Fuel Cells

The Promise of Fuel Cells

A score of nonutility companies are
well advanced toward developing a
powerful chemical fuel cell, which
could sit in some hidden closet of
every home silently ticking off
electric power.
Theodore Levitt, Marketing Myopia, Harvard
Business Review, 1960

Theodore Levitt, Marketing Myopia, Harvard Business Review, 1960

PEM Fuel Cell

Parts of a Fuel Cell

Anode
Negative post of the fuel cell.
Conducts the electrons that are freed from the hydrogen molecules so that
they can be used in an external circuit.
Etched channels disperse hydrogen gas over the surface of catalyst.

Cathode

Positive post of the fuel cell

Etched channels distribute oxygen to the surface of the catalyst.
Conducts electrons back from the external circuit to the catalyst
Recombine with the hydrogen ions and oxygen to form water.

Electrolyte
Proton exchange membrane.
Specially treated material, only conducts positively charged ions.
Membrane blocks electrons.

Catalyst

Special material that facilitates reaction of oxygen and hydrogen

Usually platinum powder very thinly coated onto carbon paper or cloth.
Rough & porous maximizes surface area exposed to hydrogen or oxygen
The platinum-coated side of the catalyst faces the PEM.

Fuel Cell Operation

Pressurized hydrogen gas (H2) enters cell on
anode side.
Gas is forced through catalyst by pressure.
When H2 molecule comes contacts platinum catalyst, it
splits into two H+ ions and two electrons (e-).

Electrons are conducted through the anode

Make their way through the external circuit (doing useful
work such as turning a motor) and return to the cathode
side of the fuel cell.

On the cathode side, oxygen gas (O2) is forced

through the catalyst
Forms two oxygen atoms, each with a strong negative
charge.
Negative charge attracts the two H+ ions through the
membrane,
Combine with an oxygen atom and two electrons from
the external circuit to form a water molecule (H 2O).

Proton-Exchange Membrane Cell

http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/Nov03/Fuelcell.institute.deb.html

PEM Fuel Cell Animation

Click on Diagram

Fuel Cell Stack

http://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/photos.html

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Efficiency

40% efficiency converting methanol to
hydrogen in reformer
80% of hydrogen energy content
converted to electrical energy
80% efficiency for inverter/motor
Converts electrical to mechanical energy

Overall efficiency of 24-32%

Auto Power Efficiency Comparison

Technology
Fuel Cell
Electric Battery
Gasoline Engine

System
Efficiency
24-32%
26%
20%

http://www.howstuffworks.com/fuel-cell.htm/printable

Other Types of Fuel Cells

Alkaline fuel cell (AFC)

Phosphoric-acid fuel cell (PAFC)

The phosphoric-acid fuel cell has potential for use in small stationary powergeneration systems. It operates at a higher temperature than PEM fuel cells,
so it has a longer warm-up time. This makes it unsuitable for use in cars.

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)

This is one of the oldest designs. It has been used in the U.S. space program
since the 1960s. The AFC is very susceptible to contamination, so it requires
pure hydrogen and oxygen. It is also very expensive, so this type of fuel cell is
unlikely to be commercialized.

These fuel cells are best suited for large-scale stationary power generators
that could provide electricity for factories or towns. This type of fuel cell
operates at very high temperatures (around 1,832 F, 1,000 C). This high
temperature makes reliability a problem, but it also has an advantage: The
steam produced by the fuel cell can be channeled into turbines to generate
more electricity. This improves the overall efficiency of the system.

Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC)

These fuel cells are also best suited for large stationary power generators.
They operate at 1,112 F (600 C), so they also generate steam that can be
used to generate more power. They have a lower operating temperature than
the SOFC, which means they don't need such exotic materials. This makes the
design a little less expensive.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/fuel-cell.htm/printable

Advantages/Disadvantages of Fuel Cells

Advantages
Water is the only discharge (pure H2)

Disadvantages
CO2 discharged with methanol reform
Little more efficient than alternatives
Technology currently expensive
Many design issues still in progress

Hydrogen often created using dirty

energy (e.g., coal)
Pure hydrogen is difficult to handle
Refilling stations, storage tanks,

Fuel Cells

Extra Slides

Fuel Cell Energy Exchange

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/electrol.html

PEM Fuel Cell Schematic