut i quy m c

chnh ph thi hnh sau khi nghin cu k cng, vi s cng tc ca nhng c quan cu
tr ca nhiu nc bn.)
Cc bn thy rng cu th nht ch vn vn c 3 ch, v cu sau cng c tt
c 54 ch, mt cu kh di v kh phc tp, nhng vn da trn ci cn bn Tnh hnh
ci thin. S pht trin din tin qua nhiu giai on bng cch thm mm thm
mui cho danh t tnh hnh cng nh ng t ci thin. Ti chc chn rng cc
bn t nhn ra nhng chi tit , tc l nhng tnh t, nhm ting tnh t v mnh
tnh t ti dng miu t cho ci danh t tnh hnh cng nhng trng t, nhm
ting trng t v mnh trng t m ti dng miu t cho ci ng t ci
thin ca ti.

CON V CHU

Theo hai th d m ti trnh by vi bn c trong bi trc v s pht trin

t ngn n di v t d n kh ca mt cu Anh ng, chng ta c th t ra tr chi
l th va hc va chi l tr sinh con ci.
Th d hai ngi cng chi tr ny th ngi th nht vit ra mt cu tht ngn
thuc mt trong ba trng hp predicate m cc bn bit. Ngi th hai thm vo
mt chi tit: hoc l mt tnh t, nhm ting tnh t hay mnh tnh t miu t cho
ci danh t subject hoc l mt trng t, nhm ting trng t hay mnh trng t
miu t cho ci ng t phn predicate hoc l mt tnh t, nhm ting tnh t hay
mnh tnh t miu t cho ci danh t object nu cu t ra thuc trng hp c
ng t chuyn tip c object theo sau v.v
Sau khi ngi th hai thm vo mt chi tit nh vy, ti phin ngi th nht
cng ngh cch thm vo mt chi tit khc cho cu di thm ra. V c nh th m
lun phin thi nhau thm chi tit vo cho ti khi no mt ngi chu thua th thi. C
nhin l kt qu phi l mt cu di c ngha l hn hoi ch khng phi mt cu tuy c
c cu mch lc nhng chng c ngha g c.
Nhng ti sao ti li gi tr chi ny l tr sinh con ci? l v khi bn
thm chi tit vo cu tc l bn cho ch trong cu con vy: danh t ra tnh
t, v ng t th ra trng t. Nu ci tnh t con hay trng t con l mt
mnh chng hn th ci mnh y tt nhin phi c subject v predicate ca
ring n, ngha l nhng ch trong mnh y li c th ra mt lp na: ni mt
cch khc, danh t con s ra tnh t chu, v ng t con s ra trng t
chu vy. C nh th m sinh si ny n ra mi, con ra chu, chu ra cht, v
rt c th l ti cht cht na cng vn c.
Nhng ni nh vy khng c ngha l ti khuyn khch cc bn nn vit nhng
cu vn tht di chng t ci kh nng sinh si ny n ca mnh. Ngc li chng ta
nn hn ch sinh v lun lun ch nn vit nhng cu ngn v sng sa, hn l
nhng cu di m rm r ti ngha. Chng ta nn chia iu m chng ta mun ni ra
lm hai hay ba cu ngn, hn l gi ghm c vo mt cu di. Tr sinh con ci m
ti ngh trn y ch l mt tr chi th xem mnh c nm vng ng li t cu
hay khng. Nu lc no mnh cng thch vit nhng cu di th e rng s c lc con ci
ra ba bi, khng sao trnh khi s lum thum b bi trong nh.
Tm li, cn c vo tt c nhng iu ti trnh by, chng ta c th c mt
nim bao qut v c cu ca mt cu Anh ng gm c nhng im sau y m ti
mun cng bn c n li trc khi qua vn khc:

1/ T (word), nhm t (phrase) v mnh (clause) l nhng n v lm

thnh cu.
2/ Mi cu phi c 2 phn v ch c 2 phn m thi. l subject v predicate.
Subject ch ci m ta ni n v predicate ch iu m ta mun ni v ci subject.
3/ Trong phn subject t chnh l mt danh t hoc i danh t ng lm ch
cho ng t bn phn predicate. Danh t ny c th c miu t bng mt hoc nhiu
tnh t , nhm tnh t v mnh tnh t.
4/ Trong phn predicate, t chnh l mt ng t. ng t ny c th c miu
t bng mt hay nhiu trng t, nhm trng t hoc mnh trng t.
5/ Nu ng t l mt ng t chuyn tip th n c tc t (object) theo sau.
Object phi l mt danh t v n c th c miu t bng mt hay nhiu tnh t, hoc
nhm tnh t v mnh tnh t.
6/ Nu ng t l mt ng t khng chuyn tip v ngha th n ng mt
mnh nhng cng c th miu t c bng mt hay nhiu trng t , nhm trng t v
mnh trng t.
7/ Nu l ng t khng chuyn tip nhng cha ngha (intransitive verb of
incomplete predicate) th n phi c mt complement i theo sau. Ci complement ny
c th l mt danh t hay mt tnh t. Nu l danh t th n cng c th c miu t
bng mt hay nhiu tnh t, nhm tnh t v mnh tnh t.
8/ Mi mnh u c subject v predicate ring ca n c ngha l danh t
trong cng ra tnh t v ng t ra trng t ca mt th h th ba trong qu
trnh pht trin ca cu vn.
tng kt nhng iu trn y, xin cc bn hy nhn vo ci s di y:

C th ni ci s trn y l nn tng ca cu Anh ng, v mt cu d di v

phc tp n u cng vn c xy dng trn ci nn tng ny. Ti xin nhc li mt
ln na l cc bn phi quan nim mi n v trong s trn y u c th l mt t
(word), mt nhm t (phrase) hay mt mnh (clause).
Ngoi ra tng cng nn nhc rng nhng n v danh t, ng t, tnh t v
trng t trong ci c cu trn y phi c gn lin vi nhau th cu vn mi ng
vng c, cng nh nhng vin gch phi c gn lin vi nhau bng h v xi mng
th mi xy thnh mt ci nh. Cng vic gn lin cho n v trong cu l nhim v
ca nhng lin t (conjuction), hoc i danh t lin quan (relative pronoun).
Th d nh trong cu ni v ci cnh mt ngi m ci ca m chng ta
nghin cu trc y ta thy hai nhm ting danh t wearing a grey hat and black
trousers v carrying an umbrella in his hand c ni lin vi nhau bng lin t
and.
Rt may l lin t ch c th c nhm t thi ch khng c mnh . Nu lin t
m cng c mnh lin t th lon to.
Nay cc bn c th p dng ci s trn y th phn tch bt c mt
cu Anh ng no ra lm hai phn subject v predicate, v ng thi phn tch mi ln
ra tng n v ca n. Tr li vi nhn vt tiu thuyt m ci ca ca chng ta, cu
th d:

At ten oclock in the morning, a fat man wearing a grey hat and black trousers,
and carrying an umbrella is his hand cautiously and without making a sound, opened
the big glass-panelled door which led, by way of a short passage, to the Directors
office.
C th c phn tch bng cch v ra mt s theo mu trn y ri bin
nhng n v vo ng v tr ca n nh sau:

Trn y, chng ta th phn tch mt cu Anh ng ra hai phn subject v

predicate ca n cng nhng n v xy dng ca mi phn. Li phn tch (analysis)
ny tng i mi m hn, v cng r rng v hay ho hn li phn tch thnh mnh
(analysis into clause) m hc sinh thng phi hc ti nh trng v trong hu ht cc
sch dy vn phm Anh ng.
Phn tch thnh mnh trong Anh ng, ging nh analyse logique trong Php
ng, c th ni l xa ri, v li phn tch ny lm cho ngi ta c cm tng rng
n v cn bn ca cu l mnh (clause) trong khi nhng nhm t (phrase) cng l
nhng n v ng k m nhiu khi li cn quan trng hn c mnh . V th nhiu tc
gi sch vn phm ngy nay ch trng b li phn tch thnh mnh v p dng li
phn tch thnh n v (analysis into units) nh ti trnh by.

Trong cun Good English How To Write It tc gi G.H. Vallins vit rng li
phn tch thnh mnh m vn p dng ti cc trng hc v thng lm in u
hc sinh trong cc k thi khng nhng v b m cn c hi na v n khng lm sng
t c cu v mch lc ca cu m li lm cho n ti thm. Vallins cng ngh li phn
tch thnh n v v nhn thy rng nhng n v nhm t (phrase) cn quan trng hn
c nhng mnh .
Tr li cu th d v mt ngi m ci ca chng ta thy rng nu ch phn
tch thnh mnh th ci phn vo hi mi gi sng s nm trong mnh chnh
v n l trng t ca ng t m trong khi nu phn tch thnh n v th ta c th t
n ng ring ra vi t cch l mt nhm trng t miu t cho ng t m.
Nu phn tch mnh th danh t mt ngi s i lin vi ng t m v
tc t ci ca trong mnh chnh cn nu phn tch thnh n v ta li thy danh t
mt ngi ng ring bn phn subject vi nhng tnh t m n ra.
Li phn tch thnh n v v th rt c li cho chng ta. N lm cho chng ta
khng nhng thng sut c cu vn t r n ngn m cn gip chng ta nm vng
c c php Anh ng ni v vit cho ng mo. Phn tch mt cu vn v th lun
lun l mt cng vic l th cho nhng ai mun hc ni v vit Anh ng thng tho
ch khng phi ch l cng vic ca cc th sinh trong cc k thi.
Mt nh ng hc Anh quc so snh vic phn tch mt cu vn nh l cng
vic iu tra mt v n mng. Mt cu vn di trong t, nhm t v mnh chng
cht ln nhau, sinh con ci tm lum, thot nhn vo chng khc g mt v n mng
y b mt. Ci danh t subject chnh l ngi b m st, ci ng t bn phn predicate
cng nhng t m n dn theo l l do ca n mng. Tm c nhng yu t ny ri,
chng ta ch cn vic tin hnh cuc iu tra tm ra th phm tc l ngha ca ton
cu.
Ni tm li, nu mun phn tch mt cu, chng ta nn p dng li phn tch
thnh n v thay v li phn tch thnh mnh . Nm vng c li phn tch thnh
n v l mt li kh sc bn chng ta lm ch c ci tnh hnh Anh ng ca
mnh.
Nhng c nhin s phn tch ch l mt phng tin i ti mt cu cnh.
Chng ta hc phn tch khng phi bt c h c mt cu Anh ng no l bn tm
cch m x n ra, v ngc li khng phi mi khi ni v vit th li xy dng cu
ca mnh tng giai on mt theo li sinh con ci m ti trnh by.
Khi ni cng nh khi vit l lc tim thc chng ta lm vic. Chng ta ni
hoc vit mt hi m khng h ngh u l ch t u l din t, u l nhm tnh t
u l mnh trng t .v.v Nhng ci tim thc ch c th hot ng khi no

chng ta c thc v c php Anh ng. Ni mt cch khc, mun ni v vit

Anh ng nh ci my, th chng ta phi bit ci then my ca Anh ng trc .

TH V THI

Chng ta c mt nim tng qut v cu Anh ng, v hai phn ca mi cu,

v nhng n v ca mi phn v mi tng quan gia cc n v y. l nhng iu
cn bit v cch t cu. By gi ti xin hu chuyn vi cc bn v nhng iu cn bit
v cch dng ch pht biu cho ng ci mnh mun ni.
Trc ht ni v ng t th mt trong nhng vn quan trng nht l vn
th v thi. Chng ta ko nn nhm ln 2 ch ny: Thi (time) l thi gian, mt khi
nim quen thuc ca con ngi v l mt ci g c lp i vi ngn ng, khng h
chu s chi phi ca ngn ng. Cn th (tense) ch l mt hnh thc ng t, chng ta
dng ch mt mi tng quan thi gian no . N l mt hnh thi ca ngn ng v
bin i theo quy lut ca mt ngn ng.
ng t Anh ng c hai th n (simple tense) tc l hnh thc bin i ca
chnh ng t m ko c ch no ph thuc v nhiu th ghp (compound tense) tc l
nhng hnh thc bin i ca ng t c thm mt hoc nhiu ch ph thuc.
Hai th n gi l Simple present (th d: He writes) v Simple Past (th d:
He wrote).
Nhng iu chng ta cn ch l Th hin ti (Present tense) khng nhng c
th dng cho thi hin ti m cn c th dng cho c thi qu kh v tng lai. Th d:
Mr. Brown sells books.
ng t sells trong cu ny vo th hin ti, nhng n miu t hot ng ca
ng Brown trong c 3 thi qu kh, hin ti v tng lai. Cu ny c ngha l: ng
Brown lm ngh bn sch. Nm ngoi ng ta bn sch, nm nay ng ta bn sch v
sang nm ng ta cng s bn sch.
Ngc li, th qu kh (past tense) cng c th c cho thi hin ti hoc
tng lai, ch ko phi h mt ng t c dng Past tense l n nht thit phi ch
thi qu kh. Th d:
I wrote a letter to my brother last week.
If I wrote to my brother now, he would receive the letter on Tuesday.
If I wrote to my brother tomorrow, he would receive the letter next week.

Trong cu th nht, ng t wrote vo th qu kh v thi qu kh. Trong

cu th hai, ng t wrote vo th qu kh nhng thi hin ti. V trong cu th ba,
ng t wrote cng vn th qu kh nhng ci thi li l thi tng lai.
Vy trong khi hc cch dng ng t, chng ta ng nn lm present time vi
Present Tense, past time vi Paste Tense, future time v Future Tense. Chng ta s c
nhiu dp tr li vn ny.

SHOULD V WOULD

Khi ni n should v would nhiu bn s ngh ngay rng l tr ng t

dng trong iu kin cch (Coditional). Ngh nh vy l lm v should v would l hai
tr ng t tuy c i khi dng cho iu kin cch nhng cng c dng trong nhiu
trng hp khc khng c g gi l iu kin c. V vy chng ta nhiu khi thy lng
tng khng bit dng should v would th no cho ng, v k ra th y cng l mt
trong nhng ci kh khn m chng ta gp phi khi hc ting Anh.
Sau y ti xin trnh by vi cc bn v cc trng hp dng should v would.
Trc ht nh cc bn hc trng, should v would l th qu kh ca shall
v will v c dng trong trng hp li ni lp li (reported speech). Vn ny
khng c g kh nhng cng cn phi nhc qua cho khi c s thiu st. Th d:
He says he will come tomorrow.
He said he would come the next day.
I think i shall like this book.
I thought I should like that book.
Should v would cn c dng vi hnh thc Continuous ca ng t theo sau,
tc l vi To be + Verb-ing: Khi ng t ny ch mt hnh ng lin tc trong mt
khong thi gian no . Th d:
He said he would be waiting for you at the station.
I told her to come in the afternoon as I should be doing my work in the morning.
When he left for his holiday he said he would be sitting on the beach the next
day instead of at his desk in the office.
Tuy nhin, hnh thc ny cng c th c dng ch thi gian tng lai mc
d ng t trong cu khng miu t mt hnh ng lin tc no c. Th d: He said he
would be leaving tomorrow v He said he would leave tomorrow cng u c ngha
nh nhau.

Cc bn thy rng trong nhng cu th d trn y, should v would chng c g

l conditional c. ch l qu kh ca shall v will m chng ta dng trong li ni
lp li.
By gi ni ti should v would dng trong iu kin cch ngha l trong mt
cu c nu th ny th th n. Ti phi ni ngay rng nu should v would khng phi
nht thit lc no cng conditional th hai ch ny cng phi l hai ch c nht
chng ta pht biu mt kin conditional vy. Ni mt cch khc ngoi should v
would ra trong Anh ng cn c nhiu cch khc chng ta dng khi mun ni mt
cu nu th ny th th n.
Sau y l mt vi cch khc nhau pht biu mt trng hp iu kin, trong
c c cch dng should v would. Ti th d bn c mt ngi bn tnh c th ln
thm Saigon, v bn ngh rng nu anh ta ln Saigon th anh ta c th i thm S Th.
Ci kin ny c th c pht biu bng nhiu cch khc nhau:
1) If he comes to Saigon, he will visit the Zoo.
2) If he came to Saigon, he would visit the Zoo.
3) If he were to come to Saigon, he would visit the Zoo.
4) Were he to come to Saigon, he would visit the Zoo.
5) If he should come to Saigon, he would visit the Zoo.
6) Should he come to Saigon, he would visit Zoo.
Tt c 5 cu th d trn y nu dch ra ting Vit th u ging nhau c: Nu
hn n Saigon, th hn s i thm S Th. Nhng ting Anh li c ti 6 cu khc
nhau.
Nu ti bit l ngi bn ca ti rt c th sp ln Saigon, khi ti s dng cu
s 1.
Nu vic n Saigon ca anh ta kh lng xy ra, khi ti s dng mt trong
nhng cu t s 2 n s 6. (Ti s ni thm v cch t cc cu iu kin bi sau; bi
ny ch ch trng v should v would.)
Trong cu th d If he came to Saigon, he would visit the Zoo, cc bn nhn
thy rng ng t trong mnh iu kin (conditional clause) c dng th qu kh
mc du ci nu trong mnh y ni n mt vic cha xy ra ngha l cn trong
thi tng lai. Trng hp dng th qu kh cho ng t trong mt mnh iu kin
nh vy c ngha l ci iu kin y tuy c th xy ra nhng kh lng s xy ra.

Mt th d khc: Ti nh chiu nay i xem chp bng, nhng nu tri ma th

ti s nh. Cu ny nu ni ting Vit th ta ch c th ni mt cch l Nu tri ma
th ti s nh. Nhng trong Anh ng chng ta c nhiu cch ni cu y, ty theo
ci trnh nu ca chng ta. Nu nh lc ny ti ni tri ang chuyn ma, ngha l
vic tri ma rt c th xy ra th khi ti ni:
If it rain I shall stay home.
Nhng nu lc ti ni m tri cn ang nng, khng c ci g bo hiu mt trn
ma sp ti, ngha l vic tri ma kh lng s xy ra th khi phi ni:
If it rained I should stay home.
Trong cu di, ng t rained vo th qu kh mc du n ch mt vic
cn nm trong thi tng lai.
Ngoi ra, ng t trong mnh iu kin cng c dng th qu kh ch
mt vic gi nh, mt vic khng c tht m ti gi t l c. Th d:
If I thought that, I should say so.
Cu ny c ngha l nu ti ngh nh th th ti s ni nh th nhng s tht th
ti khng ngh nh th. Cu ny c ngha l That is not what I think ( khng phi
l iu ti ngh). Trong trng hp ny ng t thought vo th qu kh nhng li
ch mt vic thuc v thi hin ti vy.
Cc bn cng nhn thy rng nu trong mnh iu kin ti dng ng t th
qu kh th trong mnh tip sau ti dng should hoc would thay cho shall
hoc will. Should v would y cng ging nh trong trng hp reported
speech tc l qu kh ca shall v will.
Tr li vi cu th d anh bn nh n thm Si gn, nu ti ni cu ny k
li mt vic thuc thi qu kh, ngha l nm y, thng y anh ta n Saigon th anh
ta i thm S Th th cu Anh ng phi l:
If he came to Saigon, he would have visited the Zoo.
Cu ny c ngha l ti khng bit (hi nm ngoi chng hn) anh bn ti c n
Saigon hay khng, nhng ti ngh rng nu anh ta c n th anh ta i thm s th
ri.
Cc bn nhn thy rng, thay v ni If he came to Saigon, chng ta c th ni
If he were to come to Saigon. Were y l mt hnh thc cn st li ca bng thi
cch (subjunctive mood) ca ng t to be m hin trong Anh ng rt t khi dng
n, nhng vn cn dng trong nhng mnh iu kin.

If he were to come cng c th i ngc l, were he to come. Trong

trng hp b ch if trong mnh iu kin chng ta phi o ngc v tr ca ch
t v ng t. iu ny khng nhng p dng cho were to m cn p dng cho to
have. Th d: Had I the time I should write a longer letter. (Nu ti c th gi ti s
vit mt bc th di hn).
Bn cng nhn thy s o ngc ny trong hai cu th d c dng should
mnh iu kin:
If he should come Saigon, he would visit the Zoo.
Should he come to Saigon, he would visit the Zoo.
Should y mi chnh l Conditional v n c dng cho c ngi th
nht, th nh v th ba, ch khng thay i.
Trong hai cu trn y, cng nh trong c my cu th d m ti ra, ti
dng would mnh th hai. Nay nu ti khng dng would m dng will th
sao? Th d ti ni:
If he should come to Saigon, he will visit the Zoo.
Should he come to Saigon, he will visit the Zoo.
Ci khc nhau l ch nu ti dng will th c ngha l ti hon ton tin chc
rng anh ta s i thm S th nu anh ta ti Saigon.
iu ny cng r rt nu ch t trong cu l ngi th nht pht biu ci mun
ca mnh nh lm mt vic g. Th d anh nh ti b gim mt ci th v ti ni rng
nu ti i ph th ti s b th cho anh. Trng hp ny, phi dng will trong mnh
th hai.
If I should go out, I will post the letter for you.
Dng will v vic b th ti chc chn l ti s lm, nu ti i ph.
By gi chng ta hy so snh 3 cu sau y:
1- If he come to Saigon, he would visit the Zoo.
2- If he came to Saigon, he would have visited the Zoo.
3- If he had come to Saigon, he would have visited the Zoo.

Cu th nht ni v mt vic cha xy ra, ngha l thuc thi tng lai. Khi ti
ni cu ny th anh bn ca ti cn lc tnh, cha ln Saigon v ti cng khng bit
chc l anh ta c nh ln Saigon hay khng nhng ti ngh rng nu anh ta ln Saigon
th anh ta s i thm S Th.
Cu th 2 ni v mt vic thuc thi qu kh, ngha l ngy y, thng y, nm
y ti khng bit a bn ti c ln Saigon hay khng, nhng ti ngh rng nu anh c ln
Saigon th anh ta i thm S Th.
Cu th 3 cng ni v thi qu kh nhng li ni v mt vic khng xy ra.
Khi ni cu ny ti bit ngy y, thng y, nm y anh bn ti khng ln Saigon,
nhng ti ngh rng nu anh ta c ln Saigon th anh ta i thm S Th.
Cc bn nhn thy s khc bit gia cu 1 v cu 2 l: would visit trong cu 1
c i ra would have visited trong cu 2. Ti dng th Perfect ch mt vic
hon tt trong qu kh vy.
Cc bn cng nhn thy s khc bit gia cu 2 v cu 3 l If he came trong
mnh iu kin ca cu 1 i thnh If he had come trong mnh iu kin ca
cu 2. Ti dng Past Perfect chi rng ci nu ca ti thc s khng xy ra
trong qu kh.
Tm li, nhng cu iu kin (conditional sentences) c nhiu cch ni trong
Anh ng, ty theo ci trnh nu nng hay nh, ty theo mi tng quan thi gian
khi ni cu y. Vic dng ch should (cho c ba ngi th nht, th nh v th ba)
trong mnh cu iu kin ch l mt trong nhng cch y m thi.
Should v would cn c dng trong nhiu trng hp khc, khng c g l
iu kin c.
Trc ht l should ch mt iu m ta phi lm (obligation). Cc bn chc
quen vi trng hp ny, nn ti tng khng cn phi ni di dng, ch a ra mt vi
th d:
You should look both ways before crossing the road.
(Anh phi nhn c hai pha trc khi bng qua ng).
He should be more careful.
(Hn ta phi cn thn hn).
I should have locked the door but I forgot about it.
(Ti phi kha ca, nhng ti qun kha.)

Should y cng ging nh ought to nhng nh hn must. (Chng ta s

tr li im ny khi bn v nhng cch khc nhau pht biu nim obligation, y
ch bn v cch dng ch should m thi).
Should cn c dng ch iu m ta ch i (expectation). Th d ti ni:
It should be fine tomorrow.
(Ngy mai tri phi p.)
Ci ngha ca should trong cu ny cng gn ging nh trong trng hp
obligation, nhng khi ni cu ny c nhin ti khng mun ni rng c mt s bt buc
tinh thn no khin tri ngy mai phi p, m ti ch mun ni rng theo ti nhn
thy th ngy mai tri phi p. Trng hp ny, thay v dng should ti cng c th
ni It ought to be fine tomorrow. Mt vi th d khc:
He should arrive this evening.
(Anh ta phi ti y ti nay.)
There should be another tea-cup somewhere, I know we used to have six.
(Phi c mt ci tch na u . Ti bit l mnh vn c 6 ci.)
We should know the result by tomorrow.
(Chng ta phi bit kt qu vo ngy mai).
kt lun bi ni v should v would ny mi cc bn nhn nh cu ni sau
y:
You should get the result by tomorrow, should you do what you should do now.
(Anh phi thu hoch c kt qu vo ngy mai, nu anh lm iu m anh phi
lm by gi.)
Cu ny c ba ch should: ch th nht ch iu m ta ch i (expectation),
ch th nh ch iu kin (Condition) ch th ba ch iu m ta phi lm (obligation).
c n y c l bn cm thy Anh ng tht l rc ri nhng xin bn ng vi
nn ch, v vi thi gian, vi thi quen, nht l vi s nhc i nhc li thng ngy,
nhng ci m bn thy l rc ri hm nay ngy mai s thnh quen thuc c. Nu bn
hc nhng iu m bn phi hc hm nay, chc chn l bn phi gt hi c kt qu
vo ngy mai. Should you learn what you should learn today, you should get the result
by tomorrow.

NY V N

Chng ta thy mt s nhng cch t cu iu kin (conditional sentences)

trong Anh ng m ti gi l nhng cu nu th ny th th n. Vic dng ch should
ch iu kin ch l mt trong nhng cch m thi. Sau y ti xin tng kt li cc
th d m khng gii thch cc bn t nhn nh ly:
If he tries harder, he will succeed.
If he tried harder, he will succeed.
If he tried harder, he would succeed.
If he were to try harder, he will succeed.
If he were to try harder, he would succeed.
Were he to try harder, he will succeed.
Were he to try harder, he would succeed.
If he should try harder, he will succeed.
If he should try harder, he would succeed.
Should he try harder, he will succeed.
Should he try harder, he would succeed.
If he tried harder, he would have succeeded.
If he had tried harder, he would have succeeded.
Had he tried harder, he would have succeeded.
Tt c 14 cu trn y, nu dch ra Vit ng, th ch c th ni hai cch l Nu
hn c gng hn th hn s thnh cng, hay Nu hn c gng hn, th hn thnh
cng.
Anh ng c nhiu cch ni mt cu iu kin nh vy, nhng tu trung
nhng cu nu th ny, th th n c th chia lm hai loi: Loi A gm nhng cu m
mnh nu th ny ch mt iu kin c th hoc khng c th thc hin; v Loi B

gm nhng mnh nu th ny ch l mt gi thuyt, mt vic kh thc hin hoc

khng thc hin trong qu kh.
Th d loi A:
1- What can we do if it rains?
2- We shall go provided the weather is fine.
3- So long as you return the book by Saturday I will lend it to you with pleasure.
4- Dont come unless I tell you to come.
Th d loi B:
1- He would come if he had time.
2- If you had tried harder, you would have succeeded.
3- If you were a bird, you could fly.
Nhn nh cc cu trn y, trc ht chng ta thy rng mun ni mt cu nu
th ny, th th n khng phi ch c ch if dng vo mnh iu kin m cn c
nhng ch khc nh so long as, provided (that), on condition (that), v trong trng
hp iu kin ph nh (negative condition) ngi ta dng unless (cng c ngha nh
if not nhng mnh hn).
By gi chng ta hy xt tng cu mt thuc loi A. Cu 1: What can we do if
it rains? (Nu tri ma th chng ta lm g?) a ra mt ci nu c th c m cng
c th khng. Khi ti ni cu ny, ti c ni l tri c th ma m cng c th khng
ma, tc l ci iu kin ca ti c th thc hin m cng c th khng.
Cu 2: We shall go provided the weather is fine (Chng ta s i nu tri p)
cng a ra mt iu kin tng t: tri c th p m cng c th xu. Cu 3 (Ti vui
lng cho anh mn cui sch, nu anh tr n li cho ti vo ngy th by v cu 4 (Anh
ng n tr khi ti bo anh n) u c nhng iu kin c th thc hin m cng c
th khng.
Anh ng gi l iu kin b ng (open condition) tc l c tnh ca loi
A.
Cn loi B gm nhng cu iu kin kh thc hin hoc khng thc hin
c. Anh ng gi l iu kin b i (rejected condition). Th d cu: He would
come if he had time nu dch ra ting Vit th ch c th ni hn s n nu hn c

thi gi nhng cu ting Anh c ngha l hn kh lng c th gi nhng nu hn c th

gi th hn s n.
Cu 2 If you had tried harder, you would have succeeded ch mt iu kin
khng xy ra trong qu kh. Cu ny c ngh l anh khng h c gng hn, nhng
ti ngh rng nu anh c gng hn th anh thnh cng. iu kin y cng l mt
iu kin b i.
Cu 3: If you were a bird you could fly (Nu anh l chim th anh s bit bay)
l mt th d r rt nht v iu kin b i v sc my m anh c th l con chim
bay bng tri anh c.
Tm li, nhng cu iu kin trong Anh ng c th chia lm 2 loi: loi iu
kin b ng v loi iu kin b i vy.
Nay nu xt v cch dng ng t trong hai loi cu iu kin , chng ta s
thy khc bit nh th no?
Nhn vo cc th d m ti a ra, ta c th nhn thy s khc bit ni bt l:
vi nhng cu iu kin b ng th ng t trong mnh iu kin (cng gi l
mnh nu if-clause) c dng vo hin ti (Present Tense) v ng t trong
mnh chnh th c dng vo th hin ti hoc tng lai (Present or Future Tense).
Cn nhng cu iu kin b i th ng t trong mnh nu c dng
vo th qu kh (Past Tense) v ng t trong mnh chnh th c dng vi would,
should, could (hoc might).
mi ch l mt nhn xt cn c vo nhng cu th d m ti a ra. S
tht th vic dng ng t trong cc cu iu kin cn uyn chuyn nhiu hn th.
Ring loi cu iu kin b ng c nhiu cch dng ng t nh sau:
1- Present Tense trong c hai mnh chnh v ph:
What can we do if he doesnt come.
If you are right, I am wrong.
If you have enough money, why dont you buy a car?
(Ch : Mnh chnh trong cu iu kin c th i trc hoc i sau mnh
iu kin, tc l mnh ph.)
2- Future Tense trong cu mnh chnh v Present Tense trong cu mnh
ph:

If its ready he will bring it tomorrow.

What shall we do if it rains?
I shall take an umbrella in case it rains.
Supposing the enmy wins the war, what will happen to us?
3-Future Perfect Tense trong mnh chnh v Present Tense trong mnh
ph:
If you dont get there before five oclock, he will have left the office.
Trong cu ny ti dng th Future Perfect mnh chnh v c mi tng quan
thi gian cn ni r: nu anh khng ti trc nm gi th hn s ri khi s ri.
Hnh ng ri khi s c hon tt (Perfetct) trong tng lai (Future) m c im
thi gian l lc nm gi.
4- Future Tense trong mnh chnh v Present Perfect trong mnh ph:
If he has finished his work by six oclock, we shall be able to take him with us.
If he has done a good job, we shall pay him for it.
5- Present Tense trong mnh chnh v Present Perfect trong mnh ph:
If you have been travelling all night, you probably need a rest.
If youve finished your homework, you can go out and play.
Nhng ng t dng vo th Perfect (Present Perfect hay Future Perfect) lun
lun c mt c im thi gian lm u mi cho tng quan thi gian trong cu. Khi
ti ni If you have been travelling all night you probably need a rest tc l ti ni cu
y vo lc sng sm: so vi c im thi gian ny th ci hnh ng du hnh ca anh
din ra t trc v hon tt (Perfect) lc ti ni tc l hin ti (Present). V khi ti ni
If youve finished your homework, you can go out and play th c im thi gian l
lc ti ni: so vi c im y th hnh ng lm bi ca anh din ra t trc v
hon tt (Perfect) thi hin ti (Present).
6- Future Tense trong mnh chnh v Past Tense trong mnh ph:
If she promised to be here, she will certainly come.
If he arrived only yesterday, he will probably not leave until Sunday.
7- Present Tense trong mnh chnh v Past Tense trong mnh ph:

If he arrived only yesterday, he is unlikely to leave today.

If you spent the night on the train, you probably need a rest.
8-Past Tense trong c hai mnh chnh v ph:
If thats what he told you, he was telling lies.
9- Future Tense trong mnh chnh v Past Perfect Tense trong mnh ph.
If he hadnt come in when you arrived, he will not come in at all this morning.
10- Present Tense trong mnh chnh v Past Perfect Tense trong mnh
ph:
If he had not left any message when you called, he probably intends to be back
before you leave.
By gi chng ta hy bn n cch dng ng t trong nhng cu iu kin b
i. Xin nhc li: iu kin b i tc l mt iu kin khng th thc hin c (th
d: if you were a bird) hoc mt iu kin kh c th thc hin, cha thc hin c
hoc khng thc hin c trong qu kh.
c tnh ca nhng cu iu kin b i l ng t trong mnh chnh
thng c dng vi tr ng t would, should, could hoc might, nhng cng c th
l shall hay will nu s vic trong mnh chnh l mt iu chc chn.
Vic dng ng t trong loi cu iu kin ny ty thuc ci nu m ta t ra
ni v thi tng lai, thi hin ti v tng lai phi hp hay thi qu kh.
1-Nu ci iu kin t ra ni v thi tng lai, th ng t trong mnh chnh
c dng vi would, should, could, might trong khi ng t trong mnh ph c
dng vi should hoc were to. Th d:
If he should hear of your marriage, he would be surprised.
Cu ny c ngha l hn ta by gi ang xa, kh lng m bit c rng anh
ly v, nhng nu hn ta nghe tin anh ly v, th hn ta s ly lm ngc nhin. Nu
khi ni cu ny ca ti l hn ta quanh qun ni thnh, c th bit l anh ci v
m cng c th khng bit, nhng ti ngh rng nu hn bit th hn s ngc nhin: khi
cu iu kin ca ti li thnh iu kin b ng, v ti phi ni If he hears of
your marriage, he will be surprised.
Mt vi th d khc:

If you were to try, you would be able to do it.

If you should be passing my house, you might return the book you borrowed
from me.
If you should start early tomorrow morning, you would be at your destination by
evening.
(Ch : thay v ng t would trong cu th d cht trn y chng ta c th
dng could hoc might, hoc should ty theo ta mun ni. Nu ti ni you would be
at your destination by evening tc l ti mun ni mt c l s xy ra (probability).
Nu ti ni you could hay might be at your destination by evening tc l ti mun ni
mt iu c th xy ra (possibility). V nu ti ni you should be at your destination
by evening tc l ti mun ni mt iu m ti cho l phi xy ra (expectation). Trong
trng hp ny th cu ca ti s c 2 ch should trong c mnh chnh ln mnh
ph If you should start early tomorrow morning, you should be at your destination
by evening, mt ci should ch iu kin, v mt ci should ch s ch i mt ci
g phi xy ra vy. (Xem li bi Should v Would.)
2-Nu ci iu kin t ra ni v thi hin ti, hoc v c thi hin ti ln thi
tng lai, th ng t trong mnh chnh c dng vi would, should, could hoc
might v ng t trong mnh ph dng vo th qu kh. Ci th qu kh ny c
gi l th qu kh gi to (Past Unreal). Th d:
If I had the money I should pay you now.
Cu ny c ngha l lc ny ti khng c tin hoc cha c tin, nhng nu ti
c th ti s tr anh ngay. Mt vi th d khc:
If he heard of your marriage, he would be surprised.
If I accepted this offer, what would you say?
He wouldnt be in difficulties if he were not so foolish.
If you went to London you might see the Queen.
You could do it if you tried.
If he took his doctors advice, he might soon be well again.
Supposing her husband saw me with her, what might he think?
He wouldnt do it unless you ordered him to do it.

3- Nu ci iu kin a ra ni v thi qu kh th ng t trong mnh chnh

c dng th Perfect Infinitive i cp vi would, should, could hoc might nu ng
t y cng ch mt vic thuc thi qu kh. Cn ng t trong mnh ph c dng
vo th Past Perfect. Th d:
If he had heard of your marriage he would have been surprised.
Cu ny c ngha l trong qu kh anh ta khng h bit g v v anh ly v c,
nhng nu anh ta bit th anh ta phi ngc nhin. Mt vi th d khc:
If you had been at the meeting I should have seen you.
You could have done it if you had tried.
If he had taken his doctors advice, he might not have died.
Cu th d cht trn y tht r rt: khi ti ni cu th hn ta cht ri, tc
l hn khng nghe li bc s nhng ti ngh rng nu hn ta nghe li bc s th hn
ta khng i t bng vy.
l ni v trng hp c hai nu th ny v th th n u ni v thi qu
kh. Th cn trng hp nu th ny thuc thi qu kh, m th th n lai ni v
thi hin ti th sao?
Trng hp ny ng t trong mnh nu vn phi dng Past Perfect
nhng ng t mnh chnh phi c dng th hin ti. Th d thay v ni rng
nu anh ta nghe li bc s th anh ta khng cht ti ni nu anh ta nghe li bc
s th by gi anh ta vn cn sng. Trong cu ny, ci nu th ny ca ti vn thuc
thi qu kh, nhng ci th th n ca ti li c t vo thi hin ti v khi ti
phi ni:
If he had taken his doctors advice, he might still be alive.
Tc l trong trng hp ny, ti vn dng Past Pefect trong mnh nu
nhng phi dng Present Infinitive thay v Perfect Infinitive trong mnh chnh vy.
Trn y l ni v cc cch dng ng t trong nhng cu iu kin. By gi,
trc khi qua mt vn khc, ti mun ni qua v mt vi iu cn nh khc c lin
quan n vn t cu iu kin:
Th tng lai vi shall hay will khng c dng trong cc mnh iu kin
d l ci iu kin nhm v thi tng lai (Xin nhc li nn phn bit gia th v
thi). Th d:

If he comes next week what shall we ask him to do? Ch khng phi If he will
come next week what shall we ask him to do?
Nhng trong trng hp ch will khng phi l tr ng t cho th tng lai m
l mt ng t ring ch mun hoc sn lng (willingneess) th ta c th dng n
trong mnh iu kin c. Th d:
If you help me, I can finish by six.
(Nu anh gip ti, th ti c th lm xong t hi su gi).
If you will help me, I can finish by six.
(Nu anh sn lng gip ti th ti c th lm xong vo hi su gi).
Th qu kh ca will l would cng c th c dng trong mnh iu kin
ch s sn lng. Th d thay v ni If you will help me, I can finish by six ti c th
ni:
If you would help me, I could finish by six.
C nhng cu iu kin m ngi ta ch ni phn th th n m khng ni
phn nu th ny tc l ch ni ci mnh chnh cn mnh nu c hiu
ngm. Th d:
I would do anything to help him.
He would never consent to that.
Would you like a cup of tea?
I would like to go with you.
Would you open the door, please.
y l nhng cu m chng ta ni thng ngy, nhng c l nhiu khi chng ta
khng rng l nhng cu iu kin.
Would you open the door, please c ngha l Would you open the door, if
you please?
Would you like a cup of tea? c ngha l Would you like a cup of tea if I
offered you one?
I would you like to to with you. C ngha l I would like to go with you if
you accepted my company.

I would do anything to help him c ngha l I would do anything to help him

if I had the opportunity.
Mt cu iu kin c th gm 2 mnh c lp lin kt (coordinate clauses)
thay v mt mnh chnh v mt mnh ph. Th d:
Spare the rod and spoil the child.
Cu ny c ngha l if a child is spared punishment, it will be spoilt. (Nu
khng trng pht mt a tr th n s h).
Cng trong phm vi vn should v would, c mt cu hi thng lm cho cc
bn hc sinh ca ti lng tng, khng tr li c, hoc tr li sai. Cu hi nh sau:
Trong cu I would like to talk with you chng hn, th ng t like c dng
th (tense) no? Nhiu bn nhanh nhu p ngay rng l th Conditional. Tr li
nh vy l sai, v sai hai im:
Mt l trong Anh ng khng c ci th no gi l Conditional c v ng t
Anh ng khng c nhng hnh thc bin i c bit dng cho trng hp
Conditional nh trong Php ng; hai l cu I would like to talk with you l mnh
chnh trong mt cu ni iu kin m mnh ph (tc l mnh iu kin) c
hiu ngm: I would like to talk with you if you had the time, v nh th th ci
conditional l ch had ch khng phi ch would like.
Vy th would like khng phi l th conditional ca ng t like nh kiu je
voudrais ca Php, m cng khng phi l mt hnh thc bin i c bit no khc ca
ng t like. Th th n l g?
Xin tha l mt s phi hp gia hai ng t ring bit would v like. ng
t like y c dng v bin cch (infinitive) ca n, i i vi would l mt
tr ng t ch mun (volition).
Nu bn rng ra, ta thy rng trong Anh ng nu cc th ca ng t l nhng
hnh thc bin i ca ng t ch tng quan thi gian th cng c nhng s
phi hp ng t (verb combinations) m ngi ta dng khng phi ch tng quan
thi gian nhng l ch ci kha nhn ca ta i vi mt hnh ng hay mt trng thi
no .
Nhiu th ting trn th gii, nh Php ng chng hn, c nhng hnh thc bin
i c bit ca ng t ch nhng kha nhn khc nhau i vi mt hnh ng hay
mt trng thi. V nhng s bin i hnh thc ca ng t nh th c gi l cch,
Php ng gi l Mode, Anh ng gi l Mood. V ng t trong Anh ng ch c ba
cch l Indicative (dng cho nhng cu thng v cu hi) Imperative (dng cho nhng

cu lnh) v Subjunctive (cch ny ngy nay ngi ta rt t dng n tr trong nhng

cu c cu chc nh God save the Queen! hay God bless you!
V ng t trong Anh ng c t cch nh vy nn mi khi cn phi ch mt
kha nhn c bit no v mt hnh ng hay mt trng thi ngi ta phi dng n
cch ghp ng t chnh vi mt tr ng t m Anh ng gi l Modal Auxiliaries hay
Modal Verbs (Tnh t modal do danh t mood m ra). S phi hp ng t ny
c gi l verb combination.
Vy th would like trong th d nu trn l mt s phi hp gia ng t like
v ci modal verb would ch mun ch hng phi l mt th c bit no ca ng
t like c.
C nhin, ngoi would ra cn c nhiu modal verb khc cho chng ta s dng
nh should, must, may-might, can-could, ought, will, shall.
Sau y l th d v ng t may, mt ng t m ta dng ch mt ci g c
th (possible) hoc c l (probable) x a.
You may believe that I am wrong.
Perhaps you believe that I am wrong.
Trong cu trn ti c mt s phi hp gia modal verb may v ng t believe
ch mt s c th. Trong cu di thay v dng modal verb may ti dng dng t
perhaps ni ln ci c th .
Nh vy, nhng cch t cu iu kin m chng ta hc trn y chnh l
nhng cch phi hp ng t ni ln ci iu kin vy. Chng ta s cn gp nhiu
trng hp phi phi hp ng t khi bn n nhng cch khc nhau pht biu
nhng nim nh yu cu, i hi, ngh, cm on, ha hn, hm da, t chi, hy
vng, cu mong, d nh, so snh

TRC V SAU

Cc bn th dch gim ti cu ny ra Anh ng: Hm qua ti i xem chiu

bng. Chc chn nhiu bn s thy l rt d v bn h bt dch ngay l:
Yesterday I went to the movie.
Nhng tha cc bn dch nh vy l sai ri, v ti sao cc bn li ch
yesterday ln u cu mi c ch. ng ra th cu ting Anh phi l:
I went to the movie yesterday.
Cc bn ch yesterday ln u ch v dch theo cu ting Vit bt u
bng ch hm qua. Nh vy l cc bn ni ting Anh theo tinh thn ting Vit ch
khng phi theo tinh thn ting Anh vy.
Th d trn y cho ta thy Vit ng v Anh ng c nhiu im khng ging
nhau trong vn v tr ca trng t thi gian. Bnh thng trong Vit ng chng ta hay
trng t thi gian ln u cu, nhng trong Anh ng ngi ta li khng lm nh vy.
Vn l s nhn mnh vo hnh ng trong cu hay vo thi gian ca hnh
ng y. Ch khi no chng ta mun nhn mnh vo im thi gian ca hnh ng
trong cu th chng ta mi trng t thi gian ln u cu. Th d nh trong trng
hp trn y nu ti mun ni vi bn l hm qua ti i xem chiu bng ch khng
phi l i lm hay i do ph tc l ti mun cho bn bit mt hnh ng ca ti hm
qua th ti phi ni l:
I went to the movie yesterday.
Tc l ti t trng t thi gian ca ti vo ci v tr bnh thng ca n.
Nhng nu ti mun k cho bn bit rng hm kia ti i nhy m, hm ka ti i cu
c v hm qua th ti i xem chp bng, khi y ti mi t trng t thi gian ca ti ln
u cu v ni:
Yesterday I went to the movie.
Trong khi Vit ng thng t trng t thi gian ln u cu d c nhn mnh
hay khng nhn mnh, th Anh ng ch t trng t thi gian ln u cu khi c nhn
mnh vo im thi gian . Mt th d khc:

Hm qua Quc Hi hp phin c bit tho lun v vn t do bo

ch.
Nu phi dch cu ny ra Anh ng th chc chn s c nhiu bn vit l:
Yesterday the National Assembly held a special session to discuss the problem
of freedom of the press.
Dch nh vy l sai v trong cu ny hin nhin khng c nhn mnh vo im
thi gian m ch nhn mnh vo vic lm ca Quc Hi. Vy th cu Anh ng phi l:
The National Assembly held a special session yesterday to discuss the problem
of freedom of the press.
Cc bn th m mt t bo Vit v mt t bo Anh ng ra xem. Trong t bo
Vit c rt nhiu tin bt u bng trng t thi gian nh hm qua, tun ti, th
by va qua hay hm ri. Trong khi th trong c t bo Anh ng cc bn kh
lng tm thy mt tin tc bt u bng mt trng t thi gian nh yesterday, last
week, last Saturday, hay recently. Tt c nhng trng t thi gian ny u c
t sau ch t hoc ng t, v mt l rt d hiu l tin tc khng nhn mnh vo thi
gian trc m nhn mnh vo s vic trc.
Mt th d khc: anh bn ti c mt con mo v anh ta thng cho n n vo
bui sng. Nu ti mun cho bn bit v cng vic cho mo n ca anh ta, tc l nhn
mnh vo hnh ng, th ti phi ni:
He feeds the cat every morning.
Nu ti mun cho bn bit l mi bui sng anh ta lm g ngha l ti ch n
thi gi ca anh ta hn l ch n vic anh ta nui mo th khi ti ni:
Every morning he feeds the cat.
S t lm v tr ca trng t thi gian trong Anh ng l mt trong nhng ci li
thng thng nht ca ngi Vit khi hc ting Anh. Bn c th kim sot li nhng
cu bn vit hoc c thng ngy, bn s thy l c rt nhiu cu bn t
trng t thi gian ln u trong khi cu ca bn ch c nhn mnh vo s vic m
khng c nhn mnh vo thi gian.
Nay ta hy bn thm v vn ny, tc l vn v tr trng t trong cu Anh
ng, mt vn kh quan trng nht l i vi ngi Vit hc ting Anh.
V tr ca trng t thi gian bnh thng l sau ng t, nhng c mt loi
trng t thi gian m ngi ta gi l adverbs of frequency (trng t ch s thng c)

nh always, often, seldom, sometimes chng hn u c t gia ch t v ng t.

Chng ta hy tr li vi th d anh bn nui mo ca ti:
He always feeds the cat.
He often feeds the cat.
He seldom feeds the cat.
He sometimes feeds the cat.
He never feeds the cat.
Cc bn thy rng v tr ca adverb of frequency l gia ch t v ng t nu
ng t trong cu c dng mt th n (simple sense). Cn nu ng t trong cu
c dng mt th kp (compound sense) hoc l mt s phi hp ng t (verb
combination) th trng t s c t nh sau:
He has always fed the cat.
He has often fed the cat.
He has sometimes fed the cat.
He will never feed the cat.
He would sometimes feed the cat.
He should often feed the cat.
Cc bn nhn thy rng trong nhng trng hp ny v tr ca adverb of
frequency nm gia tr ng t v ng t chnh.
By gi chng ta hy ni v trng t ch cch (adverb of manner) v ly mt cu
khc lm th d cn bn (cho mo n mi ngn qu): She cleared the table. (c ta dn
bn).
Cc bn hy so snh nhng cu sau y:
She slowly cleared the table.
She cleared the table slowly.
She sadly cleared the table.
She cleared the table sadly.

She calmly cleared the table.

She cleared the table calmly.
Trong nhng cu th d trn y, trng t nm gia ch t v ng t hoc nm
cui cu. Nu bn c bit ch n ci cch c ta dn bn nh th no th bn t
trng t ra ng sau ng t v tc t ca n. Cn nu bn ch trng n s kin ci
bn c dn m ch mun ni qua v ci cch dn bn th bn t trng t gia ch
t v ng t.
C nhin bn cng c th t trng t ch cch ngay u cu, nhng trng
hp ny ch dng khi bn k chuyn v mun cho cu ni hoc cu vit ca bn c mt
hiu lc c bit. Nhng bn nn nh l ng bao gi t trng t nm vo gia ng
t v tc t v ng t v tc t lun lun i lin vi nhau. Nu ng t ca bn c mt
tr ng t i km trong trng hp mt th kp hoc mt s phi hp ng t, v nu
bn khng c nhn mnh vo ci cch lm ca ng t y, th bn t trng t ngay
sau tr ng t. Th d:
She was slowly clearing the table.
l ni v v tr ca trng t ting mt. Cn trng hp cu ca bn c nhm
ting trng t (adverb phrase) th bnh thng bn phi t nhm ting trng y cui
cu. Th d:
She cleared the table with trembling hands.
He answered the telephone with a languid voice.
Bn cng c th t nhm ting trng t ln u cu nu bn k chuyn v
mun cho cu ni hoc vit ca bn c mt hiu lc c bit. Th d:
With much hesitation he signed the cheque.
Quick as lighning he opened the door.
Trn y l ni v nhm ting trng t ch thi gian v ch cch nhng lut ny
cng p dng cho cc nhm ting trng t khc. V tr bnh thng vn l cui cu,
ch i khi mi t u:
I like osysters very much indeed.
She caught sight of him at the end of the road.
Prices are high because of the shortage.

If possible, I will come tomorrow.

Trn y, chng ta mi ch ni n nhng cu m ng t ng mt mnh hoc
c tc t trc tip (direct object) theo sau. Nay chng ta hy xt n trng hp ng t
c tc t gin tip (indirect object).
Chc cc bn bit th no l indirect object. Th d nh thay v ni He fed
the cat, ti c th ni He gave food to the cat hoc He gave the cat some food.
Trong 2 trng hp ny danh t cat l tc t gin tip ca ng t gave. Ti chc cc
bn bit rng, nu c gii t to ng trc tc t gin tip th ting ny i sau tc t
gin tip. Nhng ta cng c th t n ng trc tc t gin tip v b ch to i.
Mt vi th d khc:
She read him the letter

She read the letter to him

He lent me the book.

He lent the book to me.

I will send you a cheque.

He will send a cheque to you.

Trong nhng cu th d trn y, nu c trng t th v tr ca trng t cng nh

trong nhng cu khng c tc t gin tip. Nn nh l c hai tc t trc tip v gin tip
u i theo ng t v khng c tch ri khi nhau. Th d:
She slowly read him the letter.
I will send you a cheque at the end of the month.
After some hesitation, he lent the book to me.
Nhng nguyn tc v v tr ca trng t v nhm ting trng t m ti trnh
by vi cc bn trn y c nhin khng phi l nhng nguyn tc cng rn. C nhiu
trng hp, bn c th uyn chuyn khng p dng nhng nguyn tc . Th d nh
cu sau y:
I will certainly and without a doubt send you a cheque at the end of the month.
Trong cu ny ngoi trng t certainly ti c hai nhm ting trng t l
without a doubt v at the end of the month c t v tr bnh thng, nhng
nhm ting trng t without a doubt li c t gia ch t v ng t. Nhng
khng phi lc no bn cng c th lm nh vy c v tt hn l chng ta nn lm
theo nhng quy tc ra trn.
Ni chung th v phng din v tr, trng t c th chia lm ba loi: loi ng
u (front-position adverbs) loi ng gia (mid-position adverbs), v loi ng cui

(end-position adverbs). Loi ng u gm c nhng trng t nghi vn how, when,

where, why. Loi ng gia gm a s cc adverbs of frequency nh always, regularly,
usually, generally, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally, rarelly, seldom, never v
ever. Loi ng cui th gm cc trng t ch thi gian, a im, ng hng, cung
cch (manner) trnh (degree), nguyn do (reason)..v.v.. Nhng nhng trng t ny
cng c th t vo v tr ng u hoc ng gia, nh chng ta thy trn.
Trong trng hp chng ta c hai hoc nhiu trng t trong mt cu th th t
ca cc trng t y nh th no? Nu l hai trng t cng ch thi gian th thng
thng ngi ta t n v nh hn ng trc. Th d:
I will meet you at three oclock tomorrow.
We arrived at five oclock yesterday afternoon.
I saw the film on Tuesday evening last week.
Tuy nhin, nu n v ln c coi l quan trng hn, hoc nu n v nh l
mt kin m ngi ni ngh n sau, th trt t trn y li c o ngc:
I will meet you tomorrow, at three oclock.
We arrived yesterday afternoon about three oclock.
Khi c hai trng t ch a im, th n v nh hn thng thng, nhng
khng phi l lun lun, c t ng trc. Th d:
He lives in a small village in the Delto.
We spent the holidays in a cottage in the mountains.
Trt t ny c th thay i ty theo cch hnh vn, hoc lm cho cu vn
c cn i. Th d:
We spent the holidays in the mountains in a cottage we rent from a friend.
Khi trong cu c mt trng t ch a im hoc ng hng, v mt trng t
ch thi gian, th trng t ch thi gian thng thng i sau. Th d:
We went for a swim in the lake before breakfast.
I will be there early.
We are going to Holland next month.
I expect to be back home by Tuesday.

Meet me outside the post office at five oclock on Monday.

They went to the cinema on Saturday evening.
Can you get here by evening.
Please return the book to the library before Monday.
Trt t ny c th thay i, ngha l trng t ch thi gian c th ng u cu.
Th d:
Last month, we went to Dalat; next month we are going to Vung Tau.
Nh chng ta thy, trng hp ny c dng khi ta mun nhn mnh vo
im thi gian ca hnh ng. Tuy nhin, ch c v tr ca trng t thi gian c th c
i ra u cu, cn trng t ch a im hoc ng hng th t khi c t vo v tr
ny. Th d, bnh thng khng ai ni: To Dalat we went last month c.
i khi trng t ch thi gian cng c t ngay sau ng t trnh s lm
ln v ngha. Th d bn hy so snh hai cu sau y:
Please return all books to the library before Monday.
Please return before Monday all books that you have borrowed from the library.
Trong cu trn, cc trng t c t v tr bnh thng: trng t ch a im
to the library ng trc trng t ch thi gian before Monday.
Trong cu di, trng t ch thi gian before Monday c c bit t vo
gia ng t v tc t, v nu n c t vo cui cu th ngi c th hiu rng n
miu t cho ng t borrowed ch khng phi cho ng t return.
Ngoi ra, nu trong mt cu c trng t ch a im hoc ng hng v trng
t ch s thng c (adverbs of frequency) th trng t ch a im hoc ng hng
c t trc trng t ch s thng c, trong khi trng t ch s thng c c t
trc trng t ch thi gian. Th d:
I have been to London several times this year.
He walked round the park twice before dinner.
He gave lectures at the training college three days a week last term.
He saw that film at the Rex Cinema twice last week.
He goes to Europe every other year.

Trt t trn y cng c th c thay i bng cch t trng t ch thi gian

ln u cu trong trng hp chng ta mun nhn mnh vo im thi gian ca hnh
ng:
Before dinner he walked round the park twice.
This year I have been to London several times.
By gi chng ta hy ni qua v cc trng t ch cung cch v trnh (adverbs
of degree and manner). Cc trng t ch cch nh well, badly, hard v mt s trng t
ch cch khc thng thng u c t cui v khng ng gia ng t v tc
t. Th d:
She sings beautifully.
He is working well.
He is playing badly today.
He had done the work well.
She plays tennis beautifully.
You speaks English perfectly.
Trong trng hp nhng cu than (exclamatory sentences) c ch how th
trng t c t lin vi how ch khng t cui cu. Th d:
How well he has done his work!
How well she plays tennis!
How beautifully she sings!
How hard you work!
Trng t ch trnh much thng thng c t cui cu:
He doensnt speak much.
Does she play tennis much.
Do you like the cinema much?
He doesnt like wine very much.

(Hy so snh cu ny vi cu He doesnt like very much wine. Cu trn c

ngha l hn khng thch ru lm v cu di vn ng vn phm nhng c ngha l
hn khng thch ung nhiu ru.)
V tr ca mt ting, ca mt nhm ting hay ca mt mnh l iu rt quan
trng v n c th bin i ngha ca c mt cu. Trn y chng ta bn v v tr
ca trng t trong cu v ra mt s nguyn tc cho cc trng t ch thi gian,
trng t ch a im hoc ng hng, trng t ch trnh v cung cch v trng t
ch s thng c. Chng ta d thy rng mt trng t hoc mt nhm ting trng t
thuc cc loi trn y c t u cu, gia cu hoc cui cu, c th bin i ci
m ta mun ni.
By gi ti mun bn vi cc bn v vic dng mt loi trng t c bit m
Anh ng gi l adverb particles, dch tm l nhng mu trng t. Nhng adverb
particles quan trng nht gm c: up, down, in, out, on, off, away, back.
Nhng mu trng t ny c phi hp vi ng t lm thnh nhng s phi
hp ng t c nhng ngha hoc bnh thng (th d: take your hat off, put your hat
on) hoc bt thng (th d: put off a meeting, c ngha l hon mt cuc hp li.)
Nhng mu trng t ny c phn ging vi Vit ng. Th d: put your hat off
Vit ng l b m ra; put your hat on Vit ng l i m vo; stand up l
ng ln, sit down l ngi xung. Nhng ch ra, vo, ln, xung cng c
nhim v tng ng nh nhng mu trng t off, on, up, down trong Anh ng vy.
C nhng mu trng t c dng nh gii t. Th d: trong cu I ran down the
hill th down l gii t, cn trong cu The clock has run down th down l trng t. S
phi hp run down y c ngha l ngng chy.
Trong mt vi trng hp khc run down cng c ngha l ht hi. Th d:
The battery has run down c ngha l bnh in ht hi. Run down cn c dng
nh mt ng t chuyn tip v trong trng hp th n c ngha l ng ng. Th
d: Their car ran down a predestrian c ngha l Chic xe hi ca h ng ng mt
ngi i b.
Tnh ra c n hng trm cch phi hp t v mu trng t nh vy. Nhng s
phi hp ny c khi c mt ngha r rt do hai ngha ca ng t v trng t cng li
(th d: They went out c ngha l h i ra.) Nhng cng c nhiu s phi hp c mt
ngha khc hn khng l thuc ngha ca ng t v trng t cng li (Th d: The gun
went off by accident c ngha l: sng n v tai nn.)
V tr bnh thng ca nhng mu trng t l ng sau trng t v tc t. Th
d:
Put your hat on.

Take your coat off.

Lock this up.
Dont lock yourself out.
Send them back.
Have you given it away?
Bring her in.
The bus knocked him down.
Take the dog out.
They shouted the man down.
Trt t trn y c i li mu trng t t vo gia ng t v tc t trong
trng hp chng ta c mt tc t di hoc mt nhm ting danh t ng vai tr tc t.
Th d:
Put on the other hat.
Take off your overcoat.
You should put on the warmest clothes you have.
She cleaned up every room in the house.
She put on a air of innocence.
He has brought about great reforms.
Dont throw away anything that might be useful.
Please bring in those chairs that are in the garden.
Trt t trn y cng c dng khi chng ta mun nhn mnh vo tc t. Th
d:
We must lock up the house.
Youve brought about my ruin.

(Nn nh rng trong trng hp tc t l mt i danh t nhn xng (personal

pronoun) th mu trng t bt buc phi t ng sau. Th d: Put it on. Take it off.
Lock it up.)
By gi ti xin hu chuyn vi bn c v vn v tr ca tnh t. Nh cc bn
bit v tr bnh thng ca tnh t l trc danh t m n miu t. Th d:
He wore a large black hat.
She is a beautiful girl.
Nu tnh t ng a v tc t gn tnh (complement) tc l tc t ca mt ng
t khng chuyn tip nhng cha ngha nh ng t to be hoc cc ng t tng
ng, th tnh t ng sau ng t. Th d:
Our doctor is good.
My parents are not rich.
Cng nn nhc li l khi c nhiu tnh t lin tip theo nhau ng a v
complement th hai tnh t cht c ni lin bng lin t and. Th d:
The day was cloudly and cold.
He looked pale, tired and dispirited.
The flowers were many-colored, flagrant and in full bloom.
Trong th d cht trn y, bn nhn thy in full bloom l mt nhm ting tnh
t (adjective phrase). Bnh thng mt nhm ting tnh t phi ng sau tnh t m n
miu t ch t khi ng trc, ch tr trng hp ngi ta c t n ra ng trc v
dng gch ni ni lin nhng ting trong nhm ting y. Th d:
A never-to-be-forgotten evening.
(Mt bui ti khng-bao-gi-qun-c.)
Ngoi ra cc bn cng nhn thy l trong Anh ng ngi ta thng dng danh
t lm tnh t, v nhng danh t c dng lm tnh t phi ng trc ci danh
t m n miu t ch khng th ng sau. Th d:
It was a dark November evening.

Trong cu ny, November l mt danh t dng lm tnh t miu t cho

danh t evening. Nhng ngi ta khng th ni The evening was dark and
November c.
Vic dng danh t lm tnh t rt thng dng trong Anh ng nht l trong cc
bi qung co. Th d:
This ell-purpase effictiency office calculator will bring you bussiness success.
Trong cu ny, danh t calculator c ti ba danh t khc c dng lm tnh t
miu t cho n. Li dng qu nhiu danh t lm tnh t nh th i khi lm cho cu
vn thnh nng n,phi vy chng ta nn trnh l hn.
Ngoi ra cng c nhiu ngi qu tham dng tnh t, vit nhng cu trong c
c mt x-ri tnh t ni ui nhau ng trc danh t. Th d:
He lived in a large, ugly, noisy, disagreeable industrial town.
Trong cu ny, danh t town c miu t bng 5 tnh t ni ui nhau ng
trc l large, ugly, noisy, disagreeable v industrial. Do m cu vn tr
nn nng n, trong khi chng ta c th vit:
He lived in a large industrial town which was ugly, noisy and disagreeable.
Cc bn ng ngi dng lin quan i danh t (relative pronouns) lm nhng
mnh tnh t (adjective clauses) v lm cho cu vn thm cn i, bt nng n, v
bt c nhng tnh t hoc nhm ting tnh t ni ui nhau nh ngi ta xp hng
mua v chp bng. Th d:
A man wearing a red tie, leaning against the gate taking his pipe out of his
mouth, began to whistle a tune known to them all.
Cu ny c mt lot nhng nhm ting phn t (participle phrases) tc l mt
loi nhm ting tnh t ni ui nhau miu t cho danh t man lm cho cu vn rt
nng n. Nay chng ta c th sa li l:
A man wearing a red tie, who was leaning against the gat, took his pipe out of
his mouth and began to whistle a tune which they all knew.
Trong cu ny ti dng lin quan i danh t who dn theo mt mnh
tnh t miu t cho man v lin quan i danh t which dn theo mt mnh tnh t
khc miu t cho danh t tune. ng thi ti cng cho phn predicate ca cu thm mt
ng t chnh na l took v ni lin hai ng t bng lin t and.

SINCE V AGO

Since v ago l hai ch thng lm cho chng ta lng tng v nhiu khi lm ln.
Ch ago ng sau mt trng t hoc nhm ting trng t ch thi gian ch mt s
vic xy ra dt khot trong qu kh cch vi hin ti l bao nhiu lu. Th d:
He left Saigon three months ago.
(Hn ri Saigon cch y ba thng).
Khi ti ni cu ny th hn ri Saigon ri, ngha l hnh ng ri khi
hon ton dt khot trong qu kh v so vi lc ti ni, tc l so vi c im thi gian
hin ti, th hnh ng xy ra c ba thng. Nh vy chng ta nhn thy ngay
rng ng t ch s vic trong cu ni c dng ago phi c dng th qu kh (Past
Tense). Ni mt cch khc, cu ni c ch ago ly c im thi gian hin ti v cho
ta bit mt s vic xy ra trong thi qu kh cch c im hin ti ny bao nhiu
lu. Mt vi th d khc:
I visited Europe two years ago.
(Ti i thm u Chu cch y hai nm).
Chng ta hy th d l bn v ti c mt ngi bn l anh Ba. Thng trc ti
gp anh Ba v anh ta ni vi ti rng I visited Europe two years ago. n hm nay ti
gp bn v ti k li cho bn nghe rng anh Ba c ni vi ti nh th. V ti phi ni:
He told me he had visited Europe two years before.
Cc bn nhn thy l trong cu ni ca ti, ti khng dng ch ago na m dng
ch before v ci c im thi gian ti so hnh ng i thm u Chu khng cn
l hin ti na, m c im nay li nm trong qu kh - tc l thng trc, lc anh
Ba gp ti v ni chuyn vi ti. Lp li cu ni ca anh ta, ti khng th dng ch ago
c na cng nh ti i ng t t Past Tense ra Past Perfect.
Ni tm li l c im ca mt cu ni c ch ago l ng t trong thuc th
qu kh, ch mt s vic xy ra cch vi hin ti l bao nhiu lu.
Cn ch since i i vi mt trng t thi gian ch mt vic bt u t mt
c im no trong qu kh v c gi tr cho ti hin ti. Th d: thay v ni anh ta
ri khi Saigon cch y ba thng ti mun ni rng ti khng c tin tc g ca
anh ta t khi anh ta ri Saigon, th ti phi ni:

I havent heard from him since he left Saigon.

Trong cu ny, c im thi gian l lc anh ta ri Saigon, v ci s vic ko di
t c im cho n nay l ti khng c tin tc g ca anh ta. Cc bn nhn thy
rng ng t m ti mun miu t bng nhm ting trng t since he left Saigon tc
l ng t hear c dng th Present Perfect. Mt th d khc:
Bn hn gp ti vo ba gi chiu th By cng i chi. Ti n ch hn vo
ng ba gi nhng ch mi n 5 gi bn mi dn xc ti. Bn hi ti n lc no, v
ti tr li rng Ti y t lc ba gi. Khi , ti phi ni: I have been here since
three oclock ch khng c ni I am here since three oclock v li cng khng
c ni I was here since three oclock.
Vy th mt nh lut m chng ta cn ghi nh l khi dng since th ng t m
ta mun miu t phi c dng th Present Perfect, v n ch mt s vic bt u t
qu kh nhng ko di ti hin ti. Ni mt cch khc, cu ni c ch since dn theo
mt trng t thi gian ly c im thi gian qu kh v cho ta bit mt s vic bt
u t c im ko di cho ti lc ta ni.
Nay nu ti mun ni mt s vic t trong qu kh ko di n hin ti l bao
lu, th khi ti khng dng since, cng khng dng ago m dng for. Th d thay v
ni Ti khng c tin tc ca hn t ngy hn ri Saigon ti ni Ti khng c
tin tc ca hn t ba thng nay. :
I havent heard from him for three months.
Trong trng hp ny, ng t m chng ta mun miu t cng vn c dng
th Present Perfect, v n ch mt s vic xy ra trong qu kh v ko di n hin ti.
Mt vi th d khc:
I have been here for three hours.
(Ti y c ba ting ng h).
There has been no rain here for over three weeks.
(Tri khng ma t hn ba tun nay).
We havent seen Helen for several months.
(Chng ti khng gp Helen t nhiu thng nay.)

IN V AT

Gii t (prepositions) tuy mi trng th c v gin d nhng s tht l nhng

ting rt kh dng trong Anh ng. Mi gii t (cng gi l tin tr t) c th c dng
nhiu cch khc nhau vi nhng ngha khc nhau. Chng ta nn hc ci ngha cn bn
ca mi gii t trc ri sau s bn n nhng ngha khc m n c th c.
Trc ht, ti xin cp ti ba gii t at, in v on l ba gii t thng dng
ch v tr, trong khi nhng gii t nh to, from, into, up, down, along thng c dng
ch s di chuyn.
Ta hy xt trng hp nhng ch at, in v on c dng ch v tr trong
khng gian, c ngha l , trong v trn. Th d:
I am at home.
She is at the hairdressers.
I met him at a party.
The books are on the table.
They are sitting on the lawn.
He had a hat on his head.
The tomatoes are in the basket.
My handkerchief is in my pocket.
I keep my clothes in the wardrobe.
My watch is in my wrist but my money is in my pocket.
I like to sit on the front row at the theatre.
Nhng th d trn y khng c g kh, v cc bn u hc qua c ri. Ch c
mt iu ng ch l trong khi in v on c ngha r rt l trong v trn th ci
ngha ca ch at li hi rng mt cht, v at ch c ngha l . iu ny dn n mt
vn dng at hay in khi ni n nhng a im nh tnh, thnh ph hoc x s.

Khi ni n nhng x s, ngi ta lun lun dng in ch v tr. Th d chng

ta ni: He is in France, in England, in Italy, in Sweden, in America etc.
Dng in l v mt x l mt a im ln rng, m ngi trong cng khng
khc g nhng tri c chua nm trong ci r trong cu th d trn kia.
Cn ni v tnh hoc thnh ph th vn hi rc ri mt cht. Khi ni n
nhng thnh ph ln nh London, New York, Paris, Saigon th chng ta dng in He
is in London, in New York, in Paris, in Saigon etc. Khi ni n nhng tnh l, hoc
thnh ph nh m dn s ch mt triu ngi hoc t hn th chng ta c th dng at
He is at Bristol, at Da Nang, at Nha Trang, at Dalat. Nhng chng ta cng c th
dng in cho nhng trng hp ny m khng s sai. Tuy nhin, nu ti mun nhn
mnh rng ci ngi m ti ni n ngay trong thnh ph ch khng phi ngoi ,
th khi ti dng in My friend were staying in Vung Tau but we rented a villa on
the coast two miles away.
By gi, chng ta hy bn n at, in, on, ch v tr trong thi gian. Mi cc bn
xem qua nhng th d di y:
I shall see you at 4 oclock.
He lights the lamp at sunset.
The conference is at the beginning of November.
I shall see him on Tuesday.
We had a party on my birthday.
We always have presents on Christmas Day.
I wrote to you on May 5th.
It happened in the second week of July.
I have my holydays in August.
He went to Europe in 1963.
William of Normandy lived in the eleventh century.
Cc bn nhn thy ngay rng vi nhng thi gian di (th k, nm, thng, tun
l) ngi ta dng in. Cn ni v ngy th ngi ta dng on v ni v gi th ngi ta
dng at. At cng c dng trong nhng c im thi gian nh at the beginning of,

at the end of nhng ngi ta li ni in the middle of chc l v khi gia

th bt buc l phi trong ri.
Cng nn nhc qua l khi ni v ngy, ch on c th b i. Th d thay v I
shall see you on Tuesday, chng ta c th ni I shall see you Tuesday.
Trn nguyn tc, khi ni v ngy th chng ta dng on nhng c mt vi trng
hp c bit nh at Christmas hoc at Easter ngi ta dng at m khng dng on v
y Christmas (L Thin Cha Ging Sinh) v Easter (L Phc Sinh) c coi nh
nhng thi k ko di nhiu ngy ch khng phi ch c mt ngy thi. At Christmas
khng nht thit c ngh l on Christmas Day m c th c ngha l vo mt ngy no
trong thi k L Ging Sinh bt u t my ngy trc ngy 25 thng chp dng
lch/cho n khong Tt Dng Lch, v cng c th l sut thi k . At Easter
cng vy, c ngha l my ngy hoc c mt tun ca thi k L Phc Sinh.
l ni v ngy. Cn ni v m th chng ta c th ni at night hoc in
the night ty theo trng hp. Th d ti ni ti thc gic gia m khuya v thy c
k trm trong nh th cu Anh ng phi l I woke up in the night and found there
were burglars in the house. Nhng nu ti ni Thy S ban m lnh, ban ngy m
v c nng th cu Anh ng phi l In Switzerland it is cold at night and warm and
sunny in the daytime.
Cc bn nn ngi ta lun lun ni In the daytime hoc in the day m
khng bao gi ni at day c.
Ngoi ra cng nn ghi nh cch ni early in the week (moth, year, day, etc) v
late in the week (month, year, day, etc) c ngh l near the beginning of v at the
end of.
Cc bn thy rng ni chung vic dng at, in, on ch v tr thi gian cng
tng t nh vic dng nhng ch ny ch v tr khng gian vy.
Sau y l nhng cch dng at, in, on khc, khng ch v tr thi gian hoc
khng gian:
He was hard at work doing a crossword puzzle.
I am at a loss to know what to do.
The car went by at a speed of 50 km per hour.
He peeled apples at the rate of four to the minutes.
The water is at a level of 4 feet.

The money is at your disposal at any time.

Thank you so much Not at all.
I am on leave now.
I am on my way to Europe.
Please send me some hats on approval.
On hearing the news I decided to leave for Paris at once.
I am not qualified to speak on the subject.
I am not in a position to help you.
He is in business.
She is in morning for her uncle who died recently.
You are mistaken in believing this.
Nghin cu k cc th d trn y, cc bn s nhn thy rng at ch mt s tip
xc khng r rt, on c ngh l on the basis of (trn cn bn mt ci g), v in c
ngha l in the middle of ( gia mt ci g).
On cng c khi ch mt s lin h tm thi, th d nh to be away on business
c ngh l mt s vng mt tm thi v cng vic thng mi, trong khi to be in
business c ngha l lm ngh thng mi.
Tm li, ba gii t at, in, on thng c dng ch v tr trong khng gian, v
tr trong thi gian, hoc v tr vi ngha bng. Nhng nhng ch ny cng c th c
dng nh trng t, ch s di chuyn. Th d nh ti ni Come in, He went in hay
Heres the car, jump in th in l mt trng t. Cng nh khi ti Come on th on l
mt trng t.
c bit chng ta nn ch n to keep on c ngha l tip tc lm mt vic
g. Th d:
She wanted to listen to the radio, but he kept on talking.
Dont keep on doing that.
Keep on trying and at length you will succeed.
Ch at cng c th c dng nh mt trng t. Th d:

She is very nice to look at.

This is a good hotel to stay at.
Nhng at khi c dng nh mt trng t khng c ngh di chuyn nh trng t
in v on.

CON DAO V CI KO

Sau khi c bi ni v At v In, bn c th hi ti sao ngi ta ni at night m

li khng ni at day. y l mt cu hi m khng ai, k c ngi Anh, c th tr li
c. Ngi ta khng ni at day l v ngi ta o ni at day, th thi ch khng c
ti sao c. M vic g bn phi hi ti sao mi c ch? Ci ting Anh n th no th
chng ta hc nh th, khng l by gi mnh li bo rng theo ti nu ni at night
c th cng phi ni at day c.
y l vn thng dng (usage) trong Anh ng, mt vn quan trng trong
bt c mt ngn ng no, v s thng dng nhiu khi khng tn trng c nhng nguyn
tc vn phm. Hc mt ngoi ng, chng ta khng phi ch ch trng n nhng
nguyn tc vn phm ca n m cn phi ch c n nhng trng hp ngoi l do s
thng dng t thnh n np, mc du n np y tri vi nhng nguyn tc m chng ta
phi hc.
Trong Vit Ng cng c s thng dng m chng ta khng ct ngha c. Th
d chng ta ni con dao nhng li ni ci ko. Cng l mt dng c bng kim kh
dng ct, ti sao mt ng gi l con mt ng ku l ci? L hn na l chng
ta c th ni ci dao m khng bao gi ni con ko c.
Mt th d khc: chng ta ni con thuyn nhng li ni ci xe. Cng l mt
phng tin di chuyn, ch khc mt ng trn ng thy mt ng trn ng b, ti
sao thuyn th gi l con thuyn m xe th li ku l ci xe. Kh hiu hn na l
chng ta c th ni ci thuyn m khng bao gi ni con xe c.
Tm hiu l do ca nhng s khc bit trn y ch l lm mt vic hoi cng v
ch. Chng qua ch do s thng dng m thi. T xa xa cc c gi ci ko l ci
ko th by gi chng ta cng c th m gi, h tt phi thc mc ti sao li khng gi
l con ko.
Trong Php ng li cn c nhiu ci v l hn na, nht l khi ni n ging
c v ging ci ca cc vt. Th d nh la chaise v lempereur fauteuil cng l
mt vt chng ta t ci bn ta ln m ti sao mt ng l ging ci mt ng l
ging c? ng l ra, v ging ci p v m hn th fauteuil phi l ging ci mi
ng.
Trong Anh ng cng vy, c nhng trng hp m chng ta ch c th hc m
ng hi ti sao. Trng hp at night v in the day trn y ch l mt trong nhiu
trng hp m s thng dng thnh tp truyn, m khng ct ngh c m cng
khng sa i c.

Mt th d khc: ngi ta ni Its me m khng ni Its I. Theo nguyn tc

th phi ni Its I mi ng vn phm v l do sau y:
Cc bn bit rng danh t hoc i danh t trong Anh ng c ba trng hp
(case) cng gi l, cch l nominative case tm dch l cch ch, accusative case tm
dch l cch khch v possessive case tc l cch s hu. Nu ta ly i danh t I lm
th d th nominative case ca n l I, accusative case ca n l me v possessive case
ca n l my. Theo nguyn tc th mt danh t hay i danh t ng a v ch t
(subject) hay ng a v tc t gn tnh (complement) tc l ng trong nominative
case. (Xin nhc li: complement l tc t ca mt ng t khng chuyn tip nhng
cha ngha nh to be v nhng ng t tng ng khc vi object l tc t ca
mt ng t chuyn tip.) Vy ngi ta phi ni Its I mi ng v I y ng
a v complement cho ng t is v l moninative case.
Trn nguyn tc th th, nhng theo s thng dng th ngi ta li khng ni
Its I m ni Its me cng nh ting Php ni Cest moi m khng ni Cest je
vy.
Th d trn y cho ta thy rng s thng dng trong mt ngn ng nhiu khi
khng tn trng nhng nguyn tc vn phm ca ngn ng y. Chng ta khng nn thc
mc qu nhiu khi gp nhng trng hp nh vy.
Tuy nhin, chng ta cng phi tm hiu bit xem nhng trng hp sai
nguyn tc sai ch no mc du vn c dng theo s thng dng tp truyn.

TO V FROM

Chng ta tho lun v cc gii t ch v tr (position) l at v on, ti xin hu

chuyn cc bn v nhng gii t ch s di chuyn (motion), c bit l to, from v into.
Cc bn hy xem qua nhng cu th d sau y:
I am going to Dalat on Thursday.
Have you ever been to Paris?
He is going to school.
I came into the room.
Lets go into the garden.
He jumped into the train just as it was starting.
The boy was coming from one place to another.
To ch s di chuyn ti mt ni no, into ch s di chuyn vo mt ch no,
v from ch s di chuyn t mt ch no. Tuy nhin, from cng c th dng ch v
tr, th d khi ti ni I come from Hanoi th cu ny c ngha l ti l ngi H Ni
ch khng c ngha l ti va H Ni ti. Nu nh tht s ti va lm mt chuyn du
hnh ra H Ni v (ni th d vy thi m) th khi ti phi ni I have just come
back from Hanoi v trong trng hp ny ch from li ch s di chuyn.
Khi chng ta ni n c gi bn hng xm, the girl from next door ch from
y cng khng ch s di chuyn, m ch v tr trong khng gian.
I work hard at the office from Monday to Friday.
It is generally cold from October to December.
I was in France from June 1946, to January 1950.
You cannot tell what will happen from day to day in Vietnam.
I see him from time to time.
I shall be here from 9:30 onward.

The library will be closed from August 31 until further notice.

Chng ta nhn thy rng ngoi tr trng hp phi hp vi from nh trong cc
th d trn y, ch to t khi c dng cho thi gian. Thay vo , ngi ta dng until
hay till.
I shall be here till 5 oclock.
You wont see him until Monday.
The train does not come in till 10 p.m.
I have no time to do it now it will have to wait until tomorrow.
Until v till u c ngha nh nhau. (C l bn cng gp u ch unto
c ngha nh to nhng unto l mt ch xa ri ngy nay ngi ta rt t dng).
By gi, chng ta xt n nhng cch dng to, from v into khng c lin quan
g n khng gian v thi gian. Trc ht to thng c dng dn theo mt tc t
gin tip. Th d:
Give the book to me.
I said I would lend it to him, not to you.
I cannot let you have it now, but I will send it to you tomorrow.
C nhin l thay v ni Give the book to me bn c th ni Give me the
book. Nu bn ni Give the book to me tc l bn mun nhn mnh vo ch me
vy.
To cng c dng ng sau rt nhiu ng t ch hnh ng ni hoc vit.
I will speak to him about that.
He mentioned it to me yesterday.
They were talking to each other in the sitting room.
I would like to make a suggestion to you.
I wrote to him yesterday.
(Nn ch l ngi ta khng dng to sau ng t tell c ngha l bo: Tell
him I shall be at home tomorrow.)

To cng c dng gi nhng li cho hoc li chc tng:

Give my kind regards to your mother.
Remember me to your grand mother.
Give my love to your children.
Best wishes to Mary!
A Merry Christmas to you.
To cng c dng i i vi nhng ng t v bin, ni nm na l ng t
cha chia (infinitive verb). Th d:
I want to go abroad.
(Ti mun i ngoi quc).
He was pretending to write.
(Hn ta lm b vit).
I would like to meet her.
(Ti mun gp c ta.)
Remember to do that.
(Hy nh lm vic y)
It seems to be wrong.
(iu dng nh sai.)
Theo nhng th d trn y, chng ta nhn thy rng mt ng t dn theo mt
ng t khc th ci ng t th nh phi v bin cch (infinitive) ca n v c to
ng trc. Tuy nhin, cng c mt s ng t dn theo mt ng t khc m th
gerund v c of ng trc thay v to. Th d nh cc ng t to think, to talk, to
speak.
I am thinking of going abroad.
(Ti ang ngh n i ngoi quc).
We did not talk of doing that.

(Chng ti khng ni n lm vic ).

What did he speak of?
(Hn ta ni n chuyn g?)
Trong hai cu th d sau, chng ta c th dng ch about thay cho of.
By gi chng ta hy tip tc xt n vi cch dng ch into vi ngha bng:
It is time to go into it all throughly.
( n lc phi i vo chi tit ca vn ).
That does not enter into the question.
(iu khng dnh dng g ti vn ).
I do not want to enter into an argument with him.
(Ti khng mun ci nhau vi anh ta.)
Lets look into the matter.
(Chng ta hy xt k vn ).
Ch from cng c th dng vi ngha bng, v trong trng hp ny n cng
tri ngha vi ch to. Th d:
I had a letter from him yesterday.
(Ti nhn c mt bc th ca anh ta hm qua.)
This scarf was a present from my mother.
(Ci khn chong ny l ca m ti cho)
She snatched the book away from him.
(Nng git cun sch khi tay chng).
With best wishes from Mary.
(Vi nhng li cu chc tt p nht ca Mary).
Ngoi ra, sau y l mt vi cch dng ch from khc:

From this point of view (theo quan im ny).

From this angle (theo kha cnh ny)
From my point of view (theo quan im ca ti)
From what I can see (theo ti nhn thy)
From all I hear (theo nhng iu ti nghe c)
From bad to worse (cng ngy cng t)

BY V WITH

By l mt gii t khc l v n c dng vi nhiu ngha khc nhau. Trc

ht, chng ta hy xt trng hp dng by ch v tr c ngha l bn cnh (beside)
hoc gn (near to). Th d:
His house is by the post office.
(Nh anh ta gn s Bu in.)
My school is just by the church.
(Trng ti cnh nh th).
It is lying on the floor by the waste basket.
(N nm di t cnh st rc)
By cng c dng ch s di chuyn. Th d:
The buses go by the church on their way to the center of the town.
(Xe but chy ngang nh th trn ng i vo trung tm thnh ph).
He walked slowly by the house
(Hn i chm ngang nh)
(Ch : Trong 2 th d trn y, chng ta c th thay th ch by bng ch past).
By cng c dng ch ci cch i ti mt ch no. Th d:
You can go either by bus or by train.
(Anh c th i bng xe but hay xe la)
Ill make the trip by air.
(Ti s i bng ng hng khng)
Please send it to me by post.

(Xin gi ci cho ti bng ng bu in)

Ngc li sau mt ng t th b ng (passive voice) ch by c dng
dn theo danh t lm ci hnh ng , Vit ng thng dch l bi, bng hay
do:
He was knocked over by a car.
(Anh ta b xe ng)
This book was written by an English man.
(Cun sch ny do mt ngi Anh vit)
He was arrested by a policeman.
(Hn b mt cnh st vin bt gi).
Many lives have been saved by blood transfusion.
(Nhiu sinh mng c cu sng bng s sang mu).
This article is made by hand.
(Phm vt ny c lm bng tay)
Tuy nhin, c trng hp by ch tc gi Vit ng khng ni l bi m ni l
ca, th d:
This is a play by Bernard Shaw
(y l mt v kch ca Bernard Shaw)
The film was based on a novel by D.H. Lawrence.
(Cun phim c phng theo mt tiu thuyt ca D.H. Lawrence).
She performed a piano sonata by Mozart.
(Nng trnh din mt nhc khc dng cm ca Mozart).
Ngoi ra by cng c dng ch thi gian na. Th d:
I shall finish this by tomorrow.
(Ti s lm xong vic ny ni ngy mai)

I shall have left by the time you see him.

(Khi anh gp hn th ti i khi ri)
The building will be completed by the end of the year.
(Ta nh s c hon thnh vo khong cui nm)
Ngi ta cn dng by trong nhng li nh to learn something by heart (hc
thuc lng mt ci g) v to sell something by the meter, by the liter, by the kilogram
etc (bn mt ci g tng bc, tng lt, tng k v.v)
Cn with th c ngha l vi:
Come with me
(n vi ti)
I was staying with my parcuts
(Ti vi ba m ti)
I was with my parents when I met her
(Ti ang cnh ba m ti th ti gp c ta)

RU NG V CM B

C mt loi nhm ting tnh t m ta thng gp trong Anh ng l nhm ting

tnh t bt u bng mt phn t (participle), hoc phn t hin ti hoc phn t qu
kh. Th d:
Seeing him in the distance, I went to meet him.
(Thy hn ng xa, ti lin n gp hn)
Warned by the unusual motion of the engine, the driver applied the brokes.
(Nhn thy my chy trc trc, ngi ti x lin p thng.)
Having packed his suitcase, he called a taxi.
(Son hnh l xong, hn lin gi tc xi)
Nhim v ca nhm ting phn t l ng vai tr tnh t miu t cho ci danh
t ch t trong cu. Nh vy trong cu th d th nht trn y, nhm ting phn t
Seeing him in the distance miu t cho i danh t I Trong cu th nh, nhm ting
phn t warned by the unusual motion of the engine miu t cho danh t diver. V
trong cu th ba, nhm ting phn t having packed his suitcase miu t cho i danh
t he.
Trn nguyn tc th nh vy, nhng trong thc hnh vic dng nhm ting phn
t thng l mt c hi cho chng ta lm ln, v nhm ting phn t ng vai tnh t
thng c khuynh hng i hoang lm cho cu vn thnh mt th ru ng n cm
cm b kia. Th d bn hy so snh hai cu sau y:
Walking along the road, he noticed an improvement in the weather.
(ang i trn ng, hn nhn thy thi tit ci thin).
Walking along the road, the weather improved.
(ang i trn ng, thi tit ci thin).
Trong cu trn, nhm ting phn t walking along the road miu t cho i
danh t he l ng ri: hn va i trn ng va nhn thy l thi tit ci thin.
Trong cu di, c xt theo cch t cu th nhm ting phn t walking along the

road miu t cho danh t weather v nh vy l sai v thi tit lm sao m i trn
ng c.
Trong Anh ng ca thi trc, ngi ta khng ch n vn ny lm v
nhiu nh vn ln cng vit nhng cu trong s tng quan gia nhm ting phn t
danh t ch t trong cu xt theo hnh thc li khng phi l s tng quan m tc gi
mun ni. Th d nh trong v kch Hamlet ca Shakespeare, hn ma ca thn ph
Hamlet ni vi chng ta l:
Sitting within my orchard, a serpent stung me
Xt theo hnh thc t cu th k ngi trong vn l con rn ch khng phi
thn ph Hamlet. Nhng xt theo ngha c nhin ta phi hiu l thn ph Hamlet ang
ngi trong vn th b rn cn.
Mt nh vn khc thuc hng cc tc gi ln ca th k 18 l Addison vit
cu sau y:
Having notified to my good friend Sir Roger that I should set out for London the
next day, his horses were ready at the hour in the evening.
Xt theo hnh thc t cu th nhm ting phn t having notified, the next
day miu t cho danh t horses, ngha l chnh nhng con nga bo cho bn
thn ca ti l Sir Roger bit l ti phi khi hnh i Lun n vo ngy hm sau.
Xt nh vy th bit vic dng nhm ting phn t ng vai tr tnh t rt d
khin cho ta lm ln. Vy mi khi vit mt cu c nhm ting phn t, chng ta cn
l k lm ci hnh ng ni trong nhm ting phn t y cng ng thi l ch t
trong cu. Th d ti mun ni cu sau khi sa son hnh l, hn gi mt chic
taxi th ti vit:
Having packed his suitcase, he called a taxi.
K lm hnh ng sa son hnh l trong cu nhm ting phn t cng l ch
t trong cu. Nhng nu ti mun ni rng sau khi hn sa son xong hnh l th v
hn gi taxi m ti vit:
Having packed his suitcase, his wife called a taxi.
Th l sai, v k lm hnh ng sa son hnh l trong nhm ting phn t trn y,
xt theo hnh thc t cu, l v hn ch khng phi hn. Vy th cu ny phi sa li
l:
After he had packed his suitcase, his wife called a taxi.

 trnh tnh trng ru ng n cm cm b kia mi khi chng ta vit mt cu

trong c nhm ting phn t (participle phrase), chng ta nn nh rng nhm ting
phn t ng vai tr tnh t v lun lun miu t cho ch t trong cu. Ni mt cch
khc, nhm ting phn t phi dnh lin vi ch t trong cu. Mt th d khc:
Walking slowly down the road, he saw a woman accomplained by two children.
(ang i chm trn ng, hn trng thy mt ngi n b c hai a tr i
theo).
Nhm ting phn t walking slowly down the road miu t cho ch he tc
l ch t trong cu, ch khng phi miu t cho danh t woman. Nu mun n miu
t cho danh t woman th chng ta phi vit:
He saw a woman, accomplained by two children, walking slowly down the road.
y l mt vi th d trong nhm ting phn t c t sai:
1- On arriving in Chicago, his friend met him at the station.
2- A soldier of proved valor, they entrusted him with the defense of the city.
3-Young and inexperienced, the task seem easy to me.
4- Without a friend to cousel him, the tempation proved irresistible.
5- Wondering what to do next, the clock struk five.
Nhng cu trn y phi c sa li nh sau mi ng:
1- On his arrival in Chicago, his friends met him at the station.
2- A soldier of proved valor, the was entrusted with the defense of the city.
3- Young and inexperienced, I thought the task easy.
4- Without a friend to counsel him he found the temptation irresistible.
5- Wondering what to do next, I heard the clock strike five.
Chng ta thy rng nu t nhm ting phn t khng ng ch, cu vn ca ta
c th tr thnh rt khi hi.
Trn y cc bn thy mt vi th d tiu biu trong c c mt vi cu do
tc gi Anh ng tr danh vit sai v trc kia ngi ta khng ch n vn ny lm.
Sau y, ti xin n c ra mt vi th d khi hi khc.

Transplanted to new ground, we believe that they will attain a new height.
Cu ny c ni rng c mt loi cy m nu c em trng mt th t
mi th chng ti tin rng loi cy c th mc cao hn. Nhng nu vit nh trn, xt
theo hnh thc t cu, th li c ngha l chnh chng ti ch khng phi loi cu c
em trng mt th t mi. Vy th cu ny phi sa li nh sau:
We believe that, transplanted to new ground, they will attain a new height.
Mt th d khc: Ti mi mua c mt ci nh vi gi rt r v ci nh ang
trong tnh trng nt. Nu ti vit:
Being in a dilapidated condition, I was able to buy the house very cheap.
th tht l nc ci, v cu ny c ngha l chnh ti trong tnh trng nt ch khng
phi ci nh m ti mua. Vy ti phi sa cu ny li nh sau:
Being in a diladidated condition, the house was sold to me at a very cheap
price.
Ni tm li, s t nhm ting phn t khng ng ch l mt trong nhng li
lm thng thng nht ca chng ta khi vit hoc ni ting Anh, t thi tit i trn
ng, con rn ngi trong vn n ci ng h ang t hi khng bit phi lm
g tt c u l nhng trng hp ru ng n cm cm b kia mt cch b beng, vy m
nhiu khi chng ta c mc phi nh thng.
kt lun bi ny, chng ti xin cc bn dch cu sau y ra Anh ng vi
iu kin l phi dng mt nhm ting phn t m u cho cu ca bn: V c
nhiu trng hp ru ng n cm cm b kia nn Anh ng cng hc cng thy khoi.

CHM V PHT

Du pht c mt tc dng rt quan trng trong Anh ng, v c khi ch thiu hoc
thm mt du pht m ngha ca c mt cu thay i hn. Trc ht, cng dng u
tin ca du pht l ngn chia nhng n v trong cu. Th d:
Birds, dogs, horses are animals.
Trong trng hp c ba hoc hn ba n v ni tip m ch c mt lin t th
ngi ta phi dng du pht sau mi n v tr n v cht. Th d:
Blue, white, and red are the colors of France.
Du pht ny thng c gi l du pht tip ni. Anh ng gi l serial
comma. Nhng cc bn nn ch l trong trng hp tn cc cng ty thng mi th
ci du pht cht, tc l du pht trc lin t and li thng c b i. Th d ngi
ta vit Brown, Shipley and Co ch khng vit Brown, Shipley and C.
Du pht cng dng ngn nhng ting hoc nhm ting chm m
(parenthetic) vi nhng n v khc trong cu. Th d:
Her husband, Colonel Thompson, paid us a visit yesterday.
My brother, you will be surprised to hear, its now in perfect heath.
Trong cu i thoi trc tip (direct address), tn ngi hoc chc v m mnh
gi ngi i thoi vi mnh, cng l nhng ting chm m v phi c ngn ra
bng du pht. Th d:
If, Sir, you refuse, I cannot predict what will happen.
Well, Susan, this is the prettiest dress I have ever seen.
Nhng mnh lin quan khng ch nh (non defining relative clause) hoc
nhng mnh tng t c dn u bng lin t ch thi gian hoc khng gian cng
l nhng kin chm m cn c du pht ngn ra. Th d:
The audience, which had at first been indifferent, because more and more
interested.
(C ta, lc u lnh m, sau mi lc mt ch hn).

In 1769, when Napoleon was born, Corsica had but recently acquired by
France.
(Nm 1769, khi N Ph Lun ra i, th o Corse ch mi c xp nhp vi
Php Quc.)
This window, which was broken by a boy yesterday, will have to be repaired.
(Ci ca s ny, b mt hc sinh lm v hm qua, s phi c sa cha li).
Binh Dng, where I was born, is not far from Saigon.
(Bnh Dng, ni ti sinh ra, cch Si Gn khng xa).
Trong nhng cu trn y, cc mnh m u bng which, when v where u
l nhng mnh tnh t khng ch nh, tc l khng thit yu cho ngha ca cu, m
ch l nhng kin chm m, c th b i m cu vn khng mt ngha ca n. Mi
cu trn y, do , c th vit li thnh cu ring bit:
The audience was at first indiferent. Later it became more and more interested.
Napoleon was born in 1769. At that time Corsica had but recently been
acquired by France.
This window will have to be repaired. It was broken by a boy yesterday.
Binh Duong is not far from Saigon. I was born there.
Ngc li, nhng mnh lin quan ch nh (defining relative clauses), tc l
cn thit cho ngha ca cu, khng phi l mt n v chm m, v khng c t
ng ring bit bng du ph. Th d:
The boy who broke the window yesterday will be punished.
(a b lm v ca s hm qua s b trng pht)
People who smoke lose their money and ruin their health.
(Nhng ngi ht thuc va mt tin va lm hi sc khe ca mnh.)
The house that stands near the river belongs to my father.
(Ci nh gn sng l ca ba ti.)
Trong nhng cu trn y, nhng mnh m u bng who v that u c
cng dng thit yu cho ngha ca cu v cho ta bit l a tr no, ci nh no.

khng phi l nhng kin chm m, v nhng cu trn y khng th vit ra lm hai
cu ring bit c.
Trong trng hp mt cu c hai mnh c lp ni tip nhau, m c hai
mnh u ngn v c mt hnh thc ging nhau, th ngi ta khng cn dng chm
pht m c th dng mt du pht cng ri. Th d:
Man, proposes, God disposes.
The door swung open, the light went out.
Here today, gone tomorrow.
Ngoi ra, chng ta ng bg dng du chm thay cho du pht, ni mt cch
khc l ng bg ct mt cu thnh hai trong khi cu phi vit lm mt. Th d:
I met them on a liner several years ago. Coming home from Europe.
He was an interesting talker. A man who had traveled all over the world and
lived in a doxen countries.
Trong c hai th d trn y, du chm phi c thay th bng du pht v ch
theo sau khng vit hoa.
Mt trong nhng li lm cn bn ca chng ta khi vit Anh ng l trc nhng
lin t ng vai trng t (conjunctive adverb) nh therefore, however, so v on the
other hand, chng ta thng ch dng du pht trong khi phi dng du chm pht mi
ng. Th d:
The question was not discussed, so there is nothing to be done in this matter.
(Vn khng c tho lun, do s vic nh phi nh th.)
He was not involved in the crime, on the other hand, he did nothing to prevent
it.
(Hn khng dnh dng g ti ti c , mt khc hn cng khng lm g ngn
chn n).
I had nothing to do, so I got into a bus and was driven to the club.
(Ti khng c vic g lm, do ti nhy ln mt chic xe but ti cu lc
b.)

He began to feel tired of living in Saigon, so he applied for a transfer to Can

Tho.
(Hn bt u thy chn sng Saigon, do hn xin i i Cn Th).
Trong tt c nhng cu trn y, thay v du pht trc ch so cng nh nhm
ting on the other hand, chng ta phi dng du chm pht mi ng. Cc bn nhn
thy rng trong nhng cu dch Vit ng, trc ch do chng ta ch dng du pht
cng ri, v Vit ng c phn d di hn Anh ng nhiu. Tht ra th trong nhng
trng hp nh trn, Vit ng t khi dng ti chm pht, tuy rng nu dng chm pht
th cng khng c g l sai, ch c v qu cn thn mt t.

SHALL V WILL

Cc bn bit rng mun dng mt ng t Anh ng vo th tng lai ngi ta

dng shall hoc will i i vi ng t y. Thng thng th shall dng cho ngi th
nht s t v s nhiu tc l I v We v will dng cho cc ngi khc.
Tuy nhin, cng c nhng trng hp ngi ta dng will cho ngi th nht v
shall cho ngi th hai v ngi th ba, nhng trong trng hp th cu ni khng
nhng ch pht biu mt s vic tng lai m cn c mt ngha ph thuc khc na,
nh ti s trnh by di y.
Trc ht, ngi ta dng will vi ngi th nht pht biu mun
(willingness) hoc s bng lng (consent). Th d bn mun ti lm mt vic g cho bn
nh b mt l th chng hn, ti s ni Yes, I will post the letter for you. Hoc nu
ti t mun lm mt vic g cho ai, khi ti s ni I will. Th d:
If you want to go to the cinema this evening, I will take care of the children.
I will do evening in my power to help him.
Khi mt cp trai gi lm l ci, ngi ch l hi c du c sn lng ly ch r
lm chng khng th c du tr li I will. l ch will dng ch s bng lng
vy.
Will cng c dng ch s quyt tm (determination) na. Th d nh bn
nht nh lm mt vic g cho bng c, bn s ni mt cch qu quyt I will do.
Ngc li khi ch shall c dng cho ngi th nh v th ba th c ngh l
ngi ni mun ch ca mnh phi c tn trng, hoc khng mun ai bt buc mnh
phi tn trng ch ca h. Th d, bn d nh i u , v nht nh s i cho bng
c v cho rng khng ai c th cn ni bn. Khi ban ni:
I will go, and nobody shall stop me.
Hoc bn mun mt ngi no phi i mc d ngi khng mun i: bn
ly uy quyn ca bn v bo You shall go c ngh l th no anh cng s i d anh
khng mun. Tuy nhin, trng hp trn y khng thng dng lm.
Ngoi shall v will cn c nhiu cch khc ch mt s vic tng lai. Mt
trong nhng cch ny l dng ng t to go trong th lin tc (Continuous form, cng
gi l Progressive form) ng trc ng t ch hnh ng m ta mun ni. Th d;

I am going to take my holiday in June this year.

(Ti s ngh php vo thng su nm nay)
I am not going to do that, whatever happens.
(Ti s khng lm vic , ri ra sao th ra)
We are going to buy a house soon.
(Chng ti sp mua mt ci nh)
Tin y, cng xin nhc li l th Hin ti Lin Tc (Present Continuous) ca
mt ng t cng c c dng ch thi tng lai.Th d:
We are having our house done up this spring.
(Chng ti s trang tr li ci nh ca chng ti vo ma xun ny).
I am taking my nic to the theater on Friday.
(Ti s dn a chu gi ca ti i xem ht vo th su ny)
Ni tm li l c ba cch pht biu thi tng lai: mt l dng shall hoc will
trc ng t ty theo ngi th v nh; hai l dng th lin tc ca ng t to go
ng trc ng t ch hnh ng m ta mun ni; ba l dng th Present Continuous.
Cc bn c th t ra cu hi l s khc bit gia ba cch trn y ch no v
khi no th dng cch ny m khng dng cch kia. Ni chung th ba cch khng
khc g nhau lm v trong a s cc trng hp bn dng cch no cng c. Tuy
nhin, mi cch li c mt ngha hi khc. Th d, bn hy so snh ba cu sau y:
I shall take my holiday in June.
I am going to take my holiday in June.
I am taking my holiday in June.
Ba cu trn y khc nhau nh th no? Trng hp th nht, khi bn ni I
shall take my holiday in June th ti hiu rng bn ch va mi ngh n vic ngh
php v mi quyt nh ngh vo thng su. Cu ni ca bn ni ra gn nh cng mt
lc vi quyt nh ca bn.
Trng hp th hai, khi bn ni I am goin g to take my holiday in June th ti
hiu rng y ch l mt s vic tng lai m bn quyt nh vo mt lc no ,

c th l va mi quyt nh xong m cng c th l quyt nh t nhiu tun l nay.

Bn ch cho ti bit mt vic bn s lm, th thi.
Chng ta hy ly mt th d khc:
The doctor will see you tomorrow.
The doctor is going to see you tomorrow.
The doctor is seeing you tomorrow.
Cu th nht l cu m c n y t hoc n th k ca bc s ni vi bn khi bn
xin gp bc s. C ta ni mt vic s xy ra trong tng lai v dng thi nhn mnh vo
mun ca bc s.
Cu th hai ch l mt cu ni v mt s vic s xy ra trong tng lai ch
khng c g khc hn th.
Cu ni th ba c th l mt cu ni xc nh li mt vic c tha thun t
trc. C n y t hay c n th k ca bc s c th ni vi bn cu ny trong trng
hp bc s c hn gp bn vo ngy mai, nay c ta li nhc cho bn nh hoc ni
r gi gp.
Mt th d khc:
I shall see him next week.
(Ti s gp anh ta vo tun ti v iu ny ti va mi quyt nh xong)
I am going to see him next week.
(Ti s gp anh vo tun ti vy thi)
I am seeing him next week.
(Ti s gp anh ta vo tun ti v iu ny c quyt nh t lu ri)
Nhng th d trn y cho cc bn nhn thy s khc bit gia ba cch
pht biu mt s vic thi tng lai vy.
Cc bn nn nh rng vi nhng ng t ch s di chuyn (verbs of motion)
ngi ta khng bao gi dng going to ch thi tng lai. Th d nh ti s i m
ni I am going to go th tht l kh nghe. Hn n m ni l He is going to
come th cng kh nghe khng km. V th vi nhng ng t ch s di chuyn, ngi

ta dng t Present Continuous ch thi tng lai nhng trng hp m ngi ta c

th dng going to vi nhng ng t khc.
Vi nhng ng t tng ng vi to go v to come, ngi ta cng trnh dng
going to ch thi tng lai. Th d, He is arriving this morning hay hn l He is
going to arrive this morning v I am leaving for Paris soon nghe hay hn l I am
going to leave for Paris soon.
Tuy nhin, khi bn dng mt ng t ch s di chuyn vi mt ngha c bit
khc th bn c th dng going to ch thi tng lai. Th d: He is going to run in
the senatorial electrion. (Anh ta s tranh c vo Thng Ngh Vin)
By gi chng ta xt n trng hp dng shall hoc will ti cc ng t ch s
di chuyn.
I shall go to Hong Kong for my holiday c ni l bn ch va mi quyt
nh vic i ngh Hong Kong xong. Trong trng hp quyt nh t trc hoc
khng c ni r l quyt nh lc no th bn ni I am going to Hong Kong for my
holiday.
I shall leave for Paris soon c ni l bn mi ngh n vic i Paris v mi
quyt nh xong. Nu bn quyt nh t lu ri v mun cho ti bit nh th th bn
ni I am leaving for Paris soon.
Th d bn l mt sinh vin sp du hc php. Vic ny c nhin c
chun b t c thng trc v hm nay gp bn ti, ti hi khi no bn i, th bn phi
tr li I am leaving for Paris soon ch ng ni I shall leave for Paris soon.
C nhin l khi ti ni n mt ngi th ba v mun ni rng ngi s lm
mt vic g th d nh He is going to France for his holiday hay He is leaving for
Paris soon th ti ch ni cho bn bit mt vic s xy ra tng lai m khng c vn
quyt nh nh trnh by trn.
Thc ra th trong khi ni chuyn, ngi Anh t khi dng will ch tng lai khi
ni n mt ngi th ba. Trong trng hp ny ngi Anh thng dng ng t th
Present Continuous hoc dng going to i i vi ng t . Ch will thng ch
c dng trong nhng s loan bo chnh thc. Th d:
The Prime Minister will open an exhibition of paintings at the City Hall
tomorrow.
(Th Tng s khnh thnh mt cuc trin lm hi ha ti Ta Snh vo
ngy mai)
Professor X. will give a talk at the Vietnamese American Association next week.

(Gio s X s ni chuyn ti Hi Vit M vo tun ti).

Nhng cu trn y l nhng cu loan bo cho nhiu ngi cng bit mt vic
g. Cn trong khi ni chuyn thng ti nhc li: trong khi ni chuyn thng khi
ch t trong cu l ngi th ba th ngi Anh thng dng th Present Continuous hoc
going to ch thi tng lai, tr trng hp trong nhng mnh ph m ti s
cp n sau.
Vy th, trong khi ni chuyn thng, nu ti mun ni rng bn ti s n gp
ti vo ngy mai th cu Anh ng s l:
My friend is going to see me tomorrow. (Nu ti ni will see me th li c thm
l hn bng lng n gp ti).
They are going to have a party tonight.
Bn c th t cu hi nu dng will trong nhng cu trn y c sai khng. Xin
p: khng sai, nhng khng hay lm.
Ngoi ra, cng nn bit l ngi Anh khng phn bit lm gia tng lai gn v
tng lai xa khi chn hnh thc ng t ch thi tng lai. Tuy nhin, thng thng
khi ch mt tng lai gn ngi ta thng dng going to hoc th Present Continuous.
Th d, chng ta c th ni Goodbuy, I shall go now nhng nu ni Goodbuy, I am
going now th nghe c hn.
Nu chng ta mun ni tht r rng hnh ng m ta ni n s xy ra trong mt
tng lai rt gn, th ta c th dng ch just. Th d:
Im just going on for a moment.
Im just going to open the window.
Cn mt cch na ch tng lai rt gn l dng to be about it. Th d:
I can see him on the doorstep. He is about to ring the bell.
Cch ny c dng trong khi vit nhiu hn l trong khi ni, v c th c
dng cho c tng lai v qu kh. Th d:
We were just about to have tea when the storm began.
(Chng ti ang sp sa ung tr th tri ni ging)
By gi ti xin ni n tng lai trong nhng mnh ph. Trong nhng mnh
ph sau nhng ng t nh say, think hay feel v nhng ng t tng ng, ngi

ta c th dng shall v z hoc going to ch thi tng lai. Nhng chng ta nn dng
shall v will hn, tr khi ci tng lai trong mnh l mt tng lai rt gn
(immediate future). Th d:
I think I shall have a good time.
He says he will come tomorrow.
I hoped you would pass your exam.
Nu ng t trong mnh chnh ca ti th qu kh th shall v will trong
mnh ph s i l should v would. Should v would y ch l qu kh ca shall
v will dng ch tng lai trong qu kh (future in the past) ch khng c g l
conditional c.
I thought I should have a good time.
He said he would come tomorrow.
I hoped you would pass your exam.
Sau ht trc khi qua mt vn khc, xin nhc li vi cc bn l nhng mnh
bt u bng when hoc until, ngi ta khng dng ng t th tng lai mc du ni
v tng lai. Th d:
I shall see him when he comes to Saigon.
I hope they will wait until we arrive.

QU KH V HIN TI

Ngi Vit Nam hc Anh ng nhiu khi cm thy lng tng trong vn dng
ng t th qu kh ch mt vic xy ra thi qu kh. (Ti phi ni r nh vy
v, nh cc bn bit, th qu kh ca mt ng t cn c trng hp c dng
ch mt vic thuc thi hin ti hoc tng lai na.) Xin xem li bi Th v Thi.
Trc ht ti xin lit k di y nhng hnh thc khc nhau ca th qu kh
(Past Tense) sau chng ta s bn n cch dng cc hnh thc y. Ti ly ng t to
do lm th d:
Simple Past (Preterite): I did my homework yesterday.
Past Continuous: I was doing my homework when the postman rang the bell.
Present Pefect: I ave done my homework.
Past Perfect: I had done my homework by the time the postman came.
Present Perfect Continuous: I have been doing my homework for the last two
hours.
Past Perfect Continuous: I have been doing my homework, and had just finished
it, when the postman came.
Used to (ch thi quen trong qu kh): I used to do my homework every
Friday, but now I do it on Thursday instead.
Chng ta hy ni v Simple Past v Past Continuous trc. Simple Past dng
k li mt s vic xy ra (event) trong qu kh m khng quan tm n thi gian
din tin ca n, trong khi Past Continuous dng miu t mt tnh trng tm thi
(temporary situation) trong qu kh. Th d:
I was reading the newspaper when he came.
(Ti ang c sch th hn n).
She was playing the piano when the postman rang the bell.
(C ta ang chi dng cm th ngi a th rung chung).
It was raining hard and so I took an umbrella.

(Tri ang ma to v v th ti em theo mt ci d).

We were walking through the woods when the storm began.
(Chng ti ang i trong rng th tri ni ging)
Theo nhng th d trn y, cc bn nhn thy rng th Past Continuous c
dng ch mt tnh trng tm thi ang din tin trong qu kh nh ti ang c
sch, c ta ang chi dng cm, tri ang ma to, chng ti ang i trong
rng. Cn th Simple Past dng ch mt vic xy ra (event) m khng c quan tm
n thi gian din tin ca n.
Th Past Continuous t khi ng mt mnh v thng i hi thm mt cu hoc
mt phn cu na th mi ngha. V th th Past Continuous cn c og l
Imperfect (cha ton vn).
C nhin l chng ta c th i ngc trt t ca hai phn trong mi cu th d
trn y, ng thi i lun lin t ni lin hai phn nu cn. Th d thay v ni It
was raining hard and so I took an umbrella ti c th ni I took an umbrella because it
was raining hard. Hoc thay v ni We were walking through the woods when the
storm began ti c th ni The storm began when we were walking through the
woods. Nhng nu thay i nh vy tc l chng ta mun nhn mnh vo s vic xy
ra (event) hn l vo ci tnh trng tm thi ang din tin (temporary situation).
Nu Past Continuous c dng miu t mt tnh trng tm thi ang din
tin trong qu kh, th miu t mt tnh trng thng trc (permanent situation)
trong qu kh, ngi ta ch dng th Simple Past.
Th d cc bn hy so snh hai cu di y:
The man was standing at the end of the road.
The house stood at the end at the road.
Cng l ng t stand nhng trong cu trn ti dng Past Continuous v ci
ngi ng cui ng c nhin l khng dng mi m s di chuyn i ch
khc, v vic ng cui ng ca anh ta ch l mt tnh trng tm thi trong qu
kh. Cn cu di, ng t stand c dng th Simple Past v ci nh khng di
chuyn c v c nhin l n thng trc ng : ti dng Simple Past miu
t mt tnh trng thng trc trong qu kh vy.
Ni tm li: SImple Past dng miu t mt s vic xy ra khng quan tam
n thi gian din tin ca n, hoc mt tnh trng thng trc trong qu kh. Cn Past
Continuous (cng gi l Imperfect) dng ch mt tnh trng tm thi ang din tin
trong qu kh.

By gi, chng ta ni n cch dng Present Perfect, mt trong nhng th

thng lm cho chng ta lng tng, v nhiu khi dng sai, nht l trong lc ni chuyn.
Present Perfect dng ch mt vic hon tt trong qu kh nhng ci gi tr
ca n vn ko di ti hin ti. Ni mt cch khc, khi dng Present Perfect ch mt
hnh ng xy ra, ngi ta khng ni r hnh ng xy ra vo lc no trong
qu kh. Mun ni r hnh ng xy ra vo mt lc no trong qu kh th ngi
ta phi ni thm mt cu na, ch khng th dng mt trng t thi gian thm vo
cu c ng t th Present Perfect.
Ti th d bn mi mua mt cun sch v bn hi ti c cun sch cha.
Ti tr li l ti c cun sch ri th cu Anh ng phi l:
I have read that book.
Hnh ng c cun sch ti lm trong qu kh nhng khng ni r l
c vo lc no. C th l ti c cun sch y vo nm ngoi, vo thng trc, hay
vo tun ri. Cng c th l ti c cun sch y cch y ba ngy, hoc mi c ti
hm qua. Hnh ng c ca ti hon tt (perfect) nhng gi tr ca n vn cn
trong hin ti (present).
Nay nu bn li hi ti rng ti c cun sch khi no, v ti tr li l ti
c cun sch vo nm ngoi th cu Anh ng phi l:
I read that book last year.
Trong cu ny, ti khng dng Present Perfect c na, m phi dng Simple
Past, v ti ng khung hnh ng c cun sch ca ti vo mt v tr thi
gian nht nh trong qu kh l nm ngoi.
Mt th d khc: bn n nh ti chi vo bui ti v hi ti n cm ti cha.
Ti tr li l ti n cm ti ri th cu Anh ng phi l:
I have had dinner.
Vic n cm ti ca ti hon tt (perfect) trong qu kh nhng gi tr ca
n vn cn ti hin ti (present). Nay nu bn hi ti n cm ti hi my gi, ti tr li
l ti n cm ti hi 7gi th cu Anh ng phi l:
I had dinner anh ta seven oclock.
Trong cu ny, ti khng dng Simple Past v ti ni r hnh ng n cm
ti ca ti xy ra vo lc no, ngha l ti ng khung hnh ng vo mt v
tr thi gian nht nh l lc by gi ti.

Mt th d khc: bn gii thiu cho ti mt c bn gi, nhng ti gp c ta

mt ln ri. Khi cu Anh ng m ti phi ni vi bn l:
I have met her.
Hnh ng gp y hon tt trong qu kh nhng vn cn gi tr hin
ti l v ti quen c ta. V th ti phi dng Present Perfect. Nu ti mun ni thm
rng ti gp c ta trong mt cuc tip tn vo thng trc, th ti phi ni thm mt cu
na v cu s l:
I met her in a party last month.
Trong cu ny, ng t gp c ni r l xy ra vo lc no trong qu
kh, v v th ti phi dng Simple Past.
Ni tm li l chng ta dng Present Pefect khi chng ta mun ch mt hnh
ng xy ra trong qu kh m khng ni r v tr thi gian ca n tc l ci gi tr
ca n vn cn hin ti. V chng ta dng Simple Past khi chng ta mun ch mt
hnh ng xy ra trong qu kh mt v tr thi gian nht nh no .
Ti gp nhiu ngi, hc Anh ng cng lu nm v i lm hn hoi,
nhng khi ni chuyn, trong nhng cu ng l phi dng Simple Past, th h li dng
ton Present Perfect. l v h ni ting Anh theo tinh thn ting Vit, ngh l khi
h ngh bng ting Vit l ti th th no cu ting Anh ca h cng phi l I
have th ny v I have th n, khng phn bit l ci y c c nh r v tr
thi gian trong qu kh hay khng.
Tm li khi dng th Present Pefect, ngi ta thi gian ca s vic khng ni r
v tr xy ra, ngha l Present Perfect khng c trng t thi gian i theo. Tuy nhin
c mt trng hp m ng t th Present Pefect c trng t thi gian i theo: l
trng hp c nhm ting hoc mnh trng t thi gian bt u bng ch since c
ngh l t lc (xin xem li bi Since v Ago). Th d:
I have not seen her since last Tuesday.
(Ti khng gp c ta t th ba trc).
Have you seen Peter since he returned have from America?
(Anh c gp Peter t ngy anh ta M v khng?)
I have been to the cinema only once since January.
(T thng ging ti gi, ti ch i xem chp bng c mt ln)

Ngoi ra, ng t th Present Perfect cng c th c trng t already hay yet i

theo. (Already c ngh l ri yet l cha). Th d:
I have already written to my friend.
(Ti vit th cho bn ti ri)
I have not yet written to my friend.
(Ti cha vit th cho bn ti)
He has alread told me that story once.
(Anh ta mt ln k cho ti nghe chuyn ri)
Have you heard the news yet?
(Anh nghe tin tc g cha?)
Cc bn nn nh rng ngi ta khng bao gi dng already vi mt ng t
th Simple Past ch tr trong trng hp li ni hoc cu vit miu t (description) vi
ng t to be. Th d nh As it was already late, I had to take a taxi. (V lc ti
ri nn ti phi gi mt chic taxi). Cn th already phi i i vi ng t th Present
Perfect nu chng ta ni v thi hin ti v vi Past Perfect nu chng ta ni v thi qu
kh.
Trng hp ni v thi hin ti th ti c my cu th d trn kia. Sau y l
vi th d dng already trong cu ni v thi qu kh:
By the time he arrived, we had already had dinner.
(Khi no n th chng ti n cm ti ri)
As I had already taken my holiday, I could not go away with my friend.
(V ti ngh php ri, nn ti khng i xa vi bn ti c).
I had already gone to bed when he came home.
(Khi anh ta v ti nh th ti i ng ri)
Cc bn cng c th dng already vi mt ng t Present Tense. Th d:
I can already read English quite easily.
(Ti c th c Anh ng mt cch d dng ri).

She is not going home until July, but she is already thinking about it.
(C ta n thng by mi tr v nh, nhng lc ny c ta ngh n vic
ri).
We had lunch only an hour ago, and I am happy again already.
(Chng ti mi n tra cch y mt gi ng h, nhng ti li i ri).
Nu already c th dng vi Present Tense th cc bn nn nh rng ch since
(c ngha l t lc) khng bao gi c dng vi Present Tense c. Since ch dng vi
Present Tense khi no c ngha l bi v. Th d:
Since it is raining hard I shall take my umbrella.
(V tri ma to nn ti s em d theo).
I shall go and see the film anh ta the Rex, since you are so enthusiastic about it.
(Ti s i xem phim Rex v anh ca tng n d).
Since you are going to the Post Office perhaps you would buy some stamps for
me.
(V anh ra nh Bu in nn anh c th mua gim ti mt t tem).
C nhiu trng hp th Present Perfect trong Anh ng khi dch ra ting Vit
chng ta dng ch c ch khng dng ch . Th d bn hy so snh ai cu sau
y:
Mr.Ba has been to London.
Mr.Ba has gone to London.
Cu trn c ngha l ng Ba c i London v hin thi ng ta khng
na. Cu di c ngh l ng Ba i London v hin thi c th l ng ta
London hoc ang trn ng i ti London.
Cu trn ch mt s vic qua trong mt thi gian cn dnh dng ti hin ti
(past activity within a period of time extending to the present).
Cu di ch mt s vic qua nhng kt qu thi gian hin ti (present
result of a past activity).
Trong cu trn ci chnh l qu kh, mt qu kh cn dnh dng n hin ti.
Trong cu di, ci chnh li l hin ti, mt hin ti bt ngun t qu kh (ng Ba

 i London, tc l hin thi ng khng cn Saigon na, ng ta ang trn ng i

London hoc ti London ri).
Tin y cng lu cc bn l He has been to London khc vi He has been
in London. Th d gp mt ngi Anh Saigon v ngi hi ti c i London bao
gi cha, th cu Anh ng s l:
Have you been to London?
Ti tr li rng ti cha bao gi i London c th cu Anh ng ca ti s l:
I have never been to London.
n ltt hi li ngi bn Anh quc l anh ta Vit Nam bao lu ri, th
cu Anh ng ca ti s l:
How long have you been in Viet Nam?
Cc bn nhn thy l trong cu ny, ti dng in m khng dng to vy.
Ngoi ra, trong bi trc, chng ta thy rng khi dng Present Perfect th
ngi ta khng ni r v tr thi gian ca s vic, ngha l ng t th Present Perfect
khng dn theo trng t ch thi gian. Nhng cng c mt vi trng hp th Present
Perfect c th dn theo trng t thi gian nu trng t l this morning, today,
this week hoc mt trng t tng ng khc ch thi gian hin ti. Th d:
I havent been home today.
(Ngy hm nay ti cha v nh).
I have paid my rent this week.
(Ti tr tin nh tun ny)
I havent had breakfast this morning.
(Sng nay ti cha n im tm)
Trn y l ni v Present Perfect v Simple Past. By gi ti xin bn v cch
dng t Past Pefect. Chng ta dng th Past Perfect khi no chng ta ni n mt s
vic xy ra trc thi gian m chng ta ni n trong qu kh. Ni mt cch khc, khi
dng Past Perfect tc l chng ta c ni n mt s vic no trong qu kh v
ly s vic lm c im thi gian n i ti mt s vic khc xy ra trc . Th
d:

When I arrived in London, she had gone to Paris.

(Khi ti ti London th nng i Paris)
Trong cu ny, c im thi gian l khi ti ti London v s vic xy ra trc
l nng i Paris.
We had reached home when the storm began.
(Chng ti v ti nh khi tri ni ging)
Trong cu ny c im thi gian l lc tri ni ging v s vic xy ra trc
l chng ti v ti nh.
Mi tng quan gia Past Perfect v Simple Past cng ging nh mi tng
quan gia Present Perfect v Present Tense vy.
Ngoi ra, cc bn nn ch cch dng Present Perfect v Past Perfect trong
nhng mnh ph sau nhng ng t nh say, think v nhng ng t tng ng
trong nhng cu ni lp li (reported speech). Th d:
I think he has been to Rome.
I thought he had been to Rome.
She says she had already done that.
She said he had already done that.
We know you have done your best.
We knew you had done your best.
He said: I have already done that.
He said he had already done that.
I said Have you fed the cat?
I asked him it he had fed the cat.
By gi chng ta ni n Present Perfect Continuous v Past Perfect
Continuous. Present Perfect Continuous c dng ch mt s vic lin tc din tin
cho n hin ti. Chng ta c th dng mt trng t hay mt nhm ting trng t ch
thi gian i theo ng t th Present Perfect Continuous min l trng t ch thi

hin ti hoc mt qu kh rt gn (immediate past) nh today this morning hay for

the last few hoursv nhng trng t tng ng. Th d:
Im so glad to see you, I have been working all the afternoon and am ready to
go out with you now.
(Ti rt mng c gp anh. Ti lm vic c bui chiu hm nay v by gi
sn sng i chi vi anh).
He has been reading a book all day.
(Anh ta c sch sut c ngy hm nay).
The man next door has been practising the violin for the last two hours, and that
makes me sick.
(Ci ng bn hng xm tp ko n violon sut hai ting ng h qua, v iu
lm cho ti pht mt.)
Khi ni mt cu v thi hin ti, bn dng Present Perfect Continuous nh th
no, th khi ni v thi qu kh, bn dng Past Perfect Continuous nh th y. Nu
chng ta i my cu th d trn y t thi hin ti ra thi qu kh th chng ta s ni
nh sau:
I was so glad to see you, I had been working all the afternoon.
He told me that the man next door had been practising the violin for the fast two
hours, and that made him sick.
Cn v cch dng used to th khng c g kh c. Used to c dng ch
mt vic m ta c thi quen hoc thng lm trong qu kh, nhng hin thi ta khng
lm na. Th d:
I used to go to the cinema every week when I was in London.
(Khi ti London ti thng i xem chp bng mi tun).
He used to visit aunt at Thu Duc every summer when he was a child.
(Anh ta thng n thm b c ca anh Th c mi ma h khi anh ta cn
b)
He used to come to see us on Saturday, but now he comes on Sunday.

(Trc kia anh ta thng n thm chng ti vo ngy th by, nhng by gi

anh ta n vo ngy ch nht)
Cc bn nn ng lm ln used to l mt hnh thc ng t th ca qu
kh vi to be used to c ngha l to be accustomed to ngha l quen thuc vi
mt s vic g. Th d:
I am used to a vegetarian diet, and I cannot eat meat.
(Ti quen ch n rau, v ti khng n tht c)
She had a difficult temperament but he was used to it.
(Nng rt kh tnh, nhng chng quen chu ng nng ri)
Mun ch mt s vic din tin ti v hon tt mt c im no trong
tng lai, ngi ta dng th Future Perfect. Trong khi Future thng ch ni thi tng
lai ca mt s vic, th Future Perfect li nhn mnh vo s hon tt ca s vic y
trong tng lai. Chng ta hy ly th d mt ngi b kt n t chung thn vo nm
1960. Nu anh ta ni vo nm 1967, th anh ta phi ni nh sau:
I have now been in prison for seven years.
(Ti hin t c 7 nm)
In 1965, I had been in prison for five years.
(Vo nm 1965 ti t c 5 nm)
In 1970, if I am still alive, I shall have been in prison for ten years.
(Vo nm 1970, nu ti cn sng th ti t c 10 nm).
Trong cu th 3, ng t t c dng th Future Perfect. C im thi
gian tng lai l nm 1970 v s vic ko di v hon tt c im l t c
10 nm (Mong rng bn v ti, chng ta s khng bao gi c dp dng n nhng cu
ni trn y!)
Mt th d khc: bn ang d nh lm mt chuyn du lch vng quanh th gii.
Chuyn du lch ny theo bn tr tnh s ko di khong 9, 10 thng. V bn c th ni:
In six months from now I shall probably be in Britain.
(Trong su thng na, ti chc s c mt ti Anh Quc)

By this time next year, I shall have crossed three oceans and (shall) have seen
about ten countries.
(Vo ngy ny sang nm, ti vt qua ba i dng v thm khong mi
nc)
Cc bn hy so snh hai cu th d trn y. Cu trn ch ni mt s vic s xy
ra trong tng lai ti s c mt ti Anh quc v ng t c dng th Future thng.
Cu di ni r mt s vic c hon tt (ti vt qua ba i dng v thm
khong 10 nc) mt c im thi gian trong tng lai (ngy ny sang nm):
Cc bn nn so snh thm hai th d trn y:
I shall finish this work before five oclock.
(Ti s lm xong vic ny trc 5 gi).
I shall have finished this work by five oclock.
(Vo lc 5 gi th ti lm xong vic ny ri)
Mi thot nghe chng ta thy hai cu ny khng khc jv i nhau, nhng nu
, cc bn s thy rng ngay trong cu dch Vit ng, ng t trong cu trn l s lm
xong v ng t trong cu di l lm xong.
Cu trn ch ni ra mt s vic thi tng lai trong khi cu di nhn mnh
im hon tt ca s vic y trong tng lai. Do m Future Perfect cn c gi l
Future Past tc l qu kh trong tng lai vy.
(Xin ng lm Future Past vi Future in the Past tc l tng lai trong qu
kh m chng ta bit. th ny ngi ta dng ng t vi should v would, qu
kh ca shall v will).
Nay nu chng ta mun nhn mnh vo s lin tc ca mt s vic trong mt
khong time no ti mt c im tng lai th chng ta dng Future Perfect
Continuous. Th d bn d nh vo thng 10 s c hnh cuc du lch vng quanh th
gii ca bn v bn mun ni rng vo thng 12 th bn i chu du thin h c 2
thng ri tc l c nhn mnh vo tnh cch lin tc ca s vic th bn s ni:
By December, I shall have been travelling for two months.
Ngoi ra, th Future Perfect cn c th c ch mt gi thuyt, mt iu m
mnh cho l c th xy ra. Th d:
You will have heard the news.

She wont have heard the new.

Cu trn c ngha l You have probably heard the news (chc l anh nghe
tin ri). Cu di c ngh l It is unlikely that she had heard the news (Khng chc l
c ta nghe tin).
Trn y cc bn thy cch dng ng t ch mt s vic xy ra thi qu
kh (Simple Past) mt s vic bt ngun t qu kh v hon tt hin ti (Present
Perfect) mt s vic xy ra trong qu kh nhng vn c kt qu hin ti (cng Present
Perfect), mt s vic lin tc trong qu kh ko di n hin ti (Present Perfect
Continuous) mt s vic xy ra trc mt c im thi gian no trong qu kh (Past
Perfect) v mt s vic lin tc trong mt khong thi gian ko di t qu kh n mt
c im no cng trong qu kh (Past Perfect Continuous).
Cc bn cng thy cch dng ng t ch mt s vic s xy ra v hon tt
mt c im no trong tng lai (Future Perfect) mt s vic s xy ra trong qu
kh (Future in the Past) mt s vic s xy ra lin tc v ko di ti mt c im no
trong tng lai (Future Perfect Continuous).
Nay ti xin mi cc bn hy cng ti tr v vi hin ti, v hin ti mi tht l
lm chuyn. Chuyn th nht:
Trong mt lp Anh ng s cp, khi gio s yu cu hc vin lm mt cu th d
trong c ng t to go chng hn th hin ti (Present Tense) th a s u ngh
rng trong ci qu trnh hc ng l ca bn, th no cng c mt vi ln bn dng
cu lm th d ng t to go th Present Tense. Nhng bn ni cu y vi g?
Nu bn c ni l bn ang i t nh n trng th cu I go to school hon ton
sai. V trong trng hp ny th bn phi dng th Present Continuous (hay Present
Progressive) v ni I am going to school mi ng.
Nu bn k li mt s vic th cu ca bn li cng sai hn na v khi bn
khng th dng Present Tense m phi dng Past Tense tc l bn phi ni I went to
school.
Bn ch c th ni I go to school nu bn c mun ni rng cv thng ngy
ca bn l i hc ch khng phi i lm, ngha l bn l hc sinh ch khng phi l
cng hcc ch khi , bn mi c th ni I go to school c.
Th d trn y l chng t cho ta thy rng mi khi dng ng t th
Simple Present, chng ta phi thn trng xem mnh mun ni g . Nu chng ta
mun ch mt s vic ang din tin trong lc ta ni, th ng t phi c dng th
Present Continuous tc l hnh thc ca ng t ch mt s lin tc trong khong
thi gian hin ti, cn nu s vic khng lin tc hoc nu chng ta mun ch mt
thi quen hoc mt tnh trng tn ti mi (persisting condition) th khi chng ta mi
dng Simple Present. Th d:

I am reading the newspaper.

I read the newspaper every day.
Cu trn ch s vic ang din tin trong lc ti ni. Cu di ch hnh ng
khng lin tc (discontinuous action), v c bo l mt vic ti lm mi ngy nhng
khng phi l mt vic m lc no ti cng lm.
Th Present Continuous cng c dng ch mt s vic bn lin tc (semicontinuous). Th d:
Were looking for a house.
(Chng ti ang tm mt ci nh)
Vic tm nh l mt vic bn lin tc, v n c th din tin trong mt khong
thi gian, ri ngng li ri li tip tc.
Chng ti ang tm mt ci nh khng c ngha l lc no chng ti cng i tm
nh, m ch i tm trong nhng th gi rnh, tm ri ngh, ngh ri li tm: l mt
hnh ng bn lin tc v n cng c miu t bng Present Continuous.
Trn y, ti trnh by mt nguyn tc tng qut v th hin ti ca cc ng
t Anh ng l: th Simple Present c dng ch mt s vic khng lin tc
(discountinuous action), mt thi quen hoc mt tnh trng bt bin (persisting
condition) cn th Present Continuous c dng miu t mt s vic lin tc
(continuous action) hoc mt s vic bn lin tc (semi-continuous action).
Trong bi Th v Thi, ti ni rng th Simple Present c th c dng
ch mt s vic c ba thi hin ti, qu kh v tng lai tc l mt tnh trng bt
bin. Cc bn cn nh ng Brown ch? Ci ng lm ngh bn sch y m. Nm ngoi
ng ta bn sch, nm nay ng ta bn sch, v sang nm ng ta cng vn bn sch. Vy
nu mun miu t ci s bn sch ca ng ta th ti phi ni: Mr Brown sells books.
Tc l ti phi dng ng t th Simple Present vy.
C th bn s thc mc v hi rng: s vic bn sch ca ng Brown l mt s
vic lin tc, hay t lm cng l bn lin tc, th th ti sao li khng dng Present
Continuous?
Xin tha: Present Continuous l ch mt s vic lin tc hoc bn lin tc
ko di trong mt khong thi gian no hin ti m thi, ch khng ni n qu
kh v tng lai. Nu s vic m ta ni n din tin c thi qu kh v cn tip
tc din tin mi tng lai, th s vic li l mt tnh trng bt bin, v mun miu
t n ta li phi dng Simple Present.

Mt th d khc: tri t xoay chung quanh mt tri. l mt s vic ht sc

l lin tc, nhng n lin tc c qu kh, hin ti v tng lai l mt tnh trng
bt bin vy. Mun miu t n, chng ta phi dng Simple Present:
The earth moves around the sun.
Chng ta c th ra rt nhiu th d khc tng t nh cu trn y:
The sun shines during the day.
(Mt tri chiu sng vo ban ngy)
Birds fly.
(Chim bay)
Horses are animals.
(Nga l th vt)
Twice two is four.
(Hai ln hai l bn)
Nhng tnh trng bt bin tng t nh th cn c gi l nhng s thc vnh
cu (eternal truths). ng t trong nhng trng hp ny c dng th hin ti,
nhng ci thi ca n khng phi l hin ti m thi, m l tt c thi gian bao gm c
qu kh, hin ti v tng lai. Anh ng gi l all-inclusive time.
Ngoi ra th Simple Present cn c dng ni n ci g m ta c th tm
thy bt c lc no trong sch v c in ra. Th d:
The Bible says that
(Thnh kinh ni rng..)
The author of this book says that
(Tc gi cun sch ny ni rng)
C th l cun sch m ti ni vi cu th d trn y c xut bn t my
nm nay, nhng ti vn dng ng t th Simple Present nh thng. S dng th
Simple Present ny c ngha l chng ta c th tm thy iu qu kh, hin ti v
rt c th tng lai na. Cng k nh l mt tnh trng bt bin hoc thng trc
vy.

Trn y l nguyn tc tng qut v cch dng th Simple Present v Present

Continuous. By gi chng ta bn n nhng trng hp ngoi tr.
Trng hp ngoi tr th nht l c mt ng t m th Present Perfect li cng
c ngha nh th Simple Present ch thi gian bao gm c qu kh, hin ti v tng lai.
l ng t get. Th d: I have got many books cng c ngha nh I have many books
vy.
Trng hp ngoi tr th hai: ng t to be. Chc cc bn bit l ng t ny
t khi c dng th Present Continuous. ch mt tnh trng, d l lin tc, ang
xy ra thi hin ti, ngi ta ch cn dng to be th Simple Present. Th d, chng
ta ni I am happy m khng ni: I am being happy mc du s sung sng ca ta
c th lin tc trong mt khong thi gian no thi hin ti v khng phi l mt
tnh trng bt bin. Nu mun nhn mnh l ti ang sung sng trong lc ny th ti
c th ni I am feeling happy nhng l ti dng ng t to feel th Present
Continuous ch khng phi ng t to be.
Nh vy ng t to be khng tun theo nhng quy tc v Simple Present v
Present Continuous m chng ta thy trn. Tuy nhin ng t to be cng c th
dng th Present Continuous nu n c dng trong mt trng hp ng t th b
ng (passive voice). Cc bn bit rng passive voice ca mt ng t c lp bng
thnh cch dng ng t to be i i vi phn t qu kh (past participle) ca ng
t y. Th d:
The treaty is signed.
The air-conditioner is repaired.
The house is redecorated.
Vi passive voice, ng t to be thng c dng th Present Continuous,
ng trc phn t qu kh. Th d:
The treaty is being signed.
(Bn hip c ang c k kt)
Our air-conditioner is being repaired.
(My iu ha khng kh ca chng ti ang c sa cha)
Their house is being redecorated.
(Nh ca h ang c trang hong li)

Nu chng ta ni The treaty is signed, Our air-conditioner is repaired, hoc

Their house is redecorated th c ngha l nhng s vic c hon tt. Tuy
nhin, nn nh y khng phi l th qu kh m l mt s vic hin ti trong nhng
ch signed, repaired v redecorated c nhim v tng ng nh mt tnh t.
Ni mt cch khc, quy tc v s lin tc v s vic khng lin tc (k c tnh trng bt
bin) cng c p dng trong passive voice ging nh trong active voice vy.
Ngoi ra, ng t to be cn c th c dng th Present Continuous trong
trng hp chng ta mun miu t mt trng thi tc phong (a manner of behaving).
Th d:
He is being difficult on purpose.
(Anh ta c lm ra kh tnh)
She is being amiable today.
(Hm nay c ta tht d thng)
Trng hp ngoi tr th ba: cc ng t to seem, to know, to remember,
v to believe. Ngi ta khng dng Present Continuous vi nhng ng t ny, m
ch dng Simple Present. Th d:
He seems all right.
They seem to be worrying about something.
Where is my hat? I remember seeing it somewhere.
I remember your face very well but I am afraid I cannot think of your came.
I know that man. He lives next door to my sister.
Dont worry. She knows what to do.
I believe what you say.
ng t to distrust cng trong loi ny, ngha l khng dng Present
Continuous. Chng ta ni I am trusting you (Ti tin anh) nhng khng th ni I am
distrusting you (Ti khng tin anh) m phi ni I distrust you. ng t to
disbelieve cng vy.
Mt trng hp ngoi tr na l trong nhng cu pht biu mt tng hoc
cm ngh tc thi (immediate thought, immediate feeling) ngi ta thng ch dng
Simple Present. Th d:

I want to go home.
I think it is very nice.
I see him coming along the road now.
Vi ng t to feel bn thng nghe ni I feel tired hoc I am feeling tired. Hai
cch ni ny ch hi khc nhau mt cht. Khi no bn lm vic nhiu, v t nhin
thy mt v quyt nh khng lm na th bn ni: I feel tired. (Ngp mt ci) I think I
shall go to bed now. Cn nu c ai hi thm bn thy trong ngi ra sao, th bn tr li
I am feeling tired today. Tht ra th s khc bit gia hai hnh thc trn y khng ng
k, v trong a s cc trng hp, bn dng cch no cng c.
ng t to look cng vy. Ti c th ni you dont look well hoc you are not
looking well. You dont look well l gn nh mt cu than (exclamation) hn l mt cu
ni thng, n pht biu mt ngh bt cht ca ti khi thot trng thy bn. Cn you
are not looking well c ngha l ti ngm bn mt lc kh lu ri mi c ci nhn
nh . Nhng s khc bit gia hai hnh thc trn y cng khng ng k, v bn c
th dng cch ny hay cch kia m khng s sai.
Ngoi ra, chng ta cng nn ch l khi nhng ng t ch ngh, cm xc hay
nhn xt dn theo sau mt mnh ph, th d nh cu I think it is very nice trn y,
th ngi ta dng ng t mnh chnh trong th Simple Present. Chc l cc bn
bit rng trong trng hp ny, ngi ta c th hoc c th b lin t that trc
mnh ph. iu ny ty theo cu ni ca ta. Th d nh cu th d trn y m ni I
think that it is very nice th cu ni c v vng v, nghe n lm sao y. Ni chung th
ngi ta thng b ch that trong nhng cu ngn v trong khi ni chuyn, nhng
trong khi vit nhng cu di v nhng cu c nhiu mnh ph th ngi ta li phi
dng that cho r ngha. Th d:
I think I shall go London.
(Ti ngh ti s i London)
He says he will come tomorrow
(Hn ni hn s n vo ngy mai)
I hope you are right.
(Ti hy vng anh c l)
We feel the situation will improve.
(Chng ti cm thy tnh hnh s ci thin)

I hear that George has bought a new car and that he is going to Vung Tau for
his holiday.
(Ti nghe ni rng George mua mt chic xe mi v anh ta s i ngh Vng
Tu)
Khi ng t ch ngh, cm tng v nhn xt dn theo mt ng t v bin
(infinitive) hay mt nhm ting danh t ng lm object hoc complement, th ngi ta
c th dng Simple Present hay Present Continuous ty theo ngha cu ni.
(Object v Complement khc nhau nh th no cc bn cn nh ch? Nu bn
l qun ri, th ti xin nhc li mt ln na nhc i nhc li l ci b quyt ca thnh
cng m: object l tc t ca mt ng t chuyn tip v n lun lun lun phi l danh
t; Complement l tc t ca mt ng t khng chuyn tip nhng cha ngha, v
n c th l danh t hay tnh t). Th d:
I am hoping to go to Vung Tau for my holiday.
(Ti ang hy vng i ngh Vng Tu)
I am thinking of Mary.
(Ti ang ngh ti Mary)
I am thinking of having my hair cut.
(Ti ang tnh i ht tc)
We are feeling optimistic now.
(By gi chng ti ang cm thy lc quan)
Trn y l nhng nguyn tc v cch dng th Simple Present v Present
Continuous. Trc khi chm dt vn qua mt mc khc hp dn v ly k hn
ti xin nhc cc bn l th hin ti cng c khi c dng ch thi tng lai (xin
xem li cc bi Th v Thi v Shall v Will.)
Th d: He is coming to see us tomorrow (Hn s n thm chng ti vo
ngy mai). Trong cu ny ng t to come c dng th hin ti lin tc
(Present Continuous) ch mt s vic s xy ra thi tng lai vy.

MNH LNH V YU CU

Trong Anh ng c nhiu cch pht biu mt kin ra lnh v yu cu. Ngi
ta c th dng mt trong nhng ng t sau y: command, order, request, invite v
suggest, hoc dng nhng danh t do cc ng t ny ra. Th d:
He commanded the men to come early.
He ordered the men to come early.
He asked the men to come early.
He requested the men to come early.
He invited the men to come early.
Nu l mt li ni trc tip, th ngi ta c th dng mnh lnh cch
(imperative) hoc mt cng thc l . Th d:
Be here anh ta nine oclock.
You must be here at nine oclock.
Will you be here at nine oclock.
Would you mind being here at nine oclock.
Will you be kind enough to be here at nine oclock.
Nhng nn nh l trong khi ni, ci ging ni nng hay nh ca mnh c th
bin mt cu mnh lnh thnh mt li ni l , hoc ngc li c th bin mt li ni
l thnh mt cu mnh lnh
Vi mnh lnh cch thng thng, ngi ta khng cn ni r ch t. Th d:
Come here! Go away! Shut the door!
Khi cn ni r ch t, th d nh khi ra lnh cho mt nhm ngi, th ch t c
th c t trc ng t hoc cui cu. Th d:
You carry the table into the garden, Harry, and you girls take out some chairs.

(Harry, anh hy khing ci bn ny ra vn, cn my c th khing gim my

chic gh)
Come one, everybody!
(Tt c mi ngi hy li y)
Ngi ta cng ni r ch t you trong mnh lnh cch khi cn nhn mnh s
bc mnh, nng ny, hoc mt cm xc tng ng. Th d:
You mind you own bussiness!
Mind you own your bussiness, you!
(Anh ng xa vo chuyn ngi khc!)
Khi mt cu ni mnh lnh c dng vi ch please hoc will you th n tr
thnh mt li yu cu. Th d:
Shut the door, please.
(Lm n ng gim ti ci ca)
Help me with this luggage, will you?
(Lm n xch gim ti ci hnh l ny)
Khi mt mnh lnh c dng thm vi ch wont you th n tr thnh mt li
mi. Th d:
Come in, wont you?
(Xin mi vo)
Have a cup of tea, wont you?
(Mi anh ung mt tch tr)
Ngi ta cng c th dng ch just lm cho cu mnh lnh c nh bt i.
Just thng c dng thm vo vi will you. Th d:
Just come here a minute, will you?
(Xin mi anh li y mt cht thi)

Just cng c dng trc mt mnh lnh nhn mnh vo s ch n mt

vic g ng hoc khc thng. Th d:
Just listen to her!
(Hy c nghe c ta ni)
Cu ny c ngha l anh hy c nghe c ta ni ri anh s thy ngay rng c ta
l ngi khn kho, vng v, k quc v.v
Ngi ta cng c th dng ng t with dn theo mt mnh ph bt u bng
that pht biu mt li yu cu. Th d:
I wish youd be quiet.
(Xin anh lm n im lng gim)
Ngoi ra chng ta nn cch dng ng t let trong mnh lnh cch, dn
theo mt ng t v bin. Th d:
Let me go!
(Hy ti i)
Let us know whether you can come.
(Hy cho chng ti bit anh c th n c khng)
Nhng nu let us c ni tt li thnh lets th cu ni li thnh ra mt ngh
(suggestion). Th d:
Lets start early.
Cu ny c ngha l I suggest that we should start early.
Mt cch pht biu mnh lnh khc l dng ng t to be dn theo mt ng t
v bin c to-infinitive. Nu thm not th mnh lnh tr thnh li cm on. Th d:
You are always to knock before you enter my room.
(Bao gi anh cng phi g ca trc khi anh vo phng ti)
Youve not to enter into my room without knocking.
(Anh khng c vo phng ti m khng g ca)

You are to write your name at the top of each sheet of paper.
(Anh phi vit tn ca anh ln u mi t giy)
Mother told me I was not to speak to strange man.
(M ti bo ti khng c ni chuyn vi ngi l)
ng t shall c dng ch mnh lnh trong Thnh Kinh.
Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself.
(Phi yu ngi bn cnh nh yu chnh mnh)
Nu thm not vo th mnh lnh s tr thnh li cm on:
Thou shalt not steal.
(Ch n cp)
Nhng li cm on cng thng c pht biu bng nhng b co vn tt
nh:
No smocking! (Cm ht thuc)
No parking! (Cm u xe)
Smocking not allowed (Khng c php ht thuc)
Hnh thc pht biu s yu cu thng thng nht trong Anh ng l will you.
Nhng v will you ngy nay thng dng thay cho shall you trong mt cu hi v thi
tng lai, nn i khi c s lm ln gia will you yu cu v will you tng lai. Th d:
Will you be back early this evening?
Cu ny nu do mt ngi v ni vi chng khi ng chng sa son i lm, c
th c ngha l ti nay anh v sm khng? (Cu hi v tng lai) hoc ti nay anh
v sm vi em nh (li yu cu).
Mun trnh cho khi c s lm ln, ngi ta thng dng shall you thay cho
will you trong cu hi v tng lai hoc thm ch please vo li yu cu dng will you.
Nh vy, nu ch hi chng ti nay c v sm khng, ngi v s ni Shall you be
back early this evening? V nu mun yu cu chng v sm, th nng s ni : Will
you be back early this evening, please?

Ngi ta cng c th dng would you mind thay cho will you trong li yu
cu. Th d:
Would you mind waiting until later?
Would you mind helping me to lift this box?
Would you mind not to smoke in the dining room?
Would you mind and do you mind cng thng c dng xin php hoc
hi mt ngi c phn i mt vic g khng. Th d:
Would you mind if I open the window?
Do you mind if I open the window?
Do you mind my opening the window?
C ba cu ny u c ngh l anh c bng lng ti m ca s khng?
Would you c th thay cho will you trong li yu cu, v c ngh l ngi ni c
v hi ngn ngi mt cht:
Would you pass the salt, please?
Would you come back a little later?
Wont you (ch tt ca will you not) cng c dng trong li mi mc:
Wont you stay a little longer?
(Mi anh li cht na)
Wont you some more?
(Mi anh dng thm na)
Wont you come in?
(Mi anh vo)
Mt iu cc bn nn ch l ch will nu l tr ng t trong th tng lai th
khng c dng trong nhng mnh iu kin, nhng nu will ch s yu cu, th c
th dng nhng mnh iu kin. Th d:
If you help me, we shall soon finish.

If you will help me, we shall soon finish.

Cu trn c ngha l nu anh gip ti, th chng ti s xong sm. Cu di c
ngha l Xin anh vui lng gip chng ti, th chng ti s xong sm. (Xin xem li bi
Ny v N)

HA HN V HM DA

Ha hn v hm da c th c pht biu bng cch dng cc ng t promise,

threaten, v cc danh t promise v threat, hoc bng shall v will.
ng t promise c th dn theo mt to-infinitive, mt tc t trc tip v mt
tc t gin tip, hoc mt mnh ph bt u bng that. Th d:
He promised to come early.
(Hn ha s n sm)
Please promise not to tell anyone.
(Xin ha ng ni vi ai)
Didnt you promise the book to your brother?
(Anh khng c ha a cun sch cho anh ca anh sao?)
Mr.Green has promised his son a new bicycle.
(ng Green c ha cho con ng mt ci xe p mi)
He has promised that the work shall be done before day.
(Anh ta c ha l cng vic s lm xong trc th by)
They promised that the work should be done before Saturday.
(H ha rng cng vic s lm xong trc th by)
Danh t promise cng c th dn theo mt to-infinitive hoc mt mnh ph
bt u bng that. Th d:
He broke his promise to help me.
(Hn khng gi li ha s gip ti)
I hope they will keep their promise that the work shall be done before Saturday.
(Ti hy vng h s gi li ha l cng vic s lm xong trc th by)

They didnt keep their promise that the work should be done before Saturday.
(H khng gi li ha l cng vic s lm xong trc th by)
ng t threaten c dng vi mt to-infinitive hoc theo cch threaten
somebody with something. Th d:
They threatened to punish him.
(H da s pht hn ta)
They threaten him with death if he did not tell them what he knew.
(H da s git hn nu hn khng ni cho h nhng iu hn bit)
Vi ngi th nht will c th c dng pht biu mt li ha hn hoc hm
da:
I will be there to help.
(Ti s c mt ti gip mt tay)
I will punish you if you dont behave yourself.
(Ti s pht anh nu anh khng c x t t)
Vi ngi th hai v th ba, shall v should c dng pht biu ha hn v
hm da:
You shall have the money next week.
(Tun ti anh s c tin)
If he passes the examination he shall have a new bicycle.
(Nu hn thi u th hn s c mt ci xe p mi)
Tom was told that if he behaved badly he should be punished.
(Tom c bit rng nu hn khng ngoan th hn s b pht)
Tri ngc vi s ha hn, s t chi c th c pht biu bng ng t refuse
dn theo mt t trc tip, mt to-infinitive, hoc mt tc t trc tip v mt tc t gin
tip. Th d:
They refused out offer.

(H t chi ngh ca chng ti)

He refused to help me.
(Anh ta t chi khng gip ti)
He refused her nothing.
(Chng khng t chi nng mt iu g c)
S t chi cng c th c pht biu bng cch dng will not (wont) hoc
would not (wouldnt). Th d:
I wont (I refuse to) do it.
(Ti khng chu lm vic )
They wont accept (They refuse) your offer.
(H khng nhn ngh ca anh)
Why wont she (why does she refuse to) do what you ask he to do?
(Ti sao c ta t chi khng lm iu m anh bo c ta lm?)
He wouldnt (he refused to) answer my question.
(Hn t chi khng tr li ti)
The wound wouldnt heal.
(Vt thng khng chu lnh).

MONG C V HY VNG

Anh ng khng c nhng hnh thc ng t c bit pht huy s mong c

(wishes). C mt vi trng hp ngi ta dng bng thi cch (subjunctive mood)
pht biu s mong c nh:
God save the Queen!
(Xin Thng ph h cho N Hong!)
Long live the Queen!
(N Hong mun nm!)
God bless you!
(Xin Thng ph h cho anh)
Grammar be hanged!
(Vn phm ng em treo c!)
Ngi ta cng dng bng thi cch vi may:
May God bless you!
(Xin Thng ph h cho anh!)
May you have a long and happy life!
(Xin cu chc cho anh trm nm hnh phc!)
Much good may it do you!
(Mong rng iu s gip cho anh nhiu!)
Ngi ta cng c th pht biu s mong c bng cch ng t hope v trust
dn theo mt mnh ph bt u bng that trong c may hoc might nu cu ni c
phn trnh trng. Cn nu cu ni khng trnh trng lm, th ngi ta dng will trong
mnh ph. Th d:

I trust that this arrangement may (hoc will nu cu ni t trnh trng) meet with
your approval.
(Ti mong rng s sp xp ny s c anh chp thun)
He trusted that the arrangement might (hoc would nu cu ni t trnh trng)
meet with our approval.
(Hn mong rng s sp xp s c chng ta chp thun)
I hope he may succeed (Nu t trnh trng th ni I hope he succeeds hoc will
succeed)
I hope he might succeed (t trnh trng: would succeed)
Trong khi ni chuyn thn mt, ngi ta c th dng mnh lnh cch (imperative
mood) pht biu s mong c:
Have a good time!
(Chc anh vui v!)
Enjoy yourself!
(Chc cc anh vui v!)
Trng hp trn y, nu ni May you have a good time hay May you enjoy
yourselves th cu ni tr thnh trnh trng, mt tnh cch thn mt.
ng t wish c nhin cng c dng pht biu mt iu mong c. N
dn theo mt mnh ph bt u bng that (cng gi l that-clause) nhng ch that
ny thng c hiu ngm. Nu s mong c ni v thi hin ti hoc tng lai, th
ngi ta dng Past Tense trong mnh ph. Nu s mong c l mt iu khng
thc hin hoc khng th thc hin c trong qu kh, th ngi ta dng Past
Perfect Tense trong mnh ph.
Th d cc bn hy so snh my cu sau y:
I wish I knew how to do it.
I wish I had known how to do it.
I wish I hadnt gone.
I wish I didnt have to go.

Cu th nht c ngha l Im sorrry I dont know how to do it (Ti rt tic l

ti khng bit lm vic v ti mong c bit s mong c y ni v thi hin
ti, v ng t trong mnh ph c dng Past Tense)
Cu th nh c ngha l I didnt know how to do it (Ti khng bit lm vic
y ra sao v ti mun phi chi ti bit iu mong c y l mt iu khng
thc hin c trong qu kh v ng t c dng th Past Perfect)
Cu th ba c ngha l Im sorry I did go (Ti tic l ti i, v ti mun
phi chi ti khng i iu mong mun y cng l mt iu khng thc hin
trong qu kh, v ng t cng phi dng th Past Tense)
Thay v ng t wish trong nhng cu th d trn y, ngi ta c th dng
ting than (exclamatory) if only (phi chi):
If only I knew how to do it!
If only I had known how to do it!
If only the rain would stop now!
(Phi chi ma tnh ngay by gi!)
If only I could help.
(Phi chi ti c th gip c anh)
ng t wish c th dng vi mt tc t gin tip v mt tc t trc tip:
He wished me a pleansant journey.
(Anh ta chc ti mt cuc du hnh nh )
They wished her success in her new career.
(H chc c ta thnh cng trong ngh nghip mi)
He wished me good night.
(Anh ta chc ti ng ngon)
I wish you all a merry Christmas and a happy New Year.
(Ti chc tt c cc bn mt ngy Ging sinh vui v v mt nm mi hnh
phc)

Wish cng c dng vi mt to-infinitive, nhng trong trng hp ny, ngi

ta thng dng want hn:
Where do you wish (want) me to go?
(Anh mun ti i u?)
What do they wish (want) me to do?
(H mun ti lm g?)
ng t wish cng c th dng i i vi gii t for ch mt iu c mun,
nhng l mt iu c mun kh t c. Nh vy, nu bn vo mt tim hng v
mun mua mt cy vit my, bn ng ni I wish for a fountain pen m phi ni I
want a fountain pen Wish for ch dng khi no iu c mun ca mnh l mt iu
kh lng t c, hoc ch c th t c nh may ri hoc bt ng. Th d:
What do you wish for? said the genie to Aladdin.
(V thn hi Aladdin: Ngi c g?)
She has everything that a woman could wish for.
(C ta c tt c nhng g m mt ngi n b c th mong c).
Shall I hoc Shall we thng c dng hi mt ngi v nhng c mun
ca ngi hoc ngh lm mt vic g gip ngi ta. Trong trng hp ny,
Shall I cng c ngha nh Do you want me to hoc Would you like me to. Th d:
Shall I open the window?
(Anh c mun ti m ca s khng?)
Shall I carry the box into the house for you?
(Anh c mun ti mang ci hp no vo nh gim anh khng?)
Shall dng vi mt danh t hoc i danh t thuc ngi th ba cng l hi
mun ca ngi i thoi vi mnh:
Shall the porter carry your bags upstairs?
(ng c mun ngi bi mang hnh l ca ng ln lu?)
Shall the messenger wait?

(ng c mun ngi a th ch khng?)

The hotel manager asked me whether the taxi should wait.
(Vin qun l khch sn hi ti c mun tc xi ch khng?)
I should like hoc I would like, thng c ni tt l Id like cng c dng
pht biu s c mun:
Id like to be there (I wish I were there)
(Ti mong c c mt anh ti )
Id like to have been there (I wish I had been there)
(Phi chi ti c mt ti )
Sau ht, y l cch dng ng t hope: ng t ny c th c dng vi mt
ng t v bin c to (to-infinitive) mt that-clause tc l mt mnh ph bt u
bng that, hoc vi gii t for. Th d:
I hope to hear from you soon.
(Ti mong c nghe tin anh mt ngy gn y)
I hope that he has arrived safely.
(Ti mong anh ta n ni bnh an v s)
I am hoping for news of his safe arrival.
(Ti ang mong tin anh ta n ni bnh an v s)
Cc bn nn l trong mnh ng sau ng t hope, ng t c th c
dng Present Tense thay v Future Tense mc d s vic ni n thuc thi tng lai:
I hope he arrives safely.
(Ti mong anh ta s n ni bnh an v s)
The time will come, I hope, when you have money.
(Ti mong s c ngy anh c tin)
Ngoi ra, ng t hope dng th Past Perfect trong mt cu ni thuc thi hin
ti c ngha l mt iu hy vng khng thc hin c trong qu kh. Th d: ti c

anh bn b au nng t nhiu thng nay: hm nay ti nghe tin anh ta ang trong tnh
trng nguy kch, mc d tun trc ti ang hy vng l bnh tnh ca anh y thuyn
gim. V ti ni:
I had hoped that he would soon be well again.
(Ti tng rng anh s mau bnh phc)

D NH V XP T

D nh (intention) c th c pht biu bng cch dng cc ng t intend

hoc mean v cc danh t intention, plan, design v.v Th d:
I intend to buy a new bicycle.
(Ti nh mua mt chic xe p mi).
It is my intension to buy a new bicycle.
(Ti c nh mua mt chic xe p mi)
Where do you intend to spend your summer holidays?
(Anh nh ngh h u?)
I dont intend to do it.
(Ti khng nh lm vic y)
I have no intention of doing it.
(Ti khng c nh lm vic y)
He means to make his pupils respect him.
(ng ta nh lm cho hc tr phi knh trng ng ta )
Do you think they meant to start another war.
(Anh c ngh rng h nh gy mt cuc chin tranh na khng?)
ng t intend v danh t intention c th dn theo mt mnh bt u bng
that v trong mnh ny ng t phi c dng vi shall hoc should. Th d:
We intend (hoc Our intention is) that this bill shall become law before the end
of the year.
(Chng ti d nh rng bn d lut ny s thnh lut vo trc cui nm)

We intended (hoc Our intention was) that this bill should become law before
the end of the year.
(Chng ti d nh rng d lut ny s thnh lut vo trc cui nm)
Ngi ta cng dng going to ch nh. Th d:
Hes going to buy a new bicycle.
(Hn nh mua mt chic xe p mi)
Were not going to have this tree cut down.
(Chng ti khng nh cho n ci cy ny)
Were going to grow more vegetables this year.
(Chng ti nh trng nhiu rau trong nm nay)
Are you going to take the examination?
(Anh c nh i thi khng?)
Cc bn nn l was going hoc were going to c dng ch mt d
nh trong qu kh khng c thc hin:
I was going to call on you yesterday evening, but it rained.
(Ti hm qua, ti nh n thm anh nhng tri ma v v th ti khng n
na).
Cc bn c th t cu hi going to ch d nh v going to ch tng lai c khc
g nhau khng. Khng c g khc c, c iu l going to lm cho nim d nh ni bt
hn nim tng lai v trong trng hp c nhng iu kin ngoi cnh nh hng
n hnh ng ca ng s chng ta nn dng shall v will hn. Th d cc bn hy so
snh my cu sau y:
Tams father is going to buy him a new bicycle.
If Tam passes the examination, his father is going to buy him a new bicycle.
If Tam ask his father to buy him a new bicycle, his father will probably do so.
Cu th nht ch ni ra d nh ca cha anh Tam. Cu th nh cng ni ra d
nh y, mc d s tht d nh ny thuc vic Tam c thi u hay khng. Trong cu

th ba, ngi ta khng dng going to c v cha ca anh Tam khng c d nh mua
xe p mi cho anh ta, m ch c th mua nu c li yu cu ca anh Tam
Tuy nhin, trong mt vi trng hp mc d nim d nh khng r rt lm,
ngi ta vn dng going to vi mt ngha tng ng nh shall v will. Th d:
Now, children, I am going to tell you a story.
(By gi, ti s k cho cc em nghe mt cu chuyn)
S tr hoch v xp t (plans and arrangements) c th c pht biu bng
cch dng cc ng t plan v arrange cng cc danh t plan v arrangement.
I have planned (arranged) to go to Dalat next week.
(Ti tr tnh i alat vo tun ti)
She has made plans (arrangements) to spend her holiday in Dalat.
(C ta tr tnh i ngh Dalat)
We have made plans (we have agreed) to get married in May.
(Chng ti tr tnh s lm l ci vo thng nm)
Ngi ta cng c th dng cc th Continuous ni v mt vic g c xp
t, tr hoch hoc quyt nh (Xin xem li bi Shall v Will)
I am going to Dalat next week.
She is spending her holiday in Dalat.
Were getting married in May.
She said she was going to the theatre that evening.
He told me he was going to Dalat.
Th Future Continuous cng c dng ch mt s vic s xy ra v c
tr hoch v xp t t trc. Nhng trong nhiu trng hp gia Future Continuous v
Present Continuous khng c s khc bit lm. Th d, cc bn hy so snh hai cu sau
y:
Im seeing Green this evening.
I shall be seeing Green this evening.

Hai cu ny u ni v mt s vic c tr nh t trc. S khc nhau l

ch cu th hai (dng Future Continuous) c nhn qu s vic n mt ci g khc
c th xy ra sau s vic y. Nu ti ch mun ni cho cc bn bit l ti s gp Green
ti nay, mt vic m ti quyt nh t trc, th ti ni Im seeing Green this
evening. Nhng nu ti mun cho cc bn bit l ti s gp Green ti nay v nhn dp
ny bn c mun nhn g cho anh ta khng, th ti ni I shall be seeing Green this
evening Is there anything youd like me to tell him?
Mt th d khc: ti nh ti nay s v nh tr, v mun ni iu ny cho b
x hay. Nu ti ch mun ni cho b ta bit l ti nay ti s v tr th ti ni Im
getting home late tonight. Nhng nu ti mun cho b ta bit ti s v tr vi mc ch
bo b ta l ng c ch ti, th ti ni I shall be getting home late tonight.
S tr hoch, xp t v tha thun cng c th c pht biu bng cch dng
th Simple Present, dn theo mt trng t thi gian ch thi tng lai:
I leave for Dalat on Saturday.
(Ti s i Lt vo ngy th by)
The Queen Mary sails for NEw York on Monday afternoon.
(Tu Queen Mary s nh neo i New York vo chiu th hai)
When do the school holidays begin?
(Khi no cc trng bt u ngh h?)
When does your father get back from his trip to America?
(Khi no ba anh i M v?)
Ngi ta cng c th dng ng t to be dn theo mt to-infinitive ch mt
s vic c hoch nh, xp t hoc tha thun:
We are to be married in May.
(Chng ti s lm l ci vo thng nm)
Jim and Mary are to meet us at the airport.
(Jim v Mary s n chng ti ti phi trng)
The new building is to be ten stories high.
(Ta nh mi s cao mi tng)

Nu ni v mt s vic c hoch nh, xp t, tha thun, nhng

khng c thc hin trong qu kh, th ngi ta dng ng t cch Perfect
Infinitive:
We were to have been married in January but had to postpone the marriage
until May.
(Chng ti ng l lm l ci vo thng Ging nhng phi hon ngy ci
li n thng Nm).

BT BUC V CN THIT

C nhiu cch pht biu s bt buc v s cn thit (obligation and

necessity). Cc ng t oblige v compel, cc danh t obligation, compulsion, need v
necessity, v cc tnh t obligatory, compulsory v necessary hin nhin l c th c
dng pht biu nhng nim ny. Th d:
In most countries the law obliges parents to send their children to school.
(Ti a s cc quc gia, php lut bt buc cha m phi cho con i hc).
Is attendance at school obligatory?
(Vic i hc c cng bch khng?)
If through carelessness, someone damages your bicycle, he is under a egal
obligation to pay the cost of repairs.
(Nu v v m c ngi lm h chic xe p ca anh, th php lut bt buc
ngi phi tr tin sa xe cho anh).
He was compelled by illness to give up his studies
(Bnh hon bt buc anh ta phi b hc)
A defeated enemy usually signs a treaty under compulsion.
(Mt k bi trn thng k hip c trong s cng bch)
Military service is compulsory in many countries
(Qun dch l mt vic cng bch nhiu nc)
There is no necessity (hoc It is not necessary) for you to do that.
(Anh khng cn phi lm vic y)
Is there any need for haste?
(C cn g phi vi khng?)
Needless to say

(Khi cn ni)
Cc nim bt buc v cn thit cng c pht biu bng cch dng cc ng
t must, ought to, should, have to v be to. S khng cn thit c pht biu bng
ng t have not to hoc need not.
ng t must l mt ng t ngoi l (defective verb). N c th c dng
pht biu mt s bt buc hoc cn thit trong hin ti hoc tng lai. Trong qu kh,
ngi ta khng dng must m dng have to, tr trng hp li ni lp li (reported
speech) th vn dng must. Th d:
You must do as you are told.
(Anh phi lm nh ngi ta bo anh)
He said they must do as they were told
(Hn ni rng h phi lm nh ngi ta bo h)
Soldiers must obey orders without question.
(Qun nhn phi trit tun lnh trn)
Must you go so soon? Yes I must.
(Anh phi i sm th sao? Vng, ti phi i sm)
As he had broken my watch, he agreed that he must pay the cost of the repairs.
(V anh ta lm b ng h ca ti nn anh ta ng l anh ta phi tr tin
sa).
Candidates must answer at least five out of ten questions.
(Cc anh th sinh phi tr li t nht l nm trong s mi cu hi).
On the other side of the wood, there was a field that he had to cross.
(Bn kia rng, c mt cnh ng m hn phi bng qua)
My parents went to the movie last night, but I had to stay home because I w not
feeling well.
(Ti hm qua ba m ti i xem chp bng, nhng ti phi nh v ti khng
c khe.)

Vic dng have to rt thng c dng ch s bt buc hay cn thit. Trong

th hin ti xc nh v nghi vn, ngha ca n cng tng ng nh must. Cn
trng hp ph nh, ngi ta c th dng have not hoc do not have to, nhng thng
thng ngi ta hay dng need not hn.
Vic dng have to thay cho must qu kh v tng lai l mt iu rt thng
thng. Nn l trong khi ni chuyn thng ngi ta hay ni have got to v has
got to thay v have to v has to:
At what time have you (got) to be there?
(My gi anh s phi c mt ti ?)
She had to be in the office at nine oclock.
(C ta phi c mt ti s hi 9 gi)
We shall have to hurry.
(Chng ta s phi vi)
Weve got to be there by ten oclock.
(Chng ta phi c mt hi 10 gi)
These shoes will have to be repaired.
(Nhng chic giy ny s phi c sa li).
ng t to be bin th (tc l am, is, are, were v was) dn theo mt toinfinitive cng c dng pht biu s bt buc. Th d:
We are to arrive there before nine oclock.
(Chng ta phi ti trc 9 gi)
V cch dng to be dn theo mt to-infintive ny, chng ta thy trong bi ni
v Mnh Lnh v Yu Cu. Mt cu mnh lnh tc l c bt buc, th d nh You
are always to knock before you enter the room. (Anh lun lun phi g ca trc khi
vo phng ti), nhng mt cu c bt buc c nhin khng nht thit phi l mt cu
mnh lnh. S bt buc c th l do mt lut l c p dng, mt nguyn tc phi thi
hnh, mt chng trnh nh trc. Th d: Ti c mt ngi bn i xa v v theo
chng trnh th anh ta phi n phi trng Tn Sn Nht vo 10 gi sng nay. N uti
gp bn vo trc 10 gi v bn hi ti l khi no th anh ta v ti phi trng Tn Sn
Nht, th ti ni:

He is to arrive at ten oclock this morning.

Nhng nu ti gp bn vo hi 12 gi tra v bn hi ti l anh ta n cha,
ti p l ti khng bit anh ta n cha nhng theo chng trnh th anh ta phi n
ri v n vo hi 10 gi sng. Khi ti s ni:
He was to arrive at 10 oclock this morning.
Trn kia ti ni rng trong li t cu ny ngi ta ch dng ng t to be
bin th, tc l ng trc ci to-infinitive trong cu phi l am, is, are, was hoc were.
ng t to be v bin cch hoc ng chung vi mt modal verb khng c dng
trong li ny, ni mt cch khc, cng vn ly th d trn y, nu bn gp ti cch y
mt tun l v hi ti khi no th anh ta ti Saigon, ti khng th ni He will be to
arrive next week c. Nu ti mun ni rng ng ta s n y vo tun ti th ti
c th dng mt trong nhng bnh thc ng t ch thi tng lai, th d nh he will
arrive hoc he will be arriving. Cn nu ti mun nhn mnh rng theo chng trnh
th ng ta s phi n y vo tun ti, tc l ti mun pht biu mt nim bt buc
(obligation) th ti khng th ni He will be to arrive next week c m ch ni He
is to arrive next week.
ng t ought cng c dng ch s bt buc v tinh thn hoc nhim v.
Ought l mt ng t ngoi l cng nh must, v n c th ch thi hin ti hoc tng
lai. V thi qu kh th n ch c dng trong nhng li ni lp li. Th d:
You ought to start at once.
(Anh phi bt u ngay by gi).
You ought to leave early tomorrow morning.
(Sng mai anh phi i sm).
He ought to be ashamed of his ignorance.
(Anh ta phi ly lm xu h v s dt nt ca mnh).
I told him that he ought to do it.
(Ti bo anh ta l anh ta phi lm vic )
Should cng c dng nh ought (Xin xem li bi Should v Would) nhng
should nh hn ought v thng ch mt khuyn bo hn l bt buc. Th d:
You should contribute toward the relief fund.

(Anh nn ng gp vo qu cu t)
You shouldnt laught at his mistakes.
(Anh khng nn ci nhng li lm ca hn)
You should go and see the doctor now
(Anh phi i bc s ngay by gi)
Do you think he should apologize?
(Anh c ngh rng hn phi xin li khng?)
You shouldnt give the baby scissors to play with.
(Anh khng nn cho a tr chi kho).
Ought to have v should have dn theo mt phn t qu kh c dng ch
mt s bt buc trong qu kh khng c thc hin. Th d:
You ought to have helped him.
(ng l anh phi gip hn).
He ought to have been more careful.
(ng l hn phi cn thn hn th)
You should have used the money for paying your debts.
(ng l anh phi dng tin tr n).
I think you should have told her you loved her.
(Ti ngh rng ng l anh phi ni cho c ta bit l anh yu c ta).
Ought not to have v should not have c dng ch s khng ng v mt
vic g lm c trong qu kh. Th d:
You shouldnt have laughed at his mistaken.
(ng l anh khng c ci nhng li lm ca hn)
She shouldnt have given the baby scissors to play with.

(ng l c ta khng c a ko cho a nh chi).

You ought not to have helped him.
(ng l anh khng phi gip hn).
Ngoi ra, ngi ta cng c th pht biu mt bt buc, nn lm, hoc nhim
v bng mt to-infinitive t ng sau mt nghi vn t nh what, how, where, when,
who v why. Th d:
Lets find out what to do next.
(Chng ta hy tm hiu sau y phi lm g)
Do you know how to do it?
(Anh c bit phi lm vic nh th no khng?)
Ask your teacher where to put it.
(Hy hi thy gio xem phi ci u)
Tell me where to go and what to see.
(Xin ni cho ti bit nn i u v xem ci g)
I dont know who to talk to.
(Ti khng bit phi ni chuyn vi ai)
Trong trng hp bn mun ni mt vic g khng cn thit, bn c th dng
need not, need hardly, need scarely, no need needless, hoc have not to, havent got to.
Th d:
Must you go so soon? No, I need not go yet.
(Anh phi i sm vy sao? Khng, ti cha cndi)
He didnt need to be reminded about it.
(khng cn phi nhc cho anh ta nh iu y)
I need hardly tell you
(Ti khng cn phi ni cho anh bit rng)

I didnt need to hurry

(Ti khng cn phi vi)
Need we tell him about it?
(Chng ti c cnp hi ni cho hn bit v vic khng?)
Theres no need for you to hurry.
(Anh khng cn phi vi)
Needless to say, we shall pay our debts.
(Khi cn phi ni, chng ti s tr n).
Hes so rich that he doesnt have to work.
(Anh ta giu n ni anh ta khng cn phi lm vic)
You dont have to go to school seven days a week, do you?
(Anh khng phi i hc mt tun l c by ngy ch?)
He wont have to go to the office tomorrow.
(Ngy mai anh ta s khng phi i lm)
We havent got to answer all the questions.
(Chng ta khng phi tr li tt c mi cu hi).

CHO PHP V T CHI

C nhiu cch pht biu nim cho php (permission) v t chi (refusal).
Cc ng t permit, allow, let v danh t permission l nhng ting thng c dng
nht. Th d:
Will you permit me to use your bicycle?
(Anh cho php ti mn chic xe p ca anh c khng?)
They didnt allow me to enter the room.
(Vin qun l cho php ngi th k nh my c v sm).
The doctor wont let me get up yet.
(Bc s cha cho php ti dy).
During the curfew nobody is allowed to be out after midnight.
(Trong khi gii nghim, khng ai c php ra ng sau na m)
Shall the children be permitted to stay up late tonight?
(Ti nh c c php thc khuya m nay khng?)
Ngi ta cng thng dng cc ng t may v might pht biu nim cho
php. May c dng xin v cho php. May not c dng khng cho php.
May I come in? Yes, you may
(Ti vo c khng? c.)
May I borrow your toothbrush? No, you may not.
(Ti mn ci bn chi nh rng ca anh c khng? Khng.)
If I may say so, your work needs revision.
(Cng vic ca anh cn phi coi li, nu ti c th ni nh vy.)
He asked if he might leave the office half an hour early that afternoon.

(Anh ta xin php v sm na gi chiu hm y.)

The manager answered that he might not.
(Vin qun l tr li rng anh khng c php).
Nn cch dng may v might trong nhng th d sau y:
The weather has been excellent and we may expect a good harvest.
(Thi tit lc ny tht tt v chng ta c th hy vng c ma.)
He said he thought we might expect a good harvest.
(Anh ta ni rng chng ta c th hy vng c ma.)
With such a strong government, we may hope for an improvement in the
countrys affairs.
(Vi mt chnh ph mnh nh th, chng ta c th hy vng vic nc s c
ci thin.)
Trong nhng th d trn y, may c ngha l it is reasonable for us to expect,
hope for etc.
Trong khi ni chuyn thng mt cch thn mt, can v could c th thay cho
may v might:
Can I go for a swim this afternoon, mother?
(Chiu nay con i bi c khng m?)
Tom asked his father whether he could go to the cinema. His father said he
could not.
(Tom xin php cha cho n i xem chiu bng. Cha n khng cho n i.)
Nhng nn nh rng li dng can v could trn y ch c dng trong khi ni
chuyn thn mt. Khi cuc i thoi c tnh cch trnh trng mt t, ngi ta khng
dng li ny.
Ngoi ra, chng ta cng nn bit v cch dng may trong cu hi If I may ask
th d nh sau:
And how much did you pay for your new car, if I may ask?

If I may ask y c ngha l mt li xin li t cu hi, tc l mt cch

ni nu anh cho php ti c hi nh vy. Cu th d trn y, Vit ng c th dch
l: Nu ti khng t m, anh c th cho ti bit anh mua chic xe hi mi ca anh
bao nhiu tin khng?
Mun t ra khim tn v l hn na, ngi ta c th dng might thay cho
may trong nhng cu xin php hoc yu cu (Xin xem li bi Mnh Lnh v Yu
Cu.) Th d:
Might I borrow your pen a minute?
(Anh lm n cho ti mn cy vit ca anh mt cht c khng?)

C L V C TH

nim c l (Probability), cng c th gi l nim chc l, c th c

pht biu mt cch tnh t probable v likely, v cc danh t probability, likelihood, v
chance. Th d:
It is likely (probable) that he will come?
(C chc l hn s n khng?)
Is there any probability of his coming?
(C chc l hn s n khng?)
He will probably come.
(C l hn s n).
ng t must cng c dng nhn mnh s c l. Th d:
Your father must be nearly eighty now.
(Ba anh chc cng ngt tm mi tui ri).
You must be hungry after your long walk.
(Chc l anh i bng lm sau khi i b nhiu nh vy).
We must have taken the wrong turning.
(Chc l chng ta quo sai ng ri).
Why isnt he here? He must have missed the train.
(Sao anh ta khng c y? Chccs l anh ta l tu ri).
Ought v should cng c dng nh must trn y ch s c l. Th d:
If he started anh ta nine oclock, he ought to be here by four.
(Nu anh ta khi hnh vo lc 9 gi, th chc l anh ta s ti y vo hi bn
gi).

They left at nine, so they should have arrived by now.

(H khi hnh lc 9 gi, vy th by gi chc l h n ni ri).
The author is a well known expert, so his books ought to be reliable.
(Tc gi l mt chuyn vin ni ting, vy th nhng cun sch ca ng ta chc
l ng tin cy).
That should please you.
(iu chc l lm anh va ).
Kiu ng t going to infinitive cng c dng ch s c l. Ch t trong
cu l mt vt hoc l i danh t ch trng (impersonel pronoun) it. Cu ni theo kiu
ny ch mt vic m ngi ni cm thy l s xy ra. Th d:
This table is going to collapse; the legs are very weak.
(Ci bn ny c l sp ri; my ci chn ca n yu lm).
Cc bn hy so snh cu ny vi cu: This table will collapse if you stand on
it (Ci bn ny s nu anh ng ln n). Cu ny l mt cu iu kin nu th ny
th th n nn ti dng will trong khi cu trn ti dng going to pht biu ci cm
tng ca ti v mt vic m ti thy l chc s xy ra. Mt th d khc cc bn hy so
snh:
This ice will melt if the sun comes out.
This ice is going to melt when the sun comes out.
Cu ny khng c nim c l m ch pht biu mt kin nu th ny th
th n. Cu di ch mt vic m ngi ni c cm tng l c l s xy ra. Mt th d
khc na, ta hy so snh: The sun is going to come out soon.
(Chc l tri sp sng ri Ngi ni cu ny cm thy nh vy, c th l v
thy my bt u tan).
The sun will rise again tomorrow morning.
(Sng mai mt tri li mc Mt vic s xy ra trong thi tng lai, khng c
nim c l hay khng c l).
Kiu ng t going to infinitive ch s c l cng c dng trong cu ni
m ch t l mt ngi. Cc bn hy so snh:

Im going to have a cup of tea.

(Ti s ung mt tch tr Cu ny ch nh (intention) nh chng ta thy
trong bi D nh v Xp t)
I think Im going to have flu.
(C l ti sp b cm Cu ny ch cm tng ca ngi ni v mt vic m
ngi cm thy chc l c).
Will v would cng c dng ch nim c l. Th d:
This will be the book youre looking for.
(Chc y l cun sch m anh ang kim).
That will be the postman, I expect.
(Ti chc y l ngi a th).
You will have heard the news.
(Chc l anh nghe tin).
She wont have heard the news.
(Chc l c ta cha nghe tin).
I dont understand this article in the newspaper No, you wouldnt.
(Ti khng hiu bi bo ny. Phi, c l anh khng hiu c).
Trn y l ni v nim c l (probability). Nay ni v nim c th
(possibility), chng ta cng thy c nhiu cch pht biu nim ny. Trc ht l
tnh t possible, danh t possibility, trng t possibly v perhaps. Th d:
It is possible that he will come.
(C th l hn s n).
There is a possibility of his coming.
(C th l hn s n).
Possibly he has not heard the news yet.

(C th l hn cha nghe tin).

Perhaps he has been ill.
(C th l hn b bnh).
Khi chng ta mun ch mt s c th trong c i cht nghi ng th chng ta
dng may v might. Th d:
It may rain tomorrow.
(Ngy mai tri c th ma).
He said he thought it might rain.
(Hn ni hn ngh rng ngy mai tri c th ma).
I may be away from home tomorrow.
(Ngy mai ti c th i xa nh).
He may need to borrow money.
(Hn c th cn phi vay tin).
That may, or may not, be true.
(Ci c th ng hoc khng ng).
Its so quiet that one may hear a pin drop.
(Yn tnh n ni mt ci kim ri cng c th nghe thy).
If I ask him, he may refuse.
(Nu ti hi, hn c th t chi).
I was afraid that if I asked him again, he might refuse.
(Ti s rng nu ti hi ln na, hn c th t chi).
Trong nhng th d trn y, cc bn nhn thy l might c dng lm qu kh
ca may trong nhng li ni lp li. Nhng cc bn nn rng might cng c
dng ch mt s c th tng lai xa v khng chc chn. Th d cc bn hy so
snh my cu sau y:

1. Take an umbrella. It will rain before evening.

2. Youd better take an umbrella. It may rain before evening.
3. I think you should take an umbrella. It may rain before evening.
Cu th nht c ni qu quyt l tri s ma. Cu th nh ni tri c th ma
(v lc my en ko ln). Cu th ba ni tri c th ma (v trong lc tri ang
quang ng, nhng mt thay i thi tit t ngt vn c th xy ra trong ma ma
x ny. Cc bn nhn thy trong cu th ba, ti dng might ch mt s c th
tng lai v khng chc chn lm.
Cc bn cng nn cch dng may v might dn theo mt perfect infinitive.
Th d:
He may have been hurt.
(C th l hn b thng y l mt s c th thuc thi qu kh. S tht
th hn khng b thng).
He isnt back yet. He may have had an accident.
(Hn cha v. C th l hn b tai nn Nhng chng ti cha bit r).
You might have had a serious accident.
(C th l anh b tai nn trm trng Nhng rt may l anh qua khi).
He might have come if we had invited him.
(C th hn ti nu chng ta mi hn nhng chng ta khng mi).
You might have asked me to your wedding!
(Sao anh khng mi ti i n ci! Cu ny dng trch mt ngi
khng mi mnh trong khi anh ta c th mi)
May cng c th c dng ch mt s c th do t nhin m ra, hoc do mt
s xp t sn to thnh. V trng hp ny khng c hoc rt t yu t nghi ng nn
ngi ta c th thay may bng can hoc be possible. Nhng nu l li ph nh th lun
lun phi l cannot. Th d:
You may go (hoc you can go) to Cam Ranh by plane or, by boat, but you
cannot go there by bus.

(Anh c th i Cam Ranh bng my bay hay tu thy nhng khng th i bng
xe ).
Cn mun pht biu s c th do kh nng (ability) th ngi ta dng can. Can
l mt ng t ngoi l, c qu kh v could cng c khi c dng cho thi tng lai
v could cng khng phi lun lun c dng lm qu kh ca can mt cch thch
hp. Khi no can v could khng thch hp, ngi ta thay bng ng t to be able dn
theo mt to infinitive.
Trc ht, can c dng ch s c th do kh nng sc mnh th cht, kin
thc hoc ti nng. Th d:
Can you lift this box?
(Anh c th ci hp ny ln c khng?)
Hes over 80, but can still read without glasses.
(ng ta qu 80 tui, nhng vn cn c th c ch m khng cn eo knh).
The child is ten years old but cant read yet.
(a tr ny 10 tui ri nhng cha bit c).
Can you speak English?
She cant swim.
(C ta khng bit bi)
Can cng c dng ch kh nng do hon cnh to ra. Dng trong trng
hp ny, can c ngha l be in a position to. Th d:
Can you come to the meeting tomorrow?
(Anh c th n d phin hp ngy mai khng?)
The Prime Minister says he cannot answer the question.
(Th Tng ni ng ta khng tr li cu hi c).
Can you lend me one hundred piasters?
(Anh c th cho ti vay mt trm ng khng?)

Could c dng lm qu kh cho can khi no cu ni ch r v thi qu kh

nht l khi c mt ng t khc trong cu ni r l s vic thuc thi qu kh:
The box was so heavy that I coulnt lift it.
(Ci hp ny nng n ni ti khng ln c)
She could read Latin when she was twelve!
(Khi mi 12 tui c ta c c ch La tinh ri)
He could speak German when he was young, but he has forgotten most of his
German now.
(Lc cn tr, anh ta ni c ting c, nhng by gi th anh ta qun gn ht
ri).
He said he couldnt come to the meeting.
The Prime Minister said he couldnt answer the question.
Khi cu ni khng ch r thi gian, could c th b hiu lm l ch iu kin v
ni v thi hin ti v tng lai, ch khng phi l qu kh ca can. Th d nh cu I
could help him c th l mt cu ni iu kin ca thi hin ti v tng lai. Cng nh
cu I told him I could help him, mc du c ng t chnh thuc thi qu kh nhng s
vic could help him vn c th ch thi hin ti hoc tng lai. V vy, trnh nhm
ln, ngi ta dng ng t be able to thay cho can trong nhng trng hp ny.
I was (am, shall be) able to help him.
I was not (am not, shall not be) able to help him.
Khi could c dng vi mt pefect infinitive, th n ch mt s c th trong
qu kh khng c thc hin. Th d:
He could easily have done it.
(Anh ta c th lm vic d dng nhng anh ta khng lm.)
You could have caught the train if you had hurried.
(Anh ta c th p kp chuyn tu nu anh vi S tht l anh b l tu v
anh khng vi).
Ngoi ra, ch mt s c th thc hin c mc du nhiu tr lc kh khn,
ngi ta dng ng t succeed hoc manage.

Tom succeeded in passing the examination.

(Tom thi u).
Harry managed to swim across the river.
(Harry bi ni qua sng).
Did you manage to get to the top of the mountain?
(Anh c leo ln ni ti nh ni khng?)
How did you manage to get here in time?
(Anh lm cch no ti y ng gi ni vy?)
I managed to all my clothes into the suitcase.
(Ti nht ni tt c qun o ca ti vo va li).

MC CH V KT QU

C nhiu cch pht biu nim mc ch (purpose). Trc ht, ngi ta

dng mt ng t v bin c to ng trc m chng ta gi l to infinitive. Nhn
mnh hn cht na, ngi ta dng in order to. V nu c ln nim kt qu (result)
trong cu ni, th ngi ta dng so as to. Th d:
Ive come here to have a talk with you.
(Ti n y ni chuyn vi anh).
Did you do it to annoy me?
(Anh lm th lm phin ti phi khng?)
He has gone to England in order to perfect his knowledge of Enlish.
(Anh ta i Anh trao i Anh ng).
I shall go on working late today so as to be free tomorrow.
(Ti s lm tr hm nay mai c rnh).
He stood up so as to see better.
(Anh ta ng dy nhn r hn).
The car is waiting to take you to the station.
(Xe hi ang ch a anh ra ga).
Children go to school to learn things.
(Tr em n trng hc).
He works hard in order to (so as to) keep his family in comfort.
(Anh lm vic nhiu gip gia nh anh c d chu).
ng t to infinitive c th theo sau mt danh t hoc mt ting thay danh t
nh something, anything, someone, somebody. Th d:

Give me something to eat.

(Xin cho ti ci g n).
Take this book to read during the journey.
(Hy ly cun sch ny c trong khi i ng).
She wanted to someone to take care of.
(C ta mun c mt ngi sn sc).
She bought a brown dress and a brown handbag to match.
(C ta mua mt ci o mu nu v mt ci sc tay mu nu cho hp).
Nhm ting ch mc ch c th ng trc phn chnh ca cu:
In order to appreciate poetry, you should read it aloud.
( thng thc thi ca, anh phi c to ln).
To get best results follow the directions carefully.
( t c nhng kt qu tt nht, hy theo ng nhng li dn).
C nhin l thay v mt nhm ting ch mc ch ngi ta c th dng mt
mnh ph ch mc ch:
Children go to school in order that they may learn things.
She wanted someone whom she may take care of.
Nhng mnh ph ch mc ch (clauses of purpose) thng c dn u
bng in order that, so that, v i khi trong vn chng, bng mt ch that thi. ng
t trong cc mnh ny c dng vi may, might, should, can v could (trong trng
hp ni chuyn thng thng). Th d:
I stepped aside so that she might (could) go in.
(Ti bc vi qua mt bn nhng li cho c ta i vo).
We put up a fence so that the neighbors might (should) not overlook us.
(Chng ti lm hng ro hng xm khi ng qua).

Tie him up so that he cant escape.

(Tri hn li hn khi chy thot c).
We hid it carefully so that no one should see it.
(Chng ti giu ci tht k khng ai c th thy).
I did it in order that everyone should be satisfied.
(Ti lm nh vy mi ngi u va lng).
They died that might live.
(H cht chng ta sng Cu ny l mt li ni c tnh cch vn chng c
ngha l They fought and died so that we might live in safety)
nim mc ch cng c pht biu bng cch dng ch for v mt gerand.
Nn li hi What for?
We use a hammer for knocking in nails.
(Chng ta dng mt ci ba ng inh.)
This tool is used for tightening bolts.
(Dng c ny dng vn cht cho cht).
What do you use that tool for?
(Anh dng dng c ny lm g?)
Ngi ta cng c th pht biu nim kt qu hoc hu qu bng nhng kiu
(pattern) ghp ch sau y:
- Ch so dn theo mt tnh t hoc trng t ng trc ch as dn theo mt toinfinitive. Th d:
Youre not so foolish as to believe all you read in the newspapers, I hope.
(Ti mong rng anh khng ngc n ni tin tt c nhng g anh c trong bo).
We were so fortunate as to be in London for the Coronation.
(Chng ti tht may mn nn mi c mt Lun n trong dp l ng Quang).

Do you know him so well as to be able to borrow money from him?

(Anh c quen anh ta lm khng c th vay tin anh ta?)
- Ch too dn theo mt tnh t hoc trng t ng trc mt to-infinitive. Th
d:
She is too young to understand.
(C ta cn tr qu nn khng hiu c).
He was too weak to win.
(Anh ta yu qu nn khng thng c).
I know him too well to refuse his invitation.
(Ti quen anh ta qu nn khng t chi li mi ca anh ta c).
- Tnh t hoc trng t ng trc ch enough dn theo mt to-infinitive. Th
d:
Youre not foolish enough to believe all you read in the newspapers, I hope.
(Ti mong rng anh khng ngc n ni tin tt c nhng iu anh c trong
bo).
Do you know him well enough to be able to borrow money from him?
(Anh c quen anh ta nhiu khng c th vay tin anh ta?)
She is old enough to be able to understand.
(C ta tui c th hiu c).
- Ch too dn theo mt tnh t hoc trng t ng trc ch for dn theo mt
danh t hoc i danh t. Th d:
He ran too quickly for me to catch him.
(Anh ta chy nhanh qu nn ti khng ui kp).
She speaks too fast for me to understand.
(C ta ni mau qu nn ti khng hiu c).

Ngoi ra, thay v nhng ng t v bin to infinitve trong nhng th d trn y,

ngi ta c th dng nhng mnh ch kt qu (clauses of result). Nhng mnh ch
kt qu ny c dng khi no ch t trong mnh kt qu khc vi ch t trong
mnh chnh. Mnh ch kt qu c th bt u bng that tip sau mt tnh t, trng
t hoc danh t m ng trc l ch so hoc such (Nu l tnh t th ting ng trc
l so, nu l danh t th ting ng trc l such).
He ran so quick that I couldnt catch him.
(Anh ta chy nhanh n ni ti khng ui kp).
He ran so quickly that I couldnt catch him.
(Cng ngha nh trn).
He was such a good runner that I couldnt catch him.
(Cng ngha nh trn)
Mnh ch kt qu cng c th bt u bng so that. Trong trng hp ny,
ch that thng c hiu ngm. Th d:
He worries about his financial problem all day, so that he cant sleep at night.
(Anh ta lo lng v vn ti chnh sut ngy, nn ban m anh ta khng ng
c).
The burglar wore gloves so (that) there were no finger prints to be found.
(K trm mang gng tay, nn ngi ta khng tm thy du tay no c).
Sau ht cc bn cng nn rng trong khi ni chuyn thng, mnh ch
kt qu c th t ng trc mnh chnh. Th d, thay v ni It was so hot that I
couldnt sleep (Tri nng qu nn ti khng ng c), ti c ni I couldnt sleep, it
was so hot. (Ti khng ng c, tri nng qu).

NGUYN NHN V L DO

pht biu nguyn nhn (cause) hoc l do (reason) trc ht ngi ta c th

dng nhng mnh c lp. Th d:
Im not going out tonight. Im tired.
(Ti nay ti khng i chi. Ti b mt.)
She knew she had said something foolish. They all laughed.
(C ta bit l c ta ni h. Tt c mi ngi u ci.)
Nhng thng thng ngi ta t ci nguyn nhn hoc l do vo mt mnh
ch nguyn nhn (clause of cause). Nhng mnh ny c th bt u bng mt lin
t because, as, since, considering, v (trong vn chng hoc vn t chnh thc, in that
v in as much as).
Khi dng because th nguyn nhn c nhn mnh v mnh ph thng
c t ng sau:
He succeeded because he worked hard.
(Anh ta thnh cng v anh ta lm vic nhiu).
Ill marry her because I love her.
(Ti s ci nng v ti yu nng.)
Khi mt mnh ph c t u cu sau nhng ch it is, it was.v.v. ngi
ta lun dng because ch khng bao gi dng as hay since:
It is because he has behaved so badly that he must be punished.
(Chnh v hn h qu nn hn b pht.)
It is because he did not work hard that he failed.
(Chnh v hn khng sing nng nn hn tht bi.)

Khi dng lin t as, since, seeing that.v.v mnh ph thng c t ng

trc. Trong trng hp ny kt qu c nhn mnh hn l nguyn nhn (ni trong
mnh chnh). Th d:
As he is working hard, he is likely to succeed.
(V anh ta lm vic nhiu, nn chc anh ta s thnh cng).
Since I havent much money, I cant buy it.
(V ti khng c tin nhiu, nn ti khng mua c ci .)
Since you insist, I will reconsider the matter.
(V anh c ni, nn ti s xt li vn ).
As Ive never met the man, I cant tell you what he looks like.
(V ti cha bao gi gp ngi , nn ti khng th t hnh dng anh ta c.)
Seeing that its raining, you had better stay indooors.
(V tri ma, nn tt hn l anh nn nh.)
Lin t for cng c dng ni lin mt ni kt qu vi mt ni nguyn
nhn; nhng trng hp ny ch dng trong vn vit m rt t khi dng trong vn ni.
He stood his ground frimly, for he was a brave man.
(Anh ta gi vng lp trng v anh ta l mt ngi can m).
Lin t that c dng dn theo mt mnh ph ch nguyn nhn ng sau
mt tnh t hoc phn t qu kh ch s cm xc. Trong trng hp ny ch that
thng c hiu ngm, nht l trong lc ni chuyn:
Im glad (that) he came.
(Ti tht bng lng (v) anh ta n.)
He is sorry (that) he cant come.
(Anh ta rt tic (v) anh ta khng n c.)
Were glad (that) you can come.
(Chng ti rt mng (v) anh c th n c.)

Theyre disappointed (that) you couldnt pay them a visit.

(H tht vng (v) anh khng n thm h c)
Nhng mnh trng t ch nguyn nhn c th c thay th bng mt nhm
ting phn t (participle phrase) tc l mt nhm ting tnh t bt u bng mt phn t
hin ti hoc phn t qu kh. Nhng trng hp ny ch dng trong vn vit m rt t
dng trong vn ni. Th d, cc bn hy so snh nhng cu sau y:
As he poor he could not afford to buy books.
Being poor he could not afford to buy books.
C hai cu trn y u c ngh l V hn ngho nn hn khng c tin mua
sch. Trong cu di, mnh ch nguyn nhn as he was poor c thay th bng
nhm ting phn t Being poor.
Mr Smith was unable to come to dinner with us because he had been asked to
lecture at the Vietnamese-American Association.
Mr Smith, having been asked to lecture at the Vietnamese-American
Association, was unable to come to dinner with us.
Hai cu trn y u c ngha l ng Smith khng n n cm vi chng ti
c, v ng ta c mi din thuyt Hi Vit M. Mnh ch nguyn nhn bt
u bng beacause cu trn c thay th bng mt nhm phn t bt u bng
having been trong cu di. Mt th d khc:
As the rain had ruined her hat, she had to buy a new one.
The rain having ruined her hat, she had to buy a new one.
(V tri ma lm hng ci nn ca c ta, nn c ta phi mua mt ci nn
mi).
As there was nothing to do, we went home.
There being nothing to do, we went home.
(V khng c g lm, chng ti bn v nh.)
Cc bn nn l phn t being trong nhng trng hp ny thng c
hiu ngm:
As this book is written is simple English, it is suitable for beginners.

This book, (being) written in simple English, is suitable for beginners.

(V cun sch ny vit bng Anh ng gin d nn rt hp cho nhng ngi mi
hc.)
As she was tired out after her long walk, she went to bed early.
Tired out often her long walk, she went to bed early.
(V mt sau cuc i b xa, c ta i ng sm.)
Mt ng t v bin cng c th c dng ch nguyn nhn. Th d:
We were glad to have you with us.
(Chng ti rt mng c anh vi chng ti tc l chng ti rt mng v s c
mt ca anh).
What a fool I am to have expected him to help me!
(Ti tht ngc v mong anh ta gip ti.)
Khi ng t v bin c mt ch t khc vi ch t trong mnh chnh, th n
c dn u bng for.
The neighbors must have annoyed you very much for you to speak in that way
about them.
(Nhng ngi hng xm chc lm phin anh lm nn anh mi ni v h nh
th)
Sau ht nguyn nhn hoc l do c nhin l c th c pht biu bng hai danh
t cause v reason:
The cause of the accident is still unknown.
(Nguyn nhn tai nn cha c bit r.)
The reason for his absence was illness.
(Anh ta vng mt v l do bnh tt.)
Nn l ngi ta ni reason for ch khng ni reason of (tr trng hp
nhm ting by reason of). Danh t reason cng c dng vi why:
The reason why he was absent was that he was ill.

QUYT TM V KHNG

S quyt tm (determination) c th pht trin bng cch dng nhng ng t

determine, decide v resolve, danh t determination, decision v resolve, v nhm ting
make up ones mind. Th d:
I determinded to learn German.
(Ti quyt tm hc ting c).
He made up his mind to quit his job.
(Anh ta quyt nh b vic lm.)
She resolved that nothing should prevent her from going abroad.
(C ta nht quyt l khng c g c th ngn tr c ta i ngoi quc).
His resolve to carry out the project is mest praiseworthy.
(Quyt tm ca anh ta trong vic thi hnh chng trnh tht ng khen).
S quyt tm cng nh s khng (willigness) cng thng c pht biu
bng cch dng will, would v shall, should. (Xin c li cc bi Shall v Will,
Should v Would). Will c dng vi ngi th nht ch s khng . Trong khi
ni, nu ngi ta nhn mnh ging vo ch will th n ch s quyt tm. Th d:
I will lend you the book if you need it.
(Ti sn lng cho anh mn cun sch nu anh cn n. Ch will c nhn
mnh ging trong khi ni v ch s quyt tm).
Will v would dng vi ngi th hai v ngi th ba trong th xc nh v ph
nh ch mt s quyt tm c bit. Will v would trong trng hp ny lun lun c
nhn mnh ging trong khi ni:
If you will eat so much pastry, you cant complain if you get fat.
(Nu anh c n nhiu ngt nh vy, th anh khng th phn nn g c nu
anh bo ra.)

He will go out without an overcoat although the weather is so cold.

(Tri lnh th m anh ta nht nh ra ngoi khng mc o chong.)
You would go in spite of my warning that it was unwise.
(Anh nht nh i mc du ti bo nh vy l khng nn.)
Will v would ng vi ngi th hai v ngi th ba trong th nghi vn l hi
v s khng Th d:
A- Will you sing at the concert tomorrow evening?
B- Yes, I will.
(Hy so snh vi are singing v are you going to sing ni trong bi v D
nh v K Hoch.)
Shall v will c dng vi ngi th nh v ngi th ba ch s quyt tm ca
ngi ni i vi ngi c ni n. Trong trng hp ny, shall hoc shant (ch tt
ca shall not) lun lun c nhn mnh ging:
You shall marry him!
(My phi ly n! y c th l li mt ngi cha ni vi con gi t cng
quyt mun c con gi phi ly chng.)
They shall do what I tell them to do.
(H s phi lm nhng g ti bo h phi lm.)
Shall v should cng c dng trong nhng mnh ph ng sau ng t
hoc nhm ting ch s quyt tm hoc khng , v c dng cho c ba ngi:
The officer gave orders that we should be well looked after.
(Vin s quan ra lnh l chng ti phi c chm sc chu o.)
He is determined that his children shall obey him.
(Anh ta cng quyt bt con gi phi vng li anh ta.)
If your father willing that you should go abroad?
(Ba anh c bng lng cho anh i ngoi quc khng?)

HN V KM

Khi chng ta so snh hai vt, hai ngi, hai phm cht, hai trnh .v.v v
mun ni rng ci bng nhau mt trng thi no , ni tm l khi chng ta mun
ni mt s so snh bng nhau (Comparison of Equality) th chng ta dng trng t as
ng trc v lin t as ng sau tnh t hoc trng t m chng ta dng miu t ci
trng thi . Th d:
Your house is as large as mine.
(Nh anh to bng nh ti).
Does John work as hard as Henry?
(John c lm vic nhiu bng Henry khng?)
Khi s so snh th ph nh, th ch as u thng c thay th bng ch so.
Tuy nhin, nu ng t ph nh c vit tt li (th d nh isnt, doesnt) th ngi ta
vn thng dng as. Trong trng hp c mt trng t nh quite ng gia ng t
tnh t hoc trng t, th ngi ta thng dng ch so hn. Th d:
Your house is not quite so large as mine.
You house isnt as (hoc so) large as mine.
John doesnt work as (hoc so) hard as Henry.
Khi chng ta so snh hai vt, hai ngi, hai phm cht, hn hoc km mt
trng thi no , th chng ta dng trnh so snh (Comparative degree) ca tnh t
hoc trng t dn theo ch than. V hnh thc trnh so snh ca tnh t v trng t
th chc chn cc bn bit l: ngn th thm er, di th more than hoc less than.
Th d:
Your house is larger than mine.
(Nh anh to hn nh ti).

My house is smaller than yours.

(Nh ti nh hn nh anh).
John works harder than Henry.
(John lm vic nhiu hn Henry).
His new book is more interesting than his earlier books.
(Cun sch mi ca anh ta hay hn nhng cun trc.)
The new edition is less expensive than the old edition.
(n bn mi r hn n bn c).
His new novel is less interesting than his earlier ones.
(Cun tiu thuyt mi ca ng ta khng hay bng nhng cun trc).
Tuy nhin, thay v less than, ngi ta thng dng not so as hn:
The new editon is not so expensive as the old edition.
His new novel is not so interesting as his earlier ones.
Nht l nhng tnh t ngn, khi so snh ci ny km ci kia, ngi ta thng
dng not so as hn l less than.
Tom is not so tall as his brother.
(Tom khng cao ln bng anh n Ni nh vy hay hn l ni : Tom is less
tall than his brother)
Mr.Green is not so old as Mr.Brown.
(ng Green khng gi bng ng Brown Hay hn l Mr. Green is less old
than Mr.Brown)
Cc bn nhn thy l trong nhng th d trn y, ng t trong mnh ph
c hiu ngm:
Your house is as large as mine (is).
John doesnt work hard as Henry (does).

Nhng chng ta nn trng hp ng t hiu ngm nh trong hai cu di

y:
I like him more than she.
I like him more than her.
Cu trn c ngha l Ti thch hn hn c ta thch hn. (I like him more than
she does). Cu di c ngha l Ti thch hn hn l thch c ta (I like him more than
I like her). V s kin ng t hiu ngm ny m nhiu khi c s lm ln v ngha.
Th d nh cu Tom likes me better than Harry c th ngha l Tom thch ti hn
thch Harry, m cng c th c ngha l Tom thch ti hn l Harry thch ti (Tom
like me better than Harry does).
Vy trnh s nhm ln, tt hn ht l nn ni r ng t trong mnh ph,
nht l trong khi vit.
Ngoi ra, trong khi ni chuyn, ngi ta thng hay dng sai i danh t trong
mnh ph, th d nh He is taller than me thay v He is taller than I mi ng
vn phm. Tuy nhin, ci sai ny khng quan trng lm v c th tha th c.