Professional Documents
Culture Documents
English Economic Survey 2013
English Economic Survey 2013
pdf
02_Issues and Priorities.pdf
03_Public Finance.pdf
04_Prices and Monetary Management.pdf
05_Financial Intermediation.pdf
06_Balance of Payments.pdf
07_International Trade.pdf
08_Agriculture and Food Management.pdf
09_Industrial Performance.pdf
10_Services Sector.pdf
11_Energy, Infrastructure and Communications.pdf
12_Sustainable Development and Climate Change.pdf
13_Human Development.pdf
14_Statistical Appendix.pdf
Chapter 1
Growth Rate
` Crore
6477827
7784115
90097222R
101132811R
11355073PE
15.1
20.2
15.7
12.2
12.3
4918533
52475302R
54821111R
5741791PE
` Crore
4516071
8.6
8.9
6.7
4.5
4.7
33.7
33.7
31.3
30.1
na
% of GDP
36.5
36.5
35.5
34.8
na
46249
54021
61855
67839
74380
218.1
244.5
259.3
257.1
264.4 a
5.3
8.2
2.9
1.1
-0.1
6.1
5.5
8.2
4.0
6.1
Production
Million tonnes
Electricity Generation
(growth)
Prices
Inflation (WPI) (average)
3.8
9.6
8.9
7.4
6.0
12.4
10.4
8.4
10.4
9.7
External Sector
Export (in US$ terms)
% change
-3.5
40.5
21.8
-1.8
4.1
% change
-5.0
28.2
32.3
0.3
-8.3
-2.8
-2.8
-4.2
-4.7
-1.7
US$ Billion
279.1
304.8
294.4
292.0
304.2
` /US$
47.44
45.56
47.92
54.41
60.5
Reservesc
7.
2013-14
% of GDP
6.
2012-13
Savings Rate
Food grains
5.
2011-12
Growth Rate
4.
2010-11
3.
2009-10
2.
Unit
% change
16.9
16.1
13.2
13.6
13.3
% change
16.9
21.5
17
14.1
13.9
% of GDP
6.5
4.8
5.7
4.9
4.5e
% of GDP
5.2
3.2
4.4
3.6
3.2e
% of GDP
3.2
1.8
2.7
1.8
1.2e
n.a.
1210f
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Population
Million
Note: na: not available. 1R: 1st Revised Estimates, 2R: 2nd Revised Estimates, PE: Provisional Estimates.
a Third advance estimates.
b The Index of Industrial Production has been revised since 2005-06 on base (2004-05=100).
c At end March.
d Average exchange rate (RBIs reference rate).
e Fiscal indicators for 2013-14 are based on the provisional actuals.
f
Census 2011.
200708
2012-13 2013-14
(1R)
(PE)
5.8
0.1
0.8
8.6
5.0
1.4
4.7
3.7
10.3
8.3
2.1
4.3
4.6
5.9
11.3
6.2
6.5
8.9
5.3
0.1
7.4
8.4
-2.2
1.1
2.3
-1.4
-0.7
5.9
10.8
10.9
5.3
7.5
6.7
10.4
5.7
12.2
10.8
4.3
1.1
5.1
1.6
3.0
12.0
12.0
9.7
10.0
11.3
10.9
12.9
6.9
12.5
11.7
4.2
4.9
5.3
5.6
9.3
6.7
8.6
8.9
6.7
4.5
4.7
Source: CSO.
Note: 2R: second revised, 1R: f irst revised, PE: provisional estimate.
2004-05
2011-12
59.9
58.5
48.9
Industry
16.4
18.2
24.3
Services
23.7
23.3
26.9
2004-05 and 2011-12, the construction sector (that was the major
source of employment in this period, as can be seen from Box 1.2)
lost momentum in the last two years. Taken together with the
trends in capital goods, the slowdown in construction activity
reflects subdued business sentiments.
1.8
The data on manufacturing growth during the last two years
need to be interpreted with care, given the possibility of revisions
by the CSO. The initial estimates of value added in manufacturing
sector are based on the IIP, while the second and third revised
estimates are based on more detailed data from the Annual Survey
of Industries (ASI). For example, as per the National Accounts
Statistics, the growth rate of manufacturing for 2011-12 was revised
to 7.4 per cent in the second revised estimates (released in January
2014) from 2.7 per cent estimated earlier as ASI data for 2011-12
became available only in the second half of 2013.
1.9
The slowdown in services, in particular the internal trade,
transport, and storage sectors, could be attributed to the loss of
momentum in commodity-producing sectors. The moderate revival
in the global economy may have helped the growth in business
services. Bank credit grew by 14.3 per cent in 2013-14, indicating
buoyant activity in f inancial services.
1.10 The disaggregated sectoral trends may be better understood
in terms of movement in sectoral shares in GDP, as seen from
Table 1.2. The share of the agriculture and allied sectors in GDP
has been consistently declining. During the eight years between
1999-2000 and 2007-08, the share of agriculture and allied sectors
in GDP declined by 6.4 percentage points, while that of
industry and services increased by 1.9 and 4.4 percentage points
respectively.
Sector
1999-2000
2007-08
2012-13
2013-14(P)
23.2
26.8
3.0
15.0
9.2
5.8
50.0
21.2
16.8
28.7
2.5
16.1
10.7
5.4
54.4
25.9
13.9
27.3
2.0
15.8
11.2
4.5
58.8
26.9
13.9
26.1
1.9
14.9
NA
NA
59.9
26.4
14.5
16.1
19.1
20.6
14.4
12.4
12.8
12.9
1.11
The mining and quarrying sector witnessed continuous
decline in GDP share for several years, indicating its inability to
cater to requirements of high growth, in the absence of
comprehensive reforms.
1.12 In the case of manufacturing, most of the gain in share
occurred during 2004-05 to 2007-08, when the sector was growing
6
Industrial
sector input
Service
sector input
55.3
21.4
23.3
7.7
68.2
24.1
7.5
45.1
47.5
11.8
59.6
28.6
QUARTERLY TRENDS
1.15 Quarterly GDP f igures can be helpful in detecting inflexion
points within the year (Figure 1.2). The current episode of a rather
protracted growth deceleration commenced in Q1 2011-12, while
the growth slowdown in manufacturing started in Q2 2011-12. The
slowdown in mining and quarrying became evident in Q4 2010-11
and this trend continues. Electricity, gas, and water supply
witnessed somewhat higher growth in 2013-14 vis--vis 2012-13,
owing mainly to higher electricity generation from hydel sources
on account of improved water availability in reservoirs.
Source: CSO
AGGREGATE DEMAND
1.16 Aggregate demand of the economy comprises f inal consumption and investment along with net exports (exports minus imports)
of merchandise and non-factor services. In national accounting
identity, the current account balance maps the difference between
domestic savings and domestic investment, which conveys the
extent of this gap that needs to be bridged by foreign savings.
1.17 Aggregate demand, measured in terms of GDP at constant
(2004-05) market prices, registered a growth of 5.0 per cent in the
year 2013-14 as against 4.7 per cent in the previous year. The growth
in private f inal consumption, which averaged 7.8 per cent during
2003-04 to 2011-12, declined to 5.0 per cent in 2012-13 and further
to 4.8 per cent in 2013-14. In real terms, f ixed investment hardly
increased between 2011-12 and 2013-14. In terms of share of GDP,
the most striking change on the demand side during 2012-13 and
2013-14 was the precipitous decline in the gross f ixed capital
formation to GDP ratio by 2.1 percentage points. Thus, the increase
in the growth rate of aggregate demand in 2013-14 mainly owes to
higher level of net exports (reflected by a reduction in the gap
between exports and imports as can be seen in Table 1.3). The
major components of aggregate demand are analysed in the
sections that follow.
Consumption
1.18 Final consumption expenditure is estimated separately for
government and private entities. The share of f inal consumption
8
Item
(i) TFCE
Private
Government
(ii) GCF
FCF
Change in
stocks
Valuables
(iii) Exports
(iv) Less imports
68.5
57.1
11.4
35.5
31.8
68.8
57.1
11.8
34.8
30.4
68.9
57.1
11.8
NA
28.3
1.9
2.7
23.9
30.2
1.7
2.6
24.0
30.7
1.6
1.5
24.8
28.4
Source: CSO.
Note: TFCE: Total f inal consumption
expenditure, GCF: Gross capital formation,
FCF: Fixed capital formation, 2R: second
revised, 1R: f irst revised, PE: provisional
estimate.
Sum of (i) to (iv) may not be 100 on
account of discrepancies and rounding off.
Table 1.3 : Components of GDP at
Current Market Prices and Share in
GDP (per cent)
Item
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010-11
to
2013-14
TFCE
85.8
PFCE
74.5
77.5
71.6
68.4
65.9
60.3
56.8
GFCE
11.3
11.6
11.3
11.6
Source: CSO.
Note: Data for 2013-14 is provisional.
GFCE is government f inal consumption
expenditure, PFCE is private f inal
consumption expenditure and TFCE is
total f inal consumption expenditure.
Table 1.4 : Share of Final Consumption
in GDP at Current Market Prices
(per cent)
35.2
7.2
13.1
3.9
3.6
17.4
2.5
3.8
1.8
11.5
Source: CSO
Investment
1.21 Investment comprises f ixed capital formation, acquisition of
valuables, and changes in stock and inventories, adjusted for
errors and omissions. The investment rate (investment to GDP
ratio) averaged 24.5 per cent over the period 1990-91 to 2003-04
(Table 1.6). The year 2004-05 marked a break, with the rate of
investment exceeding 30 per cent for the f irst time. Between 200405 and 2012-13, the rate of investment averaged 35.4 per cent,
reaching the peak of 38.1 per cent in 2007-08. It averaged 35.3 per
cent during the higher growth phase of 2004-05 to 2007-08 and
35.5 per cent between 2008-09 and 2012-13. The investment rate of
34.8 per cent in 2012-13 is lower than these two sub-period averages.
1.22 The rate of gross f ixed investment, which accounts for the
bulk of total investment, increased signif icantly from 2004-05,
peaked in 2007-08, and generally declined thereafter. As per the
THE STATE OF THE ECONOMY
10
Item
I.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
II.
III.
199091 to
19992000
200001 to
2003-04
23.1
24.0
30.8
31.4
30.4
28.3
12.1
11.0
8.6
4.7
3.9
6.7
1.0
5.6
7.9
6.4
1.5
0.7
14.2
9.8
6.7
4.3
2.4
5.5
1.3
4.3
11.8
8.6
3.2
0.5
0.7
16.9
13.9
7.6
5.0
2.6
11.9
3.5
8.4
11.3
8.4
2.9
3.2
1.2
17.7
13.8
7.9
5.3
2.7
9.8
2.5
7.2
13.7
9.9
3.9
2.4
2.1
17.5
12.9
7.8
5.4
2.4
8.5
2.4
6.0
14.1
9.7
4.4
1.7
2.6
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.6
1.5
24.3
25.0
35.3
35.5
34.8
NA
1990-91
to 19992000
2000-01
to
2003-04
2004-05
to
2007-08
2008-09
to
2012-13
2012-13
Public
8.8
6.8
8.1
8.6
8.1
Private Corporate
7.0
5.6
13.9
11.1
9.2
Household
8.0
12.1
11.9
14.1
14.8
24.3
25.0
35.3
35.5
34.8
Total investment*
Source:
Note: *
10
CSO.
Total investment will not be equal to the sum of the three components
because of valuables and errors and omissions.
11
Source: CSO.
11
12
Valuables
1.26 Valuables include assets that are primarily held as store of
value. Net acquisition of valuables covers precious articles, gems
and stones, silver, gold, platinum, and gold and silver ornaments.
Change in aggregate possession of valuables may not have any
direct bearing on the productive capacity of the economy.
1.27 Acquisition of valuables has been subject to signif icant
fluctuations in recent years. Their share in GDP increased from
1.2 per cent in 2006-07 to 2.6 per cent in 2012-13 and then declined
to 1.5 per cent in 2013-14. The value of imports of gold and silver
increased from US$ 42.6 billion in 2010-11 to US$ 55.8 billion in
2012-13. In order to restore stability in the foreign exchange market
and reduce the CAD, several measures including hike in import
duties on gold and silver were announced by the government in
August 2013. These measures resulted in reduction in the combined
value of import of gold and silver by about 40 per cent in US
dollar terms, which is largely reflected in the decline in share of
valuables in the GDP.
Net exports
1.28 Net exports in national accounts are def ined as the difference
between export of goods and non-factor services and import of
goods and non-factor services. Although full-fledged recovery in
the global economy is still distant, the early signs of global economic
strengthening helped India achieve partial recovery in exports. On
the other hand, measures taken by the government and the RBI to
contain the CAD, primarily by disincentivizing the import of nonessential items, coupled with economic slowdown, helped in
reducing imports. The share of exports in GDP increased from 24.0
per cent in 2012-13 to 24.8 per cent in 2013-14, while the share of
imports declined from 30.7 per cent to 28.4 per cent, resulting in an
improvement in net exports by 3.1 percentage points of GDP.
PUBLIC FINANCE
1.29 In the aftermath of the adoption of the Fiscal Responsibility
and Budget Management (FRBM) Act, the f iscal def icit of the centre
was brought down to 2.5 per cent of GDP in 2007-08 that was below
the threshold target of 3 per cent of GDP. Fiscal balances were
12
13
1.31 The outcome in terms of f iscal def icit of the Centre broadly
indicates that despite the macroeconomic uncertainties and elevated
global crude oil prices, f iscal targets were achieved. Raising the taxGDP ratio above the currently prevailing levels is critical for
sustaining the process of f iscal consolidation in the long run as
compression of expenditure beyond a certain minimum can be
counter-productive.
1.32 One of the major factors that has resulted in an increase in
the Centres f iscal def icit after 2008-09 has been the build-up in
subsidies. As per the provisional actual f igures of the Controller
General of Accounts (CGA), major subsidies amounted to ` 2,47,596
crore in 2013-14. There has been a sharp increase in total subsidies
from 1.42 per cent of GDP in 2007-08 to 2.56 per cent of GDP in
2012-13, and 2.26 per cent of GDP in 2013-14 (RE). Food subsidy has
been increasing due to the widening gap between the economic
cost of procurement by the Food Corporation of India and the central
issue prices f ixed for cereals under the public distribution system
(PDS). While there has been partial decontrol of fertilizer subsidy,
prices of urea are still sticky; similarly petrol prices have been
decontrolled and diesel prices are subjected to monthly increases of
` 0.50 per litre. The cap set on the number of subsidized LPG cylinders
per annum per family was increased from 9 to 12 from April 2014. In
addition, leakages contribute substantially to the overall increase in
subsidy burden. In the case of food subsidy, the Performance
Evaluation Report of the Planning Commission on Targeted PDS
(2005) states that for every kilogram of grains delivered to the poor,
the GOI released 2.4 kg from the central pool. This has implications
for the delivery cost of PDS foodgrains through the existing delivery
mechanism.
1.33 Higher f iscal def icits usually lead to rising public debt. Indias
central government liabilities-GDP ratio declined from 61.6 per cent
in 2002-03 to 49.4 per cent in 2013-14 (RE). The reduction in this ratio
owes to higher nominal GDP growth rate vis--vis nominal interest
rates. Of the total public debt, internal debt constitutes 95.5 per cent,
whereas external debt (at book value) constitutes the remaining.
DOMESTIC SAVINGS
1.34 For estimation of gross domestic savings, the economy is
classif ied into three broad institutional sectors, public, private
THE STATE OF THE ECONOMY
13
14
Table 1.8 : Gross Domestic Savings Rate and its Components as Percentage of GDP at Current Market Prices
Item
Gross domestic savings
Household sector
Financial
Physical
Private corporate sector
Public sector
1990s
2000s
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
Historic high*
23.0
17.7
9.6
8.0
3.6
1.6
30.6
23.1
10.8
12.3
6.3
1.2
36.8
22.4
11.6
10.8
9.4
5.0
32.0
23.6
10.1
13.5
7.4
1.0
33.7
25.2
12.0
13.2
8.4
0.2
33.7
23.1
9.9
13.2
8.0
2.6
31.3
22.8
7.0
15.8
7.3
1.2
30.1
21.9
7.1
14.8
7.1
1.2
36.8 (2007-08)
25.2 (2009-10)
12.0 (2009-10)
15.8 (2011-12)
9.4 (2007-08)
5.6 (1976-77)
Source: CSO.
Note: * The f igure in brackets is the year in which the highest rate was recorded.
1.36 Retained prof its of the private corporate sector adjusted for
non-operating surplus/ def icit plus depreciation constitutes its gross
savings, which increased sharply after 2002-03 to reach over 9 per
cent of the GDP by 2007-08. It was the signif icant and consistent
improvement in corporate prof itability that took the private
corporate sector savings rate to above 9 per cent in 2007-08 from
less than 2 per cent during the 1980s. A study by the RBI on the
Performance of Non-Governmental, Non-f inancial Companies
showed that their prof it margins deteriorated in 2012-13. This would
possibly have affected the savings of the private corporate sector.
With negative growth in manufacturing in 2013-14, the savings rate
of the private corporate sector is unlikely to have revived.
1.37 The trends in macroeconomic variables discussed above have
implications for other variables too, viz. inflation, balance of
payments, etc. These are discussed below.
14
15
15
16
Monetary Developments
1.44 Gradual monetary easing that had started alongside some
moderation in inflationary pressures at the beginning of 2013-14
was disrupted by the need to stabilize the foreign exchange market.
In May 2013, there were indications of tapering of quantitative
easing by the US Federal Reserve. The surge in capital outflows
that followed, resulted in sharp depreciation of the rupee. To restore
stability in the foreign exchange market, the RBI hiked interest
rates and compressed domestic money market liquidity.
1.45 Measures taken in mid-July 2013 included a 200 basis points
(bps) hike in the marginal standing facility (MSF) rate to 10.25 per
cent; cap on daily Liquidity Adjustment Fund (LAF) borrowing to
0.5 per cent of net demand and time liabilities (NDTL) of respective
banks; and a hike in the minimum daily cash reserve ratio (CRR)
16
17
OF
P AYMENTS ,
AND
International Trade
1.49 Indias share in world exports and imports increased from
0.7 per cent and 0.8 per cent respectively in 2000 to 1.7 per cent
and 2.5 per cent respectively in 2013. There has also been marked
improvement in Indias total merchandise trade to GDP ratio from
21.8 per cent in 2000-01 to 44.1 per cent in 2013-14.
1.50 Indias merchandise exports reached US$ 312.6 billion (on
customs basis) in 2013-14, registering a growth of 4.1 per cent as
compared to a contraction of 1.8 per cent during the previous year.
In April-May 2014, exports registered a growth of 8.9 per cent over
THE STATE OF THE ECONOMY
17
18
Services Trade
1.51 Services exports registered a growth of 4 per cent in 2013-14
as against 2.4 per cent in 2012-13. Surplus in services trade (net
services) has been a major source of f inancing Indias growing
merchandise trade def icit in recent years. During 2006-07 to 201213, this surplus on an average f inanced around 38 per cent of
merchandise trade def icit. While in 2012-13, net services f inanced
33.2 per cent of the merchandise trade def icit, during 2013-14, with
moderate growth in services exports and fall in their imports, net
services f inanced nearly half of merchandise trade def icit.
Balance of Payments
1.52 Indias Balance of Payments (BoP) position improved
signif icantly in 2013-14, particularly in the last three quarters. The
stress on BoP observed during 2011-12 as a fallout of the crisis in
the Euro area and inelastic domestic demand for certain key
imports continued through 2012-13 and the f irst quarter of 2013-14.
The CAD rose sharply to a high of US$ 88.2 billion (4.7 per cent of
GDP) in 2012-13, surpassing the 2011-12 level of US$ 78.2 billion.
After being at perilously unsustainable levels in 2011-12 and 2012-13,
the improvement in BoP position in 2013-14 is a relief. However,
the outcome in 2013-14 was mixed: high levels of CAD in the f irst
quarter followed by gradual correction thereafter; broadly adequate
f inancing through capital flows till May 2013; a sharp correction
in June-August 2013 followed by a surge in September-November
2013. The correction in June-August 2013 was on account of market
fears of an imminent tapering of asset purchases by the US Fed.
The subsequent surge in flows owed to the special swap windows
incentivized by the RBI for non-resident deposits and the overseas
borrowing programme of banks.
19
1.58 These inflows in tandem with the lower level of CAD led to
reserve accretion in 2013-14. Foreign exchange reserves were placed
at US$ 304.2 billion at end march 2014 as against US$ 292.0 billion
at end March 2013. Thus foreign exchange reserves in nominal
terms increased by US$ 12.2 billion as against a reserve accretion of
US$ 15.5 billion on BoP basis at end March 2014. The difference
owed to valuation loss in the non-US dollar assets held due to
cross-currency movements and the decline in gold prices. On
June 20, 2014, foreign exchange reserves stood at US$ 314.9 billion.
1.59 In 2013-14, the rupee started to depreciate in May 2013.
Depreciation was more pronounced in June and August 2013in
THE STATE OF THE ECONOMY
19
20
External Debt
1.60 The one-off mobilization of deposits by the RBI had
implications for Indias external debt. Indias external debt stock at
end March 2013 stood at US$ 404.9 billion as against US$ 360.8
billion at end March 2012. This increased further to US$ 426.0
billion at end December 2013. Indias external debt consists
predominantly of long-term borrowings and has remained within
manageable limits owing to prudential restrictions on debt varieties
of capital inflows given large interest differentials.
20
21
1.63 Global economic activity is expected to strengthen in 201415 on the back of some recovery in advanced economies. The Euro
area is also expected to register a growth rate of above 1 per cent
as against contraction witnessed in 2012 and 2013 (IMF, WEO,
THE STATE OF THE ECONOMY
21
22
SECTORAL DEVELOPMENTS
1.66 In what follows, major sectoral issues and developments are
outlined. These developments have fed into the macroeconomic
scenario that has been presented in the previous sections.
23
23
24
nutrient based subsidy (NBS) policy, which does not have urea
under its purview.
1.72 The pricing of subsidized fertilizers has resulted in their higher
usage. The recommendation of the Task Force for Direct Transfer of
Subsidy to shift to a system of direct transfer of fertilizer subsidy
to farmers in a phased manner needs to be considered. The Crop
Diversif ication Scheme has been introduced in the Punjab and
Haryana region and is expected to promote technological innovations
and encourage farmers to choose crop alternatives. The predominance
of small and marginal farms in Indias agriculture, with limited
capital availability, hampers progress of farm mechanization.
1.73 Domestic and international marketing of agricultural
commodities needs immediate attention. A plethora of government
interventions for building marketing set up has in fact created
barriers to trade. There is need to facilitate a National Common
Market for agricultural commodities with uniform taxes in the
domestic market, and to foster a long-term stable trade policy for
agricultural products.
1.74 There is need to expand the adoption of the decentralized
system of procurement for the PDS from 11 states and union
territories (UT) at present to all states. This would help save
transport costs, reduce transit losses and other leakages, increase
food availability, reduce food prices in the open market and
ultimately rein in food subsidy.
1.76 As per IIP data, mining output contracted for the third
successive year in 2013-14, declining by 0.6 per cent. Natural gas
production plummeted mainly owing to declining production from
the KG-6 basin. Electricity generation increased by 6.1 per cent in
2013-14 as compared to 4.0 per cent in the previous year, mainly on
account of signif icant capacity addition in recent years.
1.77 Slowdown in construction resulted in capacity underutilization in the steel and cement sectors. Steel and cement
consumption increased by 0.6 per cent and 3.0 per cent respectively
in 2013-14. The capital goods segment has been among the weakest
performers in the manufacturing sector. Its index declined by 6.0
per cent in 2012-13 and further by 3.6 per cent in 2013-14.
1.78 For eight core industriescoal, fertilizer, electricity, crude
oil, natural gas, ref inery products, steel, and cementthe average
growth rate declined from 6.5 per cent during 2012-13 to 2.7 per
cent during in 2013-14. The moderation in growth occurred mainly
on account of contraction in natural gas and crude oil, and subdued
growth in coal, fertilizers, and ref inery products.
24
25
Services Sector
1.84 The services sector has emerged as the fastest growing sector
of the economy and the second fastest growing in the world, with
a CAGR of 9 per cent, behind China with a CAGR of 10.9 per cent
during the period from 2001 to 2012. Services have also contributed
substantially to foreign investment f lows, exports,
and employment. The share of the services sector in employment
increased from 19.7 per cent in 1993-94 to 26.9 per cent in 2011-12.
1.85 Like industry, services also slowed during the last two years.
The deceleration in growth was particularly sharp in the combined
category of trade, hotels & restaurants and transport, storage, and
THE STATE OF THE ECONOMY
25
26
Financial Intermediation
1.86 Financial reforms are critical to the emergence of India as a
strong market economy. A well-functioning f inancial system will
support growth, f inancial inclusion and stability. The passage of
the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA)
Act, the shift of regulatory supervision of commodity futures trading
to the Ministry of Finance, and the presentation of the Financial
Sector Legislative Reforms Commission (FSLRC) report, are some
of the major developments in 2013-14.
1.87 The Indian banking sector, which exhibited considerable
resilience in the immediate aftermath of the global f inancial crisis,
has been impacted by the global and domestic economic slowdown
over the last two years. During 2012-13, the deteriorating asset quality
of the banking sector emerged as a major concern, with gross nonperforming assets (NPAs) of banks registering a sharp increase.
Overall NPAs of the banking sector increased from 2.36 per cent of
total credit advanced in March 2011 to 3.90 per cent of total credit
advanced in March 2014 (provisional). As a consequence of the
slowdown and high levels of leverage, some industry and
infrastructure sectors, namely textiles, chemicals, iron and steel,
food processing, construction, and telecommunications, are
experiencing a rise in NPAs. The RBI in the Financial Stability
Report (December 2013) identified f ive sectors infrastructure, iron
and steel, textiles, aviation and mining as stressed sectors. Public
sector banks (PSBs) have high exposures to the industry sector in
general and to such stressed sectors in particular.
1.88 The New Pension System (NPS), now National Pension
System, was introduced for the new recruits joining government
service on or after January 2004. It represents a major reform of
Indian pension arrangements, and lays the foundation for a
sustainable solution to ageing in India by shifting to an individual
account, def ined-contribution system. Till 7 May 2014, a total of
67.41 lakh members have been enrolled under the NPS with a
corpus of ` 51,147 crore. From 1st May 2009, the NPS was opened
up for all citizens in India to join on a voluntary basis. The
Swavalamban Scheme for workers in the unorganized sector
launched in 2010, initially for three years for the benef iciaries who
enrolled themselves in 2010-11, has now been extended to f ive years
for the benef iciaries enrolled in 2010-11, 2011-12, and 2012-13 and
thus the benef its of co-contribution under the Scheme would be
available till 2016-17.
1.89 With a view to revamping f inancial-sector laws to bring
them in tune with current requirements, the government set up
the FSLRC on 24 March 2011. The Commission in its Report has
given wide-ranging recommendations, both legislative and nonlegislative, on the institutional, legal, and regulatory framework
and operational changes in the Indian f inancial sector. The draft
Indian Financial Code (IFC) that has been proposed by the FSLRC
has provisions that aim at replacing a large numers of existing
f inancial laws. The FSLRC has designed a modif ied f inancial
26
27
Human Development
1.92 India with a large and young population has a great
demographic advantage. The proportion of working-age population
is likely to increase from approximately 58 per cent in 2001 to
more than 64 per cent by 2021. While this provides opportunities,
it also poses challenges. Policymakers have to design and execute
development strategies that target this large young population.
Demographic advantage is unlikely to last indef initely. Therefore
timely action to make people healthy, educated, and adequately
skilled is of paramount importance.
1.93 According to the United Nations Human Development
Report (HDR) 2013, India with a human development index (HDI)
of 0.554 in 2012 slipped down the global ranking to 136 from 134 as
per HDR 2012. India is in the medium human development category
with countries including China, Egypt, Indonesia, South Africa,
and Vietnam having better overall HDI ranking within the same
category. The existing gap in health and education indicators in
India as compared to developed countries and many developing
countries calls for much faster spread of basic health and education.
Life expectancy at birth in India was 65.8 years in 2012, compared
to 75.1 years in Sri Lanka and 73.7 years in China. The expenditure
on social services by the government as a percentage of GDP has
increased from 6.8 per cent in 2008-09 to 7.2 per cent in 2013-14
(BE) with expenditure on education increasing from 2.9 per cent
to 3.3 per cent and on health from 1.3 per cent to 1.4 per cent.
1.94 The poverty ratio declined from 37.2 per cent in 2004-05 to
21.9 per cent in 2011-12. In absolute terms, the number of poor
declined from 407.1 million in 2004-05 to 269.3 million in 2011-12.
During 2004-05 to 2011-12, employment growth (CAGR) was only
0.5 per cent, compared to 2.8 per cent during 1999-2000 to 2004-05
THE STATE OF THE ECONOMY
27
28
29
Chapter 2
THE
REFORM AGENDA
2.2
The def ining challenge in India today is that of generating
employment and growth. Jobs are created by f irms when f irms
invest and grow. Hence it is important to create an environment
that is conducive for f irms to invest (Fig. 2.1). The recent business
cycle downturn has seen a sharp decline in investment. Reviving
investment, is therefore, on top of the governments priorities.
2.3
Investments are made on the basis of long-term growth
prospects. The key to reviving investment in India lies in reviving
the trend growth rate of the Indian economy. Reforms are needed
on three fronts: creating a framework for sustained low and stable
inflation, setting public f inances on a sustainable path by tax and
expenditure reform, and creating the legal and regulatory
framework for a well-functioning market economy.
2.4
First, the government has to work towards a low and stable
inf lation rate through f iscal consolidation, moving towards
establishing a monetary policy framework, and creating a conducive
environment for a competitive national market for food. Initiation
of reforms on these fronts will reduce inflation uncertainty and
restore a stable business environment. Further, lower inflationary
expectations would increase domestic household f inancial savings
and make resources available for investment.
2.5
Second, public f inances need to be put on a sustainable path.
India needs a sharp f iscal correction, a new Fiscal Responsibility and
Budget Management (FRBM) Act with teeth, better accounting
practices, and improved budgetary management. Improvements on
30
both tax and expenditure are needed to obtain high quality f iscal
adjustment. The tax regime must be simple, predictable, and
stable. This requires a single-rate goods and services tax (GST), a
simple direct tax code (DTC), and a transformation of tax
administration.
2.6
Government expenditure reform involves three elements:
shifting subsidy programmes away from price distortions to income
support, a change in the focus of government spending towards
provision of public goods, and a systems of accountability through
a focus on outcomes.
2.7
Fiscal responsibility and tax and expenditure reform is a
medium-term agenda and likely to take two to three years to
implement. The positive effects, however, are likely to become visible
as soon as the government makes a commitment to some of these
reforms. Improvements in credit ratings, lower inflation, lower cost
of capital, and greater business conf idence that would ensue will
yield short-term benef its in response to long-term initiatives.
2.8
Third, the government faces the task of putting in place the
legal foundations of a well-functioning market economy for India.
This must be a carefully executed project as it involves legislative,
regulatory, and administrative changes. It involves building state
capacity to allow businesses to operate in a stable environment. It
involves setting up regulators with clear objectives, powers,
flexibility, and accountability.
2.9
Theoretically, there are fundamental differences between the
legal and regulatory framework of a command-and-control economy
and a market economy. In the former, economic activity is restricted
to those activities that are permitted by the state. In a market
economy, the economy thrives because the state interferes only
when there is market failure, i.e. monopoly power, asymmetric
information or externalities. As a consequence, laws permit all
activities, unless the state specif ically restricts them in the context
of market failure. The restrictions need to be part of a known and
predictable regulatory regime unlike now where a lot of
restrictions-well intentioned as they areare not part of a stable
framework.
31
2.12 This reform agenda has three elements: short-term strokeof-the-pen reforms, medium-term reforms that can be undertaken
through executive decisions or the Finance Bill, and long-term
reforms for institutional change. Long-term reforms involve the
challenging task of building capacity and institutions that provide
the foundations of a market economy. This, for example, includes
changes in the legal and regulatory environment for factor markets,
businesses, f inancial-sector regulation, capital flows, and food
markets. A well-developed thought process for reform lies in the
f ield of f inance, where the Financial Sector Legislative Reforms
Commission (FSLRC) has drafted the Indian Financial Code, which
proposes to transform the regulatory framework of Indian f inancial
markets by bringing in a modern legal and institutional framework.
Similar reform projects are required in many areas. The path to
sustainable job creation and income generation is to move on all
of the above. Improving Indias long- term growth prospects will
also feed back into the present and raise investment in the short
run.
2006-07
2012-13
2013-14
9.57
13.82
17.94
4.47
0.78
-3.2
4.74
-0.11
N.A.
Dollars
22.51
Change in CPI (IW) 6.70
-1.82
10.44
4.31
9.7
Real
Real
Real
31
32
Inflation
2.16 Unlike other emerging markets (EMs) that also witnessed a
slowdown in the post-crisis years, in India the slowdown in growth
and investment was accompanied by elevated levels of consumer
price inflation (Figure 2.4). The possibility of stagflation raises
serious challenges for macroeconomic policy.
Source: CSO
Figure 2.3 : Growth Rate of Gross Fixed
Capital Formation at Constant Prices
2.17 Inflation in India began rising after 2005-06 with rapid credit
growth (Figure 2.5) arising from diff iculties in sterilising foreign
exchange intervention. Though policy interest rates were raised,
liquidity continued to rise, and consequently the overall stance of
monetary policy remained easy.
2.18 With the benef it of hindsight, it appears that the f iscal and
monetary stimulus provided by the government in 2011-12 proved
to be excessive and fostered high inflation. Post-crisis f iscal
stimulus raised aggregate economic activities above their long-term
trends since the f irst quarter of 2010 and led to higher inflation.
This outweighed the negative effect on exports from declining
global demand and real exchange rate appreciation. The net effect
of the stimulus was high enough to sustain a positive output gap
till the beginning of 2012.
Investment
2.19 During the high growth years of 2004-07, a large number of
projects had been initiated, assisted by high credit growth.
Investment activity started facing diff iculties in the global crisis.
These were exacerbated by domestic factors.
32
33
External environment
2.22 The cost of borrowing in domestic markets suffered a sudden
increase after 15 July 2013. After the onset of the great recession in
the period after the global f inancial crisis, advanced economies
introduced unconventional monetary policy tools. The US Federal
Reserve, for example, announced asset purchases, popularly known
as quantitative easing (QE), to ease monetary policy which had hit
the zero lower bound. In May 2013, the US indicated that tapering
of these unconventional methods would begin. This led to a sharp
outflow of capital from emerging markets and a pressure on their
exchange rates to depreciate. Like other EM currencies, the rupee
also witnessed pressure to depreciate (Figure 2.8).
33
34
Inflation uncertainty
2.25 Under low and predictable inflation, households and f irms
can make plans about the future, face reduced risk, and undertake
investments. The inflation uncertainty of recent years has been
characterized by a surge in inflation and inflation volatility. High
and unstable inflation has made it diff icult to make projections
about future prof its from investment projects. In particular, it has
an adverse effect on risk-taking by infrastructure f irms, since these
projects involve cash flows over multiple decades into the future.
When consumer price index (CPI) inflation accelerated from
February 2006 onwards, there was a corresponding increase in
inflation volatility. This is depicted in Figure 2.10, which shows
the rolling one-year volatility of year-on-year CPI inflation. This,
in turn, made it harder to anticipate future inflation and make
plans about the future.
Source: CSO
Figure 2.10 : Inflation Volatility
Source: CSO
Figure 2.11 : Central government f iscal
def icit as per cent of GDP
35
India
Brazil
South
Korea
South
Africa
Turkey
134
179
182
116
123
130
7
34
18
41
64
26
69
93
148
111
92
28
34
158
132
186
121
14
107
109
80
159
124
121
135
2
75
13
52
25
3
2
15
150
99
28
10
24
106
80
82
49
50
86
34
71
86
38
130
2.28 The Doing Business Report 2014 prepared by the World Bank
shows that India ranks 134 out of 189 countries in 2014 (Table 2.2).
Global f irms have a choice about where to invest, which is based
on the ease of doing business there. In much the same way, many
large Indian f irms undertake foreign direct investment (FDI)
outside the country and choose where they wish to invest. In an
examination of 3102 large f irms in India, 373 of these have done
outbound FDI that is above 1 per cent of their total assets. The
f irms that have done outbound FDI account for 15.8 per cent of
the total assets of the 3102 f irms.
7.1
7
Source: CSO.
Note: GDPmp is GDP at market prices.
Table 2.3 : Household Financial Savings
and Total Government Borrowing as
Per Cent of GDP
Financial System
2.30 The investment downturn has been exacerbated by
diff iculties in the availability and cost of f inance. Data shows
that the f irst claim upon the savings of households is physical
assets such as gold and real estate. The second claim upon the
residual f inancial savings is resource pre-emption that is done
to fund the f iscal def icit (Table 2.3). In recent years, with a
decline in the savings rate and an enlarged f iscal def icit, the
external capital from outside the f irm, available to the private
sector has declined.
2.31 During the credit boom, bank credit growth was over 30 per
cent. The diff iculties experienced in the infrastructure sectors and
of natural resources have made it diff icult for some of these f irms to
repay their loans. High credit expansion for infrastructure has
resulted in asset-liability mismatches for banks. Table 2.4 shows the
rising share of infrastructure credit in total bank credit. In recent
times, banks are approaching exposure limits to borrowers and
infrastructure sectors. Further, the asset quality of banks has
deteriorated with the gross non-performing assets (NPA) to gross
advances ratio rising.
ISSUES AND PRIORITIES
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Infrastructure credit as
share of bank credit (%)
4.43
7.18
7.49
7.42
8.68
9.73
11.71
13.36
13.42
13.87
Source: RBI.
Table 2.4 : Infrastructure Credit as
Share of Bank Credit
35
36
Infrastructure
2.32 The f irst wave of investment in infrastructure and natural
resources, which began in 2002, has run into numerous problems,
reflecting inter alia the complexities of PPP contracting and the
limited capacity in the system.
2.33 Allegations of corruption, and interventions by investigating
authorities and courts, have interrupted many projects and adversely
affected f irms. Problems of land acquisition and environmental
regulation have led to stalled projects. The weakness in integrated
planning has led to diff iculties such as ports that lack railway
lines or power plants that lack coal supplies.
2.34 Infrastructure projects are best f inanced through corporate
bonds. However, other than issuance by large f inancial institutions,
the corporate bond market in India has been largely missing. In
the absence of a vibrant corporate bond market, infrastructure
projects have resorted to borrowing from banks and in foreign
currency. In the Indian experience, the leverage has often been
mechanically set using rules such as 70:30 for debt: equity. In a
sound f inancial system, the leverage of a project should be
determined by f inancial f irms based on an assessment of the risks
faced by the project.
HOW
37
INFLATION
2.45 For effectively containing inflation requires putting in place
a monetary policy framework def ining a nominal anchor, as well
as deregulating food markets to curb food inflation.
Monetary policy
2.46 Data shows that inflation is becoming entrenched in the
Indian economy. Inflationary expectations are high and sporadic
increases in prices of food items spill over to non-food prices.
ISSUES AND PRIORITIES
37
38
Food inflation
2.51 There are many complex problems with food markets that
need to be addressed. Cereal markets have resource misallocation
due to government interference in every aspect of input and output
38
39
Fiscal responsibility
2.53 The f iscal situation of the central government is worse than
it appears, given the acceleration of inflation from 2006 to 2014.
These inflation shocks effectively reduced the value of outstanding
debt. This has harmed the interests of households but has reduced
the debt burden of the government. These inflation shocks are
unlikely to recur in the future.
2.54 Fresh thinking on a responsible f iscal policy framework is
required. This should feed into a new FRBM Act. The modif ied
Act needs take into account business cycles and to have penalties
that are strong enough so that it cannot be ignored.
Financial repression
2.55 In recent years, the problems of f inancing private investment
have become more acute. High inflation and low real interest rates
have deterred f inancial savings. As Figure 2.13 shows, household
f inancial savings fell from 9.9 per cent of GDP in 2010-11 to 7.09
per cent of GDP in 2012-13. Alongside this, the centre and states
(put together) borrowed 7.1 per cent from the domestic market.
This resource pre-emption has put constraints upon external
f inancing for the private sector. Addressing this will require a
threepronged strategy: reducing the f iscal def icit, reducing
f inancial repression (so as to reduce resource pre-emption and give
households a fairer deal), and reducing inflation.
2.56 When it comes to public debt, India is forcing f inancial
f irms to lend to the government such as through the statutory
liquidity ratio for banks and investment guidelines for other
f inancial f irms. This method of capturing resources is known as
f inancial repression. It leads to lower returns for households who
are customers of f inancial f irms. It generates incentives for
households to avoid holding assets with Indian f inancial f irms,
thus encouraging purchases of gold, real estate, and overseas assets.
The government must move away from f inancial repression and
set up a professional Public Debt Management Agency (PDMA)
that sells government bonds to voluntary bidders.
Tax reform
2.57 In a non-market economy, in addition to laws, taxes and
subsides are used for encouraging or discouraging activities that
ISSUES AND PRIORITIES
39
40
the central planner considers good for the economy. The result is
multiple rates and exemptions. Industrial policy, where the
government picks winners, has generally failed in most countries.
Ultimately, distorted price signals cause resource misallocation and
slow down productivity growth. Most market economies have
moved away from complex tax systems towards simple and rational
systems.
2.58 Indias complex tax system suffers from problems in both
structures and administration. The tax regime is used to do
industrial policy where the state gives exemptions and rebates to
certain economic activity. Uneven and high tax rates and uneven
tax treatment of similar economic activities have induced
distortions in the behaviour of f irms and households. In addition,
the manner of functioning of tax administration is imposing legal
risk and substantial compliance costs upon households and f irms.
2.59 Tax reform in India can improve the ease of doing business
and promote eff iciency and productivity growth. The tax/GDP ratio
of the government must be obtained through a burden-sharing
mechanism where low rates apply on a broad swathe of the
population, through effective enforcement mechanisms. Taxes
clarif ied as bad in public f inance theory like cesses, surcharges,
transaction taxes, and taxes imposed for ease of collection such as
the dividend distribution tax, need to eventually go. Reducing taxrelated distortions can increase eff iciency and fuel GDP growth.
GST
2.60 There is consensus that the GST will be a major milestone
for indirect tax reform in India. Replacing all existing indirect taxes
by the GST will create a national market, eliminate cascading taxes,
and align taxation of imports and exports correctly. This will
improve the competitiveness of production and export from India.
2.61 The implementation of a Central GST (CenGST) could be
the f irst step towards the GST. Once the CenGST is implemented,
and the information technology system for CenGST has worked,
estimation risk will be lower and it will be easier for the centre
and states to move to the GST.
DTC
2.62 Just as the GST is a transformation of indirect taxes, the
DTC is required as a clean modern replacement for the existing
income tax law. As with the GST, the key objective must be a
simplif ication with a clean conceptual core, and the removal of a
large number of special cesses and exemptions that favour special
interest groups. The tax system must move away from industrial
policy, with incentives for one activity or another, towards a simple
framework.
2.63 As with the GST, the DTC will yield gains by removing
distortions of individual and corporate decision making, reducing
compliance cost and litigation, and improving tax collections.
Taxation of f irms
2.64 Firms are ultimately owned by individual shareholders. When
individuals are taxed, the taxation of f irms acts as double taxation.
From the viewpoint of shareholders, the post-tax returns on
40
41
Tax administration
2.67 The Doing Business Report 2014 ranks India at 158 out of 189
countries under the head paying taxes. Expert Committees have
identif ied problems with the taxation system, including
retrospective amendment of laws, frequent amendments, especially
after the executive is unable to establish a tax claim in courts, and
issues with arbitrary tax claims, especially in transfer pricing. This
is coupled with long pendency of disputes and a taxation regime
that is unfriendly to foreign investors.
Expenditure reform
2.68 Expenditure reform is required for government to achieve
desired outcomes with minimum cost. This requires a change in
the budgeting process and accounting practices, subsidy reform, a
focus on public goods, and mechanisms for feedback and
accountability.
Budgeting process
2.69 At present in India, a government department gets
resources through two mechanisms: the budget process run by the
Ministry of Finance and the budget process run by the Planning
Commission. This leads to sub-optimal resource allocation as well
as diffused accountability.
2.70 A more effective budget process would be conducted in the
language of outcomes, targets, and the cost of achieving alternative
targets. The focus of a sound budget process would be upon
outcomes as seen by citizens and measured by independent bodies,
and not the internal activities of departments of government.
Budgetary allocations should be associated with concrete targets
for outcomes and departments held accountable for achieving these
targets.
2.71 The creation of feedback loops towards enhanced performance
requires four elements. The f irst is the unif ication of budget
making at the Ministry of Finance. The second is the design of a
report card about the work of every ministry, and the preparation
of the report card by independent organizations, based on technical
knowledge. The third is a formal budget process that works with
budget constraints, outcomes, and targets. The fourth is a set of
consequences that arises when a department fails to achieve its
ISSUES AND PRIORITIES
41
42
Subsidies
2.73 Not all the money put into subsidy schemes reaches the
poor. Programmes such as food subsidy have huge overhead costs
(Figure 2.14). In other cases, such as the fertiliser subsidy, the
expenditures generate a distorted resource allocation that hampers
productivity (Box 2.1).
2.74 Subsidy programmes are particularly problematic when they
hamper changes in prices and the consequent shifts in resource
allocation which must take place. When the price of diesel rises,
in the medium term, the economy shifts away from diesel. But
this adaptation is blocked if the price of diesel is not actually
raised. When the purchase price for cereals is raised, cereal
production becomes more attractive, even though consumers might
want more non-cereals.
42
43
Education
2.77 There has been remarkable expansion of expenditure on
elementary education in recent years. Combining central and state
spending, this has gone up from ` 62,063 crore in 2006-07 to
` 147,750 crore in 2011-12. As Figure 2.15 shows, this translates into
a substantial expansion from ` 5202 per child in 2007-08 to
` 11,418 per child in 2011-12.
43
44
Health
2.83 Indias health policy has focused on primary health centers
and hospitals. The numbers of hospital beds, doctors, and nurses
per 1000 persons have often been treated less as inputs and more
as measures of success of the health policy. Health outcomes such
as a reduction in cases of diahorrea, malaria, child and infant
mortality can be addressed far more effectively with the same
budgetary resources by addressing the lack of public goods in health.
There is a need to focus the limited budgetary resources on public
goods.
2.84 The most powerful interventions for improved health may
lie in the area of water and sanitation (Table 2.5). Epidemiological
interventions such as vaccination programmes, and control of
diseases, have the characteristics of public goods. Preventing
stagnant water controls malaria. No one but the government has
the incentive to undertake such expenditure. The government must
focus f irst on these interventions. This calls for a fundamental and
strategic shift in thinking about public spending on health.
Category
2005
2012
18.70
56.84
24.75
60.20
82.20
94.15
90.71
96.67
Access to sanitation
Rural
Urban
Access to water
Rural
Urban
Infrastructure
2.85 The role of government in infrastructure can be usefully
divided into planning, contracting, and regulating.
Planning is the decision to build an element of infrastructure.
This inevitably requires inter-relationships between
multiple elements: e.g. where there is a port, there will be a
requirement for railway lines and roads.
Contracting is the task of giving out the contract to a private
producer for building an element of infrastructure.
Once an asset is working, the question of regulating arises,
as there is the market failure arising from monopoly power.
2.86 We may envisage the planning function being performed in
government, the contracting function being placed in a specialized
organization like the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI),
and the regulation function being placed in an independent
regulator.
2.87 Transportation planning requires an integrated view of all
aspects of transportation. Energy planning requires an integrated
view of all aspects of energy. There is a legitimate role for political
considerations in the planning process. As an example, political
authorities may decide that it is important to build transportation
infrastructure in backward states, or in states with greater law and
order problems, even when their economic viability is lower.
44
45
Natural resources
2.97 In the f ield of natural resources where there is global trading,
appropriate incentives for exploration and extraction in India are
obtained when there is pricing parity with the world price
excluding transport costs or taxes. If f irms obtain a lower revenue
per unit of mineral extracted in India, there will be underinvestment in exploration and extraction.
2.98 Auction-based procurement or f ixed-price procurement has
run into many diff iculties. These can be avoided by using a
percentage revenue share for the government, through which the
ISSUES AND PRIORITIES
45
46
FOUNDATIONS OF A
MARKET ECONOMY
47
2.107 The extent to which the stated objectives have been achieved
needs to be statistically measured with an emphasis on outcomes.
The awarding of the report card and the measurement of outcomes
must be done by an independent body. As an example, the outcome
in education is the knowledge of children. The Organisation for
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Programme for
International Student Assessment (PISA) is an internationally
comparable measure of the science and mathematics knowledge of
15-year old children of the country: this can provide a report card
that shows the performance of the state apparatus leading up to
10th standard education.
2.108 This approach will generate accountability. The leadership
of every government organization can work better when there is
clarity of purpose, when minimum powers have been given, and
when there is measurement of the outcome. When there are ample
accountability mechanisms, there is a case for greater operational
autonomy, through which the leadership of the organization can
reshape the organization in favour of delivering results.
47
48
2.115 Over the last decade, a consensus has emerged about the
direction of reforms through a series of expert committees, which
have drawn on hundreds of independent experts and a body of
48
49
Capital controls
2.119 An integral feature of the maturation of the Indian economy
has been the internationalisation of f irms. Firms are much more
connected into the world economy through exports, outbound FDI,
imports of goods and services, foreign equity capital, foreign debt
capital, and use of overseas derivatives markets.
49
50
Food
2.122 One area which has been left behind in Indias liberalisation
and competition agenda is food. In the f ield of services and
industry, Indian producers have achieved substantial freedom of
action, and compete all over India and the world. In the f ield of
food, Indian producers face substantial restrictions. The government
does not permit a producer to sell freely to a neighbour or
neighbouring district. A complex regulatory system is in place.
2.123 The most comprehensive central planning system is in the
market for cereals. The state controls input prices such as those of
fertilizer, water, and electricity, which distorts input choices. The
state sets output prices and supplants private trade with an
administrative machinery that undertakes procurement. It supplants
the private sector in the f ield of storage through godowns of the
FCI. It supplants the private trade in distribution, attempting to
deliver cereals all across the country through the PDS. This central
planning system harms the country in three ways. The visible cost
is the direct cost of operations and delivery. In addition, there is
the hidden cost of leakages, ineff iciency, and illegality that flourish
alongside the public system. The most important cost, however, is
the ineff icient utilisation of resources and structure of production
that follows from the choices of the central planner. This was
necessary for a long period of time because of inadequate
development in the agriculture sector. The time has perhaps come
to remove many of these ineff iciencies by introducing a more
competitive framework.
2.124 In recent decades, rising incomes in India generated a shift
away from staples like wheat and rice towards superior goods like
vegetables, fruits, eggs, milk, and meat. In a market economy,
resources would get reallocated reflecting this shift in purchasing
patterns. A modest shift in relative prices, e.g. the ratio of the
price of spinach to the price of wheat, should generate a shift in
the resource allocation away from wheat towards spinach. The
rigidities of the command-and-control economy have impeded this
process. As a consequence, a large shift in relative prices is required
to generate the required supply response. This has resulted in high
food inflation.
50
Market-based economies
often
provide
income
support, food stamps, and
cash transfers to farmers
and producers for protecting
them but without distorting
market signals.
51
Liberalising Agriculture
2.128 State APMC laws are a major hurdle to modernisation of the
food economy. They have artif icially created cartels of buyers who
possess market power. The proposed Model APMC Act 2003 is an
inadequate solution, as APMCs remain a non-level playing f ield.
In addition, some state governments have introduced barriers to trade
within the country through taxation and technical requirements.
The Essential Commodities Act 1955, an enabling Act which gives
powers of intervention to state governments is incompatible
with an integrated competitive national market for food.
2.129 Parliament has the power to legislate a national market
under the Constitution, which gives it the ability to legislate the
freedom to buy and sell, for farmers and traders, across state lines.
This law can override state APMC laws and restrictions that have
been placed on the farmers right to sell food within and outside
the state. Under such a law, APMCs would become one among
many trading venues in a competitive market. Further, under the
Constitution, Parliament can legislate the creation of a Commission
that monitors the country for anti-competitive practices. To create
a national market the central government needs to use powers
under the Union List and the Concurrent List of the Seventh
Schedule of the Constitution to end the monopoly powers of the
APMCs and replace other punitive and coercive state laws affecting
the food market.
51
52
2.131 There are three groups of public goods in the f ield of food.
The f irst consists of scientif ic research and extension. Knowledge
is non-rival and non-excludable; the private sector has inadequate
incentives to produce knowledge. Hence there is a role for
intelligent public funding for multiple competing research
programmes at universities globally and for public-sector extension
programmes to communicate current research knowledge to
producers across the country.
2.132 The second lies in the f ield of commodity futures trading.
The standard market failures of organised f inancial trading are
found in commodity futures trading. Commodity futures trading is
essential for a modern food sector as it generates forecasts about
future prices that shape sowing and storage decisions across the
country.
A continuous process of
improvement of institutions
must be created.
53
CONCLUSION
2.139 The ultimate goal of economic policy is to create a sustained
renaissance of high growth in which hundreds of millions of
good quality jobs are created. Good quality jobs are created by
high productivity firms, so this agenda is critically about how firms
are created, how f irms grow, and how f irms achieve high
productivity.
2.140 Labour laws create strong incentives for f irms to avoid
hiring a large number of low skill workers. An array of problems
holds back the entry and maturation of new f irms. This protects
existing businesses, even if ineff icient, and limits entry and
competition. It is imperative to use Indias unique demographic
moment wisely and unleash the second generation of reforms.
2.141 The pursuit of long-term initiatives will feed back into the
economy in the short term, with a rise in consumption and
investment. In India today, there is a coincidence between the
priorities for the long term and the priorities for the short term.
At the same time, the deeper impact of these policy initiatives will
kick in with a lag. When there is an open array of opportunities
for individuals and f irms, it will take some time for economic
agents to understand the new landscape and how they should
optimally act in it. Firms will require time and commitment in
order to build up organizational capital. Hence we may envision a
f ive year period within which the reforms are put in place,
followed by a period within which the economy has fully absorbed
the new environment and achieved a higher trend growth rate.
53
Chapter 3
Public Finance
The f iscal outcome of the central government in 2013-14, which was in line with the f iscal consolidation
targets set as per the Medium Term Fiscal Policy Statement (MTFPS), was achieved despite the
macroeconomic challenges of growth slowdown, elevated levels of global crude oil prices, and slow growth
of investment. The f iscal position of states has remained f irmly in consolidation mode with states f iscal
def icit budgeted at 2.2 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP). Steadfast adherence to f iscal
consolidation by the centre and states is key to achieving the desired macroeconomic outcomes. While
the initial phase of f iscal consolidation during 2004-08 was made possible by higher growth and was thus
revenue led, it will indeed be challenging to maintain the momentum in the current context of lower
growth. In the last two years, the focus has been on rationalizing expenditure; this needs to continue,
especially should revenues remain below par, but without diluting the quality of expenditure.
OVERVIEW
3.2 Post the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management
(FRBM) Act 2003, the key f iscal indicator, namely f iscal def icit
(FD), was gradually brought below the threshold target level
(3.0 per cent of GDP) to 2.5 per cent of GDP in 2007-08. The
expansionary f iscal policy stance during the global f inancial crisis
was apposite then, given the slowdown in aggregate demand and
the need to revive the economy through large stimuli. However,
the continuance of the expansion well into 2010-11 had
macroeconomic implications of higher inf lation, which
necessitated a tightening of monetary policy and gradually led to a
slowdown in investments and GDP growth that resulted in a
feedback loop to public f inances through lower revenues. Thus the
process of f iscal consolidation has become arduous and has to be
effected through limits on expenditure, which are carried out at
RE (revised estimates) stage and thus lead to suboptimal quality of
f iscal adjustment.
3.3 The fiscal targets in 2012-13 were achieved by counterbalancing
the decline in tax revenue, mainly on account of economic
slowdown, with higher expenditure rationalization and
compression. The Budget for 2013-14, which was presented against
the backdrop of the lowest GDP growth rate for the Indian economy
in a decade and persisting uncertainty in the global economic
environment, sought to create economic space and f ind resources
for achieving the objective of inclusive development within the
55
Revenue
def icit
(RD)
Enactment of FRBM
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14(BE)
2013-14(BE)
2013-14(P)
3.5
2.4
2.5
1.9
1.1
4.5
5.2
3.2
4.4
3.6
3.3
3.3
3.2
Fiscal
Primary
def icit
def icit
(FD)
(PD)
(As per cent of GDP)
4.3
3.9
4.0
3.3
2.5
6.0
6.5
4.8
5.7
4.9
4.8
4.8
4.5
0.0
0.0
0.4
-0.2
-0.9
2.6
3.2
1.8
2.7
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.2
RD as
per cent
of FD
79.7
62.3
63.0
56.3
41.4
75.2
81.0
67.5
76.4
74.6
70.0
70.0
70.9
FISCAL POLICY
FOR
2013-14
3.5 The f iscal policy for 2013-14 aimed at reviving growth through
facilitating greater flow of the economys resources for productive
purposes and investment and ensuring that the resource allocation
under priority flagship schemes was adequately provided for. The
PUBLIC FINANCE
55
56
fiscal policy for 2013-14 was thus calibrated with two-fold objectives:
f irst, to aid growth revival; and second, to reach the FD level
targeted for 2013-14. The Budget for 2013-14 followed the policy of
revenue augmentation and expenditure rationalization to contain
government spending within sustainable limits. Tax to GDP ratio
was estimated at 10.9 per cent in BE 2013-14 as against 10.7 per
cent in BE 2012-13 and 10.4 per cent in RE 2012-13. The envisaged
growth for tax revenue was 19.1 per cent over RE 2012-13. Total
expenditure was estimated to increase by 16.3 per cent in BE
2013-14 over RE 2012-13. Consequently, FD was projected to reduce
to 4.8 per cent of GDP (Table 3.2).
NON-DEBT RECEIPTS
3.6 As budgets are presented when complete information on public
f inances and the economy is not available, assumptions about the
likely trends in receipts and expenditure are made so as to arrive at
a def icit that is acceptable and conforms to the FRBM Act targets
and the path of f iscal consolidation as per the MTFPS.
3.7 The Budget for 2013-14 envisaged a growth of 23.4 per cent in
non-debt receipts (revenue receipts plus non-debt capital receipts)
over 2012-13(RE). In 2012-13, net tax revenue (net of states share in
gross tax revenue) was `7,40,256 crore and non-tax revenue was
`1,37,357 crore which together constituted revenue receipts of
`8,77,613 crore. Revenue receipts were estimated at `10,56,330 crore
in BE 2013-14, which comprised net tax revenue to centre of
`8,84,078 crore and non-tax revenue of `1,72,252 crore. Together
with non-debt capital receipts of `66,468 crore (inclusive of
disinvestment), the non-debt receipts were estimated at `11,22,798
crore. The BE f igure was revised downward to `10,29,251 in RE
2013-14 (Figure 3.2) mainly on account of lower-than-estimated
growth in tax revenue and lower-than-budgeted realization in
disinvestment owing to overall economic slowdown.
Direct taxes
3.8 The Budget for 2013-14 envisaged a growth of 18.1 per cent in
direct taxes over RE 2012-13. The total direct tax collection for
2013-14 was estimated at `6,61,389 crore which was revised
downwards to `6,30,821 crore in RE 2013-14 owing to a decline in
56
57
Table 3.2 : Receipts and Expenditure of the central government (as per cent of GDP)
Items
1. Revenue receipts (a+b)
(a) Tax revenue (net of states share)
(b) Non-tax revenue
2. Revenue expenditure
of which:
(a) Interest payments
(b) Major subsidies
(c) Defence expenditure
3. Revenue def icit (2-1)
4. Capital receipts
of which:
(a) Recovery of loans
(b) Other receipts (mainly CPSEs
disinvestment)
(c) Borrowings and other liabilities $
5. Capital expenditure
6. Non-debt receipts 1+4(a)+4(b)
7. Total expenditure [2+5=7(a)+7(b)]
of which:
(a) Plan expenditure
(b) Non-plan expenditure
8. Fiscal def icit [7-6]
9. Primary def icit [8-2(a)]
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
(BE)
2013-14
(RE)
2013-14
(P)
8.8
7.0
1.8
14.1
10.1
7.3
2.8
13.4
8.3
7.0
1.4
12.7
8.7
7.3
1.4
12.3
9.3
7.8
1.5
12.6
9.1
7.4
1.7
12.4
8.9
7.2
1.8
12.1
3.3
2.1
1.4
5.2
7.0
3.0
2.1
1.2
3.2
5.2
3.0
2.3
1.1
4.4
6.1
3.1
2.4
1.1
3.6
5.3
3.3
1.9
1.0
3.3
5.4
3.4
2.2
1.1
3.3
5.0
3.3
2.2
1.1
3.2
4.8
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
6.5
1.7
9.4
15.8
4.8
2.0
10.6
15.4
5.7
1.8
8.8
14.5
4.9
1.6
9.1
13.9
4.8
2.0
9.9
14.6
4.6
1.7
9.4
14.0
4.5
1.7
9.3
13.8
4.7
11.1
6.5
3.2
4.9
10.5
4.8
1.8
4.6
9.9
5.7
2.7
4.1
9.9
4.9
1.8
4.9
9.8
4.8
1.5
4.2
9.8
4.6
1.3
4.0
9.8
4.5
1.2
PUBLIC FINANCE
57
58
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
(BE)
2013-14
(RE)
2013-14
(P)
367648
438477
488113
553705
661389
122475
139069
164485
196512
240919
244725
298688
322816
356326
419520
244737
344530
391738
473792
564254
83324
135813
149328
165346
187308
102991
137701
144901
175845
196805
58422
71016
97509
132601
180141
624528
793072
889177
1036235
1235870
Tax revenue as a percentage of gross tax revenue
58.9
55.3
54.9
53.4
53.5
19.6
17.5
18.5
19.0
19.5
39.2
37.7
36.3
34.4
33.9
39.2
43.4
44.1
45.7
45.7
13.3
17.1
16.8
16.0
15.2
16.5
17.4
16.3
17.0
15.9
9.4
9.0
11.0
12.8
14.6
Tax revenue as a percentage of gross domestic product
5.7
5.6
5.4
5.5
5.8
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.1
3.8
3.8
3.6
3.5
3.7
3.8
4.4
4.3
4.7
5.0
1.3
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.6
1.7
1.7
0.9
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.6
9.6
10.2
9.9
10.2
10.9
630821
236194
393677
518770
175056
178787
164927
1158905
633473
237789
394677
496231
172132
169469
154630
1133832
54.4
20.4
34.0
44.8
15.1
15.4
14.2
55.9
21.0
34.8
43.8
15.2
14.9
13.6
5.6
2.1
3.5
4.6
1.5
1.6
1.5
10.2
5.6
2.1
3.5
4.4
1.5
1.5
1.4
10.0
Indirect Taxes
3.10 The Budget for 2013-14 envisaged a growth of 20.3 per cent
in indirect taxes over RE 2012-13. The total indirect tax collection
for 2013-14 was estimated at `5,64,254 crore which was revised
downwards to `5,18,770 crore in RE 2013-14 (Table 3.3). As a
proportion of GDP, indirect taxes accounted for 4.6 per cent in
2013-14 (RE), slightly lower than the 4.7 per cent in 2012-13. Of
major concern is that the shortfall in growth was broad based,
encompassing all indirect taxes, namely excise duty and customs
and service taxes, when compared with their budgeted levels. The
sector-specif ic measures in customs tax, union excise duty, and
service tax are given in Box 3.2.
COLLECTION RATES
3.11 Collection rates are an indicator of overall incidence of
customs tariffs including countervailing and special additional
duties on imports. These are computed as the ratio of revenue
collected from these duties to the aggregates value of imports in a
year (or period) and thus represent trade-weighted tariffs. The
trends in these ratios for important commodity groups as well as
for all commodities taken together over the years are displayed in
Table 3.4. Besides this, there are other exemptions in taxes and as
such, as part of the FRBM Act 2003, the statement on duty foregone
(tax expenditure) is being published.
58
59
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
Food products
POL
Chemicals
Manmade f ibre
Paper and newsprint
Natural f ibre
Metals
Capital goods
Others
Non POL
Commodity Group
19.3
5.7
21.6
30.1
10.3
12.6
24.3
15.7
6.1
12.8
4.2
2.7
16.4
17.0
8.4
5.6
16.8
12.5
4.0
8.7
2.5
1.9
13.9
22.0
7.7
4.3
17.4
11.3
3.8
7.6
3.1
5.6
16.9
29.6
7.9
4.6
22.0
12.9
3.9
8.5
2.9
2.8
14.0
21.9
7.0
3.3
19.7
11.5
3.7
7.4
3.2
1.5
16.3
31.3
7.3
4.5
22.7
11.7
4.7
8.2
Total
10.4
6.9
5.9
7.7
6.0
6.0
Box 3.2 : Major Measures Introduced in Budget 2013-14 for Indirect Taxes
CUSTOMS
A. GENERAL
1) Duty-free allowance in respect of jewellery for an Indian passenger who has been residing abroad for
over one year or a person who is transferring his residence to India raised from `10,000 to `50,000 in
case of a gentleman passenger and from `20,000 to `1,00,000 in case of a lady passenger.
2) Duty-free allowance for crew member of vessel/aircraft raised from `600 to `1500.
B. SECTOR-SPECIFIC CHANGES:
I. AGRICULTURE/AGRO PROCESSING/PLANTATION SECTOR:
1) Basic customs duty on dehulled oat grain reduced from 30 per cent to 15 per cent and for hazel nuts
from 30 per cent to 10 per cent.
2) Basic customs duty on import of raw and white/ ref ined sugar increased from 10 per cent to
15 per cent and concessional basic customs duty of 5 per cent provided on sugar beet seeds.
3) Basic customs duty on ref ined edible oils increased from 7.5 per cent to 10 per cent.
II. AUTOMOBILES:
Basic customs duty on new passenger cars and other motor vehicles (high-end cars) with CIF value
more than US$ 40,000 and/or engine capacity exceeding 3000cc for petrol-run vehicles and exceeding
2500 cc for diesel-run vehicles increased from 75 per cent to 100 per cent. Basic customs duty on
motorcycles with engine capacity of 800cc or more increased from 60 per cent to 75 per cent.
III. METALS and POLYMERS:
1) Basic customs duty on stainless steel wire cloth stripe reduced from 10 per cent to 5 per cent and on
wash coat, for use in the manufacture of catalytic convertors and their parts from 7.5 per cent to
5 per cent. Full exemption from export duty provided to galvanized steel sheets falling under certain
sub-headings, retrospectively w.e.f. 01.03.2011.
2) Basic customs duty on iron or steel scrap including stainless steel scrap (CTH 7204) and aluminium
scrap (CTH 7602) increased from Nil to 2.5 per cent.
3) Export duty of 5 per cent imposed on iron ore pellets.
IV. PRECIOUS METALS:
1) Basic customs duty reduced from 10 per cent to 2 per cent on pre-forms of precious and semiprecious stones. Duty on gold increased from 8 per cent to 10 per cent and on silver from 6 per cent
to 10 per cent. Additional duty of customs (CVD) on gold ores and concentrates and gold dore bar for
use in the manufacture of standard gold increased from 6 per cent to 8 per cent.
2) Basic customs duty leviable on articles of jewellery and parts thereof, of precious metal or of metal
clad with precious metal and articles of goldsmiths' or silversmiths' wares and parts thereof, of precious
metal or of metal clad with precious metal increased from 10 per cent to 15 per cent.
(Contd...)
PUBLIC FINANCE
59
60
Box 3.2 : Major measures Introduced in Budget 2013-14 for Indirect Taxes (Contd...)
V. CAPITAL GOODS/INFRASTRUCTURE:
1) Basic customs duty on steam coal increased from Nil to 2 per cent and CVD from 1 per cent to
2 per cent and on bituminous coal reduced from 5 per cent to 2 per cent and CVD from 6 per cent
to 2 per cent.
2) Basic customs duty reduced from 7.5 per cent to 5 per cent on 20 specif ied machinery for use in
leather and footwear industry.
3) Liquef ied natural gas (LNG) and natural gas (NG) imported for supply to a generating company for
generation of electrical energy exempted from basic customs duty.
VI. AIRCRAFT and SHIPS:
1) Basic Customs Duty on yachts and motorboats increased from 10 per cent to 25 per cent and the time
limit for consumption of imported goods by ship repair units extended from three months to one year.
2) Time period for consumption/installation of parts and testing equipments imported for maintenance,
repair and overhaul (MRO) of aircraft by units engaged in such activities extended from 3 months to
1 year.
VII. ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION:
1) Full exemption from basic customs duty provided to lithium ion automotive battery for manufacture of
lithium ion battery packs for supply to the manufacturers of hybrid and electric vehicles.
2) Time period of exemption (Nil BCD, CVD of 6 per cent, and Nil SAD) for the specif ied parts of electric
and hybrid vehicles extended by two more years up to 31 March 2015.
VIII. TEXTILES:
Basic customs duty on raw silk (not thrown), of all grades increased from 5 per cent to 15 per cent
whereas basic customs duty on textile machinery and parts reduced from 7.5 per cent to 5 per cent.
XI. HEALTH:
Full exemption from basic customs duty and additional customs duty provided to specif ied goods
imported under the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) funded by the Global
Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria (GFATM)
CENTRAL EXCISE
I. AGRICULTURE/AGRO PROCESSING/PLANTATION SECTOR/ANIMAL HUSBANDRY:
1) Full exemption from excise duty provided on tapioca sago (sabudana) and tapioca starch manufactured
and consumed captively in the manufacture of tapioca sago, on henna powder or paste, not mixed
with any other ingredient and on di-calcium phosphate (DCP) of animal feed grade conforming to IS
specif ication No.5470:2002.
2) Excise duty on jaggery powder reduced from 12 per cent to 2 per cent (without CENVAT) and
6 per cent (with CENVAT).
II. AUTOMOBILES:
Excise duty on SUVs increased from 27 per cent to 30 per cent whereas on truck chassis (8706 00 42)
reduced from 14 per cent to 13 per cent.
III. METALS:
1) Excise duty of 4 per cent levied on silver manufactured from zinc/lead smelting.
2) Compounded levy on stainless steel "Patta Patti" increased from `30,000 per machine per month to
`40,000 per machine per month.
IV. AIRCRAFTS and SHIPS:
1) Full exemption from excise duty provided on ships and other vessels. Consequently, there will be no
CVD on these ships and vessels when imported.
2) Steel supplied to the Indian shipyards manufacturing ships and vessels [CETH 8901, 8902, 8904, 8905
(except sub heading 8905 20) or 8906] in accordance with the provisions of section 65 of Customs Act
1962 exempted from excise duty subject to certain conditions.
V. TEXTILES:
1) Full exemption from excise duty provided on handmade carpets and carpets and other textile floor
coverings of coir or jute, whether or not handmade.
2) 'Zero excise duty route', as existed prior to Budget 2011-12, restored in respect of branded readymade
garments and made ups. The 'zero excise duty route' is in addition to the CENVAT route presently
available.
(Contd...)
60
61
Box 3.2 : Major measures Introduced in Budget 2013-14 for Indirect Taxes (Contd...)
VI. HEALTH:
1) Branded Ayurvedic medicaments and medicaments of Unani, Siddha, Homeopathic or Bio-chemic system
brought under MRP-based assessment with abatement of 35 per cent from MRP.
2) Full exemption from excise duty provided to the scheduled formulations as def ined under the Drugs
Price Control Order (DPCO) 2013 which were subjected to reprinting, relabeling, repacking, or stickering,
in a premises which was not registered under the Central Excise Act, in pursuance of the provisions
contained in the said Drugs Price Control Order (DPCO).
3) Full exemption from excise duty provided to specif ied goods procured domestically under the Revised
National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) funded by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and
Malaria (GFATM)
VII. ELECTRONICS/HARDWARE:
1) Excise duty on mobile phones of retail sale price exceeding `2000 increased from 1 per cent to 6 per cent.
2) Full exemption from excise duty provided to specif ied goods required for the manufacture of rotor
blades and intermediates, parts and sub-parts of rotor blades, for wind-operated electricity generators.
VIII. PRECIOUS METALS:
Excise duty on gold bars, other than tola bars, manufactured from gold ore or concentrate or gold
dore bar increased from 7 per cent to 9 per cent.
IX. CAPITAL GOODS/INFRASTRUCTURE:
1) Full exemption from excise duty provided to all items of machinery, apparatus, and appliances, etc.
used within the power generating plant and to components or raw materials required for their
manufacture, for setting up of the mega power project, viz. Kameng Hydra Electric Power Project (600
MW) of North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Ltd. (NEEPCO).
2) Full exemption from excise duty leviable on the value of rails, on which duty of excise was paid and
no credit of duty paid on such rails was taken, used for manufacture of railway or tramway track
construction material of iron and steel, .
X. MSME SECTOR:
1) Full exemption from excise duty provided to clay bricks (CETH 69010010) and roof ing tiles (CETH
69051000), to ceramic building bricks, and to Particle/Fibre Board manufactured from agricultural crop
residues.
2) Excise duty on f lattened bamboo boards and bamboo f looring tiles reduced from 12 per cent to
2 per cent without CENVAT credit and 6 per cent with CENVAT credit.
SERVICE TAX
RETROSPECTIVE EXEMPTION: Retrospective exemption was extended to the Indian Railways on the service
tax leviable on various taxable services provided by them during the period prior to 01.10.2012.
RATIONALIZATION OF ABATEMENT: Earlier value of taxable service was prescribed as 25 per cent of the
gross amount charged for all construction services where the value of land was included in the amount so
charged from the service recipient. The abatement was rationalized, so that in respect of high end
constructions, service portion liable to tax will be 30 per cent of the gross amount.
REVIEW OF EXEMPTIONS: The following exemptions were rationalized:
So far, the exemption limit prescribed for charitable organizations providing service towards any other
object of general public utility was `25 lakh per annum. After 1 April 2013, they were to be covered by the
threshold exemption of `10 lakh per annum.
Exemption provided to restaurants other than those having (i) air-conditioning and (ii) license to serve
liquor rationalized; condition regarding 'license to serve liquor' omitted. Therefore, with effect from 1 April
2013, service tax is leviable on taxable service provided in restaurants with air conditioning or central air
heating in any part of the establishment at any time during the year.
Some exemptions like services provided by an educational institution by way of renting of immovable
property and services of vehicle parking to general public have been withdrawn.
Some tax exemption like services by way of handling, storage, and warehousing of rice and services
provied by cord blood bank by way of stemcells have been extended.
AMNESTY SCHEME: To encourage voluntary compliance to broaden the service tax base, VCES was launched.
As part of the scheme, one time amnesty has been provided by way of (i) waiver of interest penalty; and
(ii) immunity from prosecution, to the stop f ilers, non-f ilers or non-registrants or service providers who
have not disclosed true liability in their returns f iled during the period from October 2007 to December
2012, provided such persons pay the tax dues.
Source : Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance.
PUBLIC FINANCE
61
62
3.12 The decline in revenues from all indirect taxes was mainly
on account of general economic slowdown, reduction in duty rates
(both customs and excise), lower volume of imports of dutiable
goods, and various exemptions. This urgently calls for revenueaugmentation measures like withdrawal/rationalization of tax
exemptions; broadening of tax base; cautious approach while signing
Free Trade Agreements; increasing compliance through deterrence;
simplif ication of tax laws; liquidation of locked revenue and
recovery of arrears; and speedy disposal of pending cases. One proxy
indicator of the wedge caused by exemptions is the collection rate
under customs. It is observed that there has been a signif icant
decrease in the collection rate for select import groups between
2007-08 and 2012-13. This calls for a relook into the custom duty
policy regime.
Tax Expenditure
3.13 The statutory rates of taxes as notif ied in the various
schedules are divergent from the actual or effective rates of taxes,
which is attributable to tax provisions that allow (i) deductions
or exemptions from the taxpayers taxable expenditure, income,
or investment, (ii) deferral of tax liability, or (iii) preferential tax
rates. A tax expenditure statement was laid before the Parliament
for the f irst time in 2006-07 and it seeks to list the revenue impact
of tax incentives or tax subsidies that are a part of the tax system
of the central government. In the Receipts Budget for 2013-14, tax
forgone on account of exemptions under corporate income tax for
2011-12 was estimated at `61,765.3 crore and for 2012-13 was projected
at `68,007.6 crore [net of minimum alternative tax (MAT)]. In the
case of corporate taxpayers, deduction on account of accelerated
depreciation, deduction for export prof its of export-oriented units
located in special economic zones (SEZs) and prof its of
undertakings in the power and mineral oil and natural gas sectors
were some of the major incentives. Tax forgone on account of
exemptions under personal income tax was estimated at
`32,230 crore and `36,857.5 crore in 2011-12 and 2012-13 respectively.
The bulk of this was on account of exemptions given for certain
investments and payments under section 80C of the Income-tax
Act and higher exemption limits for senior and very senior
citizens.
63
Non-Tax Revenue
3.15 Non-tax revenues of the centre mainly consist of interest
and dividend receipts of the government, receipts from the services
provided by central government like supply of central police force,
issue of passport and visa, registration of companies, patents and
licence fees, royalty from offshore oil f ields, and various receipts
from the telecom and other sectors. Budget 2013-14 estimated a
growth of 32.8 per cent over 2012-13 (RE) in non-tax revenue which
when actuals (2012-13) were available implied a year-on-year growth
of 25.4 per cent over 2012-13, i.e. `172,252 crore. Budget 2013-14
estimated the non-tax revenue mainly on the basis of prospected
returns from the telecom auction scheduled in March 2013, with
the amount realized from it expected to be credited in the initial
days of 2013-14. The f igure was revised upward to `193,226 in
RE 2013-14. As per the CGA, non-tax revenue in 2013-14 was
`1,99,233 crore, showing a 45 per cent increase over 2012-13 mainly
on account of higher dividends and prof its, and interest receipts.
EXPENDITURE
TRENDS
63
64
Subsidies
3.20 One of the major reasons for the increase in the centres FD
after 2008-09 has been the build-up in subsidies. As per the
provisional actual f igures of the CGA, the major subsidies in
2013-14 amounted to `2,47,596 crore, well above the RE f igures.
There has been a sharp increase in total subsidies from 1.42 per cent
of GDP in 2007-08 to 2.26 per cent in 2013-14 (RE) (Table 3.5).
3.21 Food subsidy has been increasing owing to the widening gap
between the economic cost of procurement by the Food
Corporation of India (FCI) and the central issue prices f ixed for
cereals under the public distribution system (PDS). There has been
partial decontrol of fertilizer subsidy, although prices of urea are
64
65
(in ` crores)
Subsidy heads
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13 2013-14(RE)
Food
Fertilizer
Petroleum
Major subsidy
Total subsidies
As % of GDP
58443
61264
14951
134658
141351
2.18
63844
62301
38371
164516
173420
2.22
72822
70013
68484
211319
217941
2.42
85000
65613
96880
247493
257079
2.56
92000
67971
85480
245451
255516
2.26
Interest payments
3.22 While typically the focus of f iscal policy is on the key
indicator, FD expressed as a proportion of GDP, the absolute levels
of FD are important as they feed into interest payments with a
lag. The base for interest payments is the cumulative debt in the
previous year plus the incremental assumption of debt in the
current year. As a proportion of GDP, interest payments had been
Outstanding
internal
liabilities
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14(BE)
2013-14(RE)
2874683
3212521
3765153
4295575
4856266
4782585
Interest on
internal
liabilities
(` crore)
192567
212707
251634
290278
347888
355438
Average cost of
borrowing (per
cent per annum)
7.5
7.4
7.8
7.7
8.1
8.3
Table
3.6 :
Interest on Outstanding
Internal Liabilities of
Central Government
PUBLIC FINANCE
65
66
67
ACTUAL
OUTCOMES IN
2013-14
VIS--VIS
BUDGET ESTIMATES
Revenue outcome
3.28 The estimated growth in non-debt receipts discussed in the
earlier section in terms of various taxes, and disinvestment receipts
did not materialize and the actual outcome in the current f iscal
indicates the challenge to f iscal marksmanship with implications
for the quality of f iscal adjustment. As per the provisional actual
f igures (P) made available by the CGA, gross tax revenue in 2013-14
(P) has grown year on year by 10 per cent to reach `11,33,832 crore.
This level of growth is lower than was envisaged in the RE (at 10.2
per cent) and falls signif icantly short of the 10.9 per cent envisaged
by BE 2013-14.
3.29 Gross tax revenue (GTR) was budgeted at `1235870 crore for
2013-14. As a proportion of BE, GTR in 2013-14 (P) was 92.1 per
cent, lower than the last f ive years average of 97.5 per cent. The
shortfall is mainly on account of the poor performance of indirect
taxes, namely excise duties (86.1 per cent of BE), customs (91.9 per
cent of BE), and service tax (85.8 per cent of BE). In contrast, nontax revenue during 2013-14 has shown signif icant increase of about
45 per cent (`1,99,233 crore) compared to the previous year chiefly
on account of dividends and prof its and interest receipts. In nondebt capital receipts, there is signif icant shortfall in 2013-14(P) on
account of disinvestment receipts, as only `27,555 crore of the
budgeted amount of `55,814 crore has been realized. Thus the
overall outcome in terms of total non-debt receipts was
94 per cent of the BE at `10,55,336 crore in 2013-14 (P), indic1ating
a sub-optimal outcome in revenue generation vis-a-vis the ambitious
target set.
Expenditure outcome
3.30 Owing to the close monitoring of the f iscal outcome with a
view to staying the course of the reduction in FD, there was some
expenditure correction and as against year-on-year growth of 16.3
per cent envisaged by BE 2013-14 (over RE 2012-13), actual growth
in total expenditure in 2013-14 was limited to 10.9 per cent as per
provisional actual f igures by the CGA (P). As a proportion of BE,
non-plan revenue expenditure in 2013-14 (P) was at 100 per cent of
BE. Plan expenditure was placed at 81.6 per cent of BE and remained
well below the f ive-year average. Plan capital expenditure in
2013-14 also declined over RE levels by `3139 crore. However, major
subsidies burgeoned to reach a f igure of `2,47,596 crore (112 per
cent of BE).
68
Sl.
No.
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Items
2
Revenue receipts (2+3)
Gross tax revenue
Tax (net to Centre)
Non-tax
Non-Debt Capital
Receipts(5+6)
Recovery of loans
Disinvestment proceeds
Total Non-debt receipt (1+4)
Memo items
Corporation tax
Income tax
Union excise duty
Customs
Service tax
Total (Memo items)
Devolution to states
Non-Plan expenditure (a+b)
(a) On revenue account
of which:
(1) Interest payments
(2) Major subsidies
(3) Pensions
(b) On capital account
Plan expenditure (12+13)
(a) Revenue account
(b) Capital account
Total expenditure (8+9)
Revenue expenditure (8a+9a)
Grants for capital assets
Capital expenditure (8b+9b)
Revenue Def icit (1-11)
Effective Revenue Def icit
(14-12)
Fiscal Def icit (7-10)
Primary Def icit (14-8(a)(1)
2012-13
Actuals
BE
2013-14
RE
10
877613
1036235
740256
137357
42158
1056330
1235870
884078
172252
66468
1029251
1158905
836025
193226
36644
1015279
1138832
816046
199233
40057
-13972
-20073
-19979
6007
3413
98.6
98.3
97.6
103.1
109.3
96.1
92.1
92.3
115.7
60.3
8.9
10
7.2
1.8
0.4
16268
25890
919771
10654
55814
1122798
10803
25841
1065895
12502
27555
1055336
1699
1714
-10559
115.7
106.6
99
117.3
49.4
94
0.1
0.2
9.3
356326
196512
175845
165346
132601
1026630
291547
996742
914301
419520
240919
196805
187308
180141
1224693
346992
1109975
992908
393677
236194
178787
175056
164927
1148641
318230
1114902
1027688
394677
237789
169469
172132
154630
1128697
318230
1110400
1023047
1000
1595
-9318
-2924
-10297
-19944
0
-4502
-4641
100.3
100.7
94.8
98.3
93.8
98.3
100
99.6
99.5
94.1
98.7
86.1
91.9
85.8
92.2
91.7
100
103
3.5
2.1
1.5
1.5
1.4
9.9
2.8
9.8
9
313169
247493
69478
82441
413625
329208
84417
1410367
1243509
115513
166858
365896
250383
370684
220972
70726
117067
555322
443260
112062
1665297
1436168
174656
229129
379838
205182
380066
245451
74076
87214
475532
371851
103681
1590434
1399539
121283
190895
370288
249005
377502
247596
74606
87353
453085
352543
100542
1563485
1375590
129839
187895
360311
230472
-2564
2145
530
139
-22447
-19308
-3139
-26949
-23949
8556
-3000
-9977
-18533
99.3
100.9
100.7
100.2
95.3
94.8
97
98.3
98.3
107.1
98.4
97.3
92.6
101.8
112
105.5
74.6
81.6
79.5
89.7
93.9
95.8
74.3
82
94.9
112.3
3.3
2.2
0.7
0.8
4
3.1
0.9
13.8
12.1
1.1
1.7
3.2
2
490596
177427
542499
171815
524539
144473
508149
130647
-16390
-13826
96.9
90.4
93.7
76
4.5
1.2
69
GOVERNMENT
DEBT
69
70
End March
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
(Prov.)
2013-14
(RE)
47.9
35.7
27.9
7.7
12.2
1.9
48.4
37.2
29.5
7.7
11.2
1.8
47.7
37.5
30.4
7.1
10.2
1.6
50.4
50.1
49.4
Sources: Union Budget documents, Controller, Aid, Accounts, and Audit and
Reserve Bank of India.
Notes: # Internal debt includes net borrowing of ` 88,773 crore for 2008-09
and ` 2737 crore for 2009-10 under the Market Stabilization Scheme.
* External debt f igures represent borrowings by central government
from external sources and are based upon historical rates of exchange.
The ratios to GDP at current market prices are based on the CSOs National
Accounts 2004-5 series.
OF THE
Department of Posts
3.37 The gross receipts of the Department of Posts in 2012-13 were
placed at `9,366.50 crore. The gross and net working expenses
during the year were `15,481.15 crore and `14,792.38 crore
respectively, which yield a def icit of `5425.88 crore. In RE 2013-14,
gross receipts are budgeted to go up to `9787.52 crore with gross
and net working expenses estimated at `16,464.05 crore and
`15,806.93 crore respectively. The deficit is projected to be `6019.41
crore. New initiatives undertaken by the Department of Posts include
the IT Modernisation Project and Mobile Money Transfer Service.
Railways
3.38 Freight earnings at `85,263 crore during 2012-13 exceeded the
revised target by `693 crore, registering growth of 22.6 per cent
over 2011-12. Passenger earnings (including other coaching
earnings) during 2012-13 were `34,377 crore, as against `30,963 crore
in 2011-12, an increase of 11.0 per cent. The overall traff ic revenue
for 2012-13 at `1,23,901 crore, registered a growth of 19.0 per cent
over 2011-12. Taking into account further accumulation of `168 crore
to the traff ic outstanding, the gross traff ic receipts of the Railways
for 2012-13 stood at `1,23,733 crore, as against `1,04,110 crore in 201112. The revised estimates of gross traff ic receipts for 2013-14 were
`140,500 crore.
3.39 Ordinary working expenses at `84,012 crore during 2012-13
show an increase of 12.7 per cent over 2011-12. The revised estimates
of ordinary working expenses of 2013-14 stood at `97,060 crore
70
71
Broadcasting
3.42 The total expenditure of Prasar Bharati in 2013-14 was
`3624.91 crore and total revenue earned was `1622.74 crore
(provisional). The government had originally approved a total
amount of `5583 crore for the Twelfth Five Year Plan, i.e. `186
crore as grant-in-aid-general and `5397 crore as grant for creation
of capital assets in respect of Plan schemes being implemented
through All India Radio and Doordarshan. These schemes can be
broadly categorized into: (i) Broadcasting Infrastructure Network
Development (`3500 crore), (ii) Content Development and
Dissemination (`186 crore), and (iii) Special Projects (`140 crore).
The outlay originally approved has since been revised to `3826 crore.
FISCAL
3.43 All the key def icit indicators of states at consolidated level
were budgeted to improve in 2013-14, indicative of the states intent
to carry forward f iscal consolidation as envisaged by the Thirteenth
Finance Commission (FC-XIII) (Table 3.9). While the consolidated
revenue surplus is budgeted to increase to 0.4 per cent of GDP in
2013-14 from 0.2 per cent in 2012-13(RE), gross f iscal def icit (GFD)
and primary def icit (PD) as proportions to GDP are budgeted to
decline to 2.2 per cent and 0.6 per cent respectively in 2013-14
from 2.3 per cent and 0.8 per cent respectively in 2012-13(RE). The
budgeted increase in capital expenditure as a proportion of GDP
from 2.3 per cent in 2012-13(RE) to 2.4 per cent in 2013-14 (BE), it
can be inferred that quality of expenditure is not being
PUBLIC FINANCE
71
72
200809
200910
201011
15.2
12.2
9.0
16.2
13.3
9.5
16.5
13.5
9.8
(As
I. Total receipts (A+B)
A. Revenue receipts (1+2)
1. Tax receipts
of which
States own tax revenue
2. Non-tax receipts
of which
Interest receipts
B. Capital receipts
of which
Recovery of loans and
advances
II. Total disbursements
(a+b+c)
a) Revenue
b) Capital
c) Loans and advances
III. Revenue Def icit
IV. Gross Fiscal Def icit
5.7
3.8
5.6
3.7
5.9
3.3
6.2
3.2
6.5
3.8
6.7
3.7
0.3
3.5
0.2
3.7
0.2
3.1
0.2
3.0
0.2
2.9
0.2
3.0
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
15.7
15.7
14.9
15.0
16.5
16.5
12.1
3.3
0.3
-0.2
2.4
12.4
3.1
0.3
0.5
2.9
12.0
2.7
0.2
0.0
2.1
11.9
2.6
0.4
-0.3
1.9
13.1
3.1
0.3
-0.2
2.3
13.1
3.1
0.3
-0.4
2.2
OUTLOOK
3.46 The longer-term outlook has already been outlined in terms
of the f iscal consolidation roadmap leading to a f iscal def icit of
3.0 per cent of GDP in 2016-17. Despite the global and domestic
challenges, the economy achieved its targeted f iscal consolidation
72
73
Item
1
28.5
18.7
15.2
3.5
0.4
9.8
27.6
20.3
16.0
4.2
0.3
7.4
27.2
18.8
16.0
2.8
0.3
8.5
27.8
20.2
16.8
3.4
0.3
7.6
28.5
20.9
17.6
3.3
0.3
7.5
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.1
28.6
27.5
26.9
28.1
28.4
24.4
3.8
0.4
5.7
9.3
23.5
3.4
0.6
3.2
6.9
22.9
3.2
0.7
4.1
7.6
23.9
3.5
0.6
3.7
7.4
23.9
4.2
0.4
2.9
6.9
73
Chapter 4
TREND IN INFLATION
Year
WPI
CPI-IW
CPI-NS
2011-12
8.94
8.39
2012-13
7.35
10.44
10.21
2013-14
5.98
9.68
9.49
Source: Off ice of the Economic Adviser, DIPP and Labour Bureau.
75
7 and 9 per cent over the previous two years (Table 4.1). This is due
to weak post-crisis global demand and lower international commodity
prices, as well as a sharp seasonal correction in vegetable prices.
4.4 Retail inflation as reflected in consumer price index (CPI)
inflation has remained persistently over 8 per cent since 2011, going
up above 10 per cent in 2012-13. This trend is largely attributed to
high and sustained food inflation, which has only moderated in
Q4 2013-14 causing consumer inflation to fall marginally to between
9 and 10 per cent in late FY 2013-14. Figure 4.1 shows the gap
between WPI and consumer price index-industrial workers (CPIIW) series, and Figure 4.2 shows the inflation in consumer price
index-new series (CPI-NS).
4.5 Food inflation has remained a major driver of inflation since
2011. Seasonal factors accentuated food inflation which rose to
double digits in early 2013-14, before moderating to an average of
6.22 per cent (WPI) and 9.22 per cent (CPI-NS) in the last quarter,
because of high growth in the agricultural sector and a normal
and well-distributed monsoon. The divergence in WPI and CPI
inflation is primarily on account of higher weightage given to
food articles in the consumer price indices.
Source: CSO.
Figure 4.2 : CPI-NS (combined)
inflation
Food
combined
NFM product
(core)
100
24.31
55.00
14.91
8.94
7.24
7.28
13.96
7.54
7.87
7.29
6.74
4.84
6.63
7.05
5.38
9.12
9.07
8.89
10.02
7.71
11.83
11.95
6.22
5.15
5.71
4.70
3.95
2.58
2.36
3.08
3.74
11.90
9.72
10.62
9.22
7.70
11.92
10.83
10.11
Weights
Yearly Inflation
2011-12
Quarterly Inflation
2012-13 Q1
2012-13 Q2
2012-13 Q3
2012-13 Q4
2013-14 Q1
2013-14 Q2
2013-14 Q3
2013-14 Q4
75
76
Pulses Vegetables
Manufactured food
Milk
EFM
3.37
0.72
1.74
3.24
2.41
1.74
3.04
3.86
2.52
-1.95
10.31
12.73
5.10
12.55
Yearly inflation
2011-12
Quarterly inflation
2012-13
2012-13
2012-13
2012-13
2013-14
2013-14
2013-14
2013-14
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
6.36
11.06
17.73
18.36
16.45
15.53
10.91
9.08
16.20
30.68
18.30
13.56
5.92
-11.94
-9.33
-5.08
53.79
8.34
-0.15
14.64
4.70
72.08
79.18
7.36
11.56
7.05
6.23
4.49
4.19
4.93
6.51
8.49
17.12
14.63
13.33
11.67
11.45
15.15
13.73
10.79
5.16
15.40
14.67
9.98
7.56
-3.48
-7.19
-5.53
10.35
10.82
9.44
6.05
0.99
-2.60
-0.31
-1.14
Move to market prices: It is important to be cognizant of the fact that deregulation of diesel prices, powersector
reforms, and generally the move from administered to market-determined prices will release suppressed inflation in the
short run. Nevertheless, the consequent reduction in subsidy and f iscal def icit will have the salutary effect of reducing inflation.
2.
Improving eff iciency of public programmes and breaking the wage-price spiral: The projects selected for schemes
like the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) do not improve the productivity of
the agricultural sector commensurately. The increasing wages under such schemes have reportedly created shortage of
labour in the agricultural sector as well as caused a wage-price spiral. The solution lies in selection of productivityenhancing projects for ambitious public policy programmes like the MGNREGS.
3.
Rationalization of government support to farmers: If the policy of supporting farmers through MSP and procurement
is to continue, the MSP should be scrupulously linked to the cost of production. Procurement should not be open-ended,
and the practice of some state governments of charging as high as 14-15 per cent mandi fee/tax and paying high bonuses over
and above the MSP must be discouraged. Experience has shown that the Food Corporation of India (FCI) has not been able
to release enough stocks in the market to soften cereal prices while recovering its economic cost. While farmers can be
incentivized by gradually removing restrictions on exports, the FCI can learn to procure stocks from markets more
eff iciently and manage risks through the futures market.
4. Role of APMC Acts: The State Agricultural produce marketing committee (APMC) Acts have created monopolies and
distributional ineff iciencies. They constitute a major roadblock in the way of creating a national market for agricultural
commodities. Apart from breaking the monopoly and dissuading state governments from treating the APMCs as liberal
sources of revenue, substantive efforts have to be made to create alternative trading platforms in the private sector where it
is possible to reduce the layers of intermediation. Since this may take time, fruits and vegetables should be taken out of the
purview of the APMC Acts immediately. A processor should be able to buy directly from farmers without having to pay any
mandi fee/tax to the APMC.
5.
76
Role of public def icits: Fiscal def icit should be brought down by setting stringent time-bound targets under the Fiscal
Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act.
77
77
78
Box 4.2 : Urjit Patel Committee to Strengthen the Monetary Policy Framework
An expert committee headed by Urjit R. Patel, Deputy Governor of the RBI was appointed on 12 September 2013 to
revise and strengthen the monetary policy framework. The main objective of the committee was to recommend
what needs to be done to revise and strengthen the current monetary policy framework with a view to making it
transparent and predictable. The group submitted its report in January, 2014 and inter-alia, made the following
recommendations with regard to managing inflation in the country:
1. CPI (combined) should be used as the nominal anchor for a flexible inflation targeting (FIT) framework. The
choice of CPI as nominal anchor was mainly on account of the fact that the CPI closely reflects cost of living and
has larger influences on inflationary expectations than other anchors.
2. Target rate of inflation should be 4 per cent with a tolerance band of 2 per cent to be achieved in a two-year time
frame.
3. The transition path to the target zone should be graduated to bring down inflation from the current level of
around 10 per cent to 8 per cent over a period not exceeding 12 months and to 6 per cent over a period not
exceeding the next 24 months.
4. Administered prices and interest rates should be eliminated as they act as impediments to monetary policy
transmission and achievement of price stability.
Source: CSO.
4.14 CPI-NS inflation excluding food and fuel, i.e. core, remained
sticky and persistent owing to pressures from services-led
components such as medical, education, household requisites, and
others. High inflation in respect of CPI services reflected the role
of wage pressures and other second-round effects.
RESIDEX
4.15 Housing, which contributes almost 10 per cent to overall
consumer inflation, has shown some moderation in recent months
(Figure 4.7). The National Housing Bank (NHB) RESIDEX, which
is a quarterly index of residential prices, shows a mixed trend.
INFLATION EXPECTATIONS
Source: CSO.
Figure 4.7 : CPI-NS housing inflation
General
Food products
Non-food products
Household durables
Housing
Services
Source: RBI.
78
3-months
Sep. 2013
Mar. 2014
87.3
84.3
77.5
73.6
81.9
74.9
89.2
88.6
80.6
70.5
85.5
83.1
1-year
Sep. 2013
Mar. 2014
In per cent of respondents
92.5
89.0
80.9
80.1
87.3
82.8
94.1
93.8
87.5
81.5
91.6
90.4
79
GLOBAL
Source: IMF.
4.19 The RBI has targeted bringing down CPI inflation to around
8 per cent by January 2015 and 6 per cent by January 2016. As
regards the WPI, though headline inflation has inched up to 6 per
cent in May 2014 led by an increase in prices of some food articles
and global commodity prices (crude oil, oilseeds), it is expected to
moderate by the end of 2014.
PRICES AND MONETARY MANAGEMENT
79
80
MONETARY MANAGEMENT
4.21 The course of gradual monetary easing that had started
alongside some moderation of inf lationary pressures at the
beginning of FY 2013-14 was disrupted by the overriding need to
stabilize the exchange market. The RBI started FY 2013-14 with a
25 basis point (bps) cut in the policy repo rate. There was a sharp
depreciation of the rupee due to the sudden surge in capital
outflows in May 2013, following indications of possible tapering of
the US Feds quantitative easing (QE) programme. Consequently,
the RBI hiked short-term interest rates in July and compressed
domestic money market liquidity in order to restore stability to
the foreign exchange market (Figure 4.9).
Source: RBI.
2.
Daily MSF borrowing was restricted to 0.5 per cent of the net
demand and time liability (NDTL) of respective banks as against
the earlier practice of unlimited access against excess statutory
liquidity ratio (SLR) holdings.
3.
4.
4.23 These measures moved up the call rate to MSF rate, making
the latter the effective policy rate in line with policy intent.
Following the ebbing of volatility in the foreign exchange market,
the Reserve Bank initiated normalization of the exceptional
80
81
Instrument
2012-13
2013-14
In per cent
CRR
4.0
4.0
SLR
23.0
23.0
Source: RBI.
Table 4.5 : CRR and SLR Rates
4.25 The RBI hiked the repo rate by 25 bps to 8 per cent on
account of upside risks to inflation as part of its third quarterly
review, to anchor inflation expectations and to contain secondround effects. The move was intended to set the economy securely
on the disinflationary path.
TRENDS
IN MONETARY AGGREGATES
Source: RBI.
RESERVE
MONEY (M0)
81
82
Source: RBI.
Per cent change in 2013-14
13.3
9.4
6.9
14.7
-41.2
Sources of change in M3
Net bank credit to government
Bank credit to commercial sector
Net foreign exchange assets of the banking sector
Governments currency liabilities to the public
Banking sectors net non-monetary liabilities
12.6
13.9
16.1
11.9
12.3
Memo items
Velocity of money
Net domestic assets
Net domestic credit
1.2
12.6
13.4
Source: RBI.
4.29 Growth rate in M3 during 2013-14 at 13.3 per cent was largely
in line with the indicative projection of 13.0 per cent growth in
the Annual Policy Statement of the RBI for 2013-14. However, it
was marginally lower than the 13.6 per cent growth registered
during the previous year. The deceleration in growth of broad
money compared to last year was primarily on account of lower
growth in currency with public and time deposits on the
components side.
4.30 During 2013-14, growth in currency with the public
decelerated to 9.4 per cent as compared to 11.5 per cent during the
previous year. The demand deposits with banks increased by 6.9
per cent during 2013-14 as against a growth of 6.0 per cent during
the previous year whereas growth rate of time deposits decelerated
marginally to 13.9 per cent compared to 14.0 per cent. On the sources
side of M3, the growth in bank credit to the commercial sector
during 2013-14 showed an improvement to 13.9 per cent from 13.5
per cent in the previous year (Table 4.6).
Source: RBI.
Figure 4.12 : Money Multiplier
MONEY MULTIPLIER
4.31 The money multiplier (ratio of M3 to M0) at end March 2014
(Figure 4.12) remained unchanged at 5.5 as compared to March
2013. There was an increase in monetary deepening as well, as
measured by the ratio of M3 to gross domestic product (GDP)
which increased from 78.2 per cent in 2012-13 to 79.2 per cent in
2013-14 (Figure 4.13). This consistent improvement could be
attributed to the spread of banking services in the country and
development of the f inancial sector.
82
Source: RBI.
Figure 4.13 : Select Monetary Aggregates
to GDP
83
Source: RBI.
Figure 4.14 : Non-food Credit and
Scheduled Commercial Bank Deposit
Growth
LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT
4.34 The RBI actively managed liquidity during 2013-14 consistent
with the stance of the monetary policy. The management of
liquidity was pursued carefully through appropriate use of the LAF,
OMOs, and CRR. During 2013-14, net liquidity to the tune of about
` 52,000 crore was injected through outright OMOs, besides an
average daily net liquidity injection of ` 91,800 crore through the
LAF, MSF, and term repos (Table 4.7).
Outstanding on
last Friday
Liquidity injection
Centres surplus
-76.19
-121.04
-117.19
-218.0
-1.47
31.34
100.83
109.40
Total
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
-77.66
-89.70
-16.36
-108.59
Source: RBI.
83
84
Source: RBI.
Source: RBI.
Figure 4.16 : Monthly Liquidity
Injections through MSF
Source: RBI.
Figure 4.17 : Monthly Central
Government Surplus with the RBI
Source: RBI.
84
85
MONEY
MARKET RATES
4.40 Money market rates (Figure 4.18) in India track the weighted
average call money rate and are market-based proxies for the
prevailing policy rates. Given this correlation, money market rates
reflect the prevailing liquidity conditions with the rates being
inversely related to the level of liquidity. Money market rates have
softened during April 2014, reflecting easy liquidity conditions.
Source: RBI.
Figure 4.19 : Cumulative Weighted
Average Yield of Primary Issuances
TREASURY BILLS
4.44 The outstanding amounts of 91-day, 82-day and 364-day
Treasury Bills stood at ` 1,25,761 crore, ` 76,417 crore and ` 1,36,956
crore respectively as in end March 2014. The net issuance (notif ied)
of treasury bills during 2013-14 was ` 39,371 crore as compared to
` 32,771 crore in 2012-13.
4.45 The average of the implicit yield for 91-day, 182-day and 364day treasury bills during 2013-14 increased by an average of 90 bps
to the comparable period of the previous year as shown in Table
4.8. Cash Management Bills (CMBs) were issued for ` 107,195 crore
during July-September 2013 on 13 occasions to curtail exchange
rate volatility. The yield on CMBs ranged from 10.36 per cent to
12.28 per cent.
PRICES AND MONETARY MANAGEMENT
T-bill
In per cent
91 day
182 day
364 day
2012-13
2013-14
8.19
8.01
7.79
8.86
8.86
8.89
Source: RBI.
Table 4.8 : Average Implicit Yields for
Treasury Bills
85
86
CASH MANAGEMENT
2012-13
2013-14
In per cent
WA yield
WA spread
8.84
0.71
9.18
0.75
Source: RBI.
Table 4.9 : Weighted Average Yield and
Spread for State Borrowings
Central Government
4.47 The central government started the year 2013-14 with a
surplus cash balance of ` 1,16,604 crore, but soon, by 12 June 2013,
took recourse to ways and means advances (WMA) owing to its
expenditure commitments. The cash balances remained positive
from 7 December 2013 till 31 March 2014. During 2013-14, the GoI
was in WMA for 42 days and availed of overdraft (OD) on
3 occasions for 9 days as compared to WMA for 40 days and no
OD in the previous year The GoI ended the f iscal year with cash
balances at ` 128,442 crore.
State Government
4.48 The aggregate normal WMA limit for states was placed at
` 10,240 crore for 2013-14 as in the previous year. The normal WMA
limit has been revised by 50 per cent of the existing limit to ` 15,360
crore from 11 November 2013. During 2013-14, 13 states resorted to
WMA as against 8 in 2012-13, 12 states resorted to special ways and
means advances (SWMA) as against 9 in 2012-13 and 8 resorted to
OD as against 6 in 2012-13.
DEVELOPMENTS
4.49 The 10-year treasury bill reflects the long end of the yield
curve. The 10-year rates also proxy credit risk of the sovereign. The
benchmark 10-year yield (Figure 4.20) started hardening towards
end May 2013 on concerns about high current account def icit as
well as retail inflation.
4.50 The indication by the FOMC on 22 May 2013 regarding early
tapering of the bondbuying programme resulted in some sell-off
in G-Secs leading to hardening of yields. The 10-year yield touched
a high of 9.27 per cent on 19 August 2013 and continued to remain
at elevated levels, despite announcement of OMO purchase auction,
on account of higher than expected WPI inflation for the months
of July and August 2013. The yields hardened further on account of
tightening of the repo rate in September 2013. The 10-year yield
stood at 8.83 per cent at end September 2013 after which it has
remained range bound between 8.5 and 9.0 per cent.
Source: RBI.
Figure 4.20 : Yield on 10-year
Treasury Bill
Chapter 5
Financial Intermediation
Financial markets form an important part of the Indian economy. Their performance in 2013-14 reflected
the slowdown in the real economy with most intermediaries growing at a slower rate as compared to
previous years. Moreover, there were growing concerns about asset quality in the banking sector. The
Government of India along with relevant market regulators took cognizance of these growing challenges
including f inancial inclusion and consumer protection and implemented a multitude of policy initiatives
to reinvigorate f inancial markets. The passage of the PFRDA act and presentation of the FSLRC report
in 2013-14 mark important milestones in moving towards the next generation of f inancial-sector reforms.
5.2 The f inancial system is an important growth fundamental for
the Indian economy. At its heart is the working of organized
f inancial trading. Governments and large f irms raise resources
directly from these markets. Some households invest directly in
the markets. Financial intermediaries connect other households to
the markets. Finance determines the allocative eff iciency of how
this investment is done. Measured steps have accordingly been taken
for strengthening the f inancial system and adopting the best that
the global f inancial system has to offer.
(per cent)
5.3 The speed of reforms in the f inancial sector has not kept
pace with f inancial innovation.
5.4 In a fast changing world, f inancial policy has to catch up
with the needs of future India that people are aspiring to build.
The next wave of reforms will be through strengthening the
institutional foundationboth laws and organizations
improving and polishing the f inancial processes; and by taking
well-designed policy decisions that will enhance clarity,
consistency, and transparency for a globalized India. This chapter
highlights the recent developments in the Indian f inancial sector
and the challenges and opportunities faced by the country in
further building up a dynamic f inancial sector in sync with the
global f inancial system.
BANK
CREDIT
Bank credit
(a) Food credit
(b) Non-food credit
Aggregate deposits
(a) Demand deposits
(b) Time deposits
Investment
(a) Govt securities
(b) Other approved
2012-13
2013-14
14.1
18.6
14.0
14.2
5.9
15.2
15.4
15.5
-11.5
13.9
2.1
14.2
14.1
7.8
14.8
10.3
10.4
-33.6
88
Source: RBI.
Figure 5.1 : Credit-Deposit Ratio
Source: RBI.
Figure 5.2 : Investment-Deposit Ratio
(per cent)
Median term
deposit rate
Median base rate
Mar13
Mar14
7.42
7.74
10.20
10.25
Source: RBI.
Note: RRB is regional rural bank.
Table 5.2 : Deposit and Lending rates
of SCBs (excl. RRBs)
(per cent)
Outstanding Rupee
loans
Fresh Rupee loan
Mar 13
Mar 14
12.27
12.19
11.53
11.64
Source: RBI.
Table 5.3 : Weighted Average
Lending Rate (WALR)
89
SECTORAL DEPLOYMENT OF
CREDIT
2012-13
2013-14
13.6
15.9
13.5
7.9
15.1
14.0
-3.6
14.3
13.5
13.1
12.6
14.7
8.4
16.1
15.5
22.0
Source: RBI.
(per cent)
Priority-sector lending
5.12 The outstanding priority-sector advances of public-sector
banks showed (Table 5.5) a growth of 13.4 per cent at end March
2013 over end March 2012. Similarly the outstanding priority-sector
advances of private-sector banks showed a growth of 14.3 per cent
and foreign banks of 5.3 per cent during the same period. Table 5.6
shows growth of priority-sector lending (PSL) by sector.
Public-sector banks
Private-sector banks
Foreign banks
2011-12
2012-13
10.62
14.98
20.71
13.47
14.30
5.33
Source: RBI.
Table 5.5 : Growth of Prioritysector Advances
Agricultural credit
5.13 The agriculture sector was disbursed ` 6,07,375.62 crore in
2012-13. Commercial banks, regional rural banks (RRBs), and
cooperative banks extended credit to 152.77 lakh new farmers,
increasing the total number of agriculture loan accounts f inanced
as of March 2013 to 7.04 crore. As per the provisional f igures
available, as against the farm credit target of ` 7,00,000 crore for
the year 2013-14, an amount of ` 7,30,766 crore was disbursed during
the year. The majority of the credit was disbursed by SCBs but
RRBs and commercial banks increased their share in disbursement
in 2013-14 (Table 5.7).
FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION
(per cent)
Agriculture &
allied activities
Micro & smal
enterprises
Other priority
sector
2012-13
2013-14
7.9
13.5
12.8
33.6
3.1
18.1
Source: RBI.
Table 5.6 : Growth in Priority-sector
Deployment of Credit by sector
89
90
(per cent)
Cooperative banks
RRBs
Commercial banks
2012-13
2013-14
18.31
10.48
71.21
16.21
11.31
72.48
(in ` crore)
Items
Income
Interest Income
Other Income
Expenditure
Interest Expended
Intermediation Cost (Operating Expenses)
Provisions and Contingencies
Operating Prof it
Net Prof it
Net Interest Income (Spread)
Total Assets
Net Income
Source: RBI
2011-12
2012-13
741628
655284
86344
659969
430356
137572
92042
173700
81658
224928
8320890
311272
861398
763612
97787
770233
513803
156585
99845
191010
91165
249809
9573334
347595
91
(per cent)
Return on assets
Return on equity
2011-12
2012-13
1.08
14.60
1.03
13.84
Source: RBI.
Table 5.9 : Return on Assets and
Equity for SCBs
Tackling NPAs
5.24 Asset quality in the banking system has deteriorated in the
post-crisis years and among banks groups, PSBs had the highest
FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION
91
92
Box 5.1 : Highlights of the RBIs Recent Guidelines on Early Warning System 30 January 2014
The RBIs recently released study Early Recognition of Financial Distress, Prompt Steps for Resolution and Fair
Recovery for Lenders: Framework for Revitalizing Distressed Assets in the Economy has suggested various steps
for quicker recognition and resolution of stressed assets. Banks will now be required to classify Special Mention
Accounts (SMA) into three sub-categories:
1. SMA-0: Principal or interest not overdue but showing incipient signs of stress
2. SMA-1: Principal or interest overdue by 31-60 days
3. SMA-2: Principal or interest overdue by 61-90 days
The other main proposals in the framework are:
1. Centralized reporting and dissemination of information on large credit.
2. Early formation of a lenders committee with timelines to agree to a plan for resolution.
3. Incentives for lenders to agree collectively and quickly to a plan. There is better regulatory treatment of
stressed assets if a resolution plan is under way, or accelerated provisioning if no agreement can be reached.
4. Improvement in current restructuring process: independent evaluation of large value restructurings is mandated,
with a focus on viable plans and a fair sharing of losses (and future possible upside) between promoters and
creditors.
5. More expensive future borrowing for borrowers who do not cooperate with lenders in resolution.
6. More liberal regulatory treatment of asset sales:
Lenders can spread loss on sale of loan assets over two years, provided the loss is fully disclosed
Lenders can take-out f inancing/ref inancing over longer periods, which will not be construed as restructuring
Leveraged buy-outs will be allowed for specialized entities for acquisition of stressed companies
Steps to enable better functioning of ARCs mooted
Sector-specif ic companies and private equity (PE) f irms will be encouraged to play an active role in the
stressed assets market
Steps taken by the government and RBI so far have resulted in improvement in recoveries of NPA by PSBs.
These have increased from ` 9726 crore as in March 2010 to ` 20,288 crore as in March 2013 and
` 27,623 crore as in March 2014 (provisional).
92
93
Financial institutions
5.27 There were four FIs under the regulation and supervision of
the RBI: Export-Import Bank of India (EXIM), National Bank for
Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), National Housing
Board (NHB), and Small Industries Development Bank of India
(SIDBI). The total resources raised by FIs during 2012-13 were lower
than in the previous year (Table 5.10). Both short-term and longterm resources raised declined, while those raised through foreign
currency resources recorded a sharp increase. The rise in foreign
currency borrowings was mainly with respect to EXIM as it more
than doubled its external borrowings during the year.
5.28 The funds raised by FIs from external sources increased by
73.4 per cent during 2012-13, while funds mobilized from internal
sources decreased by 9.3 per cent. In case of deployment of funds,
the growth of f resh deployments declined sharply to
13.6 per cent, whereas the funds used in other deployments surged
signif icantly by 586.5 per cent (Table 5.11).
5.29 The f inancial performance of FIs improved during 2012-13
as both their operating and net prof its increased. Increase in FIs
operating expenses during 2012-13 was mainly led by a higher
wage bill. The RoA of all the FIs remained almost stable during
2012-13 with SIDBI and NHB having the highest RoAs. As
compared to last year, net NPAs of FIs at aggregate level increased
mainly on account of higher net NPAs in respect of EXIM, SIDBI,
and NHB. NABARD had the fewest NPAs of the FIs and its NPA
position improved further during the year. The CRAR of all the
FIs was lower during 2012-13 than in the previous year. However,
all the four FIs maintained a CRAR higher than the minimum
stipulated norm of 9 per cent.
(` crore)
2011-12
2012-13
Resources raised
Long term
96100
Short term
105200
Foreign currency
10400
Total
211700
Total oustanding 201600
47000
65900
20100
133000
191300
(per cent)
2012-13
Sources of funds
27.1
Internal
-9.3
External
73.4
Others
225.4
Deployment of funds
27.1
Fresh deployment
-13.6
Repayment of past borrowing 17.6
Other deployments
586.5
Interest payments
26.2
Source: Respective FIs.
Table 5.11 : Variation in Pattern of
Sources and Deployment
of Funds of FIs
93
94
Box 5.2 : Committee on Comprehensive Financial Services for Small Businesses and Low-Income
Households
The RBI set up the Committee on Comprehensive Financial Services for Small Businesses and Low-Income
Households (CCFS) in September 2013 under the Chairmanship of Dr Nachiket Mor. The Committees Report was
released on 7 January 2014.
At its core, the Committees recommendations are that in order to achieve the task of f inancial inclusion in a
manner that enhances both f inancial inclusion and stability, there is need to move away from an exclusive focus
on any one model to an approach where multiple models and partnerships are allowed to thrive, particularly
between national full-service banks, regional banks of various types, NBFCs, and f inancial markets. The common
theme of all the recommendations made by the Committee is that instead of focusing only on large generalist
institutions, specialization and partnerships between specialists must be encouraged. Such an approach, in its
view, would be far more effective at delivering high quality f inancial inclusion, without compromising f inancial
stability or responsibility towards customers. Some of the key recommendations of the CCFS include:
1. Universal Electronic Bank Account for every resident to be made available at the time of issuing the
Aadhaar number.
2. Licensing, with lowered entry barriers but otherwise equivalent treatment, more functionally focused banks,
including payment banks, wholesale consumer banks, and wholesale investment banks.
3. Developing risk-based supervision processes for regional banks and strengthening existing ones before
creating new regional banks.
4. Reorienting the focus of NABARD, SIDBI, and NHB to be market-makers and providers of risk-based credit
enhancements.
5. Consolidating NBFC definitions into two categories: Core investment companies and other NBFCs. Restore
permission of NBFCs-ND to act as business correspondents.
6. On priority sector lending, while the Committee acknowledged that the current focus of the policy, on small
farmers, small businesses, and weaker sections, was well placed, it recommended an approach that incentivizes
each provider to specialise in one or more sectors of the economy and regions of the country. Government
subsidies to be channelled as direct benef it transfers (DBTs) rather than as subventions or waivers.
7. All f inancial f irms regulated by the RBI be required to have an internal process to assess suitability of
products prior to advising clients with regard to them.
FINANCIAL INCLUSION
5.31 Financial inclusion is an important priority of the
government. The objective of f inancial inclusion is to extend
f inancial services to the large hitherto unserved population of the
country to unlock its growth potential. To extend the reach of
banking to those outside the formal banking system, various
initiatives are undertaken by the Government of India (GoI) and
RBI from time to time. PSBs opened 7840 branches in 2013-14 as
compared to 4432 in 2012-13. They had a total of 96,853 automated
teller machines (ATMs) by January 2014 as compared to 69,652 at
the end of 2012-13. Boxes 5.2 and 5.3 highlight some of the key
developments in this f ield.
Box 5.3 : New Banking Licenses in the Private Sector
The RBI released Guidelines for Licenses of New Banks in the Private Sector on 22 February 2013, wherein
applications for setting up new banks in the private sector were invited, for which 25 applications were received.
A High Level Advisory Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr Bimal Jalan, former Governor RBI, was set up for
screening these applications. The Committee submitted its Report along with its recommendations on 25 February
2014. Based on this, an internal scrutiny of the applications was done and the RBI, on 2 April 2014, granted
in-principle approval to two applicants, namely IDFC Limited and Bandhan Financial Services Private Limited, to
set up banks under the Guidelines.
94
95
(` crore)
Debt
Equity
IPOs
Number of IPOs
Mean IPO size
Private placement
Euro issues (ADR/GDR)
Total
2012-13
2013-14
16982
15473
6528
33
198
361462
NA
393917
42383
13269
1236
38
33
276054
NA
331728
(` crore)
Sector
2012-13
2013-14
FINANCIAL MARKETS
UTI
Public
Private
Total
4629
6808
65102
76539
401
4543
48838
53783
Source: SEBI
Table 5.13 : Trends in Resource
Mobilization by
Mutual Funds
Secondary markets
5.34 Indian benchmark indices BSE Sensex and NSE Nifty gained
18.8 and 18.0 per cent in f iscal year 2013-14 (Figure 5.3). Among the
select world indices (Table 5.14), the SPX index registered the
highest percentage change of 29.6 per cent during the calendar
year 2013. Sensex and Nifty meanwhile observed a percentage
change of 9.0 and 6.8 per cent respectively for the same period.
5.35 At the end of March 2014, 1710 foreign institutional investors
(FIIs) were registered with the Securities and Exchange Board of
India (SEBI), with the number of registered sub-accounts increasing
to 6344. The total net foreign institutional investment (FII) flows
during 2013-14 stood at US $ 8.9 billion (Figure 5.4). Market
turnover in the cash segment of the equity market at the BSE and
NSE stood at ` 5,21,664 crore and ` 28,08,489 crore respectively in
2013-14 as compared to ` 5,48,774 crore and ` 27,08,279 crore
respectively in 2012-13. In the equities derivatives segment, all three
stock exchanges, NSE,BSE, and Multi-commodity Exchange Stock
Exchange (MCX-SX), registered a marked increase in turnover. In
the currency derivatives space, the number of contracts and turnover
fell at NSE and MCX-SX in 2013-14 (Tables 5.15, 5.16). The fall in
currency derivatives trading is due to forex volatility and the
liquidity tightening measures taken by the RBI.
FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION
% change in
13 over 12
9.0
6.8
29.6
25.5
14.4
56.7
2.9
-15.5
0.7
26.5
0.0
-6.7
18.0
Source: Bloomberg.
Table 5.14 : Performance of Major
Markets in the World (%)
(` crore)
2012-13
2013-14
Cash
Equity
3257086
3341338
38704572
47575571
95
96
Exchanges
NSE
2012-13
2013-14
MCX-SX
2012-13
2013-14
USE
2012-13
2013-14
BSE
2012-13
2013-14
No. of contracts
Trading
value
(` crore)
Average daily
trading value
(` crore)
959243448
660192530
5274465
4012513
21706
16445
597310766
398584890
3303179
2422410
13593
9928
23766846
47479296
132861
301620
547
1236
NA
39157195
NA
244312
NA
3016
96
Source: SEBI
Figure 5.4 : Net FII Investment
97
2013-14
2014-15*
1295
837
94
206187.25
140713.04
9122.8
1094
997
194
72473.84
78805.14
10651.75
Issues
Amt. Raised
(` crore)
2010-11
10
9451.17
2011-12
20
35610
2012-13
20
16982
2013-14
35
42382.97
2014-15
264.7
Source: SEBI.
Table 5.18 : Particulars on Public Issues
100
90
12
82800.91
56536
3800
Total
No. of issues
Amount (` crore)
2489
1924
300
361462
276054.18
23574.55
FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION
97
98
99
keeping in view the new company law and the recent legislations
in the f inancial markets; the needs of the Indian companies and
foreign investors; and the need for simplif ication and legal clarity
of the Scheme. The Committee submitted its report on
27 November 2013. The government has accepted the report and
the new scheme suggested by the Committee would be notif ied at
a later stage after the necessary tax-related amendments are made.
99
100
The
FSLRC
report
emphasizes
f inancial
consumer protection.
Financial Stability
Secretariat
and
Development
Council
5.54 The council met three times in 2013-14 and has already met
twice in 2014-15. During these meetings, the Council reviewed the
position of asset quality and capital adequacy of the banking system
100
101
10.6
20.9
Offshore
1.4
17.6
22.1
6.9
Offshore
0.0
22.8
101
102
Life insurance
5.59 During 2013-14 life insurers underwrote f irst-year premium
of ` 1,19,641 crore as against ` 1,07,361 crore during 2012-13,
registering a growth of 11.44 per cent. The premium underwritten
by the private sector declined by 4.01 per cent, whereas that
underwritten by the LIC registered a growth of 17.64 per cent.
Non-life insurance
5.60 During 2013-14, non-life insurers including standalone health
insurers and specialized insurers (Export Credit Guarantee Scheme
[ECGC] and Agriculture insurance company [AIC]) underwrote
premium worth ` 77,583 crore as against ` 69,089 crore during
2012-13, registering a growth of 12.23 per cent. (Table 5.21)
Micro insurance
5.61 Micro insurance regulations issued by the Insurance Regulatory
and Development Authority (IRDA) have provided the necessary
impetus for promoting insurance to the needy sector. There were
17,052 micro insurance agents operating in the micro insurance
sector as of end 2012-13, a 35 per cent increase as compared to
2011-12. In micro insurance-life, the individual new business
premium in the year was ` 109.68 crore under 50.36 lakh policies,
which is marginally lower than ` 115.68 crore raised under
46.20 lakh policies in 2011-12. The group business amounted to
` 218.03 crore premium under 139.81 lakh lives in 2012-13.
(per cent)
2102-13
2013-14
Private insurers
25.26
15.37
Public insurers
14.60
9.86
Pension sector
5.63 The New Pension System (NPS) now called National Pension
System was introduced by replacing the existing def ined benef it
102
103
Most households are as yet cut off from large parts of the
f inancial system. Bank-centric notions of f inancial inclusion
have limited value;
The FSLRC has proposed the draft IFC which addresses the
problems of Indian f inance and sets the course for a modern
f inancial system.
103
104
104
Chapter 6
Balance of Payments
The Indias balance-of-payments (BoP) position improved dramatically in 2013-14, particularly in the last
three quarters. This owed in large part to measures taken by the government and the Reserve Bank of
India (RBI) and in some part to the overall macroeconomic slowdown that fed into the external sector.
Current account def icit (CAD) declined sharply from a record high of US$ 88.2 billion (4.7 per cent of
gross domestic product [GDP]) in 2012-13 to US$ 32.4 billion (1.7 per cent of GDP) in 2013-14. After staying
at perilously unsustainable levels of well over 4.0 per cent of GDP in 2011-12 and 2012-13, the improvement
in BoP position is a welcome relief, and there is need to sustain the position going forward. This is
because even as CAD came down, net capital flows moderated sharply from US$ 92.0 billion in 2012-13 to
US$ 47.9 billion in 2013-14, that too after a special swap window of the RBI under the non-resident Indian
(NRI) scheme/overseas borrowings of banks alone yielded US$ 34.0 billion. This led to some increase in the
level of external debt, but it has remained at manageable levels. The large depreciation of the rupee
during the course of the year, notwithstanding sizeable accretion to reserves in 2013-14, could partly be
attributed to frictional forces and partly to the role of expectations in the forex market. The rupee has
stabilized recently, reflecting an overall sense of conf idence in the forex market as in other f inancial
markets of a change for better economic prospects. There is a need to nurture and build upon this
optimism through creation of an enabling environment for investment inflows so as to sustain the external
position in an as yet uncertain global milieu.
106
World output*
Advanced economies
United States
Euro Area@
Japan
United Kingdom
Emerging and developing economies
China
India#
World trade volume (goods and services)
2012
2013
2014
2015
3.2
1.4
2.8
-0.7
1.4
0.3
5.0
7.7
4.7
2.8
3.0
1.3
1.9
-0.5
1.5
1.8
4.7
7.7
4.4
3.0
3.6
2.2
2.8
1.2
1.4
2.9
4.9
7.5
5.4
4.3
3.9
2.3
3.0
1.5
1.0
2.5
5.3
7.3
6.4
5.3
107
BOP DEVELOPMENTS
Overview of Indias BoP
6.8 A sharp improvement was seen in the outcome during 201314 with the CAD being contained at US$ 32.4 billion as against
US$ 88.2 billion and US$ 78.2 billion respectively in 2012-13 and
2011-12. The stress in Indias BoP, which was observed during 2011-12
as a fallout of the euro zone crisis and inelastic domestic demand
for certain key imports, continued through 2012-13 and the f irst
quarter of 2013-14. Capital flows (net) to India, however, remained
high and were suff icient to f inance the elevated CAD in 2012-13,
leading to a small accretion to reserves of US$ 3.8 billion. A large
part of the widening in the levels of the CAD in 2012-13 could be
attributed to a rise in trade def icit arising from a weaker level of
exports and a relatively stable level of imports. The rise in imports
owed to Indias dependence on crude petroleum oil imports and
elevated levels of gold imports since the onset of the global
f inancial crisis. The levels of non-petroleum oil lubricant (PoL)
and non-gold and silver imports declined in 2012-13 and 2013-14.
6.9 Capital flows (net) moderated sharply from US$ 65.3 billion in
2011-12 and US$ 92.0 billion in 2012-13 to US$ 47.9 billion in 2013-14
(Table 6.2). This moderation in levels essentially reflects a sharp
slowdown in portfolio investment and net outflow in short-term
credit and other capital. However, there were large variations
within quarters in the last f iscal, which is explained partly by
domestic and partly by external factors. In the latter half of May
2013, the communication by US Fed about rolling back its
programme of asset purchases was construed by markets as a sign
of imminent action and funds began to be withdrawn from debt
markets worldwide, leading to a sharp depreciation in the currencies
of EMEs. Those countries with large CADs saw larger volumes of
outflows and their currencies depreciated sharply. As India had a
large trade def icit in the f irst quarter, these negative market
perceptions led to sharper outflows in the foreign institutional
investors (FIIs) investment debt segment leading to 13.0 per cent
depreciation of the rupee between May 2013 and August 2013.
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
107
108
Sl.
No.
I
II
III
IV
V
Item
Current account
1 Exports
2 Imports
3 Trade balance
4 Invisibles (Net)
A. Services
B. Transfer
C. Income
Current account balance
Capital account
i. External assistance
ii. External commercial
borrowings
iii. Short-term debt
iv. Banking capital
of which
Non-resident deposits
v. Foreign investment
A. FDI
B. Portfolio
investment
vi. Other flows
Capital account
balance
Capital account
(including errors &
omissions)
Errors & omissions
Overall balance
Reserves change
(-indicates increase,
+indicates decrease)
2009-10
182442
300644
-118202
80022
36016
52045
-8038
-38180
2890
2000
4941
12160
2296
10344
982
8485
1032
11777
7558
2083
12034
4962
6668
16226
21657
16570
-5044
25449
2922
50362
17966
32396
3238
42127
11834
30293
11918
39231
22061
17170
14842
46711
19819
26891
38892
26386
21564
4822
-13259
51634
-12484
63740
-7008
67755
-5105
89300
-10813
48787
51622
61104
65323
91989
47905
-12
13441
-13441
-2636
13050
-13050
-2432
-12831
12831
2689
3826
-3826
-882
15508
-15508
109
109
110
111
111
112
levels of net capital flows fell short or were barely adequate for
f inancing the CAD but in the fourth quarter while the levels of
net capital flows plummeted, the CAD moderated relatively more
sharply leading to a reserve accretion of US$ 2.7 billion.
112
113
Sl
Year
No. (at end
March)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Foreign
exchange
reserves
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
252.0
279.1
304.8
294.4
292.0
304.2
(-)20.1
(+)13.4
(+)13.1
(-)12.8
(+)3.8
(+)15.5
(-)37.6
(+)13.7
(+)12.6
(+)2.4
(-)6.2
(-)3.3
Source : RBI.
EXCHANGE
Sl Country
No.
Foreign exchange
reserves at end
March 2014
(US$ billion)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
China
3950.0#
Japan
1325.1
Switzerland
546.6
Russia
486.2
Brazil
363.9
Republic of Korea
354.4
China P R Hong Kong
331.6
India
304.2
Germany
207.8
France
173.4
Thailand (December 2013)
171.1
Italy
154.3
RATE
113
114
Year/month
2012-13
(annual average)
2013-14
(annual average)
54.41
(-11.9)
60.50
(-10.1)
85.98
(-11.2)
96.30
(-10.7)
70.07
(-6.0)
81.17
(-13.7)
65.85
(-7.8)
60.40
(9.0)
-2601
83.20
(-1.4)
84.11
(-1.1)
90.47
(-7.0)
90.78
(-0.3)
97.87
(-7.2)
101.10
(-3.2)
99.20
(1.9)
100.88
(-1.7)
101.40
(-0.5)
102.27
(-0.9)
102.97
(-0.7)
101.41
(1.5)
70.77
(-0.2)
71.38
(-0.9)
77.07
(-7.4)
78.20
(-1.4)
84.18
(-7.1)
85.12
(-1.1)
84.10
(1.2)
84.53
(-0.5)
84.82
(-0.3)
84.56
(0.3)
84.97
(-0.5)
84.36
(0.7)
55.71
(3.1)
54.51
(2.2)
59.99
(-9.1)
60.00
(-0.02)
64.57
(-7.1)
64.27
(0.5)
63.00
(2.0)
62.63
(0.6)
59.83
(4.7)
59.68
(0.3)
61.02
(-2.2)
59.65
(2.3)
518
8992
-107
-2252
-5976
-2464
-3548
3928
10087
3483
-1929
-530
7782
Source : RBI.
a
FEDAI market indicative rates. Data from May 2012 onwards is the
RBIs reference rates.
* Per 100 Yen.
Note :
Figures in parentheses indicate appreciation (+) and depreciation (-)
over the previous year/month in per cent.
115
NEER
March 2012
March 2013
2013-14 (P)
April 2013
May 2013
June 2013
July 2013
August 2013
September 2013
October 2013
November 2013
December 2013
January 2014
February 2014
March 2014
Appreciation (+)/
depreciation (-) in
NEER over previous
period/month (%)
REER
Appreciation (+)
depreciation (-)
in REER over
previous period/
month (%)
81.60
76.01
-6.9
118.88
120.72
1.5
75.97
75.29
70.51
68.89
64.61
63.95
65.57
64.78
65.27
65.14
64.90
66.27
-0.1
-0.9
-6.3
-2.3
-6.2
-1.0
2.5
-1.2
0.8
-0.2
-0.4
2.1
120.87
121.20
114.22
112.99
107.56
107.64
111.11
111.61
111.34
109.88
109.41
112.29
0.1
0.3
-5.8
-1.1
-4.8
0.1
3.2
0.5
-0.2
-1.3
-0.4
2.6
Source : R B I .
Notes : Exchange rate is based on monthly averagenew CPI; P: provisional.
EXTERNAL
DEBT
115
116
Multilateral
Bilateral
IMF
Export credit
Commercial borrowings
NRI deposits
Rupee debt
Long-term debt (1 to 7)
Short-term debt
Total external debt (8+9)
March
2012PR
March
2013PR
14.0
7.4
1.7
5.3
33.3
16.2
0.4
78.3
21.7
100.0
12.7
6.2
1.5
4.4
33.5
17.5
0.3
76.1
23.9
100.0
September
2013PR
December
2013QE
13.1
6.2
1.5
4.1
32.6
18.7
0.3
76.5
23.5
100.0
12.3
5.6
1.4
3.9
31.5
23.2
0.3
78.2
21.8
100.0
117
(7.1 per cent), Japanese Yen (5.0 per cent), and Euro (3.1 per cent).
The currency composition of government (sovereign) external debt
presents a different picture with predominance of SDR-denominated
debt (39.3 per cent), which is attributed to borrowing from the
International Development Association (IDA), the soft loan window
of the World Bank under multilateral agencies and SDR allocations
by the IMF, followed by government debt denominated in US dollar
(27.9 per cent), Japanese yen (16.5 per cent), Indian rupee (12.4),
and Euro (3.9). At end December 2013, government (sovereign)
external debt was US$ 76.4 billion, accounting for 17.9 per cent of
Indias total external debt, while non-government external debt
was US$ 349.5 billion, accounting for 82.1 per cent of the total.
6.38 Over the years, Indias external debt stock has witnessed a
structural change in composition. The share of concessional in
total debt has declined on account of the shrinking share of off icial
creditors and government debt and the surge in non-concessional
private debt. The proportion of concessional debt in total debt
declined from 42.9 per cent (average) during the period 1991-2000
to 28.1 per cent in 2001-10 and further to 10.6 per cent at end
December 2013. The increasing importance of non-government debt
is evident from the fact that such debt accounted for 65.6 per cent
of total debt during the 2000s as against 45.3 per cent in the
1990s. Non-government debt accounted for over 70 per cent of
total debt in the last f ive years and stood at 82.1 per cent as at end
December 2013.
6.39 As there were renewed concerns about external vulnerabilities
in the context of monetary policy action in systemically important
economies, it would be useful to look at some key external debt
indicators (Table 6.8), some of which are traditional indicators
Year
External
debt
(US$
(billion)
Total
external
debt
to
GDP
Debt
Foreign
service exchange
ratio
reserves
to total
external
debt
28.7
27.0
22.5
16.8
17.5
18.0
20.3
18.2
18.2
20.5
21.8
23.3
35.3
26.2
16.6
10.1#
4.7
4.8
4.4
5.8
4.3
6.0
5.9
-
1990-91
83.8
1995-96
93.7
2000-01
101.3
2005-06
139.1
2006-07
172.4
2007-08 224.4
2008-09 224.5
2009-10 260.9
2010-11
317.9
2011-12
360.8
2012-13PR 404.9
2013-14QE 426.0
(End-Dec)
Source :
Notes :
7.0
23.1
41.7
109.0
115.6
138.0
112.2
106.9
95.9
81.6
72.1
69.0
Concessional
debt to
total
external
debt
Shortterm
external
debt* to
foreign
exchange
reserves
45.9
44.7
35.4
28.4
23.0
19.7
18.7
16.8
14.9
13.3
11.2
10.6
146.5
23.2
8.6
12.9
14.1
14.8
17.2
18.8
21.3
26.6
33.1
31.5
Shortterm
external
debt* to
total
external
debt
10.2
5.4
3.6
14.0
16.3
20.4
19.3
20.1
20.4
21.7
23.9
21.8
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
117
118
International Comparison
6.40 A cross-country comparison of total external debt of the 20
most indebted developing countries, based on the World Banks
International Debt Statistics 2014 which contains data on external
debt for the year 2012, showed that Indias position was third in
terms of absolute external debt stock, after China and Brazil. The
ratio of Indias external debt stock to gross national income (GNI)
at 20.8 per cent was the fourth lowest with China having the
lowest ratio at 9.2 per cent (Table 6.9). In terms of the cover of
external debt provided by foreign exchange reserves, Indias position
was seventh at 71.4 per cent.
Sl. Country
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
China
Brazil
India
Mexico
Turkey
Indonesia
Hungary
South Africa
Kazakhstan
Ukraine
Thailand
Romania
Argentina
Malaysia
Colombia
Venezuela
Pakistan
Philippines
Vietnam
Peru
Total
external
debt
stocks(US$
million)
754009
440478
379099
354897
337492
254899
203757
137501
137014
135067
134223
131889
121013
103950
79051
72097
61867
61390
59133
54148
Total debt
to GNI(per
cent)
9.2
19.9
20.8
30.7
43.1
29.9
173.4
36.6
79.0
77.9
38.2
78.9
26.3
35.5
22.4
19.4
25.5
24.6
44.1
29.4
Short-term
debt to
total
external
debt(per
cent)
67.6
7.4
24.6
20.4
29.9
17.6
11.2
20.3
6.8
25.7
42.4
20.5
11.6
45.2
13.5
26.9
4.2
13.8
16.7
15.8
Foreign
exchange
reserves to
total
debt(per
cent)
441.8
83.9
71.4
45.2
29.6
42.7
21.8
32.0
16.2
16.8
129.1
31.2
33.0
132.5
46.1
13.7
16.6
119.7
43.2
115.1
OUTLOOK
6.41 The improvement in the BoP position during the latter half
of 2013-14 was indeed swift and owed to exceptional measures like
restrictions on non-essential imports and limited period incentives
for certain varieties of capital flows and the impact of overall
economic slowdown on imports. Sustaining the robust outcome in
118
119
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
119
Chapter 7
International Trade
The 2008 global f inancial crisis and subsequent slowdown in the world economy has clearly demonstrated
that tremors originating in one corner of the world can quickly reach other parts, among others via the
trade channel. The 2008 crisis left world trade (both merchandise and services) shattered with a steep
fall to a negative 19.8 per cent in 2009. For f ive years before the crisis (20032007) world trade value
grew at a robust 16.6 per cent (compound annual growth rateCAGR) and for f ive years after the crisis
(2009-2013) it grew at a subdued 9.9 per cent. Mirroring the global trend, Indias exports (merchandise and
services) which also had robust growth of 30.1 per cent in the f ive pre-crisis years (2003-2007) decelerated to
16.0 per cent in the f ive post-crisis years (2009-2013). Though the outlook is now better, the situation is still
fragile for both world and Indian trade with the deep scars left by the 2008 crisis still visible.
WORLD TRADE
7.2 World trade volume growth which decelerated in 2012 to
2.8 per cent after the recovery in 2011 to 6.1 per cent, has shown signs
of recovery again, albeit slow, with a growth of 3.0 per cent. There
seems to be a reversal of roles with the advanced economies that
performed badly in the aftermath of the crisis on the trade front
showing better signs of recovery than the emerging market and
developing economies (EMDEs), many of which are also entangled
in one domestic crisis or the other (Table 7.1).
2.8
3.0
4.3
5.3
1.1
1.4
3.5
4.5
5.8
5.6
5.2
6.3
2.1
2.3
4.2
4.8
4.2
4.4
5.0
6.2
121
and global slowdown. Indias exports were US$ 312.6 billion against
a target of US$ 325 billion during 2013-14, though they grew by a
positive 4.1 per cent as compared to the negative growth of
1.8 per cent during the previous year.
7.5 Monthly export growth rates have seen many ups and downs
in 2013-14. After being in double digits continuously for four months
from July to October 2013, they decelerated to single digit for three
months from November 2013 to January 2014, remained in negative
territory in the next two months, and ended with a positive but low
growth of 4.1 per cent for the full year. In April 2014, export growth
was slightly better at 5.3 per cent and with the 12.4 per cent growth
in May 2014, double-digit growth is back after a gap of six months,
though it is on a low base.
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
Imports
Terms of trade
Rupee
terms
US$
terms
Quantum
Unit
value
Rupee
terms
US$
terms
Quantum
Unit
value
Net
Income
2.7
22.1
15.0
27.9
21.6
25.3
14.7
28.2
0.6
35.2
28.3
11.5
15.9
-0.6
20.3
21.1
30.8
23.4
22.6
29.0
13.6
-3.5
40.5
21.8
-1.8
4.1
0.8
19.0
7.3
11.2
15.1
10.2
7.9
9.0
-1.1
15.2
8.9
7.9
NA
1.0
2.9
7.5
14.9
6.1
13.7
5.1
16.9
1.0
13.8
20.2
6.0
NA
6.2
21.2
20.8
39.5
31.8
27.3
20.4
35.8
-0.8
23.4
39.3
13.8
1.7
2.9
19.4
27.3
42.7
33.8
24.5
35.5
20.7
-5.0
28.2
32.3
0.3
-8.3
4.0
5.8
17.4
17.2
16.0
9.8
14.1
20.2
9.9
8.0
-20.9
6.1
NA
2.8
14.3
3.1
18.9
14.0
15.1
1.9
13.8
-10.0
13.0
74.9
8.0
NA
-2.1
-9.8
3.6
-3.5
-6.0
-1.3
2.6
2.5
12.3
1.1
-31.5
-1.6
NA
-1.8
7.4
11.2
7.3
8.2
8.8
10.7
11.7
11.1
16.1
-25.4
6.3
NA
Source : Computed based on the data of the Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DGCI&S).
Note : Quantum and unit value indices of exports and imports are with a new base (1999-2000=100).
NA : Not Available.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
121
122
Table 7.3 : Export Growth and Share in World Exports: India and Select Countries
Value
(US$
billion)
2012
CAGR
Growth rate
1990-99
2000-12
2012
2013
(JanSept)
1990
2000
2012
2013
(Jan.Sept.)
Change
in share
2012/
2000
EDEs
of which
China
Russia
Mexico
India
Malaysia
Brazil
Thailand
Indonesia
South Africa
NIAEs
Korea Republic
Hong Kong
Singapore
Taiwan
7660
7.2
13.8
3.3
2.0
19.9
25.4
42.3
42.9
17.0
2049
529
371
297
227
243
228
189
87
1700
548
443
408
301
13.6
NA
14.4
7.9
12.4
4.8
10.9
8.0
1.4
8.4
9.2
8.7
9.0
6.8
19.2
14.4
6.9
17.6
7.2
13.1
10.5
9.2
9.3
8.2
10.1
6.8
9.5
6.1
7.9
1.4
6.1
-2.0
-0.3
-5.3
0.8
-6.0
-9.9
-0.1
-1.3
3.3
-0.3
-2.3
8.0
-1.4
2.1
4.7
-1.3
-1.6
-1.0
-5.2
-5.0
NA
1.3
3.3
-0.6
NA
1.8
NA
1.2
0.5
0.9
0.9
0.7
0.7
0.7
7.7
1.9
2.4
1.5
1.9
3.9
1.7
2.6
0.7
1.5
0.9
1.1
1.0
0.5
10.4
2.7
3.2
2.2
2.3
11.3
2.9
2.1
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.0
0.5
9.4
3.0
2.4
2.3
1.7
11.8
2.8
2.1
1.7
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.0
0.5
NA
3.0
2.5
2.2
NA
7.4
1.3
-0.6
1.0
-0.3
0.5
0.2
0.0
0.0
-1.0
0.3
-0.7
0.1
-0.7
World
18092
5.6
9.1
0.1
1.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
122
123
7.10 This tectonic shift in trade shares in the 2000s and early
2010s is mainly on account of Chinas trade which also witnessed
the highest growth rate of 20.3 per cent and to a lesser extent the
three BRICS countries - Russia, India, and Brazil. While in 2012 the
growth rates of most of the EDEs and NIAEs except China and
Mexico, were low or negative, in 2013 (January-September), only
China with 8.0 per cent followed by India with near 5.0 per cent
had good growth.
7.11 As per the WTO data, in the f irst quarter of 2014, except the
EU and Singapore, export growth rates of all other major countries
are negative as in the case of China(-3.8 per cent), Hong Kong
(-1.8 per cent), Indonesia (-1.8 per cent), Japan (-3.9 per cent),
Thailand (-1.0 per cent), South Africa (-4.2 per cent), and Russia
(-1.8 per cent); or low as in the case of the US (2.5 per cent),
Malaysia (3.6 per cent), and Australia (2.0 per cent).
7.12 The 2014 Q1 import growth rates also present a similar picture
with negative growth in Indonesia (-6.3 per cent), Malaysia
(-1.5 per cent), Thailand (-15.4 per cent), and Australia (-3.1 per cent)
and low growth in the US (2.0 per cent), China (1.7 per cent), and
Hong Kong (1.0 per cent). Only the EU (5.2 per cent), Japan (5.6 per
cent), and Singapore (4.2 per cent) had relatively good growth.
Primary products
(a) Agri & allied products
(b) Ores and minerals
CAGR
2000-01
to
2012-13
Growth
ratea
2013-14
4.7
5.1
2000-01
2013-14
16.0
14.0
15.6
13.8
16.9
17.0
2.0
1.8
16.5
1.4
78.8
63.7
15.1
4.6
23.6
9.7
8.0
14.6
16.6
13.1
15.9
-5.2
15.7
19.8
19.1
8.8
10.4
13.2
19.5
5.9
4.4
1.8
8.0
16.7
2.8
0.4
-0.3
10.9
4.2
20.1
33.5
3.0
100.0
100.0
17.2
4.1
II Manufactured goods
7.14 While there has been a small fall in share of primary products,
there was a 15.1 percentage point fall in share of manufactured
goods. Among the four major items under manufactured goods, the
shares of gems and jewellery and textiles (including RMG) fell, with
the fall in the latter to 9.7 per cent being more than half. Two major
manufactured goods items, engineering goods and chemicals and
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
123
124
Growth
2012-13
2013-14(P)
Positive
1. Petroleum
products
2. Chemicals
3. Agri &
allied
prdts
4. Leather
& mnfrs
5. Marine
products
Negative
Overall
-1.8
1. Petroleum
products
2. Engineering
goods
3. Chemicals
4. Agri &
allied prdts
5. Textiles
6. Leather
& manufactures
7. Marine
products
8. Ores &
minerals
4.1
125
Box 7.1 : Estimating Domestic Value Added and Foreign Content of Indias Exports
The import content of Indias exports increased steadily from 11 per cent to 22 per cent during 1995 to 2011. The rise
in import content (or foreign value added) was relatively greater for merchandise exports, from 11 per cent to 26 per
cent during the same period (Table 1). At individual commodity level, the largest increase in import content in exports
took place in ships and boats (almost 60 percentage points) followed by petroleum products and fertilizer ( more than
20 percentage points).
Table 1 : Domestic and Foreign Value Added Shares in Merchandise and Total Exports of India
Share
Merchandise exports Domestic value added
Foreign value added
Total exports
Domestic value added
Foreign value added
1995
1998
2000
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
88.83
11.17
89.49
10.51
87.78
12.22
88.4
11.6
84.34
15.66
85.32
14.68
82.94
17.06
85.26
14.74
75.96
24.04
79.81
20.19
74.62
25.38
78.57
21.43
72.74
27.26
76.61
23.39
74.28
25.72
78.02
21.98
Source: Computation based on input-output tables taken from World input-output database (WIOD).
The share of foreign value added in Indias exports at 24 per cent in 2008, however, was lower than the 33 per
cent for China, 38 per cent for Malaysia and Thailand, 42 per cent for the Philippines, 43 per cent for Korea,
46 per cent for Vietnam, and 48 per cent for Taiwan. Thus, in terms of degree of integration in global value chains,
India lags behind most of the important East Asian emerging economies though countries like South Africa,
Indonesia, and Brazil are behind India. Although there was a rise in exports in gross terms during the period
1998 to 2007, a downward trend is observed in domestic value added share in gross exports in almost all
disaggregated commodities. Traditional export-oriented sectors like textiles, leather and leather products, drugs
and medicines, food processing, and automobile and ancillaries witnessed a fall in domestic value added shares
over the years. The domestic value added share fell by 5 percentage points for cotton textiles, 4 percentage points
for readymade garments, 13 percentage points for silk textiles, and 8 percentage points for drugs and medicine.
During 1998 to 2011, domestic value added in total exports has declined substantially for China and India by 10
percentage points and marginally for Brazil by 4 percentage points. For Indonesia, a reverse trend is observed
where domestic value added in exports has increased (by 6 percentage points).
Source: Based on study by Dr Deb Kusum Das et.al , ICRIER, Estimating Domestic Value Added and Foreign
Content of Indias Exports, sponsored by the Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, GoI.
125
126
Percentage share
Commodity group
CAGR
2000-01
to
2012-13
Growth
ratea
2013-14
2000-01
2013-14
3.3
3.2
21.5
-15.9
0.0
0.2
2.6
33.5
0.0
0.4
2.1
40.4
16.0
29.1
19.6
21.9
3.8
-25.5
-16.9
0.4
31.3
1.3
10.5
36.7
1.4
11.9
21.6
24.0
23.0
0.7
-28.0
-14.7
5.9
5.2
20.6
-14.5
1.0
1.4
52.5
1.0
3.3
38.4
20.4
30.6
18.5
-2.0
-12.8
-14.4
5.9
9.7
5.7
5.3
19.2
13.7
4.3
5.7
9.3
7.0
7.4
6.9
23.0
20.0
-40.1
-1.5
100.0
100.0
21.0
-8.3
I.
Trade Deficit
7.21 The sharp fall in imports and moderate export growth in
2013-14 resulted in a sharp fall in Indias trade def icit by
27.8 per cent. In absolute terms, trade def icit fell to US$ 137.5 billion
from US$ 190.3 billion during 2012-13. However, there was not much
change in the POL def icit which was hovering at around US$100
billion in the last two years. With the fall in imports of both gold
and capital goods, non-POL def icit fell sharply to US$ 35 billion in
2013-14 from US$ 87.2 billion in 2012-13.
Direction of Trade
7.22 In 2013-14, there was good growth of exports to North America
(9.1 per cent) and Africa (7.2 per cent), low growth to Europe
(4 per cent) and Asia (1.7 per cent), and negative growth to Latin
America (-20 per cent) and the CIS and Baltics (-4.7 per cent). While
export growth to the US was 8.3 per cent, it was just 2.2 per cent
to the EU 27 as a result of the slowdown in the EU. Exports to the
UAE fell to a negative -16 per cent. Exports to Asia still constitute
around 50 per cent of Indias exports. While Indias exports to ASEAN
(Association of South East Asian Nations) grew by a small 0.5 per
cent, exports to South Asia grew robustly with high growths to all
the four major SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation) countries, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan,
besides Bhutan. There was also good export growth to China and
Japan at 9.5 per cent and 11.7 per cent respectively. Region-wise,
imports from all f ive regions declined, with the highest decline of
-19.3 per cent in imports from Europe.
126
127
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
China
9.50
9.15
USA
7.30
7.31
UAE
10.72
9.14
Saudi Arabia 4.04
4.75
Switzerland
4.11
4.57
Germany
3.00
2.95
Hong Kong 3.18
2.94
Indonesia
2.52
2.71
Iraq
1.56 2.48
Singapore
2.73
3.17
Kuwait
1.96
2.20
Belgium
2.32
2.20
Nigeria
2.08
2.20
Qatar
1.16
1.73
Korea
2.29
2.16
Total of
58.46 59.64
15 countries
Total
8.32
7.76
9.54
5.53
4.21
2.73
2.55
2.55
2.59
2.67
2.23
1.97
1.87
2.07
2.19
58.78
8.63
8.06
7.82
6.39
2.78
2.66
2.63
2.60
2.55
2.53
2.39
2.24
2.23
2.19
2.18
57.89
0.36
1.26
1.03
0.23
0.03
0.57
1.10
0.57
0.08
1.38
0.18
0.67
0.19
0.06
0.36
0.54
0.33
1.49
0.98
0.18
0.03
0.51
1.24
0.45
0.04
2.02
0.07
0.69
0.18
0.06
0.34
0.49
0.26
1.43
0.93
0.29
0.03
0.51
1.55
0.36
0.07
1.82
0.06
0.55
0.23
0.04
0.32
0.48
0.29
1.76
1.05
0.33
0.09
0.59
1.74
0.33
0.05
1.85
0.06
0.59
0.19
0.06
0.34
0.53
0.68
0.63
0.61
0.69
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
127
128
5
16
6
17
7
18
15
11
Description of items
Export potential
in 2012
(US$ million)
Share
CAGR
2004
2007
2012
2008-12
Mineral products
Machinery & mechanical appliances
Products of chemicals
Vehicles, aircraft and vessels
Plastics & articles thereof
Optical, photograph & cinematography
Base metals & articles of base metal
Textiles & textile articles
19520
13828
3952
3391
2647
2385
2352
1493
7.6
43.2
9.1
5.4
7
6
7.8
4.9
9.7
55.9
5.8
4.3
5.4
4.5
7
2.3
36.6
25.9
7.4
6.4
5
4.5
4.4
2.8
14.9
-3.8
11.1
16.7
9.7
12.3
2.8
18.6
Total exports
53357
100
100
100
6.9
The major potential items of exports to China other than mineral products are machinery and mechanical appliances
and products of chemicals where around one-third of Indias bilateral export potential lies. Indias export potential is
highly concentrated in certain sectors with nearly seven major sectors accounting for around 90.2 per cent in the
medium term, with most of them being in the manufacturing sector. A comprehensive Indo-China trade strategy
which also takes note of Indias domestic concerns like dumping of cheap Chinese goods could be mutually benef icial.
Source: Based on study by Dr S.K.Mohanty (2013), Examining Diversif ication of Indias Exports to Developing
Countries in a Global Economy Partially Affected by Recession, sponsored by the DEA, MoF, GoI.
Percentage share
2002-03
Travel
16.0
Transportation
12.2
Insurance
1.8
GNIE
1.4
Miscellaneous
68.6
Software services
46.2
Non-software services
22.4
of which:
Business services
3.9
Financial services
3.3
Communication services
3.9
Total service exports
100.0
CAGR
Growth rate
2002-03
2013-14 to 2013-14 2012-13
2013-14
11.8
11.5
1.4
0.3
75.0
45.8
29.1
16.6
19.1
17.2
4.8
20.8
19.7
22.7
-2.5
-5.0
-15.4
20.1
4.9
5.9
3.4
-0.4
0.3
-4.8
-14.9
5.6
5.4
5.9
18.8
4.4
1.6
38.3
23.1
10.4
9.8
-17.1
5.4
0.1
34.4
43.0
100.0
19.8
2.4
4.0
128
129
Outstanding
as on
23 Mar. 2001
43321
28 Mar. 2008 129983
22 Mar. 2013 207618
21 Mar. 2014 229429
10.7
23.9
14.2
10.5
9.3
5.5
3.9
3.8
Source: RBI.
Notes : NBC = Net Bank Credit.
Data pertains to all scheduled
commercial banks excluding
regional rural banks availing of
export credit ref inance from the
RBI.
Table 7.9 : Export Credit
TRADE POLICY
Recent Trade Policy Measures
7.29 The government has taken many policy measures to boost
exports in the Foreign Trade Policy announced on 18 April 2013,
besides the one announced in the Union Budget 2013-14, as has the
RBI in its monetary and credit policies (Box 7.3).
Box 7.3 : Some Select Recent Trade Policy Measures
Budget related
Duty on specif ied machinery for manufacture of leather and leather goods including footwear reduced to
5 per cent from 7.5 per cent.
Duty on pre-forms, precious and semi-precious stones reduced to 2 per cent from 10 per cent.
Export duty on de-oiled rice bran oil cake withdrawn.
Concessions to aircraft maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) industry.
Contd...
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
129
130
Thirteen products have been added under the MLFPS, allowing 2 per cent additional benef it.
Share
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
Growth
rate
2013-14
Gujarat
Maharashtra
Tamil Nadu
Karnataka
Andhra Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Haryana
West Bengal
Delhi
Punjab
Rajasthan
Madhya Pradesh
Kerala
Odisha
73498
71661
26937
17821
15353
13309
10657
10496
9329
7063
5915
4374
4285
4005
21.3
22.4
9.1
5.1
5.2
3.5
3.0
2.9
2.7
1.9
2.2
1.2
2.7
1.1
20.4
22.1
9.0
5.8
4.8
3.6
3.2
3.1
2.9
2.2
2.3
1.4
3.2
1.1
23.5
22.9
8.6
5.7
4.9
4.3
3.4
3.4
3.0
2.3
1.9
1.4
1.4
1.3
19.7
7.9
-0.7
1.7
7.3
21.6
9.2
11.3
8.8
8.8
-15.2
4.6
-55.1
25.4
Total Exports
312610
100.0
100.0
100.0
4.1
Source : DGCI&S.
Note : Includes only those states with a share of at least 1 per cent in Indias
exports in 2013-14.
130
131
SEZs
7.33 In a span of about eight years since the SEZ Act and Rules
were notif ied in February 2006, formal approvals have been granted
for setting up of 566 SEZs, of which 388 have been notif ied. A
total of 184 SEZs are exporting at present. Of the total employment
of 12,83,309 persons as on 31 March 2014 in SEZs as a whole,
11,48,605 persons is incremental employment generated after
February 2006 when the SEZ Act came into force. This is apart
from the employment generated by the developers for building
infrastructure. Physical exports from the SEZs increased from
` 4,76,159 crore in 2012-13 to ` 4,94,077 crore in 2013-14, registering
a growth of 4.0 per cent in rupee terms. The total investment in
SEZs till 31 March 2014 is approximately ` 2,96,663 crore including
` 2,73,379 crore in the newly notif ied SEZs set up after the SEZ
Act 2005. In SEZs, 100 per cent FDI is allowed through the
automatic route.
Anti-dumping Measures
7.34 In 2013, 283 anti-dumping investigations were initiated by all
countries with Brazil overtaking India, initiating more than double
the investigations (Table 7.11). In 2013, both Brazil and the USA were
ahead, relegating India to third place in intiating anti-dumping
investigations.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
131
132
1995
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Brazil
United States
India
Australia
Argentina
Canada
Indonesia
China
Colombia
South Africa
5
14
6
5
27
11
4
16
8
35
81
16
10
5
4
30
All countries
157
2011
2012
2013 19952013
8
26
21
9
12
11
5
27
2
6
24
16
55
6
19
3
7
14
6
3
16
15
19
18
7
2
6
5
4
4
47
11
21
12
13
11
7
9
2
1
54
39
29
20
19
17
14
11
11
10
334
508
702
267
312
183
110
211
67
227
311
220
218
165
209
283
4519
Source : WTO.
132
133
Box 7.4 : India and the WTO Conference at Bali: Major Issues (Contd...)
this facility to LDCs when it announced a Duty Free Tariff Preference (DFTP) Scheme for LDCs in 2008. The
scheme was announced to give support to the LDCs in their trade initiatives and granted duty-free access on
about 85 per cent of India's total tariff lines and preferential access (Positive List) on about 9 per cent of tariff
lines. Only 6 per cent tariff lines were under the Exclusion List. Moreover, to fully meet the obligations under
the Hong Kong Ministerial Mandate of 2005 as well as to meet the requests from some of the LDCs for additional
product coverage under the duty-free list and simplif ication of the rules of origin procedures, the government
has, of late, come out with an expanded version of the Scheme. Effective from 1 April 2014, the DFTP Scheme
will provide duty-free market access on 96.4 per cent of Indias tariff lines and 2 per cent of the lines would
be enjoying preferential duties. Only 1.6 per cent of the tariff lines have been retained in the Exclusion List,
with no duty concessions. The new expanded Scheme will also bring in several procedural simplif ications with
reference to the Rules of Origin. At present, 31 out of 48 LDCs have become benef iciaries of the scheme. Out
of this, 21 LDCs benef iciaries are from Africa.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
133
134
134
135
Box 7.6 : Some Major Issues in India's Merchandise Trade Sector (Contd...)
and Shanghai. Port infrastructure issues include poor road conditions and port connectivity, congestions, vessel
berthing delays, poor cargo handling techniques and equipment, lack of access for containerized cargo, and frequent
EDI server down or maintenance, resulting in multiple handlings, increased lead time, high transaction costs, and
thus loss of market competitiveness. Export infrastructure should be built on a war footing. Just as drastic changes
have been brought about in India's airports and metro rail, sea ports should be the immediate priority.
Focus on useful regional trading blocks: Some FTAs/RTAs/CECAs of India have led to an inverted duty
structure-like situation with import duty on some f inished goods being nil or lower than the duty on raw materials
imported from other countries. Besides, the domestic sector involving livelihood concerns has also been affected
by some of them. India's push towards regional and bilateral agreements should result in meaningful and resultoriented FTAs /RTAs/ CECAs. So a reality check of existing RTAs//FTAs/CECAs is needed by evaluating the
performance of the items for which duty concessions have been given along with the impact on domestic
production. India should also ready itself to face new threats like the Transatlantic Free Trade Agreement (TAFTA)
between the US and EU which intends to create the world's largest free trade area, protect investment, and
remove unnecessary regulatory barriers. Meanwhile there is also need to have some new useful RTAs/FTAs/
CECAs, for some of which negotiations have already started. More involvement of stakeholders could also help
in ironing out differences.
Inverted duty structure: An inverted duty structure is making Indian manufactured goods uncompetitive
against f inished product imports in the domestic market as f inished goods are taxed at lower rates than raw
materials or intermediate products. This discourages domestic value addition. This inversion is not solely
because of basic customs duty but also other additional duties. The regional/ bilateral FTAs with countries like
Japan and South Korea and ASEAN, have added to a new inverted duty-like situation with some f inal goods of
these partner countries having nil or low duty while materials for these items from other countries have higher
duty. Inverted duties are found in different sectors. This needs to be avoided and there should be the right
balance between different stakeholders.
Export promotion schemes: There are multiple and overlapping export promotion schemes with many focus
markets and focus products with items and markets getting added each year in the foreign trade policy. One
thing that is visible even from the short select list of trade policy measures (See Box 7.3) is the multiplicity of
schemes and concessions that are also periodically extended. There is need to rationalize the export promotion
schemes to a bare minimum which can also reduce transaction costs and trade litigations. Also many rates of
concession should not be there. Even for duty drawback schemes, there should be limited rates instead of
having different rates even for similar items. This will make things simpler and avoid discretionary decisions.
Wherever tariffs are low or can be reduced, export incentives should be withdrawn as the transaction costs
would be higher than the benef its owing to duty concessions.
SEZs: A clear signal needs to be given for Indian SEZs as fresh investments are slowing down in recent years
and the greenf ield SEZs have not really taken off full swing. While the new manufacturing zones (NMZ) are
being planned, a lot of investment has already been made in SEZs waiting to be tapped to the full potential.
There are also areas where SEZs are worse off than domestic tariff area (DTA) units as in the case of nonapplicability of FTA concessions when SEZs sell in DTAs.
Trade facilitation: Greater trade facilitation by removing the delays and high costs on account of procedural
and documentation factors, besides infrastructure bottlenecks is another major challenge. As per the World Bank
and International Finance Corporation (IFC) publication Doing Business 2014, India ranks 134 in ease of doing
business with Singapore at f irst place and China at 96. In trading across borders India ranks 132, Singapore
1, and China 74. India needs 9 export documents compared to 3 in Singapore and 8 in China. Time to export
is 16 days in India and 6 in Singapore. The number of import documents needed is 20 for India and 4 for
Singapore. Cost of exports per container is US$ 1170 in India, US$ 460 in Singapore, and US$ 620 in China and
cost of imports per container is US$ 1250 in India, US$ 440 in Singapore, and US$ 615 in China. There are also
inter-ministerial delays. The present move towards integration of related ministries is a step in the right
direction, though a lot more needs to be done. Policy announcement and issue of notif ication should happen
simultaneously.
Intertwining of domestic and external-sector policy: While a stable agri export policy is needed, any domestic
shortage or excess affects exports. Similarly external shortages/ excesses affect the domestic sector. So a smooth
intertwining of domestic and external-sector policies particularly for agriculture is needed. Advanced economic
and market intelligence to avoid major mismatches is also necessary.
These issues, if addressed, could lead to exponential gains for India's exports.
Source: Based on Dr H.A.C. Prasad, Dr R. Sathish, and Salam Shyamsunder (forthcoming), Working Paper of
Department of Economic Affairs, MoF on 'India's Merchandise Exports: Some important issues and policy
suggestions'.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
135
136
OUTLOOK
7.39 The IMFs World Economic Outlook of April 2014 has projected
world trade volume to grow from the 3.0 per cent in 2013 to
4.3 per cent in 2014 and 5.3 per cent in 2015 with a marked
improvement in export and import growth of advanced countries.
However the picture on the ground is not so optimistic with the
Baltic dry index (BDI), a good proxy of the robustness of world trade,
being in the red. It is in one of the lowest phases since the 2008
global f inancial crisis with sub 1000 indices for most days since 14
April 2014, compared to the peak of 11,793 in May 2008 (Figure 7.3).
The pick-up in Indias exports in April-May 2014, after f ive months
of low/negative growth, though a positive sign, is partly due to the
low base.
7.40 The quarterly and monthly export and import growth
performance of the world and major trading countries is also not
very encouraging. The good world export and import growth in Q3
and Q4 of 2013 did not continue. In Q1 2014 it decelerated to 1.8 per
cent and 1.9 per cent respectively from the 4.3 per cent and 2.1 per
cent growth in the previous quarter. Except the EU and Singapore,
the 2014 Q1 export growth of all other important countries is negative
or low. In the case of import growth also which indicates the
demand for exports of other countries including India, the situation
is almost similar. Even the monthly import growth rates available
for some countries for April and May 2014 show no improvement.
Thus world trade and Indias exports are still fragile, the recent good
performances notwithstanding. There is also the downside risk of
external shocks like the latest increase in oil prices owing to the
Iraq crisis.
136
Chapter 8
138
Sl. Item
No.
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
4.7*
13.9*
NA
0.8
14.6
12.3
8.6
14.6
12.4
5
14.4
12.3
1.4
13.9
11.8
6.3
5.8
18.5
15.7
8.0
7.0
6.5
20.8
18.0
10.1
7.1
6.5
21.2
18.1
11.8
3
4
NA
NA
11.9(P)
Source: Central Statistics Off ice (CSO) and Directorate General of Commercial
Intelligence and Statistics (DGCI&S).
Notes: *Quarterly Estimates of GDP as of 30 May 2014; NA - Not Available;
GCF-gross capital formation; P- provisional.
Record
production
of
Foodgrains and Oilseeds.
Area
126.2
(4.47)
43.9
(2.57)
31.3
(4.33)
25.5
(2.98)
9.3 (6.90)
7.9
(8.22)
25.4
(9.01)
10.2 (20.00)
3.9 (0.00)
28.2
(6.42)
5.5 (17.02)
6.5
(1.56)
11.7 (-2.50)
5.0 (0.00)
Production
264.4
(2.88)
106.3
(1.05)
95.8 (2.46)
42.7 (6.64)
24.2
(8.52)
9.2
(5.75)
19.6
(7.10)
9.9 (12.50)
3.4 (13.33)
32.4 (4.85)
9.5 (102.10)
7.8 (-2.50)
36.5
(6.73)
348
(2.11)
Yield
2095
2419
3059
1672
2602
1161
770
974
857
1149
1723
1208
529
70
(-1.55)
(-1.75)
(-1.86)
(2.83)
(1.40)
(-3.09)
(-2.41)
(-5.98)
(10.44)
(-1.63)
(73.17)
(-4.28)
(8.85)
(0.00)
139
(Base: TE 1981-82=100)
1980-81 to 1989-90
(Base: TE 1993-94=100)
Rice
0.41
Wheat
0.46
Coarse cereals -1.34
Pulses
-0.09
Sugarcane
1.44
Nine oilseeds
1.51
Cotton
-1.25
3.62
3.57
0.40
1.52
2.70
5.20
2.80
3.19
3.10
1.62
1.61
1.24
2.43
4.10
0.68
1.72
-2.12
-0.60
-0.07
0.86
2.71
2.02
3.57
-0.02
0.59
2.73
1.63
2.29
1.34
1.83
1.82
0.93
1.05
1.15
-0.41
0.00
1.35
0.25
1.59
1.34
2.35
3.22
1.82
2.65
2.96
3.72
2.10
4.71
13.53
1.82
1.29
2.70
2.10
0.75
2.31
9.99
140
Box 8.1 : Enigma of El Nio ( the little boy) and the Indian Monsoon
El Nio effect occurs when surface temperatures in the Pacif ic Ocean continuously rise above average for
several months, which in turn adversely affects weather in many parts of the world. On an average it occurs
every 3-5 years, often begins to form during June-August, and typically lasts 9-12 months. The event gains
signif icance in India since its effect is felt around August, during the SW monsoon. While the majority of
drought years in India coincide with the occurence of the El Nio, the reverse link is not that strong. While in
the previous ten El Nio years India suffered a rainfall def icit of 10
per cent or more only in six; in 1997, when the impact of El Nio was
reported to be the worst, India had 2 per cent higher than normal
rainfall.
In the past decade, the El Nio occurred in 2002, 2004, 2006, and
2009. While 2002-03 was the only year that India showed negative
agri sector growth with average rainfall dropping 20 per cent below
normal, 2009-10 experienced the most severe drought in nearly 40
years with total rainfall being 23 per cent below normal. A comparison
of the changes in kharif and rabi production during the last four
occurrences of El Nio reveals that the impact was more in the kharif
season (Figure 1).
The Extended Range Forecast System (ERFS provided by the IMD)
seasonal forecast for this monsoon season indicates the probability of
lower rainfall in the rainfed regions of central, south, and north-west
India, which may affect crops like rice, soybean, cotton, maize, jowar,
groundnut, and sugarcane.
plan periods. Three of the 5 years of the Eleventh Plan period had
annual rainfall less than 95 per cent of the long period average
(LPA), as compared to 5 in the previous 15 years (Twelfth Five Year
Plan, Vol. II: 2-3). The LPA of the season rainfall over the country
as a whole for the period 1951-2000 is 89 cm.
8.11 The south-west (SW) monsoon (from June to September)
accounts for nearly 75 per cent of total annual rainfall in India
and thus substantially affects agricultural performance. In 2013, the
actual season rainfall over the country was 106 per cent of LPA.
The second long-range forecast for the SW monsoon season
released by the IMD on 9 June, indicates that the monsoon rainfall
is likely to be 93 per cent of the LPA (model error 4 per cent),
with 71 per cent probability of sub-normal /def icient rainfall and
70 per cent occurrence of El Nio. Box 8.1 outlines the relationship
between El Nio and the Indian monsoon.
8.12 Rainfall distribution data can aid in gauging the likelihood
of an El Nio occurrence. Signif icantly, the number of divisions
reporting def icient/scanty rainfall cumulative from 1 June is higher
this year than in the previous five years with (-) 44 per cent rainfall
departure. Further, 80 per cent of districts had def icient rainfall/
no rain in this period (Table 8.4).
8.13 Reservoir capacities monitored by the Central Water Commission
(CWC) reflect a better status of water availability. The total live
storage in 85 important reservoirs across the country, with capacity
at full reservoir level (FRL) of 154.88 billion cubic meters (BCM)
and accounting for about 73 per cent of total reservoir capacity,
140
141
Category
Excess/normal
Def icient/scanty
No rain
Rainfall departure
from normal (%)
Excess/normal
Def icient/scanty
No rain
11.6.2014
8
28
0
-44
Number of Subdivisions
30
23
3
6
8
19
0
5
14
23
-42
17
11
19
6
-6
2
18
16
-39
33
39
28
25
47
28
DRIVERS OF GROWTH
8.17 A singular characteristic of Indian agriculture is the
predominance of small and marginal farms (1.16 ha in 2010-11).
However, empirical studies indicate that small size of land holdings
are not a deterrent to increasing productivity, which is determined
by focused research and investments, access to modern inputs,
appropriate technology, and innovative marketing systems to
aggregate and market the output eff iciently and effectively.
AGRICULTURE AND FOOD MANAGEMENT
141
142
Seeds
8.20 Seed quality accounts for 20-25 per cent of crop productivity.
As hybrid seeds in cross-pollinated crops give higher yields, greater
emphasis was placed on their production; thus, their availability
has been higher than the requirement. Certif ied/quality seeds
account for about 30 per cent of total seeds used, though there are
signif icant variations across crops and states. Under the centralsector Development and Strengthening of Infrastructure Facilities
for Production and Distribution of Quality Seeds (DPQS) Scheme
the availability of certif ied seeds has increased to 328.58 lakh
quintals while requirement was 315.18 lakh quintals in 2012-13.
Fertilizers
8.22 Increased fertilizer usage has played a signif icant role in
improving agricultural productivity. Urea, which is the main source
142
143
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
16650
16558
17499
17300
16995
16820
16258
NA
8025
8050
8531
7914
6338
6653
5302
NA
4069
3514
3335
2576
1559
2061
1926
NA
28744
28122
29365
27790
24892
25536
23526
NA
143
144
Bihar
Haryana
Punjab
All India
2009-10
2010-11
2012-13
5.3 : 1.5 : 1
15.9 : 5.5 : 1
18.4 : 5.9 : 1
4.3 : 2 : 1
5.8 : 1.9 : 1
20.4 : 6 : 1
19.1 : 5.4 : 1
5.0 : 2.4 : 1
12.3 : 3.6 : 1
61.4 : 18.7 : 1
61.9 : 19.3 : 1
8.2 : 3.2 : 1
8.27 The NBS roll out was flawed since urea was kept out of its
ambit (Twelfth Five Year Plan, Vol. II: 14), which has defeated the
objective of balanced use of nutrients. While urea consumption
has increased from 59 per cent to 66 per cent of total consumption
in 2012-13 over 2010-11, per hectare consumption of fertilizer has
declined from 140 kg to 128 kg over the same period. Current trends
in agricultural output reveal that the marginal productivity of soil
in relation to the application of fertilizers is declining.
8.28 Under the NBS, as of March 2014, farmers pay 61 to 75 per cent
of the delivered cost of P and K fertilizers and the rest is subsidised
by the centre. Fertilizer subsidy was ` 67,971 crore in 2013-14 (revised
estimatesRE), an increase of 11 per cent over 2009-10. While the
quantum of fertilizer subsidy is increasing, subsidy as a percentage
of GDP has been declining since 2010 (Figure 8.1).
Source: CSO
145
8.30 The main challenges for farm mechanization are, first, a highly
diverse agriculture with different soil and climatic zones, requiring
customized farm machinery and equipment and, second, largely
small land holdings with limited resources. A dedicated Sub-Mission
on Agricultural Mechanization has been initiated in the Twelfth
Plan, with focus on spreading farm mechanization to small and
marginal farmers and regions that have low farm power availability.
Irrigation
8.31 Water is the most critical input for agriculture. Currently
63 million ha, or 45 per cent of net cropped area, is irrigated.
Under the Accelerated Irrigation Benef it Programme (AIBP),
` 64,228 crore of central loan assistance (CLA)/grant had been
released up to 31 December 2013. An irrigation potential of 8054.61
thousand ha is estimated to have been created by states from major/
medium/minor irrigation projects under the AIBP till March 2012.
Overexploitation of water
resources is leading to alarming reduction in the water
table in the rice bowl of India.
Credit
8.33 Agricultural credit is an important input for improving
agricultural production and productivity and mitigating farmer
distress. For improving agricultural credit flow and bringing down
the rate of interest on farm loans, (i) Agricultural credit flow target
for 2013-14 was f ixed at ` 7,00,000 crore and achievement was
` 7,30,765 crore, as against ` 6,07,375 crore in 2012-13; (ii) Farmers
could avail of crop loans up to a principal amount of ` 3,00,000 at
7 per cent rate of interest. The effective rate of interest for farmers
who promptly repay their loans was 4 per cent per annum during
2013-14; (iii) Farmers were granted post-harvest loans against
negotiable warehouse receipts (NWRs) at commercial rates. To
encourage storage of produce in warehouses against NWRs, the
benef it of interest subvention was extended to small and marginal
farmers with kisan credit cards (KCC) for a further period of up to
six months post-harvest on the same rate as crop loan.
Insurance
8.34 Various crop insurance schemes are implemented as part of
risk management and risk mitigation in agriculture. The centralsector National Crop Insurance Programme (NCIP) that replaced
the National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) f rom
1 November 2013 has three components: Pilot Modif ied National
Agricultural Insurance Scheme (MNAIS), Pilot Weather Based Crop
Insurance Scheme (WBCIS), and Pilot Coconut Palm Insurance
Scheme (CPIS). The NCIP is approved for full-f ledged
implementation from Rabi 2013-14, with modif ications like making
the insurance unit for major crops the village panchayat or
AGRICULTURE AND FOOD MANAGEMENT
145
146
Agricultural Extension
8.36 To ensure last-mile connectivity, extension services need to
be geared to address emerging technological and knowledge needs.
Therefore, the existing extension and IT schemes from the Eleventh
Plan were strengthened, expanded, and scaled up appropriately and
implemented as components of the Sub Mission on Agricultural
Extension (SMAE) under the National Mission on Agricultural
Extension and Technology (NMAET). Greater role has been
envisaged for the states in implementation and monitoring. The
schemes subsumed under the SMAE include: District-level
Agriculture Technology Management Agencies (ATMAs) that have
been set up in 639 rural districts of 28 states and 3 union territories
(UT) across the country-these have benef ited 28.5 million farmers,
25.6 per cent of whom were women; Mass Media and Kisan Call
Centre schemes, Central-sector Establishment of Agri-Clinics and
Agri-Business Centres (ACABC) Scheme; SMS portal for farmers.
Kharif 2013
Rabi 2013-14
29
13
127
12
WBCIS
112
13
123
14
Outreach of strengthened
extension schemes has benef ited more than 28 million
farmers, one-fourth of whom
were women.
Substantial increases in
MSPs and FRP are seen in the
last few years.
147
Source : DAC
2009-10
1310
1000
31
Wheat
1400
1100
27
Maize
1310
840
56
Paddy (common)
2013-14
Jowar (hybrid)
1500
840
79
Arhar(tur)
4300
2300
87
Urad
4300
2520
71
Gram
3100
1760
76
Groundnut in shell
4000
2100
90
Rapeseed/mustard
3050
1830
67
Sunf lower
3700
2215
67
Soyabean (black)
2500
1350
85
3700
2500
48
210
129.84
62
Sugarcane (FRP)
Source : DAC
Note : Inclusive of bonus wherever applicable.
147
148
HORTICULTURE
8.41 Horticulture sector comprising a wide array of crops from
fruits and vegetables to nuts, spices, medicinal plants, flowers, and
plantation crops, provides many opportunities for income
generation. Globally India is the second largest producer of fruits
and vegetables; the largest producer of mango, banana, coconut,
cashew, papaya, and pomegranate; and the largest producer and
exporter of spices. Horticulture production, estimated at 265 million
tonnes, exceeded the production of foodgrains and oilseeds in
2012-13 (Figure 8.3), owing to an 8.6 per cent increase in productivity
of horticulture crops between 2008-09 and 2012-13.
Source: DAC
148
149
Fisheries
8.47 Fisheries is an important source of livelihood and f ish, are
an important source of protein. There are 14.4 million f ishermen
in the country. India ranks second in world f ish production,
contributing about 5.4 per cent of global f ish production. It is also
a major producer of f ish through aquaculture. Total fish production
during 2013-14 is estimated at 9.45 mt with 6.10 mt coming from
the inland sector and 3.35 mt from the marine sector. The sector
contributes about 1 per cent to overall GDP and represents
4.6 per cent of agri GDP.
Livestock Health
8.48 To effectively tackle the issue of livestock health and
strengthen efforts to manage animal diseases of a trans-boundary
nature in a comprehensive manner, the centrally sponsored Livestock
Health and Disease Control (LH&DC) Scheme was launched in the
Twelfth Plan with modification of existing components and inclusion
of new ones. The implementation of various animal disease control
programmes has seen overall reduction in incidence of animal diseases
in the country, which augurs well for public health. The National
Livestock Mission (NLM) has been formulated encompassing seven
centrally sponsored and seven central-sector schemes, with the
objective of sustainable development of the livestock sector. The
Mission is designed to cover all the activities required to ensure
quantitative and qualitative improvements in livestock production
systems and capacity building of all stakeholders.
AGRICULTURE AND FOOD MANAGEMENT
149
150
150
151
Source: FMC
Figure 8.4 : Group wise Share in Total
Volume of Trade in Exchanges (%) 2011-12 to 2013-14
151
152
Food Processing
8.56 With the decline in farm employment, additional
employment opportunities have to be created in the non-farm and
manufacturing sectors, especially in agro-based rural industries.
Incentivizing and developing downstream market linkages, in the
form of agro industries, is crucial for growth of agriculture. During
the last five years ending 2012-13, the sector has been growing faster
than the agriculture sector, at an average annual growth rate of
around 8.4 per cent. The role of the private sector is crucial as its
large investments can bring in economies of scale in operations.
Trade Policy
8.58 India, with a large and diverse agriculture, is among the
worlds leading producers of rice, wheat, milk, sugarcane, fruits,
and vegetables. Therefore, changes in its balance sheets for key
commodities will have a potentially large impact on world markets.
152
153
MEASURABLE OUTCOMES
8.61 All efforts at promoting agriculture through various schemes,
subsidies, and programmes have resulted in record production of
foodgrains this year. However, the levels of productivity, availability,
and exports of agri products are more signif icant for the economy.
Productivity Levels
8.62 It is heartening that India ranks f irst in productivity of
grapes, banana, cassava, peas, and papaya. Despite efforts, the
productivity levels of Indian agriculture are still way below global
standards (Table 8.9).
Technological innovation is a
must for increasing agricultural productivity.
8.63 In the livestock sector also, despite India being the top
producer of milk, bovine productivity is only 1538 kg per year as
Crop/commodity World average
(TE 2011-12)
Cereals
Paddy
Wheat
Maize (corn)
Pulses
Chickpeas (gram)
Pigeon peas (tur)
Oilseeds
Groundnut
Rapeseed/mustard
Cotton
Sugarcane
4397
3094
5097
3514
3000
2321
917
786
912
681
1626
1855
769
70470
1212
1163
517
69227
6661 (China)
7360 (UK)
8858 (USA)
1663 (Ethiopia)
1320 (Myanmar)
4069 (USA)
3588 (UK)
1920 (Australia)
125587 (Peru)
Sources: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2013; Kharif and Rabi Price Policy Reports,
CACP.
Note:
TE-Triennium ending.
153
154
Substantial improvements in
per capita availability levels are
required to wipe out
malnutrition.
Agri exports
8.65 In recent years, products like rice and maize, cotton, meat,
guar gum, and cotton have replaced traditional agri exports. Agri
exports (including marine) grew by 5.1 per cent in 2013-14 over
2012-13 to US$ 37,292 million, of which exports of marine products
alone increased by 44.8 per cent over the same period.
8.66 Since the opening up of exports of rice in 2011, there has
been a surge in its share in total exports from US$ 2575 million in
2010-11 to US$ 7742 million in 2013-14. Exports of total dairy, poultry,
meat, and marine products have doubled their share in agri exports
between 2008-09 and 2013-14 (Figure 8.5).
Signif icant
growth
in
agricultural exports, by 132 per
cent in 2013-14 over 2008-09,
is observed.
Source: DGCIS
Note:
*includes agri and allied and marine products
154
155
FOOD MANAGEMENT
8.67 The principal policy objective of food management is to
ensure food security, particularly for the vulnerable, through timely
and eff icient procurement and distribution of foodgrains. This
involves procurement of foodgrains from farmers at remunerative
prices, building up and maintenance of buffer stocks, storage,
movement, and distribution of foodgrains to consumers at
affordable prices, and stability of foodgrains prices. The price
instruments used are MSP and central issue price (CIP).
Procurement
8.68 The nodal agency that undertakes open-ended procurement,
distribution, and storage of foodgrains is the Food Corporation of
India (FCI) with other central and state agencies. Coarse grains are
procured by state governments and their agencies. The National
Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India Limited
(NAFED), National Cooperative Consumers Federation of India
Limited (NCCF), CWC, and SFAC are the central nodal agencies
that undertake procurement of oilseeds and pulses under the Price
Support Scheme (PSS) when the market rates of these commodities
fall below MSP. However, procurement operations are found to be
successful largely for rice and wheat and that too only in a few
states like Punjab, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh.
155
156
2013
33.31
Unmilled paddy in
terms of rice
2014#
20.65
Suboptimal management of
food stocks leads to wastage
of economic resources.
Buffer norms
As on 1 April
14.20
As on 1 July
11.80
Table 8.10 : Stocks and Buffer Norms of
Foodgrains (mt)
7.61
Wheat
44.39
41.58
7.00
20.10
Total
77.70
69.84
21.20
31.90
Source: DFPD.
Note:
# Since September, 2013, the FCI gives separate f igures for rice and unmilled
paddy lying with the FCI and state agencies in terms of rice
Storage Capacity
8.72 Storage capacity, both covered and cover and plinth (CAP),
of state agencies for storage of central stocks of foodgrains, increased
from 34.14 mt as on 31.12.2012 to 36.68 mt as on 31 December 2013.
Total storage capacity of the FCI and state agencies is 74.35 mt
Construction of godowns with a total capacity of 20.4 mt was
approved in 19 states under the Private Entrepreneurs Guarantee
(PEG) Scheme. By end of 2013-14, 12.00 mt capacity had been
created under this scheme, which will address the shortage of
covered godown space to some extent.
Box 8.5 : The National Food Security Act
The NFSA was notif ied on 10 September 2013, with the objective of providing food and nutritional security, by
ensuring access to adequate quantity of quality food at affordable prices. It provides for coverage of up to
75 per cent of the rural population and up to 50 per cent of the urban population. It stipulates an entitlement of
5 kg of foodgrains per person per month for priority households and 35 kg per household per month for Antyodaya
Anna Yojana (AAY) households at subsidized prices of ` 3 per kg of rice, ` 2 per kg of wheat, and ` 1 per kg of coarse
grains. The states/UTs are to complete identif ication of eligible households under the NFSA by July 2014. So far 11
states, Rajasthan, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Punjab, Chandigarh, and the NCT of Delhi, have implemented the NFSA and revised monthly TPDS allocations of
foodgrains have been made to these states/UTs. The remaining states/UTs have been given allocation under the
TPDS as per earlier norms.
The Act also has special focus on nutritional support to women and children. Pregnant women and lactating mothers
during pregnancy and six months after the childbirth will also be entitled to maternity benef it of not less than
` 6000. Children up to 14 years of age will be entitled to nutritious meals or take-home rations as per prescribed
nutritional standards. In case of non-supply of entitled foodgrains or meals, the benef iciaries will receive a food
security allowance. The Act also contains provisions for setting up of grievance redressal mechanisms at district and
state levels. Separate provisions have been made in the Act for ensuring transparency and accountability. The Act
also contains measures for reforms in the TPDS, to be undertaken progressively by central and state governments.
These reforms, inter alia, include doorstep delivery of foodgrains to TPDS outlets, application of information and
communication technology tools, and diversif ication of commodities distributed under the PDS over a period of
time. Based on the provisions of the Act, the foodgrain requirement for the TPDS and other schemes is estimated at
614.3 lakh tonnes. The average annual procurement of wheat and rice has been 617.8 lakh tonnes during 2008-09 to
2012-13, i.e. 33.2 per cent of average annual production. The estimated annual food subsidy for implementation of the
Act at 2014-15 costs is about ` 1,31,066 crore.
Source: DFPD
156
157
Source: DFPD
8.74 The core concern regarding the PDS is the fixing of CIPs.
Historically, CIPs were aligned to market price. The CIPs have remained
unchanged since 2000 for BPL and AAY households and July 2002 for
APL families, although economic costs have increased by more than
127 per cent (for rice) and 119 per cent (for wheat) in 2013-14 over
2002-03 [Figures 8.7 (a) and (b)]. This divergence has led to leakages,
added to the subsidy bill, and fuelled inflationary pressures.
157
158
FOOD SUBSIDY
8.76 In fulf illing its obligation towards provision of minimum
nutritional support to the poor through subsidized foodgrains and
ensuring price stability in different states, the government incurs
food subsidy. The difference between the economic cost and CIP is
the consumer subsidy, which is reimbursed to the FCI. The food
subsidy has increased substantially in the past few years (Figure
8.8). Food subsidy was ` 92,000 crore in 2013-14 (RE).
8.77 While foodgrains are central to the issue of food security, the
diversifying demand patterns from cereals to protein-rich items also
need to be taken into account. As per the Key Indicators of Household
Consumer Expenditure in India, 2011-12 (National Sample Survey Office,
2013), expenditure on cereals between 1993-94 and 2011-12 declined
from 24.2 per cent of total consumption expenditure to 12 per cent in
rural areas and from 14 per cent to 7.3 per cent in urban areas.
Source: DFPD
159
Chapter 9
Industrial Performance
Post 2008-09, the industrial sector, consisting of manufacturing, mining, electricity, and construction,
showed remarkable recovery and steady growth for three years but lost momentum thereafter owing to a
combination of supply-side and demand-side constraints. Industrial performance in 2013-14 remained
lackluster for the second successive year. The latest gross domestic product (GDP) estimates show that
industry grew by just 1.0 per cent in 2012-13 and slowed further in 2013-14, posting a modest increase of
0.4 per cent. While these f igures may see upward revision once Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) data is
available, there is no denying that industrial revival may take longer and needs stronger initiatives to
emulate the peak growth achieved in the recent past. Further, it will be a daunting task to meet the
projected Twelfth Plan targets of 10 per cent for the manufacturing sector and 5.7 per cent for the mining
sector in the remaining three years.
9.2 Sector-wise analysis of industrial performance
(see Figure 9.1) shows that the key reasons for poor performance
have been contraction in mining activities and deceleration in
manufacturing output. Manufacturing and mining sector GDP
declined by 0.7 per cent and 1.4 per cent respectively in 2013-14.
The underlying cause of the poor performance of these two sectors
has been considerable deceleration in investment particularly by
the private corporate sector during 2011-12 and 2012-13, a trend that
appears to be continuing as the overall gross f ixed capital formation
(GFCF) has further declined during 2013-14. Registered
manufacturing activities constitute about two-thirds of
manufacturing and the remaining one-third consists of unregistered
manufacturing activities. It has been observed that the share of
Key reasons for poor performance have been contraction in mining activities and
deceleration in manufacturing
output.
161
161
162
Manufacturing
9.6 As mentioned in para 9.2, the drop in industrial growth had
been mainly owing to deceleration in manufacturing as it
constitutes about 60 per cent of industry GDP. In addition to a
slowdown in f ixed investment, several domestic and external
factors such as higher interest, infrastructure bottlenecks,
inflationary pressure leading to rising input costs, drop in domestic
and external demand for some sectors have together contributed
to low growth in the manufacturing sector. In contrast, world
manufacturing gained strength in 2013-14. One possible reason for
the contrasting performance of Indian and global manufacturing
production is the upsurge in demand for consumer durables such
as motor vehicles in the industrialized economies. The consumer
durables segment index contracted by 12.2 per cent in 2013-14 as
against a growth of 2.0 per cent during the previous year. The
consumer durables segment, in particular the automotive sector, in
India is constrained by a limited domestic market owing to low per
capita income. Major items in the consumer durables basket of the
IIP that declined during 2013-14 are gems and jewellery, passenger
cars, colour TV sets, and telephone instruments. The gems and
jewellery segment suffered partly due to restrictive gold imports.
The consumer non-durables segment index increased by 5.0 per cent
in 2013-14 in comparison with a 2.8 per cent rise registered in the
previous year. The food products sub group index, consisting mainly
of consumer non-durables, declined by 1.1 per cent on account of an
8.2 per cent decline in sugar production in 2013-14. The
intermediate goods index has shown a 3.1 per cent increase in 201314 as compared to 1.6 per cent in the previous f inancial year. The
performance of basic goods remained more or less the same as in
the previous year.
Capital goods
9.7 The use-based industrial classif ication of IIP estimates
identif ies the capital goods segment as the weak performer in the
manufacturing sector. The index of capital goods declined by
6.0 per cent in 2012-13 and further by 3.6 per cent in 2013-14
(Table 9.2). This segment has been hit by the steady deceleration
in f ixed investment in the past three years. The slow pace of
mega projects implementation and a decline in the number of
new projects has adversely impacted the capital goods segment.
The fabricated metal products, machinery and equipment, and
commercial vehicles segments are reeling under recession. During
2013-14, there was a decline of 16 per cent in commercial vehicles
production. Only electrical machinery within the capital goods
segment has registered 14.5 per cent growth in 2013-14 as compared
to 0.6 per cent in 2012-13. As against the poor performance of the
Indian capital goods sector, the global performance has been robust.
Globally the f ive fastest growing manufacturing sectors in recent
years have been (i) basic metal, (ii) radio, TV, and communications
equipment, (iii) off ice accounting and computing machinery,
(iv) electrical machinery and apparatus, and (v) transport. Another
area of concern is the sudden dip in imports of capital goods
during 2012-13 and 2013-14 due to economic slowdown and rupee
162
In addition to a slowdown in
f ixed investment, several
domestic and external factors
such as higher interest,
inf rastructure bottlenecks,
inflationary pressure leading to
rising input costs, drop in
domestic and external demand
for some sectors have together
contributed to low growth in
the manufacturing sector
Broad sectors
Mining
Manufacturing
Electricity
Use- based
classif ication
Basic goods
Capital goods
Intermediate goods
Consumer durables
Consumer nondurables
General index
14.2
75.5
10.3
-2.3
1.3
4.0
-0.6
-0.8
6.1
45.7
8.8
15.7
84.6
213.5
2.4
-6.0
1.6
2.0
2.8
2.1
-3.6
3.1
-12.2
5.0
100.0
1.1
-0.1
(per cent)
2012-13 2013-14
Fabricated metal products -4.7
Machinery & equipment
-4.7
Off ice, accounting, & comp.
machinery
-13.9
Electrical machinery
0.6
Motor vehicles, etc.
-5.3
Other transport equipment -0.1
Capital goods
-6.0
Manufacturing
1.3
-6.9
-4.7
-15.7
14.5
-9.6
5.9
-3.6
-0.8
Source: CSO.
Table 9.2 : IIP-based Growth Rate of
the Capital Goods Sector
and Its Constituents
163
CORPORATE-SECTOR PERFORMANCE
9.10 Continuing slowdown has impacted the performance of the
corporate sector. While corporate debt levels have risen, earnings
and prof itability remained under pressure, pushing up debt
coverage ratios. This has partly impacted the banking sector, with
a concomitant increase in non-performing assets. Sales growth of
the corporate sector, particularly in respect of listed manufacturing
companies for the private sector, declined considerably from
25.3 per cent in Q1 of 2011-12 to 5.0 per cent in Q4 of 2013-14
(Figure 9.2), the latest quarter for which comparable sets of data
are available.
163
164
164
165
165
166
Box 9.2 : Improving Business Environment: Short, Medium, and Long-term Steps
Over the next few years, the government, both at the centre and in states, has to consider ways of improving the
business environment for small businesses. While the longer-term solution is a wholesale revamping of the laws
and regulations governing business, a number of steps can be taken in the short term, and a number of policy
experiments could be initiated.
Steps in the Short Run
1 Create a website with all the rules and regulations applicable to businesses across states and the centre. This
would be an extremely important portal for the centre, states, and entrepreneurs, given that regulation is
scattered. Ebiz set up by the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP) has already done some
work which can be built on. Over time, the website can also carry best practices from across states.
2. Review the existing regulatory landscape for outdated regulations which can safely be done away with. A more
ambitious task would be to create a model regulatory structure from f irst principles that initially could apply
just to SMEs.
3. Strengthen grievance redressal mechanisms against inspections. For example, in Karnataka firms can successfully
appeal and obtain redressal within three to f ive days. To help make the redressal process effective, ensure that
copies of all documents generated in the inspection and redressal process are provided to f irms.
4. Minimize human interaction and shift reporting/data submission to an online-only mode whenever possible,
e.g. for routine registration, repeated f iling of information, and reporting of information. The committee could
work with Ebiz on this.
5. Shift important decision making from the inspector to higher-level off icers, who are generally more trusted by
f irms. The inspectors remit would be to observe and document violations, while signif icant penalties could be
the remit of senior off icials.
6. Create a system for self-certif ication and third-party certif ication. Allow this to stand in for a wide variety of
inspections of regulations deemed lower priority or less critical for public good. Follow a risk-management
approach where only high-risk decisions/larger companies/companies that do not have a record of compliance
are subject to frequent inspection.
7. Allow f irms a time period to remedy faults/lack of compliance rather than penalize them immediately. The
focus of inspections should shift from penalizing defaulters to helping them gradually comply with regulations.
8. The existing separation of land into commercial and residential plots is detrimental to setting up MSMEs. One
solution would be to designate land for mixed use and make it available to micro-enterprises when they start
out. Another would be to create pre-approved blocks in new industrial zones, where permissions for a wide
variety of activities has been obtained.
9. A lot of land is held by developmental authorities, PSUs, and large f irms. These land banks stay unutilized. The
government could institute a use it or lose it policy to free up locked land, which can be used for industrial
estates, common facilities, incubators, etc.
10. Flexible choices should be offered to employees and employers that reflect the evolution and wider availability
of social security and health benef its from providers like the New Pension Scheme (NPS) and Rashtriya
Swasthya Bima Yojna (RSBY).
11. A coupon system could be introduced for purchase by employers who recruit and pay casual workers (daily,
weekly, and other short duration or seasonal employment), with the price of a coupon including a premium for
social benef its, to replace the cumbersome system of contributions and reporting that currently exists. It should
be easy to attach a coupon to the Aadhaar number of the worker, thus obviating the need to f ile many forms.
12. Apprenticeships are currently stifled under an outdated and burdensome 1961 Act. The Apprenticeship Act
should be rewritten / amended.
13. Amend the MSME Act of 2006 to provide a mechanism for the orderly handling of f inancial distress by introducing
a temporary stay, followed by orderly and speedy liquidation, revival, or sale options.
Medium-term Steps
1. Get states to share best practices on business regulations and see what can form the basis for tried and tested
regulatory change.
2. Based on these inputs, create a state-approved model regulatory structure that is available for businesses
opening up in NIMZs. The model should include details on entry regulation, land/site allotment and development,
regulations including labour, taxes, and safety/environment compliance norms including self-certif ication,
third-party certif ication, deemed certif ication, and risk-based inspections, as well as conditions for exit.
3. States would of course have the freedom to depart from the model structure. Departures can be monitored to
see what works.
4. A more permanent entity (along the lines of the Australian Productivity Commission) can be set up as the
knowledge base for work on the business environment and the champion for change.
Long-term Steps
1. Indian legislation governing business needs to be thoroughly revamped. A committee could be constituted, with
the mandate to propose a more streamlined and modern set of laws, especially in the areas of taxation, labour,
environment, and safety. Preliminary work can be started here, but in controversial areas, the focus has to be
on building consensus for the time being.
166
167
Steel
9.19 India ranked as the fourth largest producer of crude steel in
the world during 2013 after China, Japan, and the USA. India was
also the largest producer of sponge iron in the world during 2013,
accounting for 25 per cent of world production. During 2013-14
(provisional), Indias crude steel production was 81.54 million tonnes
(mt), an increase of 4 per cent over 2012-13 while crude steel capacity
utilization stood at 82 per cent. In the last f ive years, domestic
crude steel production grew at a compound annual growth rate
(CAGR) of 7.9 per cent. Such an increase in production was driven
by 9.8 per cent growth in crude steel capacity, high utilization
rates, and a 7.0 per cent growth in domestic steel consumption.
However, steel consumption increased by mere 0.6 per cent during
2013-14.
Textiles
9.20 Indias textiles and clothing industry is one of the mainstays
of the national economy. It is also one of the largest contributing
sectors to Indias exports, contributing nearly 11 per cent of the
total exports basket. The textiles industry is labour intensive and
employs about 45 million people. It has a major presence in the
unorganized sector. The report of the Working Group constituted
by the Planning Commission on boosting Indias manufacturing
exports during the Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-17) puts Indias
INDUSTRIAL PERFORMANCE
167
168
INVESTMENT
IN THE INDUSTRIAL
SECTOR
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
24.2
20.2
-7.6
-8.5
3.6
3.6
3.5
3.2
2. Manufacturing
32.9
35.3
27.4
23.7
a. Registered
27.8
29.6
23.5
21.9
5.1
5.7
3.9
1.9
b. Unregistered
3. Electricity
6.2
7.3
7.4
4. Construction
4.8
4.4
5.4
5.4
Source: CSO.
168
169
ENVIRONMENT-INDUSTRY LINKAGES
9.26 To a large extent, environmental degradation is the result
of market failure, that is non-existent or poorly functioning
markets for environmental goods and services. In this context,
environmental degradation is a particular case of consumption or
production externalities reflected by divergence between private
and social costs (or benef its). Lack of well-def ined property rights
may be one of the reasons for such market failure. On the other
hand, market distortions created by price controls and subsidies
may aggravate the achievement of environmental objectives.
INDUSTRIAL PERFORMANCE
(per cent)
Sectors
Industries
Manufacturing
Mining
20.91
19.75
39.29
17.84
18.12
18.06
14.97
14.03
0.05
Manufacturing sub-sectors
Food processing
Textiles
Petroleum &
nuclear fuel
Cement & cement
products
Chemicals &
products
Basic metals &
metal products
All engineering
Transport
equipment
Other industries
14.06
15.19
-12.47
24.06
12.78
10.75
30.24
13.99
1.86
17.32
21.77
21.37
23.66
18.63
17.84
28.53
20.91
17.75
22.09
23.19
18.49
14.12
14.48
11.95
23.26
18.40
6.30
Source: RBI.
Table 9.4 : Growth of Credit to
Industry by Scheduled
Commercial Banks
169
170
LABOUR RELATIONS
9.28 Owing to constant endeavour of the industrial relations
machineries of both the centre and states, the industrial relations
climate has by and large remained peaceful and cordial. While the
number of incidences of strikes and lockouts reported during 2008
was 421, this f igure stood at 181(provisional) up to December 2013,
exhibiting a declining trend over the period. Similarly, the f igures
for man-days lost were 17.43 million in 2008 and 3.29 million
(provisional) up to December 2013.
9.29 As regards spatial/industry-wise dispersion of strikes and
lockouts, there exist widespread variations among different states/
union territories (UTs). Wages and allowances, bonus, personnel,
retrenchment, and indiscipline and violence are major reasons for
these strikes and lockouts.
CHALLENGES
Reviving Business Sentiment to Boost Investment
by the Private Corporate Sector
9.30 In view of the ongoing industrial slowdown, the policy
focus needs to target key growth drivers in the short term. One
of the crucial drivers can be the revival of private corporatesector investment. Overall GFCF in the public, private corporate,
and household sectors, that is investment in plant and machinery
and construction, has slowed during 2012-13. Building a conducive
investment climate and uplifting overall business sentiment
require close coordination of industrial policy with f iscal, trade,
FDI, and exchange rates policies. Allowing FDI in defence and
some other sectors has huge potential for attracting large-scale
investment and state-of-the-art technology. The existing special
economic zones (SEZs) and newly set up and proposed NIMZs
can multiply investment provided constraints are removed and a
stable incentive structure is put in place. Promotion of industrial
clusters for different sectors in different regions would also attract
170
171
171
172
Share of
manufacturing
in GDP
Share of MHT
in total
manufacturing
China
S. Korea
Thailand
Japan
Germany
India
34.1
27.7
36.6
20.5
19.2
14.9
40.7
53.4
46.1
53.7
56.7
32.2
MHT
Share of total
exports
exports in
as total
world
exports
exports
59.9
71.8
58.0
79.0
72.0
27.0
14.6
4.3
1.5
6.0
10.4
2.0
OUTLOOK
9.35 The near-term industrial upturn is conditional on continued
improvements in the policy environment and a quick return to
peak investment rates. With the improvement in overall
macroeconomic environment, industry is expected to revive and
growth can accelerate gradually over the next two years.
9.36 The HSBC India Manufacturing Purchasing Managers Index
(PMI) increased marginally from 51.3 in April to 51.4 in May, 2014.
It indicates some improvement in manufacturing activities and
domestic and exports orders. Lead indicators for the f irst two
months of the current f inancial year for power generation and
production of cement, steel, fertilizers, and coal show improvement.
Railways freight earnings and exports have also picked up raising
hopes of increased industrial activity in the coming months. The
index of eight core infrastructural supporting industries registered
a growth of 4.2 per cent in April 2014 as compared to 3.7 per cent
growth recorded in April 2013. Further IIP-based overall industrial
growth was 3.4 per cent in April 2014 as compared to the 1.5 per
cent growth recorded in April 2013.
172
Chapter 10
Services Sector
Indias services sector that remained resilient even during and immediately after the global f inancial
crisis buckled under the pressure of continued global and domestic slowdown, resulting in sub-normal
growth in the last two years. However, early shoots of revival are visible in 2014-15 with signs of
improvement in world GDP growth and trade also reflected in pick-up in some key services like IT,
aviation, transport logistics, and retail trading. Different indices and estimates also indicate an expansion
in Indias services business.
10.2 The services sector with an around 57 per cent contribution
to the gross domestic product (GDP), has made rapid strides in
the last few years and emerged as the largest and fastest-growing
sector of the economy. Besides being the dominant sector in Indias
GDP, it has also contributed substantially to foreign investment
flows, exports, and employment. Indias services sector covers a wide
variety of activities that have different features and dimensions.
Some services like IT and telecommunications are very sophisticated,
involving high technology and expertise, while some are simple
like those of barbers and plumbers. Some services like transport
have high linkages with the industrial sector and some like tourism
have high employment linkages. Some services like railways and
port fall under the def inition of infrastructure, while some like
construction fall under the def inition of industry. Thus there are
many borderline inclusions and exclusions. This chapter not only
focuses on different aspects of services but also covers many
important services.
174
its CAGR (compound annual growth rate) at 9.0 per cent, just
below Chinas 10.9 per cent, during the last 11-year period from
2001 to 2012. Russia at 5.4 per cent is a distant third. Though China
at 8.1 per cent followed by India at 7.2 per cent had the highest
growth rate in services in 2012 compared to 2011, there was a slight
deceleration over 2011 for both. On the contrary, the US services
sector grew by 6.5 per cent in 2012 which is more than three times
higher than in 2011. There was also a pick-up in services growth
in Japan and Russia. Among the top 15 countries in terms of services
GDP, only Chinas share in its total GDP at 44.6 per cent in 2012
is less than 50 per cent (Table 10.1).
Table 10.1 : Performance in Services: International Comparison
Country
Rank
Overall Services
GDP
GDP
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
US
China
Japan
Germany
France
UK
Brazil
Russia
Italy
India
Canada
Australia
Spain
Mexico
South Korea
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1
3
2
4
5
6
8
10
7
12
9
11
13
14
15
World
2001
2011
2012
2.9
10.3
1.8
2.5
1.8
2.7
1.8
3.3
2.6
7.5
3.5
3.9
3.6
-0.2
4.3
1.9
9.5
0.5
2.8
2.4
1.5
2.7
3.3
0.9
8.2
2.4
3.3
1.2
4.6
2.6
6.5
8.1
2.4
1.4
0.5
1.4
1.7
4.8
-1.5
7.2
1.8
2.9
-0.3
4.5
2.5
2.8
2.7
3.8
Share of services
2001
Share of
Services export growth
services
in
to total
(per cent)
CAGR
in GDP
employment exports
Y-o-Y
2001-13
in 2013
2011 2012 2001 2012
2001 2012 2013
2.1
10.9
0.6
1.2
1.4
2.1
3.6
5.4
0.4
9.0
2.6
3.2
2.5
3.0
3.4
77.2
40.5
69.9
69.0
75.0
73.3
67.1
55.7
69.9
51.3
65.8
69.6
64.8
63.3
58.5
78.9
43.4
72.7
68.5
79.2
77.9
67.0
58.9
73.3
55.7
71.2
69.4
70.9
60.3
57.5
79.2
44.6
72.3
66.6
79.2
78.8
68.5
60.1
73.8
56.9
71.1
69.5
71.6
60.1
57.7
75.0
27.7
63.9
64.6
69.9
73.8
59.4
58.6
63.1
24.0
74.7
74.2
62.0
56.1
62.6
81.2
35.7
69.7
70.2
74.9
78.9
62.7
62.3
68.5
28.1
76.5
75.5
74.9
61.9
76.4
29.5
8.6
16.8
16.5
28.7
34.9
13.4
11.1
17.5
32.8
14.5
17.1
31.4
4.9
16.6
-3.6
9.1
-6.9
5.6
-0.5
-0.8
-2.7
17.3
2.1
4.8
-3.6
-8.9
6.0
-7.5
-4.9
5.4
8.4
0.0
-1.1
-8.1
-1.5
4.6
6.8
-2.2
5.4
-0.9
2.7
-3.8
3.6
17.3
5.0
8.7
1.0
8.0
8.3
0.6
-1.7
12.7
5.6
4.8
0.3
-0.1
5.5
21.3
1.3
7.7
16.6
7.0
10.8
9.4
7.8
12.9
15.9
5.6
20.2
6.2
9.4
8.3
4.0
11.8
2.6
68.9
65.9
65.9
39.1
44.0
19.8
0.1
2.2
5.5
9.9
CAGR
2001-12
Source : Computed from UN National Accounts Statistics for GDP, World Bank and ILO database for employment and
WTO database for Services Trade (accessed on 1 June 2014.)
Notes : Rank and share are based on current prices (2012); Growth rates are based on constant prices (US$); Construction
sector is excluded in services GDP; For employment data in 2012: 2011 data for China, Brazil and Mexico, 2010
for US, Japan, South Korea, 2009 for Russia and Australia, and 2008 for Canada given; Indias employment data
for 2001 is of 2000. For 2001 data of world employment share is of 2000.
175
Services GDP
10.9 Services constitute a major portion of Indias GDP with a
57 per cent share in GDP at factor cost (at current prices) in
2013-14 an increase of 6 percentage points over 2000-01. Including
construction, the share is 64.8 per cent. The CAGR of servicessector GDP at 8.5 per cent for the period 2000-01 to 2013-14 has
been higher than the 7.1 per cent CAGR of overall GDP during the
same period.
10.10 In 2013-14 the growth rate of the services sector at
6.8 per cent is marginally lower than in 2012-13. This is due to
deceleration in the growth rate of the combined category of trade,
hotels, and restaurants and transport, storage, and communications
to 3.0 per cent from 5.1 per cent in 2012-13, despite robust growth
of f inancing, insurance, real estate, and business services at
12.9 per cent. Construction, a borderline services inclusion
SERVICES SECTOR
175
176
which has not been performing well since 2012-13, grew by only
1.6 per cent in 2013-14.
10.11 Sub-sector-wise, banking and insurance (11.8 per cent) and
real estate, ownership of dwelling, and business services (10.0 per
cent) were the best performers in terms of growth rate in 201213 and the performance of railways (0.3 per cent) followed by
hotels and restaurants (0.5 per cent) was the lowest (Table 10.2).
Table 10.2 : Share and Growth of Indias Services Sector (at factor cost)
2000-01
2011-12@
14.5 (5.2)
13.2 (5.0)
1.3 (7.0)
7.6 (9.2)
1.1 (4.1)
5.0 (7.7)
0.1 (6.1)
1.5(25.0)
14.1 (3.5)
5.4 (-2.4)
8.7 (7.5)
14.7 (4.6)
6.5 (1.9)
8.2 (7.0)
6.0 (6.1)
51.0 (5.1)
57.0 (5.2)
17.4 (1.2)
15.9 (1.0)
1.5 (3.8)
7.3 (9.4)
0.7 (7.5)
5.4 (8.6)
0.1 (2.9)
1.1 (11.2)
16.5 (11.3)
5.7 (12.9)
10.7 (9.9)
13.8 (4.9)
5.9 (4.2)
7.8 (5.4)
8.2(10.8)
54.9 (6.6)
63.1 (7.1)
100.0 (4.1)
100.0 (6.7)
2012-13*
2013-14**
(4.5)
(4.8)
(0.5)
(6.0)
(0.3)
(6.6)
(8.6)
(6.5)
(10.9)
(11.8)
(10.0)
(5.3)
(3.4)
(6.8)
(1.1)
(7.0)
(6.2)
24.0 (3.0)#
18.5 (12.9)
14.5 (5.6)
7.8 (1.6)
57.0 (6.8)
64.8 (6.2)
100.0 (4.5)
100.0 (4.7)
17.2
15.8
1.4
7.5
0.8
5.6
0.1
1.1
17.2
5.9
11.4
14.3
6.0
8.2
8.1
56.3
64.4
177
177
178
Ranks
1
2
3
4
5
Source:
Notes :
Sector
2011-12
Percent
age to
total
Growth rate
2012-13 2013-14
5216
4833
2225
39460
18
-7.3
-4.0
3141
1997
796
993
12143
46556
1332
304
486
3259
10214
34298
1226
1307
1126
486
6370
36396
23306
14163
12817
7118
96864
217581
11
7
6
3
45
100
-57.6
-84.8
-38.9
228.2
-15.9
-26.3
-8.0
29.9
31.7
-85.1
-37.6
6.1
179
SERVICES SECTOR
179
180
steep rise in inflation for railway services from 2011-12; and a very
mild inflation for postal services from 2008-09. (Figure 10.4)
Aviation
Telecom
Tourism
Shipping
Ports
Railways
Storage
Sources:
Notes:
Indicators
Unit
Million
lakh
Million
US $ million
Million GT
Numbers
Million tonnes
Million tonnes
Million
Lakh MT
Numbers
2009-10
2010-11
Period
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
77.4
88.9
99.6
97.7
103.3
6212.8
8463.3
9513.5
8980.2
9330.2
5.17
11136
5.78
14193
6.31
16564
6.58
17737
6.97
18133
9.69
1003
850.0
887.8
600548
106.0
487
10.45
1071
885.5
921.7
625723
103.5
479
11.06
1122
911.7
969.1
667607
100.3
468
10.45
1158
933.7
1008.1
691658
102.3
469
10.49
1213
980.5
1050.2
651869
105.6
471
TRAI, Ministry of Tourism, Ministry of Shipping, Ministry of Railways, Directorate General of Civil Aviation
(DGCA), Central Warehousing Corporation.
acalendar years, for example 2009-10 for 2009; b As on 31 March of ensuing financial year; cdata from 200910 to 2012-13 is on carried basis, while that for 2013-14 is on originating basis; * foreign airlines included for
international passengers; GTgross tonnage; MTmetric tonnes.
181
10.23 India has not tapped the full potential of its tourism sector.
A World Economic Forum 2013 study of tourism competitiveness,
rated India at a low of 65 among 140 countries. On its three pillars
of competitiveness, India was ranked 21 on tourism natural resources,
67 on ease of business environment, but an abysmal 110 on its
regulatory framework for tourism and travel, showing Indias
inability to convert its comparative natural and economic
advantages into competitive advantages for the tourism Industry.
181
182
10.26 There has also been a sharp decline in the share of Indian
ships in the carriage of Indias overseas trade from about 40 per
cent in the late 1980s to 9.1 per cent in 2012-13 with a 16.3 per cent
share in Indias oil imports. As per a National Council of Applied
Economic Research (NCAER) study, a 5 per cent increase in the
national shipping tonnage saves or earns an additional 17 per cent
of the freight bill. With a total freight bill of around US$ 79.2
billion in 2012-13 and given the fact that 90 per cent of Indias
import and export cargo is carried by foreign shipping companies,
India as a nation is estimated to have paid a total freight bill of
US$ 71.3 billion which is a net forex outgo.
10.27 Even the existing Indian fleet is ageing, with the average
age of the Indian fleet increasing from 15 years in 1999 to 18.1 years
as on 31 March 2014 (43.85 per cent of the fleet is over 20 years
and 10.66 per cent in the 16-20 age group). Therefore there is
urgent need to increase Indias shipping fleet to make it at least
capable of carrying Indias trade volumes.
Port Services
10.28 The performance of shipping services and merchandise trade
is closely related to the eff iciency of ports. The total capacity of
Indian ports has reached approximately 1425 million tonnes as on
31 March 2014. During 2013-14 total traff ic handled at all ports at
980.49 million tonnes grew by 5.02 per cent over the previous year.
The cargo throughput of major ports grew at 1.78 per cent while
the non-major ports registered a growth of 9.57 per cent.
10.29 The Government of India has taken policy initiatives to
enhance private investment in ports. New tariff guidelines have been
introduced with greater flexibility to public-private partnership
182
183
1990-91
2000-01
8.10
2.16
3372
4.24
1.19
6961
Value
2010-11 2011-12
5.29
2.32
9140
4.44
0.46
13073
2012-13
2013-14
Change in
2013-14
over 2012-13
2.58
0.51
11786
2.25
0.29
12509
-0.33
-0.22
723.00
Storage Services
10.30 According to CSO estimates, storage services grew by 8.6
per cent in 2012-13 as compared to 2.9 per cent the previous year.
Storage services are an integral part of both inbound and outbound
logistics as the goods produced have to be stored in different
geographical locations before shipping/ dispatch as per demand/
order inflows. In India, the most important component of
warehousing is storage for agricultural inputs and produce such as
foodgrains, oilseeds, pulses, cotton, fertilizers, and manure. Other
components include industrial warehousing for industrial raw
materials and f inished goods, infrastructure for supporting import
and export trade like inland container depots (ICD)/ container
freight stations (CFS), cargo terminals of the integrated check
posts (ICPs), and special warehouses for perishable goods (cold and
temperature-controlled storage).
10.31 The Central Warehousing Corporation (CWC) has added 3.21
lakh MT additional storage capacity in 2013-14 as against 2.02 lakh
MT during 2012-13. At state level, the 17 State Warehousing
Corporations (SWC) meet the storage requirements and
complement the work of the CWC. As on 30 April 2014 these SWCs
were operating a network of 1687 warehouses with an aggregate
storage capacity of 268.3 lakh MT.
10.32 Major policy initiatives taken recently by the government in
this sector include construction of godowns under the 7-years/
10-years guarantee scheme of the Government of India, most of them
SERVICES SECTOR
183
184
being managed by the CWC or SWCs; up to 100 per cent FDI in the
construction of warehousing infrastructure; and construction of
warehouses under the Grameen Bhandaran Yojana of the National
Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) and the
Rastriya Krishi Vikas Yojana. In 2007-08, the government enacted the
Warehousing (Development & Regulation) Act 2007 to make the
warehouse receipt fully negotiable. Recently the government took
another major initiative for construction of additional warehousing
capacity in the country under its Private Entrepreneurs Guarantee
(PEG) Scheme. For boosting the warehousing sector, tax benef it
under Section 35 AD of the Income Tax Act 1961 is also being made
available where the assessee is allowed a deduction of 150 per cent of
the capital expenditure (except cost of land) for setting up and
operation of cold chain facility or warehousing facility for storage of
agricultural produce.
IT and ITeS
10.34 The information technology-information technologyenabled services (IT-ITeS) industry has become one of the
signif icant growth catalysts for India. India continues to maintain
a leadership position in global sourcing, accounting for above 55
per cent of the total global sourcing market (excluding engineering
services and R&D) in 2013 as compared to 52 per cent in 2012. The
ITbusiness process management (BPM) sector (excluding
hardware) is estimated to have grown by 10.3 per cent, reaching
US$ 105 billion in 2013-14. Of this, exports with a major share of
81.9 per cent grew by 13.0 per cent while domestic revenues fell by
1.0 per cent in dollar terms. Domestic revenue is estimated to have
increased by 9.63 per cent in rupee terms. In 2014-15 higher growth
is expected in both exports and domestic revenues (Table 10.7).
10.35 A gradual revival in consumer conf idence leading to return
of discretionary spending and increased demand from the US and
Europe is helping drive exports. India continues to lead in cost
competitiveness. Flat entry-level salaries, flattening employee
pyramid, and fast career growth are helping India stay seven-eight
Table 10.7 : Overall Growth Performance of the IT-BPM Sector
2008-09
IT-BPM service
Revenues
Exports
Domestic
Employment
( in million)
Value
( in US$ billion )
2010-11
2012-13
2013-14E
Growth rate
( per cent)
2013-14E 2014-15 P
2014-15 P
2012-13
59.9
76.3
95.2
105.0
118-123
8.6
10.3
12
47.1
12.8
2.2
59.0
17.3
2.5
76.1
19.2
3.0
86.0
19.0
3.1
97-100
21-23
10.6
1.1
6.9
13.0
-1.0
5.6
13-15
9-12
Source : NASSCOM.
Note : EEstimate, PProjections (revenue is excluding hardware services).
184
185
times cheaper than source locations and 30 per cent cheaper than
the next nearest low-cost country. However, challenges around
protectionism, increased competition, currency volatility, wage
inflation, and inconsistent levels of customer conf idence have to
be addressed.
10.36 This sector is also a big employment generator with direct
employment in the IT services and business process outsourcing
(BPO)/ITeS segment projected to grow by 5.6 per cent, reaching
3.1 million in 2013-14 with over 166,000 jobs being added during
the year (of which 30 per cent are for women). Indirect job creation
is projected at 10.0 million. The National Policy on Information
Technology (NPIT) envisages revenues of the IT and ITeS industry
expanding from US$ 100 billion in 2011-12 to US$ 300 billion by
2020 and exports from US$ 69 billion in 2011-12 to US$ 200 billion
by 2020.
R & D Services
10.37 Among business services, R & D occupies second position in
Indias GDP. Its growth has been consistently high at near 20 per
cent in the last few years; in 2012-13 growth has been at 20.8 per
cent. The US$ 1.6 trillion global gross expenditure on R&D (GERD)
in PPP (purchasing power parity) terms for 2014 projected by
Battelle and R&D magazine is a more than US$ 50 billion increase
over the previous year. In this enormous activity, Indias share is
around 3 per cent with GERD projected at US$ 44 billion, which
is around f ive times lower than that of China.
10.38 According to the Global Competitiveness Report 2013-14,
Indias capacity for innovation has been lower than that of other
BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa)
except Russia (Table 10.8). Though India scores better than China,
Brazil, and Russia on quality of scientif ic research institutions, the
research undertaken in such institutions is not percolating down
for commercial usage. This is exhibited through its poor score on
universityindustry collaboration on R&D as compared to some
other BRICS nations like China and South Africa. Though India
scores better than all BRICS nations on availability of scientists
and engineers, owing to its large population, the country has one
Table 10.8 : Global Competitiveness Index: R & D Innovation
Country
India
China
South Africa
Brazil
Russia
South Korea
UK
USA
Capacity for
innovation
Score
Rank
4.0
4.2
4.1
4.0
3.5
4.5
5.2
5.6
41
30
33
36
64
22
8
5
Quality of
scientific
research
institutions
Score
Rank
4.5
4.3
4.8
4.3
3.7
4.9
6.2
6.0
37
41
35
42
65
24
3
5
Company
spending on
R&D
Score
Rank
3.6
4.2
3.5
3.6
3.1
4.6
4.7
5.4
39
22
43
37
69
20
12
5
University
Industry
collaboration
on R&D
Score
Rank
4.0
4.4
4.5
4.0
3.6
4.7
5.6
5.7
47
33
29
49
64
26
5
3
Availability
of scientists
and
engineers
Score
Rank
5.0
4.5
3.5
3.4
3.8
4.6
4.8
5.3
15
44
108
112
90
33
23
6
PCT patents
granted/
million
population
Score
Rank
1.4
9.2
6.2
2.9
6.1
183.4
90.6
141.1
64
36
42
51
43
9
18
12
SERVICES SECTOR
185
186
Legal Services
10.39 Legal services have been growing at a steady rate of 8.2 per
cent in each of the years from 2005-06 to 2012-13. India is ranked
40, with a score of 4.7, in terms of judicial independence by the
Global Competitiveness Report 2013-14, an improvement from 45th
rank in 2012-13. As regards eff iciency of the legal framework in
settling disputes, India is ranked 62nd, with a score of 3.8, a decline
of three positions from 59th rank a year before. India is ranked
48th when it comes to the eff iciency of the legal framework in
challenging regulations, with a score of 3.8, an improvement from
52nd position in the previous year.
10.40 The National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) constituted
under the Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 monitors and
evaluates implementation of legal aid programmes and lays down
policies and principles for making legal services available under
the Act. To familiarize law students of the country with the
problems faced by the masses ignorant about their rights and
remedies under the law, the Legal Services Clinic in University,
Law Colleges and other Institutions scheme was started in 2013.
During 201314 more than 22.23 lakh persons have benef ited
through legal aid services in the country. Out of them, about 29,000
persons belong to the scheduled castes, 24,844 to the scheduled
tribes, more than 58,883 are women, and 8,134 are children. During
this period, more than 1,13,838 Lok Adalats have been organized
which settled more than 90.14 lakh cases including 1.17 lakh motor
accident claim cases.
187
over 2012 with the maximum increase observed in Jaipur (21 per
cent) followed by Bhubaneswar (17 per cent ), 7 saw decline in
prices over the previous year, with the maximum fall witnessed in
Ludhiana (-16 per cent ) followed by Vijayawada (-13 per cent).
10.43 A major policy concern for India is the widening gap
between demand and supply of housing units and inadequate
housing f inance solutions. Nearly 30 per cent of the countrys
population lives in cities and urban areas and this figure is projected
to reach 50 per cent in 2030. The present urban housing shortage
is 18.78 million units of which 95.6 per cent is in economically
weaker sections (EWS) / low income group (LIG) segments and
requires huge f inancial investment. A number of incentives/
initiatives are being taken for promoting affordable housing such
as allowing external commercial borrowing (ECB) for low cost
affordable housing projects. In the Union Budget 2013-14, for
housing loans up to ` 25 lakh taken for the f irst home in FY 201314, an additional deduction of interest of up to ` 1,00,000 was
given for the assessment year 2014-15. An Urban Housing Fund
with a corpus of ` 2000 crore was also announced. Accordingly,
the National Housing Bank (NHB) has formulated a new ref inance
scheme for channelizing funds into the urban housing sector. The
scheme seeks to augment resources and improve credit availability
for meeting the housing needs of people in lower income segments
residing in urban areas. Till 31 March 2014, the NHB had disbursed
` 441.15 crore under this scheme to various primary lending
institutions (PLIs). In order to overcome the constraints faced
during the pilot phase of implementation of the Interest Subsidy
Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor (ISHUP), the government
has designed a Revised Interest Subsidy Scheme, renamed the Rajiv
RinnYojana (RRY), as an additional instrument for addressing the
housing needs of EWS/LIG segments in urban areas. Under the
RRY, the amount of loan has been revised upwards to ` 5.0 lakh
for EWS and ` 8.0 lakh for LIG benef iciaries with an interest
subsidy up to a maximum of ` 5.0 lakh for both categories.
10.44 Institutional credit for housing investment is an important
factor. Though it is growing at a CAGR of about 18-20 per cent
per annum with mortgages as a percentage of GDP rising from 3.4
per cent in 2001 to 9 per cent in 2012-13, it is well below countries
like China, Thailand, and Malaysia. Procedural delays are another
major constraint in this sector. According to the World Banks
Doing Business 2014, India ranked 182nd in terms of construction
permits, requiring a total of 35 procedures to get permits as
compared to an average of 16 in South Asia and 13 in OECD
(Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development)
countries. These issues need to be addressed to make housing not
only affordable but also easy to own.
TRADE
10.45 The trade sector includes wholesale and retail trade in all
commodities whether produced domestically, imported, or exported.
It covers activities of purchase and selling agents, brokers, and
auctioneers. The ` 14, 79,787 crore trade sector with a share of 15.8
per cent in GDP, grew by 4.8 per cent in 2012-13. A study in 2008
SERVICES SECTOR
187
188
189
and gaming, which grew by 38.7 per cent and 25.5 per cent
respectively in 2013, are projected to drive the growth of this sector
in the coming years.
10.50 India has one of the largest broadcasting industries in the
world with close to 161 million TV households. There are about
800 satellite television channels, 88 teleports, 245 FM radio channels,
and 170 community radio stations operating in India. The
Government of India has embarked on an ambitious exercise of
digitizing its cable network in four phases leading to complete
switch off of analog TV services by 31 December 2014. The f irst
two phases of cable TV digitization have been successfully
completed. In phase I, which was completed on 31 October 2012,
out of four metro cities, threeDelhi, Mumbai, and Kolkatahave
achieved full digitization. Chennai is yet to undergo full transition
owing to pending court cases. Phase II was concluded on 31 March
2013 in 36 cities (having population more than 10 lakh) spanning
14 states and 1 UT. Three crore set top boxes (STBs) were installed
in the f irst two phases. It is estimated that state governments
and the Government of India stand to gain signif icantly, as
transparency in the subscriber base through digitization would lead
to manifold increase in the tax collection. Preliminary data from
state governments shows that there is already two- to three-fold
increase in entertainment tax collection. There is also good
opportunity for local manufacturing of STBs, leading to employment
generation. Phase III, covering other urban areas and Phase IV the
rest of India, are slated for completion by 30 September 2014 and
31 December 2014 respectively. DTH (direct to home) in India is
also growing at a fast pace and as per the FICCI-KPMG Report
2014 it is growing at a rate of about one million per year. HITS
(headend in the sky) technology will play a key role in achieving
the goal of 100 per cent digital distribution in India. At present
2 HITS operators have been permitted to operate by the Government
of India.
10.51 The effect of digitization is being felt in the f ilm sector
as well. With about 95 per cent of Indias cinema screens already
digitized, the industry is poised for buoyant growth in the long
run. Piracy remains a challenge to the Indian f ilm industry.
The Government of India has approved an anti-piracy plan to
put an effective legal mechanism in place for combating piracy
and creating public awareness among all the stakeholders
through multimedia campaign in PPP mode. So far it has signed
co-production agreements with nine countries, namely the UK,
Italy, Brazil, Germany, France, New Zealand, Poland, Canada,
and Spain. The government has accorded permission to shoot
in India to 31 foreign production houses in 2013-14. In order to
preserve the rich heritage of multifaceted Indian cinema,
construction of the international standard National Museum
of Indian Cinema in Mumbai, an ambitious plan of the
Government of India, is under implementation. The
construction of the f irst phase has been completed and it will
be opened for the general public shortly.
SERVICES SECTOR
189
190
Box 10.1 : Services Sector Reforms: Some Major Issues and Big Ticket Sectors
Many issues both general and sector specif ic including domestic regulations hinder the growth prospects of the services
sector, which if addressed deftly could help the sector and lead to exponential gains for the economy.
General Issues:
Nodal agency and marketing: Despite having strong growth potential in various services sub-sectors, there is no single
nodal department or agency for services. An inter-ministerial committee for services has been set up under the Department
of Commerce. But services activities cover issues beyond trade and a more proactive approach and proper institutional
mechanism is needed to weed out unwanted regulations and tap the opportunities in the services sector in a coordinated
way. There is also need for promotional activities for service exports like setting up a portal for services, showcasing Indias
competence also in non-software services in trade exhibitions, and engaging dedicated brand ambassadors and experts.
Disinvestment: There is plenty of scope for disinvestment in services PSUs under both central and state governments.
Speeding up disinvestment in some services-sector PSUs could not only provide revenue for the government but also speed
up the growth of these services.
Credit related: The issues here include collateral free soft loans to support the sectors cash needs and possibility of
considering even export or business orders as collateral for credit-worthy service f irms.
Tax and Trade Policy related: These include use of net instead of gross foreign exchange criteria for export benef it
schemes, the issue of retrospective amendments of tax laws like amendment to the def inition of royalty to include payment
of any rights via any medium for use of computer software, tax administrative measures to tackle delay in refunds,
introducing VAT (value added tax) refund for foreign tourists, and addressing the issue of bank guarantees based on past
performance to avail of export promotion benef its in services.
Sector-wise issues:
Tourism and hospitality sector: Indias share in world tourist inflows was only 0.64 per cent in 2012 (rank 41), while that
of the USA was 6.47 per cent (rank 2) and China 5.57 per cent (rank 3). Indias share in world tourism expenditure is
relatively higher at 1.65 per cent (rank 16) implying that foreign tourists spend relatively more in India. Singapore, a small
country, attracted 11.10 million tourists in 2012, while a large country like India attracted only 6.97 million foreign tourists
during 2013. Some suggested measures include creating world class tourism infrastructure even by PPP; addressing multiple
taxation issues; skill and etiquettes training to cater to the needs of tourists; special focus on cleanliness at tourist sites
and safety of tourists; using the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) for creating
permanent assets like tourism infrastructure and facilities; organizing mini India cultural shows on a daily basis at
important tourist sites that will not only attract tourists but also generate employment for Indian artists; and implementing
urgently visa on arrival and E visa facilities at 9 airports to 180 countries barring 8 prior reference countries, a decision
on which has already been taken.
Port services: India does not have world class ports with the necessary draft. As a result, third-generation ships are not
able to enter the harbour and goods have to be offloaded outside in smaller ships, adding to costs. India has made great
strides in developing airport infrastructure and laying of metro lines. Its immediate focus should be on building world
class ports providing world class services that will also help the trade sector by reducing costs and turnaround time in
ports. There are also issues like the many port charges in India and the port charges in India being considerably higher
than in many developed countries.
Shipping, shipbuilding, and ship repairs: Given that the share of Indian ships in the carriage of Indias overseas cargo has
fallen sharply and Indian ships are ageing, there is urgent need to replace our ageing ships with new ones. While the time
is opportune for increasing our shipping fleet, with prices falling on account of global slowdown, a special f inancing
mechanism needs to be developed. This also brings to focus the importance of Indias shipbuilding industry which has
the capacity and expertise but is functioning below capacity. Government-owned shipyards like Visakhapatnam are facing
problems like declining orders. With the need to replace many of our old ships and a growing ship repairs business, special
attention can be given to utilizing Indias shipbuilding and repairs yards and further enhancing their capacity.
Railways: Indias FDI policy restricts FDI in rail transport, except in mass rapid transit systems. FDI and privatization in
the railways could be the next big ticket reforms. A proposal has been initiated by Indian Railways, for making suitable
changes in the existing FDI policy in order to allow FDI in railways, to foster creation of world class rail infrastructure.
The proposal envisages allowing FDI in all areas of the rail sector except railway operations. Even in railway operations,
FDI is proposed in PPP projects, for suburban corridors, high speed train systems, and dedicated freight lines. While
privatization of railways has been successful in some countries like Japan, it has failed in some others like the UK. So
this proposal needs to be examined carefully and quickly to allow privatization/ FDI in areas where it is feasible.
Source : Based on Dr H.A.C. Prasad, Dr R. Sathish, and Salam Shyamsunder Singh (2014), working paper 1/2014-DEA on
Emerging Global Economic Situation: Opportunities and Policy Issues for Services Sector and updates from
some ministries and institutions.
190
191
OUTLOOK
10.53 Indias services sector which was growing at a steady rate
of over 10 per cent since 2005-06 has shown subdued performance
in the last three years. The resilience of services growth witnessed
even during and in the aftermath of the 2008 global recession has
started waning, though services sector growth is still higher than
that of other sectors. While the slowdown in the manufacturing
and mining sectors directly affected some services like railways,
shipping, ports, and other related services on account of the strong
linkage effect, other services were affected by the income effect
with slowdown in growth of both global and domestic incomes.
10.54 There was also lacklustre performance of community and
social services, which had shown robust growth in 2008-09 and
2009-10 owing to the payment of arrears to government employees
as per the sixth pay commission recommendations resulting in
high growth in the public administration and defence category.
However, the good performance by some important sectors like
f inancing, insurance, real estate and other business services, and
community social and personal services other than public
administration and defence helped pull up services growth rate to
modest levels of 7 or near 7 per cent in the last three years.
10.55 Going forward, the year 2014-15 seems to augur well for the
services sector with expansion in business activity in India as also
indicated by some indices. There are also signs of revival in growth
of the aviation sector with the announcement of new players like
Air Asia and Tata-SIA Airline after a turbulent period of
withdrawals and losses by some airlines. Indications of revival in
world GDP and trade growth in general and of developed countries
in particular, could help in revival of the tourism and shipping
sectors. With a stable government in place and growing optimism
which could translate into investment and growth, some quick
reforms and removal of some barriers and obsolete regulations in
the services sector could help. The downside risk however is the
fragile global situation.
SERVICES SECTOR
191
Chapter 11
OVERVIEW OF PERFORMANCE
11.2 Availability of quality infrastructure is key for the growth of
industry and services. From the infrastructure development
perspective, while important issues like delays in regulatory
approvals, problems in land acquisition and rehabilitation, and
environmental clearances need immediate attention, time overruns
in the implementation of projects continue to be one of the main
reasons for underachievement in many of the infrastructure sectors.
According to the Ministry of Statistics and Programme
Implementation (MOSPI) Flash Report for February 2014, of 239
central-sector infrastructure projects costing ` 1000 crore and above,
99 are delayed with respect to the latest schedule and 11 have
reported additional delays with respect to the date of completion
reported in the previous month. The additional delays in respect
to projects relating to the petroleum, power, steel, and coal sectors
are in the range of 1 to 26 months. The total original cost of
implementation of these 239 projects was about ` 7,39,882 crore
and their anticipated completion cost is likely to be
` 8,97,684 crore, implying an overall cost overrun of ` 1,57,802 crore
(21.3 per cent of the original cost). The expenditure incurred on
these projects till February 2014 was ` 4,10,684 crore, which is
45.7 per cent of the total anticipated cost.
193
ENERGY
11.4 According to the Twelfth Plan projections, total domestic
energy production will reach 669.6 million tonne of oil equivalent
(MTOE) by 2016-17 and 844 MTOE by 2021-22. This will meet around
71 per cent and 69 per cent of expected energy consumption, with
the balance to be met from imports, projected to be about
267.8 MTOE by 2016-17 and 375.6 MTOE by 2021-22. Even though
the domestic production of energy is projected to increase, import
dependence will continue to be high, particularly for crude oil
where nearly 78 per cent of the demand will have to be met from
imports by the end of the Twelfth Plan. Import dependence for
coal is also projected to increase from 18.8 per cent in 2011-12 to
22.4 per cent by the end of the Twelfth Plan. It is further estimated
that import dependence for coal, liquef ied natural gas (LNG), and
crude oil taken together in the terminal year of the Twelfth Plan
is likely to remain at the Eleventh Plan level of 36 per cent.
193
194
Per capita energy consumption grew at a CAGR of 4.1 per cent during
this period. The consumption pattern of energy by primary sources
expressed in terms of peta joules shows that electricity generation
accounted for about 57.6 per cent of the total consumption of all
primary sources of energy during 2011-12, followed by coal and lignite
(20 per cent) and crude petroleum (18.8 per cent).
POWER
Generation
11.7 Electricity generation by power utilities during 2013-14 was
targeted to go up by 6.9 per cent to 975 billion units. The growth
in power generation during 2013-14 (April-March) was 6.0 per cent,
as compared to 4.0 per cent during April 2012 to March 2013
(Table 11.1).
Category
2011-12
Power generation 876.89
Hydroelectric#
130.51
Thermal
708.81
Nuclear
32.29
Bhutan import
5.29
April-March
2012-13
2013-14
912.06
113.72
760.68
32.87
4.80
967.15
134.85
792.48
34.27
5.60
6.04
18.58
4.18
4.14
16.75
Capacity Addition
11.10 The capacity-addition target for the Twelfth Plan period is
estimated at 88,537 MW, comprising 26,182 MW in the central
sector, 15,530 MW in the state sector, and 46,825 MW in the private
sector respectively. The capacity-addition target for the year
2012-13 was 17,956.3 MW, against which a record capacity addition
of 20,622.8 MW (20,121.8 MW thermal and 501 MW hydro) was
achievedthe highest-ever annual capacity addition. The capacityaddition target for the year 2013-14 was 18,432.3 MW against which
a capacity addition of 17,825.1 MW has been achieved.
195
PETROLEUM
11.13 In order to meet the ever-growing demand for petroleum
products, the government has consistently endeavoured to enhance
exploration and exploitation of petroleum resources, along with
developing a concrete and structured distribution and marketing
system. Despite this, crude oil production for 2013-14 remained
stagnant at around 37.8 million metric tonnes (MMT) as against
37.9 MMT in 2012-13, showing a marginal decrease of about
0.20 per cent. The bulk of crude oil production is from ageing
f ields, with the exception of the Krishna Godavari (KG) deep-water
and Rajasthan blocks. Production of crude oil was also affected by
environmental issues, bandhs/blockades, lower base potential, and
delay in production from wells in some states. The average natural
gas production for 2013-14 was about 35.4 BCM as against
40.7 BCM for 2012-13, showing a decline of about 13 per cent.
195
196
Automatic approval (Reserve Bank of India [RBI] route) for 100 per cent foreign equity is permitted in
generation, transmission and distribution, and trading in the power sector without any upper ceiling on the
quantum of investment. The government on 22.08.2013 notif ied its revised position on foreign direct investment
(FDI) cap for power exchanges registered under Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) Regulations
2010 as 49 per cent (26 per cent FDI+23 per cent foreign institutional investment [FII]) through automatic
route.
Signing of fuel supply agreements The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) in a meeting held
on 21 June 2013 issued a directive to the Ministry of Coal/Coal India Limited to sign fuel supply agreements
(FSAs) for a total capacity of 78,000 MW, including tapering linkage, which are likely to be commissioned by
March 2015. With concerted efforts made in this regard, FSAs have been signed for 160 units totalling capacity
around 74,000 MW.
Allocation of new coal blocks to the NTPC
The National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) has been allocated four coal blocks (Banai, Bhalumuda,
Chandrabila, and Kudanali-Laburi) in August 2013 for power projects of 8460 MW.
Pass-through mechanism
Pass-through mechanism for the concluded PPAs has been approved by the CCEA (14,000 MW-Case I and
Case II post 2009 plants) in June 2013.
The CERC/State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERC) have been advised to consider the request of
individual power producers in this regard as per due process on a case-by-case basis in public interest. The
appropriate commission has been requested to take immediate steps for the implementation of this decision
of the government.
Incorporation of PPA condition for coal block allocation
The Ministry of Coal has issued letters to independent power producers (IPP) and state governments for
incorporating the PPA condition at the time of executing mining lease with IPPs for coal block allocation so
that the benef its of low cost coal can be passed on to the consumers.
Independent Coal Regulatory Bill
The Independent Coal Regulatory Bill has been approved by the Cabinet on 27 June 2013. The Ministry of
Coal introduced the Bill in Parliament in December 2013. An executive order for setting of coal regulation
has been issued by the Ministry of Coal.
Third-party sampling and quality control mechanism
The Ministry of Coal/ Coal India Limited agreed to third-party sampling at loading points to address the issue
of coal quality in October 2013. A Coal India Limited (CIL)-appointed agency for third-party sampling has
been operational w.e.f. 1.10.2013.
has so far been awarded under the NELP, which works out to
almost 48 per cent of the total sedimentary area in the country.
Current average oil production from the NELP blocks is about
6938 barrels per day and gas production 14.13 million cubic metres
(MCMs) per day. Activities related to the tenth round of NELP
bidding (NELP-X) have been initiated. A total of 86 blocks
(30 deep water, 23 shallow water and 33 on land) have been
tentatively proposed. Inter-ministerial clearances are under way.
197
CBM reserves in the country are about 92 trillion cubic feet (TCF),
of which only 9.9 TCF has so far been established. Commercial
production of CBM in India has now become a reality with current
production at about 0.45 million metric standard cubic metre
per day (MMSCMD).
Shale Gas
11.16 Shale gas can emerge as an important new source of energy.
India has several shale formations which seem to hold shale gas.
The shale gas formations are spread over several sedimentary basins
such as Cambay, Gondwana, Krishna-Godawari onland, and Cauvery.
The Director General of Hydrocarbans (DGH) has initiated steps
to identify prospective areas for shale gas exploration. A multiorganizational team (MOT) of the DGH, Oil and Natural Gas
Corporation (ONGC), Oil India Limited (OIL), and Gas Authority
of India Limited (GAIL) has been formed by the government to
examine the existing data set and suggest a methodology for shale
gas development in India. Further, a memorandum of agreement
(MoU) between the Department of State, USA, and Ministry of
Petroleum and Natural Gas has been signed for assessment of shale
gas resources in India, imparting training to Indian geo-scientists
and engineers, and assistance in the formulation of regulatory
frameworks. Under the MOU signed with the USA, the US
Geological Survey (USGS) has estimated the technically recoverable
shale gas resource for three basins as 6.1 TCF. Further studies by
the USGS are in progress.
197
198
NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY
Ethanol-blended Petrol
11.19 The government started the Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP)
Programme in 2003. In 2006 it was extended to the entire country,
except the north-eastern states, Jammu and Kashmir, Andaman and
Nicobar Islands, and Lakshadweep. To boost the EBP Programme,
the government decided on 22 November 2012 that 5 per cent
mandatory ethanol blending with petrol should be implemented
across the country. Procurement price of ethanol was henceforth
to be decided between oil marketing companies (OMCs) and
suppliers of ethanol. The OMCs are implementing the Programme
in the notif ied 20 states and 4 union territories (UT) as per the
availability of ethanol.
COAL
11.21 The gap between demand and supply has consistently been
increasing. At the end of the Eleventh Five Year Plan, the gap was
about 100 MT and it has now increased to 145 to 150 MT. The
report of the Working Group of Coal and Lignite for the Twelfth
Five Year Plan projected the coal demand in India to grow at a
CAGR of 7.1 per cent till 2016-17 and reach 980.5 MT annually
under realistic demand. With a projected growth rate of
7.0 per cent, demand is expected to reach 1373 MT by
2021-22.The overall long-term demand for coal is closely linked to
the performance of the end-use sectors. In India, the main end-use
sectors of coal are thermal power generation (60 per cent), iron
and steel (7 per cent), and cement (5 per cent), apart from irregular
demand from the unorganized small-scale sector comprising
primarily the brick and ceramics industry. Sharp deceleration in
the production of natural gas in the past two-three years has
further increased the energy sectors dependence on coal.
198
199
11.22 The performance of the coal sector in the f irst two years of
the Twelfth Plan has been subdued with domestic production at
556 MT in 2012-13 and 566 MT in 2013-14. Overall domestic demand
for coal during these two years was in the range of 715-720 MT.
Demand was mainly driven by the power generation sector, whereas
demand in the iron and steel and cement sectors had moderate
growth rates. To f ill the gap between domestic demand and
supply, the country imported about 146 MT of coal at a cost of
` 92,538 crore during 2012-13 and about 169 MT at a cost of
` 95,175 crore during 2013-14 (provisional). The cost of imports
would have been much higher had there not been a slide in coal
prices in the international markets in the last two years. With
the stagnant domestic coal production, coal imports are likely to
surge in the remaining three years of the Twelfth Plan. In terms of
value, coal remains the third highest imported item after petroleum,
oil, and lubricants (POL) and gold and its rising trend will keep
putting pressure on Indias current account balance. Table 11.2 gives
f igures for production, supply, and import of coal.
CIL
Year
Import
Coking
21.08
24.69
19.48
31.80
35.56
Noncoking
37.92
48.57
49.43
71.05
110.22
Total
import
59.00
73.26
68.92
102.85
145.78
168.50
RAILWAYS
11.23 The demands of a growing economy require Indian Railways
(IR) to expand its freight network, increase its ability to carry
higher freight per wagon, and the eff iciency of the rail system for
faster delivery, and improve the reach and quality of its passenger
services. In order to meet these challenges, and also keeping in
view the overall thrust of the Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-17), the
policies of IR currently focus on creation of additional capacity,
modernization of the existing network, improvement in asset
utilization and productivity, and modernization of rolling stock
and maintenance practices to bring about overall improvement in
the quality of railway services, while augmenting prof itability and
internal resource generation. The broad objective of IR is to develop
a strategy to be a part of an effective multi-modal transport system
and to ensure an environment-friendly and economically eff icient
transport movement.
Freight Performance of IR
11.24 Freight loading (excluding loading by Konkan Railways) by
IR during 2012-13 was placed at 1008.09 million tonnes, as against
969.05 million tonnes in 2011-12, registering an increase of
4.03 per cent, with incremental loading of 39.04 million tonnes
ENERGY, INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNICATIONS
199
200
ROADS
11.26 India has one of the largest road networks in the world,
spread over 48.65 lakh km. It comprises national highways,
expressways, state highways, major district roads, other district roads,
and village roads with following length distribution (Table 11.3).
92,851 km
State Highways
Other Roads
1,42,687 km
46,29,462 km
201
201
202
CIVIL AVIATION
Air Passenger and Cargo Traffic
11.31 Domestic passenger traff ic handled at Indian airports reached
122.43 million during April to March 2013-14. This is an increase
of 5.2 per cent over the domestic passenger traff ic throughput of
116.37 million for the same period during 2012-13. International
passenger traff ic handled at Indian airports was placed at
46.62 million during 2013-14 as against 43.03 million during the
corresponding period of the previous year, thereby recording a
growth rate of 8.34 per cent. International cargo throughput at
Indian airports during 2013-14 was 1.44 MMT as compared to
1.41 MMT during the previous year. During the reference period,
domestic cargo throughput stood at 0.84 MMT as against
0.78 MMT, thereby recording an increase of 7.7 per cent.
Airport Infrastructure
11.32 The Airports Authority of India (AAI) is a major airport
operator managing 125 airports across the country including
26 civil enclaves at defence airports and is also entrusted with the
sovereign function of providing air traff ic services in India. To
enhance airport infrastructure in India, modernization of existing
airport infrastructure in metro and non-metro cities and
construction of greenf ield airports were contemplated.
11.33 Modernization of Kolkata Airport has been taken up whereby
construction of a terminal building with a 20 million passenger
capacity has been commissioned and completed. In order to increase
airside capacity, the secondary runway has been extended by
431 m. Under modernization of Chennai Airport, new domestic
and international terminal buildings with an annual capacity of 10
million and 4 million passengers respectively were commissioned
and constructed. To augment airside capacity, extension of the
secondary runway by 1032 m has also been undertaken.
Modernization of Delhi and Mumbai Airports has been undertaken
by JV companies and state-of-the-art facilities have been provided.
Development of 35 non-metro airports which have been identif ied
based on regional connectivity, development of regional hubs, etc.,
has been undertaken by the AAI. Out of 35 airports, work has been
completed at 33. Development work for Vadodra and Khajuraho
Airports is in progress.
202
Streamlining
Clearances
of
Environment
Dispute Resolution
Several contractors and concessionaires have opted for the same and
successfully settled claims with the
NHAI.
203
PORTS
Cargo Traffic at Indian Ports
11.35 During 2013-14 (April to March) major and non-major ports
in India accomplished a total cargo throughput of around
980.49 million tonnes reflecting an increase of 5.0 per cent over
2012-13. This can mainly be attributed to an increase of 1.8 per cent
in the cargo handled at major ports. In contrast, traff ic at nonmajor ports grew at around 9.6 per cent during 2013-14 as compared
to 9.8 per cent in 2012-13 (Table 11.4). During 2013-14, Ennore Port
recorded the highest growth in traff ic (52.9 per cent) followed by
Paradip (20.3 per cent), Kolkata Dock System (8.7 per cent), New
Mangalore Port Trust (6.3 per cent), Cochin Port (5.3 per cent),
Mumbai Port (2.0 per cent), Haldia Dock Complex (1.5 per cent),
and V.O.Chidambarnar (1.4 per cent). Negative traff ic growth was
reported by Visakhapatnam (-0.9 per cent), Jawaharlal Nehru Port
Trust (JNPT) (-3.3 per cent), Chennai Port (-4.3 per cent), Kandla
(-7.0 per cent), and Mormugao(-33.7 per cent).
Traff ic handled
Major ports
Non-major ports
All ports
2012-13
2013-14
2012-13
2013-14
545790
555488
-2.6
1.8
(58.5)
(56.7)
387867
425000
(41.5)
(43.3)
933657
980488
(100)
(100)
9.6
2.2
5.0
203
204
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
11.37 The Indian telecom sector has registered phenomenal growth
during the past few years and has become the second largest
telephone network in the world, next only to China. A series of
reform measures by the government, innovations in wireless
technology, and active participation by the private sector played
an important role in the growth of the telecom sector in the
country. The details of the number of telephones, teledensity, and
other key indicators of the telecommunications sector are given in
Table 11.5.
2012
2013
2014
951.35
898.02
933.02
39.26
41.05
44.01
169.17
146.64
145.46
78.66
73.32
75.23
12.41
-5.61
3.9
Spectrum Auction
11.38 The government announced the National Telecom Policy
(NTP) in 2012. This is an initiative for creating a conducive policy
framework for growth of the sector and for triggering an ecosystem for inclusive growth. NTP-2012 envisages adequate
availability of spectrum and its allocation in a transparent manner
through a market-related process. The auction of spectrum in the
800 MHz, 900 MHz, and 1800 MHz bands was conducted in March
2013. During this auction, there was one successful bidder in the
800 MHz band, who won 3.75 MHz of spectrum in each of eight
service areas, namely Delhi, Kolkata, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
Kerala, West Bengal, and Uttar Pradesh (West). However, no
interest was expressed in bidding for spectrum in the 900 MHz
and 1800 MHz bands. As a result, spectrum auction in the 900 MHz
and 1800 MHz bands was conducted during February 2014. In the
1800 MHz category, 307.2 MHz out of 385.2 was sold. In the 900
MHz band, 46 MHz was put up for auction in the Delhi, Mumbai,
and Kolkata service areas and all was sold out. The total amount of
` 61,162 crore obtained through auction of spectrum was
27.6 per cent more than the value of the spectrum on offer at
reserve price.
205
URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE
Urban Infrastructure and Governance
11.42 The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
(JnNURM) was launched by the Ministry of Urban Development
for a seven-year period (i.e. up to March 2012) for encouraging
cities to initiate steps for bringing about improvements in their
civic service levels in a phased manner. The government extended
the tenure of the Mission for two years, i.e. from 1 April 2012 to
31 March 2014. Besides this, in January 2013, the government also
approved a transition phase for launching of new projects under
the JnNURM. The components under Urban Infrastructure and
Governance (UIG), sub-mission of the JnNURM, are urban renewal,
water supply (including desalination plants), sanitation, sewerage
and solid waste management, urban transport, development of
ENERGY, INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNICATIONS
205
206
207
The
challenge
is
to
ensure strong, sustainable,
and balanced development
through integration of
economies with environmentally sustainable development of infrastructure.
207
208
Box. 11.6 : Recent Initiatives for Development of the Infrastructure Sector in India
The following initiatives have been taken in the recent past in order to ensure accelerated growth in the infrastructure sector:
(a) Harmonized Master List of Infrastructure Sub-sectors: To resolve the issue of uniform def inition of infrastructure,
a Harmonized Master list of Infrastructure Sub-sectors has been drawn up and published in the Gazette of India dated
7 October 2013. An institutional mechanism has been set up under the chairmanship of the Secretary, Department of
Economic Affairs, with representation from the Planning Commission, Department of Revenue, Reserve Bank of India
(RBI), Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA),
Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA), and concerned ministry for updating the master list and
revisiting the sub-sectors outside the master list on the basis of well-def ined principles.
(b) Infrastructure Financing
(i) The Cabinet Committee on Investment (CCI) set up under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister on
2 January 2013 to expedite clearances and decisions on large infrastructure projects, cleared 303 projects with
aggregate investment of ` 6,95,437 crore up to end February 2014.
(ii) Infrastructure Debt Fund: The government has conceptualised infrastructure debt funds (IDF) for sourcing long-term
debt for infrastructure projects. Potential investors under IDFs may include off-shore institutional investors, off-shore
high networth individuals (HNIs), and other institutional investors (insurance funds, pension funds, sovereign wealth
funds, etc.). An IDF can be set up either as a trust or as a non-banking financial company (NBFC). The income of IDFs
has been exempted from income tax. So far, two IDF-NBFCs and five IDFmutual funds (MFs) have been operationalized.
(iii) Tax-free Bonds: The government has attempted to broaden the corporate bond market by according tax-free
status to infrastructure bonds for addressing the specif ic needs of infrastructure def icit, especially in sectors such as
roads, ports, airports, and power, which are essential for economic growth in any country. During f inancial year
2013-14, the government has allowed issue of tax-free bonds amounting to ` 50,000 crore, to central public sector
undertakings (CPSUs), for a period of 10, 15, and 20 years.
(iv) Municipal Borrowing: With a view to deepening the bond markets for infrastructure f inance, draft guidelines/
framework has been prepared for issuance of municipal bonds in India.
(c) Public-Private Partnership Initiatives in India
The Government of India is promoting public-private partnerships (PPP) as an effective tool for bringing private-sector
eff iciencies in creation of economic and social infrastructure assets and for delivery of quality public services. By end
March 2014 there were over 1300 projects in the infrastructure sector with a total project cost (TPC) of ` 6,94,040 crore.
These projects are at different stages of implementation, i.e. bidding, construction, and operational.
(i) Viability Gap Funding for PPP Projects : Under the scheme for f inancial support to PPPs in infrastructure
(Viability Gap Funding [VGF] Scheme), 178 projects have been granted approval with a TPC of ` 88,697 crore and
VGF support of ` 16,894 crore, of which ` 1455 crore has been disbursed.
(ii) Support for Project Development of PPP Projects: The India Infrastructure Project Development Fund
(IIPDF) was launched in December 2007 to facilitate quality project development for PPP projects and ensure
transparency in procurement of consultants and projects. So far 53 projects have been approved with IIPDF
assistance.
(iii) National PPP Capacity Building Programme: The National PPP Capacity Building Programme was launched
in December 2010, and has been rolled out in 16 states and two central training institutes, i.e. the Indian Maritime
University and Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration. The roll-out in the respective institutes
commenced in 2011-12. So far, 160 training programmes have been conducted to train over 5000 public functionaries
who deal with PPPs in their domain.
(iv) Online toolkits for PPP projects for f ive sectors are available on the Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry
of Finance, website on PPPs, i.e. www.pppinindia.com. The PPP toolkit is a web-based resource that has been
designed to help improve decision making for infrastructure PPPs in India and to improve the quality of infrastructure
PPPs that are implemented in India.
FINANCING INFRASTRUCTURE
Recent Trends in Credit Flow to the Infrastructure
Sector
11.47 The India Infrastructure Finance Company Limited (IIFCL)
was set up in 2006 for providing long-term f inancing for
infrastructure projects that typically involve long gestation periods.
The IIFCL funds viable infrastructure projects through long-term
debt as well as ref inance to banks and f inancial institutions for
loans approved by them. During 2013-14, the IIFCL mobilized
long-term resources primarily from multilateral and bilateral
208
209
(` crore)
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
463658
574794
676264
794991
(i) Power
231467
301327
369596
460087
(ii) Telecommunications
88432
89930
92450
89098
(iii) Roads
81556
101362
122778
146486
62203
82175
91440
99319
49.92
52.42
54.65
57.87
(ii) Telecommunications
19.07
15.65
13.67
11.21
(iii) Roads
17.59
17.63
18.16
18.43
13.42
14.30
13.52
12.49
209
210
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
Power
1271.79 1271.77 1652.38
Non-conventional energy
622.52 214.40
452.17
Petroleum & natural gas
265.53 556.43 2029.98
Telecommunications
2539.26 1664.50 1997.24
Air transport (including air freight) 23.71 136.60
31.22
Sea transport
284.85 300.51 129.36
Ports
65.41
10.92
0.00
Railway-related components
34.43
70.66
42.27
535.68 1066.08
1106.52 414.25
214.80
112.23
303.87 1306.95
15.89
45.95
64.62
20.49
0.00
0.31
29.85 236.93
Grand Total
3793.14
10578.92
6192.73 9690.06
4657.2
Power
11.51 The capacity-addition target for the Twelfth Plan period is
estimated at 88,537 MW. Against this target, 38,583 MW capacity
has been added till April 2014, which constitutes 43.6 per cent of
the target envisaged in the Twelfth Plan. The individual targets
achieved by the centre, states, and private sector during this period
210
211
are 30.5 per cent, 47.2 per cent, and 49.7 per cent respectively.
However, power generation from this additional capacity critically
depends on ensuring fuel supply (coal as well as gas), improving
the f inancial health of the state electricity boards (SEBs), and
making PPAs of IPPs economically viable. All these factors also
affect the capital expenditure programme in the power sector.
11.52 Private developers may not be able to f inance projects if
coal linkage issues are not resolved and there are delays in
f inalization of fuel supply agreements (FSA). While some decisions
have been taken for restructuring Discoms f inances, these may
need to be monitored and implemented in spirit. There is also a
need to initiate sustained and meaningful SEB reforms by focusing
on areas like tariff rationalization, minimizing AT & C losses, and
linking incremental funding to SEBs with the reforms process
undertaken by them. The power sector cannot deliver on its social
commitments unless it is commercially and f inancially viable. To
improve the f inancial health of the distribution utilities, measures
are required for strengthening governance standards of Discoms,
rationalizing the tariff structure, and optimizing procurement cost
of power.
Coal
11.53 Based on the sectoral analysis carried out by various
committees and institutions in the recent past (including the report
of the Working group for the Twelfth Plan on Coal and Lignite),
the demand and supply projections of the coal sector, and the
current status of the coal mining, the following initiatives need to
be expedited on priority basis:
Action points to accelerate coal production in the short
term:
Building critical feeder routes for coal: The implementation
of key infrastructure projects for evacuation and movement of
coal will be of critical importance for enabling a step up in
coal production. In order to transport coal from the pithead,
three critical railway lines have been identif ied which include
Tori-Shirvpur-Kathutia (90.7 km) in North Karanpura in
Jharkand, Jharsuguda-Barpalli-Sardega (53 km) in Ib valley,
Odisha, and BhudevpurKorichapar-Dharmjaigarh (180 km) in
the Mand-Raigarh coal f ields in Chattisgarh. Work on these
critical routes needs to be expedited.
211
212
track record to compete with CIL and also to bring in the latest
technology and skills.
Restructure CIL: CIL is a holding company with seven wholly
owned coal-producing subsidiary companies and one mine
planning and consultancy company, namely Central Mine
Planning and Design Institute Limited (CMPDIL). It encompasses
the whole gamut of identif ication of coal reserves and detailed
exploration followed by design and implementation and
optimizing operations for coal extraction in its mines. The
T. L. Shankar Committee on Road Map for Coal Sector Reforms
had recommended restructuring of CIL during the Twelfth Plan.
The process needs to be pushed through swiftly.
Roads
11.54 Of late, financing of road projects has also run into difficulty
as leveraged companies implementing road projects are unable to
raise more debt in the absence of fresh equity. In current market
conditions these f irms are unable to raise new equity. Exit
conditions, therefore, need to be eased in such a manner that
promoters can sell equity positions after construction, passing on
all benef its and responsibilities to entities that step in to take
over the project. Promoters can then use the equity thus released
for new projects. Further, the toll should have correlation with
users capacity to pay as well as reasonable payback for the financing
entities. From the lending institutions perspective, keeping in
view of the asset-liability mismatch issue, there is a need to design
new f inancing products so as to avoid undue burden on the
developer. Going by international practice, concepts like traff ic
trigger and re-equilibrium discount could be examined to see
whether they can be applied to address some of the problems of
the Indian road sector. A traff ic trigger clause in the contract
implies that if a certain volume of identif ied traff ic is reached, the
concessionaire is obligated to increase roadways capacity in order
to maintain a minimum level of service to users. The re-equilibrium
discount is used to reduce tariff when performance parameters are
not being met. A table of discounts is pre-def ined in the contract.
The discounts represent the resources that are not invested as a
result of a failure to meet performance parameters.
Telecommunications
11.55 Keeping in view the role of a robust telecom network in
e-governance and delivery of public services, provisions for state-ofthe art IT facilities in urban areas and creation of a digital highway
and an action plan covering areas like policy change, regulations,
physical infrastructure, and tax/f iscal need to be put in place in due
course of time. To start with, policy for better spectrum management
through trading and sharing of spectrum needs to be looked into so
as to bring down the cost of spectrum. This may also pave the way
for a liberal merger and acquisition policy as has been demanded by
stakeholders from time to time. With a view to lowering the entry/
exit barrier, there is also a need to look into separation of telecom
networking from services. Further, local manufacturing, research,
and entrepreneurship needs to be promoted with government
assistance. Other issues requiring attention include strengthening a
212
213
PPP
11.56 As highlighted in Economic Survey 2012-13, global
experience indicates that PPPs work well when they combine the
eff iciency and risk assessment of the private sector with the public
purpose of the government sector. They work poorly when they
rely on the eff iciency and risk assessment of the government sector
and the public purpose of the private sector. India should be careful
not to undertake PPPs that do not apportion risks and
responsibilities sensibly. Moreover flexibility needs to be built into
arrangements so that the contract can be withdrawn and put up
for rebid when the private party underperforms. The early success
of PPP projects in India was mainly due to the meeting of
obligations by the stakeholder(s) in a timely manner as well as
implementation of projects over reasonable timelines. However
with economic slowdown, lower-than-expected demand for services
and a sharp rise in input costs has started resulting in failure of
contracting parties to meet their obligations as stipulated in the
PPP agreements. As a result, the infrastructure gap has widened
over the last few years. A model that depends on private capital
may be diff icult to implement if the companies executing
infrastructure projects are f inancially stressed and not in a position
to raise more funds in the absence of radical restructuring. Further,
the execution, operation, and maintenance capacities of implementing agencies also need to be assessed and strengthened. The role
of banks and f inancial institutions also needs a relook from the
due diligence and appraisal perspective. Last but not the least, the
ability of PPPs to become an eff icient means of delivering public
services will also crucially depend on the intention and spirit of
all contractual parties to honour their respective commitments.
Infra Financing
11.57 Long-term f inance for infrastructure projects is one of the
issues that need to be addressed in the context of the limitation of
banks to finance such projects. Infrastructure projects, given their
long pay-back period, require long-term f inancing in order to be
sustainable and cost effective. However, banks which have been the
main source of funding for such projects are unable to provide longterm funding, given their asset-liability mismatch and the ceiling
on their exposure limits. To address the problem of asset-liability
mismatch, banks have a tendency to lend on floating rate basis
which more often than not results in escalation of project cost
because of interest rate fluctuations. Further, non-availability of
products for hedging foreign exchange risks, especially long tenor
loans as well as high cost of such hedging could be deterrent
factor(s) in meeing the f inancing need of the infrastructure sector
in the country. Absence of a well-developed corporate bond market
has put additional burden on banks to meet the funding requirements
of the corporate sector. A robust and transparent issuance and trading
process, uniform stamp duty across states, a well-devised credit
enhancement mechanism, an integrated trading and settlement
ENERGY, INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNICATIONS
214
214
Chapter 12
INTRODUCTION
12.2 Sustainable development is an imperative for achieving intergenerational equity and as a public good has a large global
dimension. There has been significant progress on the development
front with 116 countries so far meeting the millennium development
goal (MDG) target for drinking water, and 77 meeting the sanitation
target (Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water- 2014 Update,
WHO and UNICEF 2014). Energy intensity has declined worldwide
including in many developing countries owing to technology
changes and eff iciency improvements. About 700 million fewer
people lived in conditions of extreme poverty in 2010 as compared
to 1990. The global goal of halving poverty was achieved in 2010.
Remarkable gains in access to improved sources of water, the f ight
against malaria and tuberculosis, improved conditions for slum
dwellers in cities, enrolment in primary education, and the
advancement of women have been achieved. India too has made
signif icant progress, which is detailed in Chapter 13.
12.3 The progress, however, is uneven, insuff icient, and threatened
by prospective future losses. Weather chronicles show each passing
year being marked by some disasters or catastrophic events and
increasing weather variability. A warming climatic system is
expected to impact the availability of basic necessities like
freshwater, food, and energy. This year, according to various
216
217
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
12.8 Environmental issues have for long been an integral part of
Indian thought and social processes. India, a large and diverse
country with only 2.4 per cent of the worlds land area, accounts
for 7-8 per cent of the recorded plant and animal species of the
world. It is estimated that India is home to about one-sixth of the
entire plant species of the world and of the 12 biodiversity hotspots
of the world, 2 are in India (Compendium of Environmental
Statistics in India, CSO 2013). Compared to 2009, there has been a
net increase of 23.34 sq. km in Indias mangrove cover (Brief
Statement on Activities and Achievements, Ministry of Enviorment
and Forests [MOEF] 2013). The country has enacted a number of
legislations on conservation of forests and ecosystems, waste
management, and pollution control. Recently President of India as
well as the Prime Minister emphasized the need for sustainability
and announced the launch of a Swachh Bharat Mission for
ensuring hygiene, waste management and sanitation across the
nation. While addressing Parliament after the formation of the
new government, the President emphasized that the government
strongly believes that environmental conservation can go hand in
hand with development and assured that while putting the country
on a high growth path, the government will keep sustainability at
the core of Indias planning process. The Twelfth Five Year Plan
(2012-17) along with other national policies aims at addressing
many such concerns. The government (centre and states)
expenditure on social services as a proportion of GDP increased
from 5.49 per cent in 2005-06 to 7.09 per cent in 2012-13 (budget
estimates) (SAARC Development Goals: India Country Report 2013).
While extensive efforts are being made by the government at home,
India is equally engaged with the global community in drawing up
an inclusive roadmap for sustainable development.
217
218
23.9
20.74
100
100
100
100
50
23.1
42
50
27
41
109
139
100
62
Urban
Rural
93.56
79.47
97.5
96.3
Urban
Rural
15.84
46.64
12.14
61.11
218
219
219
220
CLIMATE CHANGE
Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions
12.15 Emissions have grown despite the efforts of a wide array of
multilateral institutions as well as national policies aimed at their
mitigation. The use of energy is by far the largest driver of
emissions. The energy and industry sector in upper middle income
countries accounted for 60 per cent of the rise in global GHG
emissions between 2000 and 2010 (IPCC WGIII, 2014). Apart from
sectors, countries too have made differential contributions to
emissions. The developing countries particularly have contributed
least to the problem but are the most exposed to the impacts.
Though Indias per capita CO2 emissions increased from 0.8 to 1.7
metric tons from 1990 to 2010, it was well below that of the major
economies of the world like the USA (17.6), Canada (14.7), China
(6.2), and Brazil (2.2) and even substantially below the world average
of 4.9 in 2010 (World Bank Database).
220
221
221
222
Mission
deliverables
Target for
2013-14
Achievement
in 2013-14
Grid-connected
solar power
projects
9000 MW (3000 MW
with central support
and 6000 MW under
state initiative)
1100 MW
522 MW
800 MW
40 MW
22.7 MW
70
Off-grid solar
power projects
Solar heating
70 lakh sq. m
of collector area
222
223
Target for
for 2013-17
Target for
2013-14
Achievement
in 2013-14
12
10
All
neighbours
Development of observational
network for monitoring the health
of Himalayan ecosystem
Regional cooperation with
neighbouring countries in
glaciology
Mission activities
Target for
2013-17
Target for
2013-14
Horticulture
Achievement Achievement
in 2013-14 in percentage
2013-14
11
1.2
1.04
86
Seed
10
3.64
182
Agriculture supply
chain management
230
45
42.93
95
220350
37818
37132
99
223
224
Mission deliverables
(in numbers)
Thematic knowledge networks
Regional climate models
Specially trained high quality
CC professionals
Technology watch groups
4 to 6
200
50
25
11
224
225
Governments decided to either initiate or intensify domestic preparations for their nationally determined
contributions towards the 2015 agreement.
A loss and damage mechanism to help vulnerable developing countries cope with severe climate impacts
has been established, but without a clear mandate of adequate f inancing.
With respect to the US$ 100 billion commitments, clarity from developed countries was sought by asking
them to prepare biennial submissions on their updated strategies and approaches for scaling up climate
f inance from 2014 to 2020.
The GCF Board has been urged to f inalize the essential requirements for receiving, managing, and disbursing
f inancial resources after the completion of which the capitalization process will start.
Developed countries met the target capitalization of US$ 100 million for the Adaptation Fund which can
now continue funding priority projects.
The Warsaw Framework for REDD+ (Reduction in Emission from Deforestation and Degradation) was
backed by pledges of US$ 280 million dollars funding from the US, Norway, and the UK.
225
226
227
Government
initiated a
process to
institutional
needed to
resources.
of India has
consultation
discuss the
infrastrucure
access GCF
228
the NCEF. The amount budgeted through the NCEF has been
almost fully utilized. The amount budgeted for 2013-14 is around
` 1,313 crore and for 2014-15 it is ` 1,078 crore. The NCEF funds
eligible projects including innovative schemes like the Jawaharlal
Nehru National Solar Missions installation of solar photovoltaic
(SPV) lights and small capacity lights, installation of SPV water
pumping systems, SPV power plants, grid connected rooftop SPV
power plants, pilot project to assess wind power potential, and
generation- based incentive schemes for grid interactive wind power
projects.
229
229
230
Chapter 13
Human Development
Economic policy has often to strike a delicate balance between the two goals of economic growth and
human welfare which need not necessarily be contradictory. Despite global shocks, India has not
compromised on welfare expenditures especially for the needy and marginalized, though growth has
lagged behind. A new impetus to growth along with targeted policies aimed at both social and f inancial
inclusion can help convert outlays into outcomes.
231
Table 13.1 : Indias Position and Trends in the Global HDI 2012
Country
HDI
2011
Value
HDI
2012
Value
Norway
United States
Germany
United Kingdom
Russian Federation
Malaysia
Brazil
Sri Lanka
China
Egypt
Indonesia
South Africa
Vietnam
India
Bangladesh
Pakistan
0.953
0.936
0.919
0.875
0.784
0.766
0.728
0.711
0.695
0.661
0.624
0.625
0.614
0.551
0.511
0.513
0.955
0.937
0.920
0.875
0.788
0.769
0.730
0.715
0.699
0.662
0.629
0.629
0.617
0.554
0.515
0.515
World
0.692
0.694
GNI per
Life
Mean
capita expectancy years of
2012$
at birth schooling
Rank
(years)
(years)
2012
2010a
1
3
5
26
55
64
85
92
101
112
121
121
127
136
146
146
Expected
years of
schooling
(years)
2011b
19801990
19902000
20002012
48688
43480
35431
32538
14461
13676
10152
5170
7945
5401
4154
9594
2970
3285
1785
2566
81.3
78.7
80.6
80.3
69.1
74.5
73.8
75.1
73.7
73.5
69.8
53.4
75.4
65.8
69.2
65.7
12.6
13.3
12.2
9.4
11.7
9.5
7.2
9.3
7.5
6.4
5.8
8.5
5.5
4.4
4.8
4.9
17.5
16.8
16.4
16.4
14.3
12.6
14.2
12.7
11.7
12.1
12.9
13.1
11.9
10.7
8.1
7.3
0.59
0.40
0.85
0.47
.
1.21
1.23
0.88
1.96
2.12
1.26
0.87
.
1.75
1.49
1.29
0.79
0.33
0.81
0.70
-0.23
1.15
1.26
0.72
1.78
1.68
1.21
0.01
1.98
1.23
1.83
0.89
0.29
0.27
0.47
0.33
0.84
0.64
0.73
0.76
1.42
0.92
1.28
0.11
1.22
1.50
1.46
1.74
10184
70.1
7.5
11.6
0.68
0.64
0.68
much faster and wider spread of basic health and education. Life
expectancy at birth in India was 65.8 years in 2012, compared to
81.3 years in Norway, 78.7 years in the United States, 73.8 years in
Brazil, 75.1 years in Sri Lanka, 73.7 years in China, and the global
average of 70.1 years. However the Indian life expectancy f igure is
signif icantly higher than that of South Africa (53.4 years) which
has higher HDI rank and even higher per capita income within
the same category. The Indian performance in mean years of
schooling (4.4 years) is not only much below that of countries like
China, Brazil, Sri Lanka, and Egypt which have higher per capita
incomes but also below that of Bangladesh and Pakistan which
have lower per capita incomes. It is also much lower than the
global average of 7.5 years. Though lower in HDI ranking, in terms
of average annual HDI growth rate for 2000-12, India is well ahead
of many countries with high and very high human development.
With 1.50 per cent average annual HDI growth it is ahead of China
(1.42), Brazil (0.73), Egypt (0.92), and Bangladesh (1.46), though it
is behind Pakistan (1.74). While China and Egypt performed very
well in terms of HDI growth in the 1980s and 1990s, there was a
deceleration in the 2000s. On the other hand, India, which seems
to have faltered in the 1990s, has picked up again during 2000-12
(Table 13.1).
TRENDS
IN
231
232
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13 RE
2013-14 BE
4.27
2.09
2.54
0.23
0.41
0.28
1.15
0.00
1.55
12.52
4.56
0.88
17.95
4.15
2.00
2.39
0.20
0.43
0.22
0.87
0.02
1.67
11.94
3.77
1.11
16.82
4.56
1.98
2.35
0.21
0.58
0.24
1.01
0.02
1.66
12.61
3.51
1.87
18.00
4.73
2.02
2.11
0.19
0.64
0.26
1.28
0.01
0.20
11.43
2.88
1.48
15.79
4.38
1.81
1.88
0.18
0.54
0.26
1.13
1.56
0.19
11.93
2.49
0.70
15.12
4.38
1.99
2.20
0.17
0.62
0.29
1.21
1.80
0.16
12.83
2.57
1.30
16.70
1. Social service
a. Education,sports,youth affairs
b. Health & family welfare
c. Water supply, housing, etc.
d. Information & broadcasting
e. Welfare of SCs/STs and OBCs
f. Labour & employment
g. Social welfare & nutrition
h. North-eastern areas
i. Other social services
Total
2. Rural development
3. PMGSY
4. Social services, rural development, and PMGSY
Source : Based on Budget Documents.
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13 RE
2013-14 BE
1599677
1852119
2145145
2421768
2839927
3219783
380628
446382
529398
580868
162008
197070
244156
277053
74273
88054
100576
110228
144347
161258
184666
193587
As percentage to GDP
28.4
28.6
27.5
26.9
6.8
6.9
6.8
6.4
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.1
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.2
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.1
As percentage to total expenditure
23.8
24.1
24.7
24.0
10.1
10.6
11.4
11.4
4.6
4.8
4.7
4.6
9.0
8.7
8.6
8.0
As percentage to social services expenditure
42.6
44.1
46.1
47.7
19.5
19.7
19.0
19.0
37.9
36.1
34.9
33.3
710410
334480
132134
243796
812139
375427
155633
281079
28.1
7.0
3.3
1.3
2.4
28.4
7.2
3.3
1.4
2.5
25.0
11.8
4.7
8.6
25.2
11.7
4.8
8.7
47.1
18.6
34.3
46.2
19.2
34.6
Source : Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as obtained from Budget Documents of union and state governments.
232
233
POVERTY
13.7 The Planning Commission has updated the poverty lines and
poverty ratios for 2011-12 based on the recommendations of the
Tendulkar Committee using Household Consumer Expenditure
Survey 2011-12 data of the National Sample Survey (NSS) 68th round.
Accordingly, with the poverty line at all India level at monthly per
capita expenditure (MPCE) of ` 816 for rural areas and ` 1000 for
urban areas in 2011-12, the poverty ratio in the country has declined
from 37.2 per cent in 2004-05 to 21.9 per cent in 2011-12. In absolute
terms, the number of poor declined from 407.1 million in 2004-05
to 269.3 million in 2011-12 with an average annual decline of 2.2
percentage points during 2004-05 to 2011-12 (Table 13.4). The
Planning Commission constituted an Expert Group under the
Chairmanship of Dr. C. Rangarajan in June 2012 to Review the
Methodology for Measurement of Poverty. The term of the Expert
Group has been extended up to 30 June 2014.
Year
Urban
Total
Rural
37.2
2011-12
25.7
13.7
21.9
Number of poor (million)
2004-05
326.3
80.8
407.1
2011-12
216.5
52.8
269.3
INEQUALITY
13.8 The HDR measures inequality in terms of two indicators.
The f irst is the income Gini coeff icient which measures the
deviation of distribution of income (or consumption) from a
perfectly equal distribution among individuals within a country.
For India, the income Gini coeff icient was 33.4 during 2011-12. In
this respect, inequality in India is lower than in many other
developing countries like South Africa (63.1), Brazil (54.7), Malaysia
(46.2), China (42.5), Sri Lanka (40.3), the Russian Federation (40.1),
Thailand (40.0), Turkey (39.0), and Vietnam (35.6), as well as
countries like the USA (40.8), Poland (34.1), and Switzerland (33.7)
that have otherwise very high HDI ranking. Not only is inequality
lower in India than many other countries, it has also decreased as
reflected in a 9.2 per cent fall in its Gini coeff icient from 36.8
during 2010-11 to 33.4 during 2011-12. The second indicator is the
quintile income ratio, which is a ratio of the average income of
the richest 20 per cent of the population to that of poorest 20 per
cent. The quintile income ratio for India was 4.9 in 2011-12.
Countries like the United States (8.4), Switzerland (5.5), Turkey
(7.9), Poland (5.5), the Russian Federation (7.3), Brazil (20.6), China
(9.6), Malaysia (11.3), South Africa (25.3), Philippines (8.3), and
Thailand (7.1) had higher ratios. This implies that the inequality
between the top and bottom quintiles in India was lower than in
a large number of countries.
13.9 A related issue is the rural-urban disparity. One of the
parameters used to estimate the rural-urban gap is the monthly
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
233
234
Year
Round
Rural
Urban
1999-2000
2004-05
2009-10
8.2
6.6
2011-12
472.9
415.7
10.8
24.7
13.9
14.9
2.2
5.6
235
OF
S TATES
AND
I NTER - STATE
Population
Growth
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
235
236
Table 13.7 : Socio-economic Prof iles and Inter-State Comparison of Some Major States of India
Socio-economic Indicators / Items
Andhra
Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Gujarat
11.0
993
17.1
958
25.4
918
19.3
919
19.9
879
12.9
972
754409
5.1
8.6
78958
4.5
141621
6.1
5.8
40475
4.6
313995
15.1
9.9
28774
13.9
670016
8.0
9.7
96976
6.6
345238
6.5
8.8
120352
5.0
73710
6.1
8.0
83899
5.1
11.0(32.3)
5.8(23.4)
9.2(29.6)
33.9(36.4)
20.5(21.8)
32.0(34.4)
34.1(55.7)
31.2(43.7)
33.7(54.4)
21.5(39.1)
10.1(20.1)
16.6(31.6)
11.6(24.8)
10.3(22.4)
11.2(24.1)
8.5(25.0)
4.3(4.6)
8.1(22.9)
1754
51.4
2685
42.3
1219
61.3
2189
47.7
1127
59.3
1507
50.5
1536
54.9
2581
45.2
2176
52.1
3817
39.2
2034
47.3
3259
42.4
12 (7)
43 (36)
45 (26)
56 (72)
32 (15)
56 (64)
3 (5)
8 (24)
24 (22)
42 (40)
10 (18)
40 (38)
41
17.5
7.4
55
22.5
7.9
43
27.7
6.6
38
21.1
6.6
42
21.6
6.4
36
16.2
6.7
Education related $
GER (6-10 years) (2010-11)
GER (11-13 years) (2010-11)
PTR Primary/Jr.basic school (2010-11)
PTR Middle/Sr. basic school (2010-11)
PTR High/Post basic school (2010-11)
99.5
80.1
31
25
26
94.3
67.9
28
17
26
127.7
64.6
76
51
68
120.3
85.7
NA
35
33
94.9
83.5
51
38
26
109.2
113.8
15
14
24
Financial inclusion @
All Off ices of commercial banks 2012 (Nos)
All Off ices of commercial banks 2013 (Nos)
8932
9573
1711
1841
4913
5301
5896
6525
3262
3772
1237
1338
1183
575
611
451
398
156
Population related*
Decadal growth of population (2001- 2011) (%)
Sex-ratio (Females per 1000 males)
GSDP growth and per capita income #
Absolute GSDP 2012-13 (` crore)
GSDP growth 2012-13 over previous year (%)
Average GSDP growth 2005-06 to 2012-13 (%)
Absolute per capita income 2012-13 (`)
Per capita income growth 2012-13 (%)
Poverty headcount ratio**
2011-12 (2004-05) Rural
2011-12 (2004-05) Urban
2011-12 (2004-05) Total
Rural-Urban disparity 2011-12##
Rural average MPCE (MMRP) (`)
Rural share of food expenditure (%)
Urban average MPCE (MMRP) (`)
Urban share of food expenditure (%)
Unemployment rates (per 1000)
under usual status (adjusted)##
Rural persons 2011-12 (2004-05)
Urban persons 2011-12 (2004-05)
Health related*
Infant mortality rates (per 1000 live births) 2012
Birth rate (per 1000) 2012
Death rate (per 1000) 2012
Haryana Himachal
Pradesh
50
24
42
40
36
52
58.7
24.8
34.9
44.0
41.7
62.6
172621
83.3
49978
36.0
260532
43.0
27780
25.8
3589
20.0
1206
17.1
236
237
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya
Pradesh
Maharashtra
Odisha
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil
Nadu
Uttar
Pradesh
West
Bengal
All
India
15.6
973
4.9
1084
20.3
931
16.0
929
14.0
979
13.9
895
21.3
928
15.6
996
20.2
912
13.8
950
17.7
943
524502
5.3
7.5
77309
4.2
349338
8.2
8.1
88527
7.7
372171
9.9
8.4
44989
8.6
1372644
7.1
9.3
107670
5.8
255459
8.1
7.7
49241
5.2
286809
4.7
6.8
86106
3.9
459215
4.5
7.9
59097
2.9
744474
4.1
9.5
98550
3.5
768930
5.5
6.9
33137
3.6
620160
7.3
6.7
62509
6.4
9388876
4.5
8.0
67839
2.1
25.7(41.8)
13.7(25.7)
21.9(37.2)
24.5(37.5)
15.3(25.9)
20.9(33.3)
7.7(22.1) 16.1(35.8)
9.2(18.7) 10.7(29.7)
8.3(20.9) 14.7(34.4)
1561
51.4
3026
40.1
2669
43.0
3408
37.0
1152
52.9
2058
42.2
1619
52.4
3189
41.6
1003
57.2
1941
45.4
2345
44.1
2794
41.0
1598
50.5
2442
44.8
1693
51.5
2622
42.7
1156
53.0
2051
44.0
1291
58.2
2591
44.2
1430
52.9
2630
42.6
9 (7)
29 (28)
68 (107)
61 (156)
4 (5)
26 (28)
7 (10)
23 (36)
22 (50)
35 (134)
19 (38)
28 (50)
7 (7)
31 (29)
20 (12)
27 (35)
9 (6)
41 (33)
27 (25)
48 (62)
17 (17)
34 (45)
32
18.5
7.1
12
14.9
6.9
56
26.6
8.1
25
16.6
6.3
53
19.9
8.5
28
15.9
6.8
49
25.9
6.6
21
15.7
7.4
53
27.4
7.7
32
16.1
6.3
42
21.6
7.0
104.7
90.7
17
27
21
91.4
103.9
23
25
25
135.2
101.4
38
39
39
104.7
92.4
29
32
32
119.4
82.0
33
26
23
84.3
80.8
26
15
23
109.9
82.4
46
26
22
111.8
112.3
27
32
35
126.9
79.9
79
69
69
92.7
86.3
45
49
46
115.5
85.2
43
33
30
7605
8400
5303
5675
4983
5398
10118
10899
3481
3782
4742
5325
5235
5664
8048
8774
12771
14014
6335
6741
106903
116448
2328
660
685
994
487
426
1661
1848
1214
596
15835
50
57
42
45
42
33
51
59
35
37
46
46.6
93.4
42.6
43.7
33.6
52.8
67.8
84.1
22.2
35.4
52.9
72496
82.6
44679
97.7
29432
26.1
45848
33.4
53163
41.5
2063
10.6
63761
74.6
23033
26.0
79385
26.7
96702
52.1
1093157
44.1
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
237
238
Poverty
Rural-Urban Disparity
Unemployment
Health
238
239
Education
Financial Inclusion
239
240
collaboration
activities
like
construction of individual household
latrines under the Nirmal Bharat
Abhiyan (NBA), construction of
anganwadi centres under the
Integrated Child Development
Services (ICDS) Scheme, construction
of village playf ields under the
Panchayat Yuva Krida aur Khel
Abhiyan, and convergence with
watershed management programmes.
Steps to open individual bank/post
241
241
242
243
243
244
As a percentage of GDP,
expenditure on education has
gone up from 2.9 per cent in
2008-09 to 3.3 per cent in
2013-14(BE). There is need not
only to increase it further, but
also address quality issues.
245
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
245
246
Skill Development
13.21 Skill development is vital not only for reaping the benef its
of demographic dividend, but also for greater inclusive growth. To
bridge the demand-supply mismatch of skilled persons, the National
Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) has approved 158 proposals
till March 2014. The overall commitment to 129 training proposals
and 29 sector skill councils stands at ` 2215.89 crore. A total of
19,54,300 persons have received job-oriented skills training through
NSDC skilling partners since 2010, of which 60 per cent have been
placed in different sectors. During 2013-14, NSDC partners trained
10,05,074 people across a wide array of sectors ranging from
healthcare, manufacturing, electronics and hardware, tourism,
hospitality and travel to banking, f inancial services, retail,
information technology, and textiles in 366 districts. The National
Skill Certif ication and Monetary Rewards Scheme, popularly known
as STAR with a budget outlay of ` 1000 crore provides monetary
reward to those who wish to acquire a new skill or upgrade existing
skills. The scheme became operational on 16 September 2013 and
has enrolled more than 4 lakh trainees in 206 courses. As on
31 March 2014, 3,44,545 trainees have completed their training with
559 partners in 6402 centres across the country. Under the special
skills training initiatives called Udaan, a private sector-led skills
training programme for diploma holders, graduates, and post246
247
Health Programmes
13.22 Providing quality and affordable healthcare to the large
Indian population, particularly the poor and underprivileged, is a
formidable task. The allocations for the health sector have increased
over the years. In 2013-14, there was an increase in outlay for the
health sector by 7.44 per cent over the previous year to ` 32,745
crore. The combined revenue and capital expenditure of the centre
and states on medical and public health, family welfare, and water
supply and sanitation has increased from ` 53,557 crore in 2006-07
to ` 1,36,296 crore in 2012-13 (BE). The central government outlay
for the health sector in the Twelfth Plan has been increased by
about 200 per cent to ` 3,00,018 crore over the actual outlay of
` 99,491 crore in the Eleventh Plan. The process of rolling out
universal health coverage has also been set in motion. Though the
progress in the health sector as reflected in selected health
indicators (Table 13.8) is impressive, with just a 1.4 per cent share
in Indias GDP, a lot more needs to be done to provide quality and
affordable healthcare for the large Indian population.
Sl.
No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Parameter
1981
1991
2001
33.9
29.5
25.4
12.5
9.8
8.4
4.5
NA
3.6
NA
3.1
301
(2001-03)
110
80
66
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
26.5
19.3
(1989-93)
59.4
59.0
59.7
(1999-03)
63.4
62.3
64.6
Current
level
21.6
(2012*)
7.0
(2012*)
2.4 (2012*)
178
(2010-12*)
42
(2012*)
46
28
11
(2012*)
(2006-10)**
66.1
64.6
67.7
247
248
Sl.
No.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Facilities
SC/PHC/CHC (2012)*
Government hospitals
(rural & urban areas,
including CHCs) **
AYUSH hospitals &
dispensaries
(as on 01.04.12)**
Nursing personnel
(as on 01.01.12)**
Doctors
(modern system) (2012)**
Numbers
177248
35416
27586
2124667
883812
249
attached to district hospitals are also being set up which will add
16,000 MBBS seats during the Twelfth Plan. To meet the shortage
of faculty in pre- and para-clinical disciplines in state government
medical colleges, ` 686.02 crore has been released as on 15 October
2013 to 72 government medical colleges in 20 states for creation of
about 4000 postgraduate seats.
249
250
SCs
STs
13.26 Various policies and programmatic and legislative
interventions have been made for the socio-economic development
and empowerment of the STs. As per Planning Commission (200910), 47.4 per cent of STs in rural areas and 30.4 per cent in urban
areas were below the poverty line. Major schemes targeted at their
welfare are as follows:
250
251
Minorities
13.27 For the development of minorities, the plan outlay was raised
from ` 3135 crore in 2012-13 to ` 3511 crore in 2013-14. Three
scholarships schemes, namely Pre-matric, Post-matric and Merit
cum-Means based, were implemented exclusively for the notif ied
minorities with a total provision of ` 1770 crore in 2013-14. The
Multi-sectoral Development Programme, is a special area
development initiative to address the development def icits
especially in education, skill development, employment, health and
sanitation, housing, and drinking water in 196 minority
concentration districts under which projects worth ` 1466.98 crore
were approved during 2013-14. The corpus of the Maulana Azad
Education Foundation has been enhanced from ` 100 crore in
2005-06 to ` 910 crore up to March 2014 and will be further
enhanced by ` 113 crore during 2014-15 for expanding its activities.
13.28 There are also special programmes to benef it OBCs and
persons with disabilities.
251
252
13.31 Providing jobs for all and a decent standard of living are
other challenges. While higher growth will have its trickle-down
effect, the quality of growth is equally important. The present focus
on development of infrastructure facilities and the employmentgenerating tourism sector are steps in the right direction. This
along with targeted and redesigned employment and povertyalleviation programmes can have the desired effect.
13.32 Another challenge is of dealing with multiple and sometimes
overlapping programmes. While India has not compromised on
expenditures on welfare activities despite the global shocks as
reflected in the rise in social expenditure as a percentage of GDP,
the outlays have not fully translated into outcomes. A mere mark
up each year in the Budget for existing programmes or starting
some new programmes will not suff ice. What is needed is a zero
budgeting approach with a revamp, reorganisation and convergence
of social-sector schemes with a minimum size prescribed for the
schemes (Box 13.4).
253
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
253
254
254
1-2
3-4
5
6
7
8-9
10-11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
30
31
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
37
38
38
39
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
46
47
48
49
50-51
52-54
55-56
57
58
6. Balance of Payments
6.1A Foreign Exchange Reserves (` crore) ....................................................................................................
6.1B Foreign Exchange Reserves ( US$ million) ............................................................................................
6.2 Balance of Payments as per IMF Balance of Payments Manual 5 ......................................................
6.3A Balance of Payments as per IMF Balance of Payments Manual 6 (` crore) ......................................
6.3B Balance of Payments as per IMF Balance of Payments Manual 6 (US$ million) ...............................
6.4 Exchange Rate of Rupee vis-a-vis Selected Currencies of the World ................................................
6.5 Trends in Nominal and Real Effective Exchange Rate of Rupee ........................................................
59-60
61-62
63-64
65
66
67
68
7. Foreign Trade
7.1A Exports, Imports and Trade Balance (` crore) ......................................................................................
7.1B Exports, Imports and Trade Balance (US$ million) ...............................................................................
7.2A Principal Imports .....................................................................................................................................
7.2B Share and Percentage Growth/Change of Major Imports ..................................................................
7.3A Principal Exports ......................................................................................................................................
7.3B Share and Percentage Growth/Change of Major Exports ...................................................................
7.4A Direction of Imports : Imports by Regions and Countries ..................................................................
7.4B Direction of Exports : Exports by Regions and Countries ...................................................................
7.5 Indias Share in World Exports by Commodity Divisions and Groups ...............................................
7.6 Index Numbers of Foreign Trade ...........................................................................................................
69
70
71-73
74
75-77
78
79-84
85-90
91-94
95
8. External Assistance
8.1A Overall External Assistance (` crore) ....................................................................................................
8.1B Overall External Assistance ( US$ million) ............................................................................................
8.2A Authorization of External Assistance by Source (` crore) ..................................................................
8.2B Authorization of External Assistance by Source ( US$ million) ..........................................................
8.3A Utilization of External Assistance by Source (` crore) ........................................................................
8.3B Utilization of External Assistance by Source ( US$ million) ................................................................
8.4A Indias External Debt Outstanding (` crore) ........................................................................................
8.4B Indias External Debt Outstanding ( US$ million) ................................................................................
96
97
98-99
100-101
102-103
104-105
106-107
108-109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
Net national
income
at factor cost
(` crore)
Net national
Per capita net
income
national income
At current
prices
At 2004-05
prices
At current
prices
At 2004-05
prices
At current
prices
At 2004-05
prices
At current
prices
At 2004-05
prices
At current
prices
At 2004-05
prices
10
11
9995
10561
10424
11359
10660
10851
12948
13235
14792
15517
16977
17894
19130
21874
25541
26731
30383
35718
37683
41451
44098
46930
51641
63333
74639
79327
85312
97400
104774
114653
137183
160254
178351
208412
233689
261288
291119
278677
285558
293791
311784
324830
333543
352418
347970
374219
381865
408739
420953
429594
451447
485194
467155
472024
509966
523558
557652
585672
591703
590138
617498
625437
682356
691096
743223
784298
744772
798504
842324
864289
932052
967486
1007999
1051071
9464
9985
9840
10803
10154
10309
12362
12581
14078
14754
16169
16998
18159
20790
24301
25338
28750
33851
35685
39152
41294
43852
48216
59221
69342
73064
78505
90072
96663
104766
125761
146333
162236
190443
212713
236151
262781
255405
262804
271541
289931
305985
314238
332192
326993
352055
358913
385761
396844
404119
424528
456327
436650
439345
475052
486775
518434
541867
545976
542686
567938
572741
626779
631897
681443
719996
677341
727360
767481
785134
848951
878609
913144
950458
7114
7200
7299
7650
7927
7996
8284
7995
8422
8425
8889
8938
8901
9149
9627
9003
8876
9388
9397
9800
10016
9855
9571
9792
9658
10326
10192
10748
11111
10201
10712
11091
11089
11742
11889
12095
12328
100.0
105.5
104.0
114.1
107.3
108.9
130.6
132.9
148.8
155.9
170.9
179.6
191.9
219.7
256.8
267.7
303.8
357.7
377.1
413.7
436.3
463.4
509.5
625.8
732.7
772.1
829.5
951.8
1021.4
1107.0
1328.9
1546.3
1714.3
2012.4
2247.7
2495.3
2776.7
100.0
102.9
106.3
113.5
119.8
123.0
130.1
128.0
137.8
140.5
151.0
155.4
158.2
166.2
178.7
171.0
172.0
186.0
190.6
203.0
212.2
213.8
212.5
222.4
224.2
245.4
247.4
266.8
281.9
265.2
284.8
300.5
307.4
332.4
344.0
357.5
372.1
100.0
103.8
100.3
108.1
99.8
99.5
116.9
116.7
127.8
131.4
141.3
145.2
151.7
170.0
194.5
198.2
220.3
253.8
261.3
280.8
289.6
300.3
322.6
387.3
443.6
456.6
480.3
538.9
565.9
598.5
702.6
802.2
869.3
999.2
1091.9
1186.5
1292.9
100.0
101.2
102.6
107.5
111.4
112.4
116.4
112.4
118.4
118.4
124.9
125.6
125.1
128.6
135.3
126.5
124.8
132.0
132.1
137.8
140.8
138.5
134.5
137.6
135.8
145.1
143.3
151.1
156.2
143.4
150.6
155.9
155.9
165.0
167.1
170.0
173.3
(2004-05 series)
1950-51
1951-52
1952-53
1953-54
1954-55
1955-56
1956-57
1957-58
1958-59
1959-60
1960-61
1961-62
1962-63
1963-64
1964-65
1965-66
1966-67
1967-68
1968-69
1969-70
1970-71
1971-72
1972-73
1973-74
1974-75
1975-76
1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82
1982-83
1983-84
1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
264
274
265
285
263
262
308
308
337
346
373
383
400
448
513
522
581
669
689
740
763
792
850
1021
1169
1204
1266
1421
1492
1578
1852
2115
2291
2634
2878
3128
3408
Contd....
Table 1.1 : Gross National Income and Net National Income (Contd...)
Gross
national income
at factor cost
(` crore)
Year
1
Net national
income
at factor cost
(` crore)
Net national
Per capita net
income
national income
At current
prices
At 2004-05
prices
At current
prices
At 2004-05
prices
At current
prices
At 2004-05
prices
At current
prices
At 2004-05
prices
At current
prices
At 2004-05
prices
10
11
329449
391799
450809
524269
603451
692078
805881
942303
1105102
1288706
1434408
1653771
1842774
1978010
2155192
2327174
2605111
2949089
3364387
3920042
4561574
5270644
6070903
7167053
8314861
9272110
10344507
1086210
1193697
1266767
1331040
1349541
1422692
1506139
1603265
1720069
1859370
1943208
2073141
2238567
2324681
2453591
2551975
2755056
2949089
3228177
3534849
3879457
4133292
4488314
4863886
5201163
5416659
5673857
296257
352948
405561
471619
538824
617940
723025
845554
992517
1158858
1287141
1490030
1656302
1771118
1926343
2080993
2332956
2629198
3000666
3501313
4076878
4705447
5411104
6406834
7434965
8255978
9171045
978465
1080137
1146446
1202305
1211878
1276845
1354116
1440973
1547481
1675760
1745161
1861253
2009916
2080565
2193647
2278608
2464029
2629198
2877284
3149149
3451829
3664388
3966407
4293585
4573328
4728776
4920183
12417
13418
13947
14330
14157
14643
15181
15835
16675
17714
18103
18934
20079
20418
21093
21578
22985
24143
26015
28067
30332
31754
33901
36202
38048
38856
39904
3130.5
3729.5
4285.5
4983.5
5693.6
6529.6
7640.0
8934.8
10487.7
12245.4
13600.9
15744.8
17501.7
18715.0
20355.2
21989.3
24651.8
27782.1
31707.3
36997.5
43079.4
49721.3
57177.8
67699.5
78563.5
87238.9
96908.2
383.1
422.9
448.9
470.7
474.5
499.9
530.2
564.2
605.9
656.1
683.3
728.7
787.0
814.6
858.9
892.2
964.8
1029.4
1126.6
1233.0
1351.5
1434.7
1553.0
1681.1
1790.6
1851.5
1926.4
1426.2
1663.2
1871.6
2132.4
2387.9
2688.2
3074.9
3524.8
4057.2
4647.0
5065.1
5750.1
6276.8
6593.4
7026.5
7475.5
8255.6
9158.7
10292.0
11837.9
13590.1
15467.9
17544.3
20492.5
23464.5
25734.4
28215.8
174.5
188.6
196.0
201.4
199.0
205.8
213.4
222.6
234.4
249.0
254.5
266.1
282.2
287.0
296.5
303.3
323.1
339.4
365.7
394.5
426.4
446.3
476.5
508.9
534.8
546.2
560.9
(2004-05 series)
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11(3R)
2011-12(2R)
2012-13(1R)
2013-14(PE)
3760
4384
4934
5621
6295
7086
8106
9292
10695
12250
13352
15158
16546
17381
18523
19706
21763
24143
27131
31206
35825
40775
46249
54021
61855
67839
74380
5.7
-1.3
9.0
-6.2
1.8
19.3
2.2
11.8
4.9
9.4
5.4
6.9
14.3
16.8
4.7
13.7
17.6
5.5
10.0
6.4
6.4
10.0
22.6
17.9
6.3
7.5
14.2
7.6
9.4
19.7
16.8
11.3
16.9
12.1
11.8
11.4
13.2
18.9
15.1
16.3
15.1
14.7
16.4
16.9
17.3
16.6
11.3
15.3
11.4
7.3
9.0
8.0
11.9
13.2
14.1
16.5
16.4
15.5
15.2
18.1
16.0
11.5
11.6
2
2.5
2.9
6.1
4.2
2.7
5.7
-1.3
7.5
2.0
7.0
3.0
2.1
5.1
7.5
-3.7
1.0
8.0
2.7
6.5
5.0
1.0
-0.3
4.6
1.3
9.1
1.3
7.5
5.5
-5.0
7.2
5.5
2.6
7.8
3.8
4.2
4.3
3.3
9.9
6.1
5.1
1.4
5.4
5.9
6.4
7.3
8.1
4.5
6.7
8.0
3.8
5.5
4.0
8.0
7.0
9.5
9.5
9.7
6.5
8.6
8.4
6.9
4.1
4.7
5.5
-1.4
9.8
-6.0
1.5
19.9
1.8
11.9
4.8
9.6
5.1
6.8
14.5
16.9
4.3
13.5
17.7
5.4
9.7
5.5
6.2
10.0
22.8
17.1
5.4
7.4
14.7
7.3
8.4
20.0
16.4
10.9
17.4
11.7
11.0
11.3
12.7
19.1
14.9
16.3
14.2
14.7
17.0
16.9
17.4
16.8
11.1
15.8
11.2
6.9
8.8
8.0
12.1
12.7
14.1
16.7
16.4
15.4
15.0
18.4
16.0
11.0
11.1
4
2.9
3.3
6.8
5.5
2.7
5.7
-1.6
7.7
1.9
7.5
2.9
1.8
5.1
7.5
-4.3
0.6
8.1
2.5
6.5
4.5
0.8
-0.6
4.7
0.8
9.4
0.8
7.8
5.7
-5.9
7.4
5.5
2.3
8.1
3.5
3.9
4.1
2.9
10.4
6.1
4.9
0.8
5.4
6.1
6.4
7.4
8.3
4.1
6.7
8.0
3.5
5.4
3.9
8.1
6.7
9.4
9.4
9.6
6.2
8.2
8.2
6.5
3.4
4.0
Table 1.2 : Annual Growth Rate of Gross National Income and Net National Income
Year
1
1951-52
1952-53
1953-54
1954-55
1955-56
1956-57
1957-58
1958-59
1959-60
1960-61
1961-62
1962-63
1963-64
1964-65
1965-66
1966-67
1967-68
1968-69
1969-70
1970-71
1971-72
1972-73
1973-74
1974-75
1975-76
1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82
1982-83
1983-84
1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11(3R)
2011-12(2R)
2012-13(1R)
2013-14(PE)
(Per cent)
6
1.2
1.4
4.8
3.6
0.9
3.6
-3.5
5.3
0.0
5.5
0.6
-0.4
2.8
5.2
-6.5
-1.4
5.8
0.1
4.3
2.2
-1.6
-2.9
2.3
-1.4
6.9
-1.3
5.5
3.4
-8.2
5.0
3.5
0.0
5.9
1.3
1.7
1.9
0.7
8.1
3.9
2.7
-1.2
3.4
3.7
4.3
5.3
6.2
2.2
4.6
6.0
1.7
3.3
2.3
6.5
5.0
7.8
7.9
8.1
4.7
6.8
6.8
5.1
2.1
2.7
3.8
-3.3
7.8
-7.7
-0.3
17.5
-0.2
9.5
2.8
7.6
2.8
4.5
12.0
14.4
1.9
11.2
15.2
3.0
7.4
3.1
3.7
7.4
20.1
14.5
2.9
5.2
12.2
5.0
5.8
17.4
14.2
8.4
15.0
9.3
8.7
9.0
10.3
16.6
12.5
13.9
12.0
12.6
14.4
14.6
15.1
14.5
9.0
13.5
9.2
5.0
6.6
6.4
10.4
10.9
12.4
15.0
14.8
13.8
13.4
16.8
14.5
9.7
9.6
Contd....
3.7
4.2
2.8
3.9
3.4
4.9
-5.0
5.4
5.6
3.2
6.6
5.7
7.6
8.0
1.8
9.5
9.6
12.2
11.1
10.7
9.4
15.3
14.1
15.7
16.4
10.9
12.7
16.2
(Per cent)
2.4
2.2
0.3
1.5
0.9
2.6
-8.2
3.1
3.3
0.8
4.6
3.6
5.9
6.3
0.0
7.4
7.1
9.8
8.4
8.0
5.8
12.8
11.4
13.0
14.2
8.7
11.0
14.7
4.2
4.2
2.6
3.7
3.2
4.9
-5.9
5.4
5.5
2.8
6.7
5.5
7.5
7.8
1.9
9.6
9.5
12.2
10.8
10.4
8.4
15.3
13.8
15.3
16.6
10.7
12.7
16.3
Table 1.2 : Annual Growth Rate of Gross National Income and Net National Income(Contd...)
Year
150191
152987
157764
169547
174611
173255
182651
175180
192337
190851
204340
205014
202234
207030
225287
202906
200481
228813
228836
243347
258665
254395
243082
259751
256719
289695
274522
300873
307874
271096
305906
321876
323862
354720
360230
362783
364989
360949
417581
425075
444880
438685
465084
479592
504477
504527
549202
542313
574374
590696
592227
624923
594280
643183
650454
680628
711768
751077
753744
764817
828431
864557
872838
907386
Agriculture,
forestry &
f ishing,
mining and
quarrying
40138
41996
41834
44416
48325
53962
58809
57737
62009
66378
73555
78638
83517
92432
99250
102475
106304
109856
115422
124372
126356
129506
133917
134649
136045
144928
158354
170123
182590
176035
183970
197519
197833
214737
224284
233818
245385
259641
280863
304461
325450
325150
336716
357237
389903
436863
468146
483585
504485
535730
570571
585971
627374
676833
744755
824272
928626
1023998
1071681
1173089
1262722
1369932
1386593
1393387
Manufacturing,
construction,
electricity,
gas and water
supply
Trade,
hotels,
transport &
communication
5
Financing,
insurance,
real estate
and business
services
6
Community
Social &
Personal
services
7
Gross
domestic
product at
factor cost
(2 to 6)
(` crore)
4
New series at 2004-05 prices
28474
29329
29934
30860
31967
32955
34219
35765
37233
38834
40741
42656
45686
48684
51894
53950
56438
58659
61272
64655
68218
71264
73594
75541
79120
81914
84190
86450
90186
96779
101666
103842
111849
116027
124065
131184
141043
151240
160385
173022
180564
185232
196332
205101
209742
225157
243288
263486
289085
323800
338723
352267
365724
384998
411361
440426
452823
483917
544497
608369
634167
665246
700579
739477
30792
31608
32641
33861
36065
38700
41537
42831
44965
47779
51879
55259
58503
62650
66890
68079
69862
72852
76155
80275
84205
86121
87991
91686
97176
105980
110697
118084
127772
126751
133906
142057
149903
157545
165037
178195
188888
198578
210405
226074
237736
243178
256897
274682
301997
342536
370200
398109
428613
477605
508299
552118
597896
664637
727720
815407
910084
1009520
1085125
1197891
1344024
1402261
1473353
1517826
279618
286147
294267
312177
325431
333766
352766
348500
374948
383153
410279
423011
431960
453829
488247
470402
475190
513860
527270
561630
589787
595741
593843
620872
628079
684634
693191
744972
785965
745083
798506
843426
868092
936270
973357
1013866
1057612
1094993
1206243
1280228
1347889
1367171
1440504
1522344
1619694
1737741
1876319
1957032
2087828
2254942
2348481
2474962
2570935
2775749
2971464
3253073
3564364
3896636
4158676
4516071
4918533
5247530
5482111
5741791
23325
23863
24863
25219
26140
27190
27635
28679
29492
30619
31252
32596
33693
34735
35688
36766
37412
38431
40305
41980
43735
45989
47767
48936
48779
52142
56277
59032
63203
63818
65041
70326
77029
84585
90907
99783
110295
118383
129934
146088
155165
171956
181320
201568
209401
226348
240354
268495
289440
327111
338661
359684
385661
406098
437174
492340
561063
628124
703629
771905
849189
945534
1048748
1183714
Year
1
1950-51
1951-52
1952-53
1953-54
1954-55
1955-56
1956-57
1957-58
1958-59
1959-60
1960-61
1961-62
1962-63
1963-64
1964-65
1965-66
1966-67
1967-68
1968-69
1969-70
1970-71
1971-72
1972-73
1973-74
1974-75
1975-76
1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82
1982-83
1983-84
1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11(3R)
2011-12(2R)
2012-13(1R)
2013-14(PE)
Source : Central Statistics Off ice.
1R : First Revised Estimates.
2R: Second Revised Estimates
3R: Third Revised Estimates
PE: Provisional Estimates
Note : For the years prior to 1999-2000 totals under col. 7 may not add up to totals of individual item under col. 2 to col. 6 due to splicing technique
applied independently at the level of each industry and at the total level.
Agriculture,
forestry &
f ishing,
mining and
quarrying
1346
1505
1416
1559
1640
1760
2071
2148
2334
2616
3113
3398
3740
4274
4788
5199
5819
6380
6940
7944
8622
9538
10534
12230
15232
16571
18811
21270
23951
26774
30900
36090
39953
47053
53656
60593
67754
77630
91163
108908
127079
140700
163887
188251
229365
280971
318260
348543
393491
426993
474323
497578
550421
618840
744755
859410
1033410
1205458
1360426
1536492
1763584
2061650
2238029
2371520
Manufacturing,
construction,
electricity,
gas and water
supply
968
1048
1055
1121
1151
1192
1378
1525
1667
1801
1985
2145
2348
2628
3084
3345
3890
4445
4732
5107
5627
6102
6730
8057
10642
12067
13066
14702
16119
18604
21968
26946
30749
35716
41125
48022
54272
61963
73159
85630
100318
115570
136250
160990
192142
231175
273135
313093
358538
400650
443169
491952
543691
624394
727720
846606
998379
1150044
1310845
1481623
1779630
2072272
2324695
2509907
Trade,
hotels,
transport &
communication
1254
1349
1425
1537
1647
1768
1917
2054
2203
2364
2547
2602
2987
3231
3512
3796
4063
4458
4772
5120
5579
6117
6694
7465
8390
9511
10579
11540
12448
13576
15120
17835
20453
23388
26907
30819
35337
40387
46926
55297
64598
78904
87495
105686
119442
143791
158637
180642
210593
260522
282316
321543
360194
402510
437174
493102
586595
691464
845369
964937
1165243
1381524
1617076
1939482
Financing,
insurance,
real estate
and business
services
1115
1162
1201
1250
1283
1361
1430
1503
1597
1760
1989
2154
2343
2599
2945
3276
3665
4105
4422
4822
5315
5901
6456
7261
9142
10290
11311
12296
13529
15149
17537
19927
23134
26345
30311
34284
39428
45700
52994
60741
70019
81366
94507
106090
118663
140190
166469
193188
236123
273013
294459
317513
341496
371288
411361
459151
505121
573790
703895
883033
1015850
1154431
1341734
1522898
Community
Social &
Personal
services
10036
10596
10449
11378
10689
10861
12965
13255
14827
15574
17049
17992
19238
21986
25686
26895
30613
35976
37938
41722
44382
47221
51943
63658
74930
79582
85545
97633
104930
114500
136838
160214
178985
209356
235113
262717
292924
332068
396295
456540
531814
613528
703723
817961
955386
1118586
1301788
1447613
1668739
1858205
2000743
2175260
2343864
2625819
2971464
3390503
3953276
4582086
5303567
6108903
7248860
8391691
9388876
10472807
Gross
domestic
product at
factor cost
(2 to 6)
(` crore)
5274
5453
5316
5850
4993
4847
6152
6045
7002
7043
7434
7704
7899
9274
11291
11301
13123
16393
16912
18505
19086
19510
21448
28171
31062
31028
31833
37592
38717
40373
50760
58745
63985
75982
82204
88083
95182
105358
130731
144461
168166
195454
219680
254876
293013
319243
381142
408521
466446
497027
506476
546674
548062
608788
650454
732234
829771
961330
1083032
1242818
1524552
1721814
1867342
2129000
At current prices
Year
1
1950-51
1951-52
1952-53
1953-54
1954-55
1955-56
1956-57
1957-58
1958-59
1959-60
1960-61
1961-62
1962-63
1963-64
1964-65
1965-66
1966-67
1967-68
1968-69
1969-70
1970-71
1971-72
1972-73
1973-74
1974-75
1975-76
1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82
1982-83
1983-84
1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11(3R)
2011-12(2R)
2012-13(1R)
2013-14(PE)
Agriculture,
forestry &
f ishing,
mining and
quarrying
2
1.9
3.1
7.5
3.0
-0.8
5.4
-4.1
9.8
-0.8
7.1
0.3
-1.4
2.4
8.8
-9.9
-1.2
14.1
0.0
6.3
6.3
-1.7
-4.4
6.9
-1.2
12.8
-5.2
9.6
2.3
-11.9
12.8
5.2
0.6
9.5
1.6
0.7
0.6
-1.1
15.7
1.8
4.7
-1.4
6.0
3.1
5.2
0.0
8.9
-1.3
5.9
2.8
0.3
5.5
-4.9
8.2
1.1
4.6
4.6
5.5
0.4
1.5
8.3
4.4
1.0
4.0
Manufacturing,
construction,
electricity,
gas and water
supply
3
4
Trade,
hotels,
transport &
communication
6
2.3
2.8
6.1
4.2
2.6
5.7
-1.2
7.6
2.2
7.1
3.1
2.1
5.1
7.6
-3.7
1.0
8.1
2.6
6.5
5.0
1.0
-0.3
4.6
1.2
9.0
1.2
7.5
5.5
-5.2
7.2
5.6
2.9
7.9
4.0
4.2
4.3
3.5
10.2
6.1
5.3
1.4
5.4
5.7
6.4
7.3
8.0
4.3
6.7
8.0
4.1
5.4
3.9
8.0
7.1
9.5
9.6
9.3
6.7
8.6
8.9
6.7
4.5
4.7
Gross
domestic
product at
factor
cost
7
Community,
Social
& Personal
services
Financing,
insurance, real
estate
and business
services
5
3.0
2.1
3.1
3.6
3.1
3.8
4.5
4.1
4.3
4.9
4.7
7.1
6.6
6.6
4.0
4.6
3.9
4.5
5.5
5.5
4.5
3.3
2.6
4.7
3.5
2.8
2.7
4.3
7.3
5.0
2.1
7.7
3.7
6.9
5.7
7.5
7.2
6.0
7.9
4.4
2.6
6.0
4.5
2.3
7.3
8.1
8.3
9.7
12.0
4.6
4.0
3.8
5.3
6.8
7.1
2.8
6.9
12.5
11.7
4.2
4.9
5.3
5.6
3R: Third Revised Estimates
Table 1.4 : Annual Growth Rate of Real Gross Domestic Product at Factor Cost by Industry of Origin (Per Cent)
Year
1
1951-52
1952-53
1953-54
1954-55
1955-56
1956-57
1957-58
1958-59
1959-60
1960-61
1961-62
1962-63
1963-64
1964-65
1965-66
1966-67
1967-68
1968-69
1969-70
1970-71
1971-72
1972-73
1973-74
1974-75
1975-76
1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82
1982-83
1983-84
1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11(3R)
2011-12(2R)
2012-13(1R)
2013-14(PE)
Source : Central Statistics Off ice.
1R: First Revised Estimates.
PE: Provisional Estimates
Public
sector
Total
(2+3+4)
Public
sector
Private
sector
Total
(6+7)
8
681
634
695
672
774
1041
1222
1028
986
1267
1226
1237
1519
1589
1897
2596
3161
3275
3277
4375
4531
5229
5330
8020
8677
9790
11206
13679
16482
16338
18116
19013
21972
26955
32796
93
136
64
90
118
134
155
121
140
185
281
320
344
394
389
405
424
410
439
549
672
769
806
1083
1465
1083
1181
1413
1652
2398
2339
2560
2980
3254
4040
215
309
195
181
213
247
318
336
325
351
572
654
750
929
1072
1085
941
944
1165
1361
1618
1689
1816
2363
3340
4192
5195
5253
5976
6331
6135
9120
10004
9030
8950
989
1079
954
943
1105
1422
1696
1485
1450
1803
2079
2211
2613
2912
3358
4086
4526
4629
4881
6285
6821
7687
7952
11466
13482
15066
17582
20345
24110
25068
26590
30692
34956
39239
45786
264
304
324
381
453
619
721
752
817
1045
1215
1269
1510
1794
2106
2348
2360
2320
2431
2525
2742
3245
4185
4631
4948
6401
8051
8792
9638
11532
13656
17376
22276
24225
27823
704
741
650
587
659
765
1050
1051
965
958
1075
1285
1332
1580
1866
2072
2506
3075
3241
3667
3746
4234
4295
5044
7132
7494
7495
9043
10081
11032
13159
15274
16629
19780
22626
968
1045
974
968
1112
1384
1771
1803
1782
2003
2290
2554
2842
3374
3972
4420
4866
5395
5672
6192
6488
7479
8480
9675
12080
13895
15546
17835
19719
22564
26815
32650
38905
44005
50449
Change in stocks
Public
sector
Gross
domestic
Private Valuables
Total Errors & Adjusted product
sector
(12+13+14) omissions
total at market
(15+16)
prices
Private
sector
Total
(9+10)
Public
sector
9
10
(2004-05 series)
26
140
30
143
-18
59
-26
-42
45
-9
-25
77
37
198
139
103
83
-81
12
198
63
265
29
247
97
260
87
188
90
272
124
192
64
450
233
199
41
55
50
504
302
507
356
710
88
322
541
1097
938
1992
1447
676
1121
272
109
1278
1100
2118
1346
2445
71
116
2006
3747
1136
3315
337
1450
1676
3144
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
165
173
40
-67
36
53
235
242
2
209
328
276
357
275
363
316
514
432
96
554
809
1066
411
1639
2929
2123
1393
1387
3218
3791
188
5753
4451
1787
4820
290
334
306
355
498
594
758
891
900
1057
1278
1298
1607
1881
2196
2472
2424
2553
2472
2575
3044
3601
4273
5172
5886
7848
9172
8901
10738
12878
13727
19382
23412
24562
29499
844
884
709
545
650
842
1248
1154
884
1156
1340
1532
1592
1768
2138
2264
2956
3274
3296
4171
4253
4944
4617
6141
9124
8170
7767
10321
12199
13477
13275
19021
19944
21230
25770
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
1133
1218
1014
901
1148
1437
2006
2045
1784
2212
2618
2830
3199
3649
4335
4736
5380
5827
5768
6746
7297
8545
8891
11314
15009
16018
16939
19222
22937
26355
27003
38403
43356
45792
55269
-165
44
-95
29
-28
24
49
-87
42
-178
-58
-274
-146
-297
-377
-51
69
-361
-471
-220
-82
-380
-641
545
-874
-1070
-666
-341
1301
-707
1682
-5100
-5833
-4037
-6191
968
1262
920
930
1121
1461
2056
1958
1826
2034
2560
2556
3053
3352
3958
4685
5449
5466
5297
6526
7215
8165
8249
11858
14135
14949
16273
18880
24238
25648
28684
33303
37522
41756
49078
10401
11054
10850
11810
11170
11371
13547
13951
15551
16384
17942
19010
20429
23462
27367
28857
32669
38261
40512
44605
47638
50999
56214
68420
80770
86707
93422
105848
114647
125729
149642
175805
196644
229021
256611
1950-51
1951-52
1952-53
1953-54
1954-55
1955-56
1956-57
1957-58
1958-59
1959-60
1960-61
1961-62
1962-63
1963-64
1964-65
1965-66
1966-67
1967-68
1968-69
1969-70
1970-71
1971-72
1972-73
1973-74
1974-75
1975-76
1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82
1982-83
1983-84
1984-85
HousePrivate
hold corporate
sector
sector
Contd...
Table 1.5 : Gross Domestic Savings and Gross Capital Formation (Contd...)
(At current prices)
(` crore)
Gross domestic savings
Year
HousePrivate
hold corporate
sector
sector
2
Public
sector
Total
(2+3+4)
Public
sector
Private
sector
Total
(6+7)
Change in stocks
Public
sector
Private
sector
Total
(9+10)
Public
sector
10
11
12
6383
5636
3534
9036
4324
4368
1304
7182
-3693
14676
25170
-16873
9491
-5300
26944
5831
-11050
22940
23743
63678
82381
130162
160937
55759
130266
226250
113918
138330
8314
6532
2019
8543
6014
6355
-903
9839
-1719
14072
24557
-14991
13044
-3023
42497
15158
-1971
18200
20667
80150
104389
147101
201534
106791
179171
273509
170596
171184
Gross
domestic
Private Valuables
Total Errors & Adjusted product
sector
(12+13+14) omissions
total at market
(15+16)
prices
13
14
15
16
17
18
(2004-05 series)
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11(3R)
2011-12(2R)
2012-13(1R)
36666
42111
57304
67063
82985
108603
105632
127943
151454
187142
198585
224653
284127
352114
438851
463750
545288
564161
657587
763685
868988
994396
1118347
1330873
1630799
1800174
2054737
2212414
5426
11322
53414
5336
11246
58693
5932
10471
73707
8486
11943
87492
11845
11900 106730
15164
10641 134408
20304
17594
143530
19968
16709
164621
29866
11674 192994
35260 24266 246668
59153
31527 289265
62540
31194
318387
66080
29583 379790
69191
-3146
418159
87234
-9238 516847
81062 -29266
515545
76906 -36820 585374
99217
-7148 656230
129816
36372 823775
212519
74499 1050703
277208
88955
1235151
338584 152929 1485909
469023 248962 1836332
417467
54280 1802620
540955
10585 2182338
620300 201268 2621742
658428
111295 2824459
713141
117919 3043474
32590
27050
39723
29753
41211
39993
47566
48051
52517
61476
60013
79650
70701
81765
71197
106732
79309
112147
102134 126308
105704
189342
108750 219296
112814 259587
128621 298448
138611 346055
145973 349223
160190 430050
168143 432977
190806 506672
224108 706920
271342 848950
339617 1004157
401326 1240347
480698 1340401
543883 1511889
609189 1797881
639157 2221905
789108 2282434
59640
69476
81204
95617
113993
139663
152466
177929
191456
228442
295046
328046
372401
427069
484666
495196
590240
601120
697478
931028
1120292
1343774
1641673
1821099
2055772
2407069
2861062
3071543
1932
896
-1515
-493
1690
1987
-2207
2657
1974
-604
-613
1883
3553
2277
15553
9326
9079
-4740
-3076
16472
22008
16939
40597
51032
48905
47259
56678
32854
34522
33433
40619
35389
39696
43527
47073
57087
54207
65800
62000
84018
68494
83069
73854
113914
81283 108454
101530 140984
105091
214512
110633 202423
116367 269078
130898
293148
154164 372999
155299 355054
169269 419000
163403
455917
187730
530415
240580 770598
293350
931331
356556 1134319
441923 1401284
531730 1396160
592788 1642155
656448 2024131
695835 2335823
821962 2420764
na
67954
na
76008
na
83223
na
104160
na 120007
na
146018
na
151563
na 187768
189737
na
na
242514
na
319603
na
313055
na 385445
na 424046
15519 542682
14724 525078
14187 602456
13957
633277
24572
742717
41054 1052231
41392 1266073
49709 1540583
53592 1896799
72213 2000103
116312 2351255
162836 2843415
246673 3278331
266482 3509208
-8306
59648
289524
-10960
65048
323949
-2691
80532
368211
-4364
99796
436893
-998
119009
501928
6586
152604
586212
-4656 146907
673875
-9331
178437
774545
8048
197785
891355
16047
258561 1045590
-9558
310045
1226725
23069
336125
1419277
16647 402092
1572394
12475
436521 1803378
-3848 538834
2023130
3222 528299
2177413
-31310
571146 2355845
-5534 627743 2536327
19699
762416 2841503
11809 1064041 3242209
13681 1279754 3693369
-9151 1531433 4294706
3963 1900762 4987090
-68723 1931380 5630063
11878 2363132 6477827
-1957 2841457
7784115
-77698 3200633 9009722
12191 3521399
10113281
10
Change in stocks
Public
sector
Total
(2+3+4)
Public
sector
Private
sector
Total
(6+7)
Public
sector
Private
sector
Total
(9+10)
Public
sector
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
1.3
1.3
0.5
-0.4
-0.1
0.7
1.5
0.7
-0.5
1.2
1.5
1.3
1.3
0.8
1.0
0.7
1.4
0.5
0.1
1.1
1.1
1.4
0.6
1.6
2.5
0.8
0.3
1.2
1.8
1.9
0.1
2.1
1.7
0.6
1.2
1.6
1.6
0.4
-0.6
0.3
0.5
1.7
1.7
0.0
1.3
1.8
1.5
1.7
1.2
1.3
1.1
1.6
1.1
0.2
1.2
1.7
2.1
0.7
2.4
3.6
2.4
1.5
1.3
2.8
3.0
0.1
3.3
2.3
0.8
1.9
2.8
3.0
2.8
3.0
4.5
5.2
5.6
6.4
5.8
6.4
7.1
6.8
7.9
8.0
8.0
8.6
7.4
6.7
6.1
5.8
6.4
7.1
7.6
7.6
7.3
9.1
9.8
8.4
9.4
10.2
9.2
11.0
11.9
10.7
11.5
8.1
8.0
6.5
4.6
5.8
7.4
9.2
8.3
5.7
7.1
7.5
8.1
7.8
7.5
7.8
7.8
9.0
8.6
8.1
9.4
8.9
9.7
8.2
9.0
11.3
9.4
8.3
9.8
10.6
10.7
8.9
10.8
10.1
9.3
10.0
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
10.9
11.0
9.3
7.6
10.3
12.6
14.8
14.7
11.5
13.5
14.6
14.9
15.7
15.6
15.8
16.4
16.5
15.2
14.2
15.1
15.3
16.8
15.8
16.5
18.6
18.5
18.1
18.2
20.0
21.0
18.0
21.8
22.0
20.0
21.5
-1.6
0.4
-0.9
0.2
-0.2
0.2
0.4
-0.6
0.3
-1.1
-0.3
-1.4
-0.7
-1.3
-1.4
-0.2
0.2
-0.9
-1.2
-0.5
-0.2
-0.7
-1.1
0.8
-1.1
-1.2
-0.7
-0.3
1.1
-0.6
1.1
-2.9
-3.0
-1.8
-2.4
9.3
11.4
8.5
7.9
10.0
12.8
15.2
14.0
11.7
12.4
14.3
13.4
14.9
14.3
14.5
16.2
16.7
14.3
13.1
14.6
15.1
16.0
14.7
17.3
17.5
17.2
17.4
17.8
21.1
20.4
19.2
18.9
19.1
18.2
19.1
6.5
5.7
6.4
5.7
6.9
9.2
9.0
7.4
6.3
7.7
6.8
6.5
7.4
6.8
6.9
9.0
9.7
8.6
8.1
9.8
9.5
10.3
9.5
11.7
10.7
11.3
12.0
12.9
14.4
13.0
12.1
10.8
11.2
11.8
12.8
0.9
1.2
0.6
0.8
1.1
1.2
1.1
0.9
0.9
1.1
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.9
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.6
2.1
2.8
1.8
1.5
1.9
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.1
2.1
3.2
3.4
3.7
4.0
3.9
3.8
2.9
2.5
2.9
3.1
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.5
4.1
4.8
5.6
5.0
5.2
5.0
4.1
5.2
5.1
3.9
3.5
9.5
9.8
8.8
8.0
9.9
12.5
12.5
10.6
9.3
11.0
11.6
11.6
12.8
12.4
12.3
14.2
13.9
12.1
12.0
14.1
14.3
15.1
14.1
16.8
16.7
17.4
18.8
19.2
21.0
19.9
17.8
17.5
17.8
17.1
17.8
2.5
2.8
3.0
3.2
4.1
5.4
5.3
5.4
5.3
6.4
6.8
6.7
7.4
7.6
7.7
8.1
7.2
6.1
6.0
5.7
5.8
6.4
7.4
6.8
6.1
7.4
8.6
8.3
8.4
9.2
9.1
9.9
11.3
10.6
10.8
6.8
6.7
6.0
5.0
5.9
6.7
7.8
7.5
6.2
5.8
6.0
6.8
6.5
6.7
6.8
7.2
7.7
8.0
8.0
8.2
7.9
8.3
7.6
7.4
8.8
8.6
8.0
8.5
8.8
8.8
8.8
8.7
8.5
8.6
8.8
(2004-05
9.3
9.5
9.0
8.2
10.0
12.2
13.1
12.9
11.5
12.2
12.8
13.4
13.9
14.4
14.5
15.3
14.9
14.1
14.0
13.9
13.6
14.7
15.1
14.1
15.0
16.0
16.6
16.8
17.2
17.9
17.9
18.6
19.8
19.2
19.7
series)
0.2
0.3
-0.2
-0.2
0.4
-0.2
0.3
1.0
0.5
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.7
0.2
0.8
1.2
1.7
1.2
0.1
1.0
1.1
0.0
1.1
0.6
0.1
0.7
Private Valuables
Total Errors & Adjusted
sector
(12+13+14) omissions
total
(15+16)
Contd...
10
1950-51
1951-52
1952-53
1953-54
1954-55
1955-56
1956-57
1957-58
1958-59
1959-60
1960-61
1961-62
1962-63
1963-64
1964-65
1965-66
1966-67
1967-68
1968-69
1969-70
1970-71
1971-72
1972-73
1973-74
1974-75
1975-76
1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82
1982-83
1983-84
1984-85
HousePrivate
hold corporate
sector
sector
11
Table 1.6 : Gross Domestic Savings and Gross Capital Formation (Contd.)
(As per cent of GDP at current market prices)
Gross domestic savings
Year
HousePrivate
hold corporate
sector
sector
Change in stocks
Public
sector
Total
(2+3+4)
Public
sector
Private
sector
Total
(6+7)
Public
sector
Private
sector
Total
(9+10)
Public
sector
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
2.2
1.7
1.0
2.1
0.9
0.7
0.2
0.9
-0.4
1.4
2.1
-1.2
0.6
-0.3
1.3
0.3
-0.5
0.9
0.8
2.0
2.2
3.0
3.2
1.0
2.0
2.9
1.3
1.4
2.9
2.0
0.5
2.0
1.2
1.1
-0.1
1.3
-0.2
1.3
2.0
-1.1
0.8
-0.2
2.1
0.7
-0.1
0.7
0.7
2.5
2.8
3.4
4.0
1.9
2.8
3.5
1.9
1.7
11.9
12.5
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.6
10.2
9.5
9.1
9.7
8.6
7.8
7.4
7.3
7.6
7.1
7.2
6.4
6.6
7.4
7.9
8.3
8.9
9.4
9.2
8.4
7.7
8.1
11.5
10.9
11.8
13.1
13.1
14.3
12.3
14.7
12.2
13.5
17.5
14.3
17.1
16.3
18.4
16.3
17.8
18.0
18.7
23.8
25.2
26.4
28.1
24.8
25.4
26.0
25.9
23.9
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.9
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.8
2.1
2.7
2.6
23.5
23.5
22.6
23.8
23.9
24.9
22.5
24.2
21.3
23.2
26.1
22.1
24.5
23.5
26.8
24.1
25.6
25.0
26.1
32.5
34.3
35.9
38.0
35.5
36.3
36.5
36.4
34.7
-2.9
-3.4
-0.7
-1.0
-0.2
1.1
-0.7
-1.2
0.9
1.5
-0.8
1.6
1.1
0.7
-0.2
0.1
-1.3
-0.2
0.7
0.4
0.4
-0.2
0.1
-1.2
0.2
0.0
-0.9
0.1
20.6
20.1
21.9
22.8
23.7
26.0
21.8
23.0
22.2
24.7
25.3
23.7
25.6
24.2
26.6
24.3
24.2
24.8
26.8
32.8
34.7
35.7
38.1
34.3
36.5
36.5
35.5
34.8
12.7
13.0
15.6
15.3
16.5
18.5
15.7
16.5
17.0
17.9
16.2
15.8
18.1
19.5
21.7
21.3
23.1
22.2
23.1
23.6
23.5
23.2
22.4
23.6
25.2
23.1
22.8
21.9
1.9
1.6
1.6
1.9
2.4
2.6
3.0
2.6
3.4
3.4
4.8
4.4
4.2
3.8
4.3
3.7
3.3
3.9
4.6
6.6
7.5
7.9
9.4
7.4
8.4
8.0
7.3
7.1
3.9
3.5
2.8
2.7
2.4
1.8
2.6
2.2
1.3
2.3
2.6
2.2
1.9
-0.2
-0.5
-1.3
-1.6
-0.3
1.3
2.3
2.4
3.6
5.0
1.0
0.2
2.6
1.2
1.2
18.4
18.1
20.0
20.0
21.3
22.9
21.3
21.3
21.7
23.6
23.6
22.4
24.2
23.2
25.5
23.7
24.8
25.9
29.0
32.4
33.4
34.6
36.8
32.0
33.7
33.7
31.3
30.1
11.3
12.3
11.2
10.9
10.5
10.2
10.5
9.2
8.9
9.8
8.6
7.7
7.2
7.1
6.9
6.7
6.8
6.6
6.7
6.9
7.3
7.9
8.0
8.5
8.4
7.8
7.1
7.8
9.3
9.2
10.9
11.0
12.2
13.6
12.1
13.8
12.6
12.1
15.4
15.5
16.5
16.5
17.1
16.0
18.3
17.1
17.8
21.8
23.0
23.4
24.9
23.8
23.3
23.1
24.7
22.6
20.6
21.4
22.1
21.9
22.7
23.8
22.6
23.0
21.5
21.8
24.1
23.1
23.7
23.7
24.0
22.7
25.1
23.7
24.5
28.7
30.3
31.3
32.9
32.3
31.7
30.9
31.8
30.4
Private Valuables
Total Errors & Adjusted
sector
(12+13+14) omissions
total
(15+16)
(2004-05 series)
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11(3R)
2011-12(2R)
2012-13(1R)
0.7
0.3
-0.4
-0.1
0.3
0.3
-0.3
0.3
0.2
-0.1
-0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.8
0.4
0.4
-0.2
-0.1
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.3
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Odisha
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
Andaman &
Nicobar Islands
Chandigarh
Delhi
Puducherry
30
31
32
All-India NDP
(2004-05 base)
200506
200607
200708
10
11
201303
3188
47181
70167
41387
10999
172265
86222
21189
23292
53056
148729
104776
99940
370023
4603
5846
2400
5421
67987
86108
112636
1511
193645
8170
231029
22288
190029
1633
229367
3439
52440
74144
45664
12488
206440
97903
23743
25278
53358
174911
120269
109612
437103
5138
6461
2664
6116
73550
95902
125333
1733
228846
9040
258643
26968
209726
1848
269120
3765
57033
91331
57536
14394
240733
116104
26247
27652
58512
203819
135104
127663
526910
5503
7701
2944
6728
87921
113013
151428
1871
276711
9981
296767
32670
238629
2296
325955
4407
62342
102853
69348
17045
281579
136584
28873
30720
74388
243028
153981
142917
619884
6049
8619
3411
7477
111109
135706
172250
2139
313812
10808
335810
40279
273557
2715
384005
5199
71478
129690
82809
22149
314485
164636
33115
34290
76234
278534
180134
175503
677781
6614
10341
4154
8784
127516
154827
203939
2796
359391
12509
392771
48616
310530
3168
427560
6840
85253
148152
84196
25224
371187
203855
39141
38718
87112
300747
206070
202225
770794
7372
11122
4717
9711
135837
176187
233767
5463
430013
14162
463583
61138
362517
3742
524695
8347
100627
186479
102912
29387
454853
237163
46216
46740
108652
368338
233177
232794
934376
8020
12852
5772
10850
164760
202025
300907
6636
527912
16573
532096
72970
421231
3941
594117
9841
112126
225704
113487
31419
518560
274970
51885
53361
122975
407861
272065
276789
1082751
9216
14422
6492
12188
176822
228976
361067
7700
600461
19690
604135
84953
492356
4309
678524
11218
126149
287129
131796
29888
584367
314107
58489
61544
141644
466810
309332
333010
1239104
10489
15884
7249
13682
210683
256563
410834
8886
671192
22453
683651
99157
567594
4597
200506
200607
200708
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
773159
12412
146199
338056
151023
NA
NA
357904
64995
70874
163346
529191
NA
406055
NA
NA
18229
NA
NA
235166
286875
459322
NA
769476
NA
788421
115868
646794
4852
13.94
7.87
11.15
5.67
10.33
13.54
19.84
13.55
12.05
8.53
0.57
17.60
14.79
9.68
18.13
11.62
10.52
11.00
12.82
8.18
11.37
11.27
14.69
18.18
10.65
11.95
21.00
10.37
13.17
17.33
9.48
8.76
23.18
26.00
15.26
16.61
18.59
10.55
9.39
9.66
16.53
12.33
16.47
20.55
7.10
19.19
10.51
10.01
19.54
17.84
20.82
7.96
20.92
10.41
14.74
21.14
13.78
24.24
21.12
17.05
9.31
12.62
20.53
18.42
16.97
17.64
10.00
11.10
27.13
19.24
13.97
11.95
17.65
9.92
11.92
15.86
11.13
26.37
20.08
13.75
14.32
13.41
8.29
13.16
23.29
14.64
18.25
17.81
17.97
14.65
26.09
19.41
29.94
11.69
20.54
14.69
11.62
2.48
14.61
16.98
22.80
9.34
9.34
19.98
21.78
17.48
14.77
14.09
18.40
30.72
14.52
15.74
16.96
20.70
13.52
16.69
11.34
31.56
19.27
14.24
1.67
13.88
18.03
23.82
18.20
12.91
14.27
7.97
14.40
15.23
13.72
11.46
7.55
13.55
10.55
6.53
13.80
14.63
95.39
19.65
13.21
18.03
25.76
16.74
18.12
22.72
22.03
18.03
25.87
22.23
16.50
22.54
16.34
18.08
20.72
24.73
22.47
13.15
15.12
21.22
8.79
15.55
22.37
11.73
21.29
14.67
28.72
21.47
22.77
17.02
14.78
19.35
16.20
5.32
13.23
17.90
11.43
21.03
10.28
6.91
14.01
15.94
12.27
14.17
13.18
10.73
16.68
18.90
15.88
14.91
12.22
12.47
12.33
7.32
13.34
19.99
16.03
13.74
18.81
13.54
16.42
16.89
9.34
14.21
13.99
12.51
27.21
16.13
-4.87
12.69
14.23
12.73
15.34
15.18
14.45
13.70
20.31
14.44
13.81
10.14
11.66
12.26
19.15
12.05
13.78
15.40
11.78
14.03
13.16
16.72
15.28
6.68
13.95
10.64
15.89
17.74
14.59
NA
NA
13.94
11.12
15.16
15.32
13.36
NA
21.93
NA
NA
14.76
NA
NA
11.62
11.81
11.80
NA
14.64
NA
15.33
16.85
13.95
5.55
23613
NA
332521 387097
15887 20193
20.62
15.21
41.76
20.64
17.55
4.12
11.31
16.56
10.10
11.50
19.60
8.91
14.51
14.85
24.44
13.64
17.46
6.32
16.55
17.20
13.07
13.27
17.62
19.21
NA
16.41
27.10
14.15
16.78
15.92
15.64
15.00
19.08
15.77
11.46
11.86
7610
94717
5033
9179
11074
12327
13745 15739 17886 20846
109127 128276 149519 178822 205376 241234 282717
8179
8908
11085
11786
13327
7135
7429
Source : For Sl. No. 1-32 Directorate of Economics & Statistics of respective State Governments, and for All-India Central Statistics Off ice
NA: Not released as on March 1, 2014
12
(` Crore)
2008- 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
09
200405
13
Table 1.8 : Per Capita Net State Domestic Product at Current Prices
As on 01.03.2014
(`)
Sl. State\UT
No.
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Odisha
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
Andaman &
Nicobar Islands
Chandigarh
Delhi
Puducherry
30
31
32
200405
200506
200607
200708
25321
26721
16782
7914
18559
76968
32021
37972
33348
21734
18510
26882
31871
15442
36077
18640
24086
24662
30441
17650
33103
18565
26690
30062
24394
12950
24726
22649
40921
200607
200708
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
28539
28171
18396
8223
20117
84721
37780
42309
36949
23240
18326
31239
36276
16631
41965
20395
26284
26698
33792
18846
36199
20275
30252
35243
26668
14221
29441
24720
44754
12.71
5.42
9.62
3.90
8.39
10.07
17.99
11.42
10.80
6.93
-0.99
16.21
13.82
7.70
16.32
9.42
9.13
8.26
11.01
6.78
9.35
9.21
13.35
17.24
9.32
9.82
19.07
9.14
9.37
16.10
6.96
7.29
21.21
23.28
11.99
14.86
16.43
9.32
7.83
7.98
15.18
11.42
14.41
18.74
5.02
17.76
7.74
8.21
17.99
15.70
18.65
6.43
19.99
9.05
12.60
19.26
12.55
20.16
19.89
14.38
7.87
10.88
18.49
14.57
15.26
15.54
8.85
9.53
25.27
17.89
13.07
10.03
15.91
7.82
10.59
12.95
9.35
24.73
17.90
11.75
13.20
12.58
6.98
11.07
21.38
13.46
14.23
16.66
15.26
13.19
24.22
16.93
25.07
10.10
18.43
13.50
10.07
1.04
13.35
16.07
20.75
7.75
7.27
18.56
18.76
15.56
13.27
12.02
16.36
28.91
13.72
14.39
14.83
18.86
12.42
12.61
10.29
28.55
17.78
12.59
0.02
9.71
16.40
21.71
17.03
11.38
12.68
6.82
13.54
13.34
12.10
9.37
6.31
10.71
8.78
5.13
11.73
12.71
93.15
18.84
11.88
15.91
23.89
15.65
14.11
21.59
19.25
16.57
24.13
19.78
12.64
20.89
14.40
16.94
19.14
23.02
21.20
12.33
13.27
19.54
6.78
14.18
19.29
10.58
19.71
12.58
26.64
20.08
21.97
15.66
12.76
17.63
15.12
2.09
12.22
15.21
10.06
19.42
8.11
3.94
12.51
14.06
10.09
12.74
11.63
9.60
15.87
17.03
14.32
12.82
10.94
9.68
8.99
5.92
11.28
18.12
14.52
13.03
17.43
11.59
14.77
15.81
6.52
13.21
11.38
11.15
25.58
13.90
-7.34
11.24
12.43
11.59
13.93
13.64
13.31
12.94
18.46
12.93
11.74
8.90
8.86
8.80
17.59
11.20
12.06
14.29
11.11
12.73
11.25
15.11
14.25
3.98
12.99
8.11
14.53
16.28
12.43
NA
NA
12.18
10.01
13.79
13.80
12.26
NA
20.10
NA
NA
13.45
NA
NA
10.15
9.79
10.15
NA
13.98
NA
13.41
15.28
12.97
2.96
74173
63877
48302
84993
72208
67205
14.59
13.04
39.14
14.80
15.33
2.18
5.55
14.37
8.05
5.35
17.34
6.88
8.19
12.69
22.13
7.93
15.24
4.35
11.19
14.99
4.35
8.16
15.40
16.29
NA
14.22
24.00
24143
27131
31206
12.38
15.02
14.80
13.82
13.42
16.80
14.50
9.67
10.44
35825
40775
46249
54021
10
61855
11
67839
74920
13
Source : For Sl. No. 1-32 Directorate of Economics & Statistics of respective State Governments, and for All-India Central Statistics Off ice
NA: Not released as on March 1, 2014
14
1
A. Foodgrains
(a) Cereals
Rice
Wheat
(b) Coarse Cerealsa
Maize
(c) Pulsesb
Gram
Tur
B. Non-foodgrains
(a) Oilseeds Totalc
Groundnut
Rapeseed and Mustard
(b) Fibres
Cotton
Jute
Mesta
(c) Plantation Crops
Tea
Coffee
Rubber
(d) Others
Sugarcane
Tobacco
Potato
C. All Commodities
Weight
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14*
50.7
41.7
16.9
18.0
6.9
2.9
8.9
3.5
1.7
49.3
13.2
4.1
3.6
105.4
105.5
102.9
105.4
112.1
116.6
105.1
97.5
113.5
108.6
108.6
125.0
81.8
106.5
107.4
105.6
108.2
110.0
121.4
102.0
119.8
83.6
107.5
100.8
97.6
100.9
100.6
100.2
94.8
108.3
92.3
102.9
102.3
126.8
91.0
104.9
88.9
73.9
92.6
114.3
111.1
102.2
116.5
118.9
133.7
129.3
139.5
105.6
128.0
116.8
112.5
114.6
118.8
118.1
112.1
127.2
114.8
133.9
121.3
130.7
98.0
131.2
106.5
94.8
92.6
119.4
117.3
112.0
125.4
109.2
136.9
129.2
149.9
111.6
129.1
107.4
63.9
112.5
122.9
119.7
113.0
128.2
113.6
143.3
138.3
166.0
123.2
135.0
119.0
124.4
115.7
4.4
0.7
0.0
115.9
100.5
105.5
99.7
94.7
77.9
107.5
110.4
62.5
147.7
98.4
65.1
157.6
105.6
70.6
153.2
101.7
62.8
159.4
105.4
62.1
0.3
0.6
1.9
95.9
95.4
99.8
98.8
95.5
104.5
100.7
105.4
100.5
98.2
110.0
104.2
99.2
114.3
109.3
99.2
115.8
110.5
99.2
115.8
110.5
9.9
0.4
3.6
100.0
106.1
93.0
114.6
107.0
86.8
115.1
138.4
107.0
89.0
141.6
147.2
102.7
104.3
170.6
170.4
121.0
110.0
160.0
166.9
125.2
103.9
139.8
182.5
124.2
105.4
139.8
186.9
128.9
14
15
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14*
101.2
100.9
100.3
101.9
99.9
103.2
102.3
103.0
100.9
101.6
104.0
100.9
97.9
103.9
97.3
107.8
100.0
99.5
95.7
103.5
98.5
105.0
102.2
111.6
104.4
101.8
97.9
105.7
101.2
108.7
116.4
125.5
104.0
103.3
100.5
108.6
96.4
111.6
107.5
113.4
102.0
101.7
97.6
109.1
92.1
110.2
103.8
116.4
105.4
104.2
100.4
111.3
94.9
115.5
111.1
131.9
103.2
98.5
101.2
87.9
106.1
101.8
99.2
95.0
104.3
94.8
88.1
84.3
114.0
101.0
94.2
104.1
116.5
97.5
84.7
88.9
116.2
97.5
76.0
96.0
118.4
105.0
89.6
100.0
103.7
103.2
102.9
103.6
99.6
81.1
111.6
102.8
66.3
123.8
98.1
69.4
134.1
102.5
67.3
131.9
98.4
60.4
127.9
97.0
57.1
98.2
113.2
103.1
98.2
115.0
107.5
98.2
116.5
111.4
98.2
118.0
115.5
98.2
119.5
119.3
98.2
121.1
123.0
98.2
121.1
123.0
105.3
95.9
105.0
102.2
91.9
107.6
123.6
103.5
86.9
122.0
124.0
102.1
101.7
135.3
125.9
109.1
104.9
128.3
128.9
110.2
104.1
117.3
134.6
109.0
104.8
117.3
137.3
111.8
1
A. Foodgrains
(a) Cereals
Rice
Wheat
(b) Coarse Cerealsa
Maize
(c) Pulsesb
Gram
Tur
B. Non-foodgrains
(a) Oilseeds Totalc
Groundnut
Rapeseed and Mustard
(b) Fibres
Cotton
Jute
Mesta
(c) Plantation Crops
Tea
Coffee
Rubber
(d) Others
Sugarcane
Tobacco
Potato
C. All Commodities
15
16
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14*
104.2
104.5
102.6
103.4
112.3
113.0
102.7
94.7
110.4
105.2
110.3
123.5
93.1
105.5
105.7
101.5
107.2
112.4
116.8
104.9
111.1
89.7
101.4
99.0
98.4
106.3
100.6
100.7
99.1
104.7
93.8
97.9
100.1
113.7
95.1
100.6
93.8
83.8
109.9
109.5
109.1
104.4
110.2
117.5
122.9
111.1
111.2
87.6
112.2
115.7
119.4
110.2
114.8
115.3
111.5
117.2
119.3
119.9
112.8
115.3
88.6
112.6
109.3
111.9
104.1
117.0
115.4
114.7
114.9
118.6
124.2
124.5
128.7
103.8
111.1
110.1
84.1
117.3
116.7
114.9
112.6
115.2
119.7
124.0
124.6
125.9
114.8
114.0
113.4
138.9
115.7
111.7
97.4
102.5
96.2
95.1
96.0
96.4
107.4
94.3
119.4
100.4
93.8
117.5
103.0
104.9
116.1
103.3
104.0
124.6
108.7
108.8
97.7
84.3
96.8
100.6
83.1
97.3
102.5
90.5
90.2
100.0
93.2
90.2
101.1
95.7
91.6
101.1
95.7
89.9
101.1
95.7
89.9
100.8
97.0
109.1
104.7
94.4
107.0
112.0
103.4
102.4
116.1
118.7
100.6
102.5
126.1
135.3
110.9
104.8
124.6
129.5
113.6
99.8
119.2
135.5
113.9
100.6
119.2
136.1
115.3
1
A. Foodgrains
(a) Cereals
Rice
Wheat
(b) Coarse Cerealsa
Maize
(c) Pulsesb
Gram
Tur
B. Non-foodgrains
(a) Oilseeds Totalc
Groundnut
Rapeseed and Mustard
(b) Fibres
Cotton
Jute
Mesta
(c) Plantation Crops
Tea
Coffee
Rubber
(d) Others
Sugarcane
Tobacco
Potato
C. All Commodities
16
17
Unit
1970-71
1980-81
1990-91
2000-01
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14*
10
11
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
108.4
68.9
39.5
96.6
65.0
31.6
30.5
25.5
5.1
11.8
3.9
7.9
42.2
39.5
2.7
23.8
8.1
5.8
2.3
7.5
8.0
5.2
1.9
9.6
7.0
2.6
6.1
na
na
2.0
126.4
4.8
6.2
4.9
1.3
129.6
77.7
51.9
119.0
73.9
45.1
29.0
23.8
5.2
10.6
3.8
6.8
53.6
50.1
3.5
36.3
10.4
7.5
2.9
7.0
5.3
4.3
2.0
9.4
5.0
4.4
5.0
3.7
1.3
2.3
154.2
7.0
8.2
6.5
1.7
176.4
99.4
77.0
162.1
94.0
68.1
32.7
27.7
5.0
14.3
5.4
8.9
74.3
66.3
8.0
55.1
11.7
8.3
3.4
9.0
6.9
5.4
2.4
18.6
9.8
8.8
7.5
5.1
2.4
5.2
241.0
9.8
9.2
7.9
1.3
196.8
102.1
94.7
185.7
97.6
88.1
31.1
24.9
6.2
11.0
4.4
6.6
85.0
72.8
12.2
69.7
7.5
4.5
3.0
12.0
6.8
3.9
2.2
18.4
11.9
6.5
6.4
4.9
1.5
4.2
296.0
9.5
10.5
9.3
1.2
218.1
104.0
114.1
203.4
99.7
103.7
33.6
23.8
9.7
14.7
4.2
10.5
89.1
75.9
13.2
80.8
6.7
2.8
3.9
16.7
6.5
7.5
2.5
24.9
15.7
9.2
5.4
3.8
1.6
6.6
292.3
24.0
11.8
11.2
0.6
244.5
120.9
123.6
226.3
113.8
112.5
43.4
33.1
10.3
18.2
7.1
11.1
96.0
80.7
15.3
86.9
7.0
3.4
3.6
21.7
10.4
8.2
2.9
32.5
21.9
10.6
8.3
6.6
1.6
8.2
342.4
33.0
10.6
10.0
0.6
259.3
131.3
128.0
240.8
125.2
115.6
42.0
32.4
9.6
17.1
6.1
11.0
105.3
92.8
12.5
93.5
6.0
3.3
2.7
21.8
10.3
7.7
2.7
29.8
20.7
9.1
7.0
5.1
1.8
6.6
361.0
35.2
11.4
10.7
0.7
257.0
128.1
129.1
238.8
122.2
116.6
40.04
29.79
10.25
18.3
5.9
12.4
105.2
92.4
12.9
93.5
5.3
2.8
2.4
22.3
8.7
8.8
3.0
30.9
20.8
10.2
4.7
3.2
1.5
8.0
341.2
34.2
10.9
10.3
0.6
264.4
129.4
135.0
244.8
123.2
121.6
42.7
31.2
11.4
19.6
6.1
13.5
106.3
92.0
14.3
95.8
5.3
2.2
3.0
24.2
9.2
9.9
3.4
32.4
22.1
10.3
9.5
7.7
1.8
7.8
348.4
36.5
11.4
10.8
0.6
Million
Million
Million
Million
0.4
0.1
0.1
4.8
0.6
0.1
0.2
9.7
0.7
0.2
0.3
15.2
0.8
0.3
0.6
22.5
1.0
0.3
0.8
36.6
1.0
0.3
0.8
42.3
1.0
0.3
0.8
46.6
1.0
0.3
0.9
45.3
1.0
0.3
0.9
46.4
17
18
1970-71
2
124.3
82.3
42.0
101.8
72.9
28.9
45.9
36.9
9.0
22.6
9.5
13.1
37.6
36.0
1.6
18.2
17.4
10.9
6.5
5.8
12.9
7.8
2.7
16.6
10.8
5.8
7.3
na
na
3.3
2.6
7.6
1.1
0.8
0.3
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.5
1980-81
1990-91
2000-01
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14*
10
126.7
83.2
43.5
104.2
72.8
31.4
41.8
34.3
7.4
22.5
10.4
12.1
40.1
38.4
1.7
22.3
15.8
10.2
5.6
6.0
11.7
6.6
2.8
17.6
10.2
7.4
6.8
5.9
0.9
4.1
2.7
7.8
1.3
0.9
0.4
127.8
80.8
47.0
103.2
69.3
33.9
36.3
29.6
6.7
24.7
11.5
13.2
42.7
39.7
3.0
24.2
14.4
8.6
5.8
5.9
10.5
7.5
3.6
24.1
14.0
10.1
8.3
6.8
1.5
5.8
3.7
7.4
1.0
0.8
0.2
121.0
75.2
45.8
100.7
64.6
36.1
30.3
23.9
6.4
20.3
10.6
9.7
44.7
40.7
4.0
25.7
9.9
4.9
5.0
6.6
9.8
5.2
3.6
22.8
15.8
7.0
6.6
5.7
0.9
4.5
4.3
8.6
1.0
0.8
0.2
121.3
69.5
51.8
98.0
58.9
39.1
27.7
21.3
6.4
23.3
10.6
12.7
41.9
37.6
4.3
28.5
7.7
3.2
4.5
8.3
8.9
8.2
3.5
26.0
18.0
8.0
5.5
4.6
0.9
5.6
4.2
10.1
0.9
0.8
0.1
126.7
72.4
54.3
100.3
60.1
40.2
28.3
22.1
6.3
26.4
12.3
14.1
42.9
38.0
4.8
29.1
7.4
3.1
4.3
8.6
9.6
9.2
4.4
27.2
18.2
9.0
5.9
5.0
0.9
6.9
4.9
11.2
0.9
0.8
0.1
124.8
72.1
52.7
100.3
60.9
39.4
26.4
20.8
5.7
24.5
11.2
13.3
44.0
40.1
3.9
29.9
7.4
3.1
4.3
8.8
8.8
8.3
4.0
26.3
18.4
7.9
5.3
4.3
0.9
5.9
5.0
12.2
0.9
0.8
0.1
120.8
67.7
53.1
97.5
57.7
39.8
24.8
18.8
5.9
23.3
10.0
13.3
42.8
38.9
3.8
30.0
6.2
2.4
3.8
8.7
7.3
8.5
3.9
26.5
18.3
8.2
4.7
3.9
0.8
6.4
5.0
12.0
0.9
0.8
0.1
126.2
69.4
56.8
100.8
59.2
41.6
25.5
19.7
5.8
25.4
10.2
15.2
43.9
39.6
4.4
31.3
5.8
2.2
3.6
9.3
7.9
10.2
3.9
28.2
19.8
8.4
5.5
4.5
1.0
6.5
5.0
11.7
0.9
0.8
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.7
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.9
0.5
0.3
0.6
1.2
0.6
0.4
0.7
1.8
0.6
0.4
0.7
1.9
0.6
0.4
0.7
1.9
0.6
0.4
0.7
1.9
0.6
0.4
0.7
2.0
18
19
1970-71 1980-81
2
1990-91
2000-01 2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14*
10
11
872
837
942
949
892
1093
665
690
563
524
410
607
1123
1100
1625
1307
466
533
354
1279
622
663
709
579
649
449
834
na
na
594
48
106
1032
1186
684
1023
933
1195
1142
1015
1434
695
693
702
473
361
571
1336
1303
2071
1630
660
737
520
1159
458
657
689
532
492
588
736
629
1444
560
58
152
1130
1245
828
1380
1231
1635
1571
1357
2010
900
937
741
578
471
672
1740
1670
2671
2281
814
969
582
1518
658
712
673
771
698
872
904
751
1611
904
65
225
1634
1833
988
1626
1357
2067
1844
1512
2438
1027
5298
973
544
417
604
1901
1788
3042
2708
764
938
594
1822
688
744
618
810
757
929
977
861
1756
935
69
190
1867
2026
1078
1909
1654
2263
2183
1841
2721
1459
1371
1735
659
478
804
2178
2081
3009
2907
962
1055
904
2414
1015
895
671
1007
961
1097
1163
1063
1764
1143
65
403
2071
2207
1141
1798
1496
2202
2075
1693
2649
1212
1119
1525
630
397
823
2125
2019
3053
2839
860
853
865
2024
731
915
711
958
875
1146
991
835
1830
1183
70
403
2349
2492
1121
1930
1669
2278
2256
1893
2800
1531
1500
1641
691
578
790
2239
2121
3176
2989
949
1119
827
2540
1079
895
655
1193
1203
1174
1411
1335
1846
1185
70
499
2192
2329
1115
2078
1822
2430
2401
2057
2933
1590
1563
1689
699
541
831
2393
2312
3224
3131
810
1072
623
2478
1171
928
662
1133
1123
1155
1323
1188
1938
1121
70
491
2268
2389
1248
2128
1892
2431
2449
2116
2932
1626
1583
1725
789
594
934
2462
2374
3353
3117
850
1171
644
2566
1198
1036
776
1168
1135
1244
995
811
1910
1262
70
486
2281
2396
1237
2095
1864
2378
2429
2081
2925
1672
1588
1954
770
600
884
2419
2326
3263
3059
912
1033
840
2602
1161
974
857
1149
1119
1220
1723
1715
1755
1208
70
529
2386
2504
1265
1182
814
653
10
1491
624
788
13
1794
759
1076
16
1673
959
1576
18
1695
748.0
1306
19
1695
815
1211
20
1695
838
1211
23
1695
838
1211
25
1730
766
1206
22
1730
766
1206
22
19
20
Table 1.15 : Production of Important Crops in Three Largest Producing States in 2013-14*
(Production Million Tonnes)
Crops/Groups of Crops
1
I.
Foodgrains
Rice
Wheat
Maize
Gram
Tur
Total Pulses
Total Foodgrains
II.
Oilseeds
Groundnut
Soyabean
Sunf lower
Total Oilseeds
III.
Cottona
States
Production
West Bengal
Uttar Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Punjab
Haryana
Karnataka
Andhra Pradesh
Maharashtra
Rajasthan
Karnataka
Maharashtra
Madhya Pradesh
Rajasthan
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Rajasthan
Uttar Pradesh
Punjab
Madhya Pradesh
15.20
14.71
13.48
29.5
16.01
11.73
4.66
4.00
3.10
6.69
6.55
5.84
40.00
14.35
14.17
10.36
6.10
4.18
5.28
2.99
2.46
50.26
27.62
24.18
14.32
13.85
12.69
30.85
16.74
12.27
20.02
17.19
13.32
16.06
15.73
14.02
40.87
14.66
14.48
31.05
18.28
12.52
26.71
15.10
12.42
19.09
10.49
9.19
14.32
28.17
40.86
30.85
47.59
59.86
20.02
37.21
50.53
16.06
31.79
45.81
40.87
55.53
70.02
31.05
49.33
61.84
26.71
41.82
54.23
19.09
29.59
38.78
Gujarat
Tamil Nadu
Andhra Pradesh
Rajasthan
Madhya Pradesh
Haryana
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Rajasthan
Karnataka
Andhra Pradesh
Maharashtra
Madhya Pradesh
Rajasthan
Gujarat
4.76
1.17
0.99
3.86
0.99
0.93
5.49
4.87
1.19
0.21
0.09
0.05
6.77
6.67
6.20
52.08
12.79
10.83
46.81
11.95
11.25
44.10
39.15
9.53
44.67
18.72
10.27
20.54
20.22
18.81
52.08
64.87
75.70
46.81
58.76
70.01
44.10
83.24
92.78
44.67
63.39
73.67
20.54
40.75
59.56
Uttar Pradesh
Maharashtra
Tamil Nadu
Gujarat
Maharashtra
Andhra Pradesh
West Bengal
Bihar
Assam
133.39
75.38
37.55
10.85
8.45
7.14
8.39
2.02
0.63
38.56
21.79
10.85
30.48
23.73
20.06
74.19
17.89
5.54
38.56
60.35
71.21
30.48
54.21
74.27
74.19
92.08
97.62
20
21
Net
imports
(million
tonnes)
Cereals
Change in
Government
stocks (million
tonnes)
Net availability
(Col. 3+4-5)
(million
tonnes)
Pulses
Net
availability
(million
tonnes)
551.3
563.9
576.8
590.0
603.5
617.2
631.3
645.7
660.3
675.2
688.5
703.8
718.9
734.5
750.4
766.5
782.7
799.2
815.8
832.6
851.7
867.8
883.9
899.9
922.0
941.6
959.8
978.1
996.4
1014.8
1033.2
1050.6
1068.2
1085.6
1102.8
1119.8
1136.6
1153.1
1169.4
1185.8
1201.9
1213.4
1228.8
84.5
82.3
76.2
82.8
78.6
94.5
87.3
100.1
104.8
88.5
104.1
106.6
103.0
122.0
116.9
119.9
115.2
113.2
136.6
138.4
141.9
136.8
145.8
149.6
155.3
147.1
162.0
156.9
165.1
171.8
162.5
174.5
143.2
173.5
162.1
170.8
177.7
197.3
192.4
178.0
198.0
211.9
208.9
2.0
(-)0.5
3.6
5.2
7.5
0.7
0.1
(-)0.8
(-)0.3
(-)0.5
0.5
1.6
4.1
2.4
(-)0.3
(-)0.1
(-)0.4
2.3
0.8
...
(-)0.6
(-)0.7
2.6
0.5
(-)3.0
(-)3.5
(-)0.6
(-)2.9
(-)1.5
(-)1.4
(-)4.5
(-)8.5
(-)7.1
(-)7.7
(-)7.2
(-)3.8
(-)7.0
(-)14.4
(-)7.2
(-)4.7
(-)9.6
(-)19.8
(-)22.2
(+)2.6
(-)4.7
(-)0.3
(-)0.4
(+)5.6
(+)10.7
(-)1.6
(-)0.3
(+)0.4
(-)5.8
(-)0.2
(+)1.3
(+)2.7
(+)7.1
(+)2.7
(-)1.6
(-)9.5
(-)4.6
(+)2.6
(+)6.2
(-)4.4
(-)1.6
(+)10.3
(+)7.5
(-)1.7
(-)8.5
(-)1.8
(+)6.1
(+)7.5
(+)13.9
(+)12.3
(-)9.9
(-)23.2
(-)3.3
(-)2.4
(-)1.8
(+)1.7
(+)17.0
(+)11.5
(-)0.5
(+)8.3
(+)11.2
(-)23.6
84.0
86.5
80.1
88.4
80.6
84.4
89.0
99.6
104.1
93.8
104.8
106.8
104.4
117.4
113.9
121.5
124.4
120.1
134.7
132.3
145.7
137.7
138.1
142.6
154.0
152.1
163.2
147.9
156.1
156.6
145.6
175.9
159.3
169.1
157.3
168.8
169.0
165.9
173.7
173.8
180.1
181.0
210.3
Population
(million)
1
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013(p)
Pulses
Total
10
10.3
9.7
8.7
8.8
8.8
11.4
10.0
10.7
10.8
7.6
9.4
10.1
10.4
11.3
10.5
12.3
10.4
10.7
12.5
12.5
12.9
10.9
11.7
12.2
12.7
11.3
13.0
11.7
13.3
11.7
11.3
13.6
11.3
14.2
12.7
13.3
14.7
17.6
15.8
15.3
18.9
18.4
18.8
417.6
419.1
350.5
410.4
365.8
373.8
386.3
422.5
431.8
379.5
417.3
415.6
397.8
437.8
415.6
434.2
435.4
411.8
452.6
435.3
468.5
434.5
427.9
434.0
457.6
442.5
466.0
414.2
429.2
422.7
386.2
458.7
408.5
426.9
390.9
412.8
407.4
394.2
407.0
401.7
410.6
408.6
468.9
51.2
47.0
41.1
40.8
39.7
50.5
43.3
45.5
44.7
30.9
37.5
39.2
39.5
41.9
38.4
43.9
36.4
36.7
41.9
41.1
41.6
34.3
36.2
37.2
37.8
32.7
37.1
32.8
36.5
31.8
30.0
35.4
29.1
35.8
31.5
32.5
35.5
41.8
37.0
35.4
43.0
41.7
41.9
468.8
466.1
421.6
451.2
405.5
424.3
429.6
468.0
476.5
410.4
454.8
454.8
437.3
479.7
454.0
478.1
471.8
448.5
494.5
476.4
510.1
468.8
464.1
471.2
495.4
475.2
503.1
447.0
465.7
454.4
416.2
494.1
437.6
462.7
422.4
445.3
442.8
436.0
444.0
437.1
453.6
450.3
510.8
21
22
1
1951
1955
1960
1965
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011(p)
2012
2013
Net
production
of foodgrains
Net
imports
Net
availability of
foodgrainsa
Procurement
Public
distribution b
Col. 3 as
per cent
of Col. 4
Col. 5 as
per cent
of Col. 2
Col. 6 as
per cent
of Col. 4
48.1
61.9
67.5
78.2
87.1
94.9
92.0
84.9
91.6
87.4
105.9
97.3
110.6
115.4
96.0
113.4
116.6
113.3
133.3
127.4
131.6
125.5
122.8
148.7
149.7
154.3
147.3
157.5
161.2
167.6
157.9
174.5
168.2
178.2
183.6
172.2
186.2
152.9
186.5
173.6
182.5
190.1
210.2
205.2
190.8
214.2
4.8
0.5
5.1
7.4
3.6
2.0
(-)0.5
3.6
5.2
7.5
0.7
0.1
(-)0.6
(-)0.2
(-)0.3
0.7
1.6
4.1
2.4
(-)0.4
0.5
(-)0.2
3.8
1.2
1.3
(-)0.1
(-)0.4
3.1
1.1
(-)2.6
(-)3.1
(-)0.1
(-)2.5
(-)1.3
(-)1.4
(-)2.9
(-)6.7
(-)5.5
(-)6.5
(-)6.0
(-)2.3
(-)4.7
(-) 9.7
(-) 4.1
(-) 2.2
(-) 2.9
52.4
63.2
71.2
84.6
89.5
94.3
96.2
88.8
97.1
89.3
95.8
99.0
110.2
114.9
101.4
114.3
116.9
114.7
128.6
124.3
133.8
134.8
130.8
147.2
144.8
158.6
148.5
149.8
154.8
166.7
163.3
176.2
159.6
169.4
168.3
156.9
189.5
170.6
183.3
170.0
181.9
183.7
183.5
189.5
189.2
203.1
3.8
...
1.3
4.0
6.7
8.9
7.7
8.4
5.6
9.6
12.8
9.9
11.1
13.8
11.2
13.0
15.4
15.6
18.7
20.1
19.7
15.7
14.1
18.9
24.0
19.6
17.9
28.1
26.0
22.6
19.8
23.6
26.3
30.8
35.6
42.6
40.3
34.5
41.1
41.5
37.0
35.8
54.2
60.5
64.5
73.4
58.9
8.0
1.6
4.9
10.1
8.8
7.8
10.5
11.4
10.8
11.3
9.2
11.7
10.2
11.7
15.0
13.0
14.8
16.2
13.3
15.8
17.3
18.7
18.6
16.4
16.0
20.8
18.8
16.4
14.0
15.3
18.3
17.8
18.6
17.7
13.0
13.2
18.2
23.2
28.3
31.0
31.8
32.8
34.7
41.3
47.9
44.9
44.5
9.2
0.8
7.2
8.8
4.0
2.1
(-)0.5
4.0
5.3
8.4
0.7
0.1
(-)0.5
(-)0.2
(-)0.3
0.6
1.4
3.5
1.8
(-)0.3
0.4
(-)0.1
2.9
0.8
0.9
...
(-)0.3
2.1
0.7
(-)1.6
(-)1.9
...
(-)1.6
(-)0.8
(-)0.8
(-)1.8
(-)3.5
(-)2.8
(-) 3.5
(-) 3.5
(-) 1.3
(-) 2.6
(-) 5.3
(-) 2.2
7.9
2.1
1.9
5.2
7.7
9.3
8.3
9.9
6.2
10.9
12.1
10.1
10.0
12.0
11.6
11.4
13.2
13.7
14.0
15.8
15.0
12.5
11.5
12.7
16.0
12.7
12.2
17.9
16.1
13.5
12.5
13.5
15.6
17.3
19.4
24.7
21.7
22.6
22.0
23.9
20.3
18.8
25.8
29.5
15.3
2.5
6.9
11.9
9.9
8.3
10.9
12.8
11.1
12.6
9.6
11.8
9.2
10.2
14.8
11.4
12.6
14.1
10.4
12.7
12.9
13.8
14.2
11.1
11.0
13.1
12.7
10.9
9.1
9.0
11.2
10.1
11.1
9.9
7.7
8.4
9.6
13.2
15.5
18.2
17.5
17.8
18.9
21.8
22
23
1
1955-56
1960-61
1965-66
1970-71
1975-76
1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82
1982-83
1983-84
1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13(P)
Edible
oil a
(Kg.)
Vanaspatib
(Kg.)
Sugar
(Nov.-Oct.)
(Kg.) c
Cotton e
(metres)
Cloth d
Man-made
(metres)
Total
(metres)
Tea
(Gram.)
Coffee f
(Gram.)
Electricity
Domestic
(KWH)
10
2.5
3.2
2.7
3.5
3.5
3.2
3.8
3.8
3.7
3.8
5.1
4.5
5.8
5.5
5.0
5.0
5.8
5.3
5.3
5.5
5.4
5.8
6.1
6.3
7.0
8.0
6.2
8.5
9.0
8.2
8.8
7.2
9.9
10.2
10.6
11.1
11.4
12.7
13.1
13.0
13.8
15.8
0.7
0.8
0.8
1.0
0.8
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.7
5.0
4.8
5.7
7.4
6.1
6.0
7.2
9.6
7.8
7.3
8.2
9.0
10.5
10.7
11.1
11.4
11.7
12.1
12.3
12.7
13.0
13.7
12.5
13.2
14.1
14.6
14.5
14.9
15.6
15.8
16.0
16.3
16.1
15.5
16.3
16.8
17.8
18.8
18.6
17.0
18.7
18.7
14.4
13.8
14.7
13.6
12.6
11.4
9.5
10.2
10.1
12.9
12.2
11.8
12.6
12.6
15.4
15.2
14.0
15.0
14.6
15.1
13.7
15.6
15.9
15.2
16.3
16.2
15.9
13.1
14.2
14.2
14.8
14.4
13.4
14.1
16.4
18.0
19.0
17.9
19.7
21.4
19.8
19.9
na
1.2
1.7
2.0
2.0
2.4
4.0
4.8
4.6
4.4
4.9
4.3
4.7
4.6
6.1
6.6
7.0
8.0
8.1
9.0
9.2
8.9
10.3
10.8
11.7
13.1
15.0
15.1
16.4
16.5
17.2
17.0
17.6
19.4
19.7
21.6
22.8
21.1
23.4
22.6
20.7
18.6
na
15.0
16.4
15.6
14.6
13.8
13.5
15.0
14.7
17.3
17.1
16.1
17.3
17.2
21.5
21.8
21.0
23.0
22.7
24.1
22.9
24.5
26.2
26.0
28.0
29.3
30.9
28.2
30.6
30.7
32.0
31.4
31.0
33.5
36.1
39.6
41.9
39.0
43.1
44.0
40.5
38.5
362.0
296.0
346.0
401.0
446.0
450.0
516.0
599.0
521.0
511.0
466.0
525.0
519.0
576.0
589.0
545.0
592.0
612.0
571.0
612.0
655.0
649.0
667.0
664.0
646.0
657.0
635.0
684.0
642.0
631.0
650.0
623.0
662.0
663.0
687.0
687.0
701.0
704.0
709.0
715.0
728.0
na
67.0
80.0
72.0
65.0
62.0
71.0
73.0
77.0
73.0
79.0
79.0
82.0
78.0
72.0
71.0
76.0
72.0
79.0
65.0
59.0
64.0
60.0
56.0
55.0
55.0
58.0
58.0
65.0
55.0
58.0
67.0
67.0
70.0
72.0
75.0
77.0
80.0
82.0
86.0
90.0
95.0
na
2.4
3.4
4.8
7.0
9.7
10.4
10.9
11.9
12.1
13.5
15.1
17.0
18.3
21.0
22.9
25.1
28.2
30.9
36.1
38.2
41.9
45.6
48.8
53.0
56.2
58.6
62.9
66.7
71.2
75.2
76.8
79.0
83.6
87.8
90.4
98.8
106.0
112.7
121.2
130.9
142.4
na
23
24
2164
1510
3678
842
452
1214
797
624
3006
2759
5516
229
32
462
120
228
1059
629
2177
1980-81
830
477
1487
1970-71
9045
2758
12546
1328
1328
2052
1311
3221
6993
414
7997
1990-91
A. Nitrogenous fertilizers
Production
Imports
Consumption
B. Phosphatic fertilizers
Production
Imports
Consumption
C. Potassic fertilizers
Imports
Consumption
D. All fertilizers (NPK)
Production
Imports
Consumption
14752
2090
19702
1541
1567
3748
396
4215
11004
154
10920
2000-01
14707
7721
22570
2653
2636
3807
1391
5515
10900
3677
14419
2007-08
14334
10151
24909
3380
3313
3464
2927
6506
10870
3844
15090
2008-09
16221
9148
26486
2945
3632
4321
2756
7274
11900
3447
15580
2009-10
16380
12364
28122
4069
3514
4223
3802
8050
12157
4493
16558
2010-11
16363
13002
27790
3335
2576
4104
4427
7914
12259
5240
17300
10
2011-12
15735
9157
25536
1559
2061
3541
2797
6653
12194
4801
16820
11
2012-13
16092
7434
NA
1926
NA
3714
1588
NA
12338
3920
NA
12
2013-14
24
25
Year
Milk
Eggs
Fish
(Million tonnes)
(Million Nos.)
(Thousand tonnes)
17.0
20.0
22.0
31.6
53.9
80.6
102.6
107.9
112.2
116.4
121.8
127.9
132.4
1832
2881
6172
10060
21101
36632
50653
53583
55562
60267
63024
66450
69730
752
1160
1756
2442
3836
5656
6869
7127
7620
7914
8400
8700
9040
1
1950-51
1960-61
1970-71
1980-81
1990-91
2000-01
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
25
26
Coking
Metallurgical
1950-51
1960-61
1970-71
1980-81
1981-82
1982-83
1983-84
1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-2000
2000-01
2001-02 a
2002-03 a
2003-2004
2004-2005
2005-2006
2006-2007
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
na
16.99
17.82
24.59
26.89
30.10
30.11
30.57
29.07
27.91
26.28
25.16
24.50
24.10
26.33
25.72
25.99
24.54
23.53
22.64
24.16
23.82
21.23
19.31
17.96
18.35
18.27
18.19
16.97
17.23
18.07
17.30
17.73
17.70
16.24
14.55
Lignite
Non-coking
Non-Metallurgical
3
na
na
na
8.03
9.23
7.47
6.24
6.04
6.57
11.63
14.73
17.56
19.93
21.20
19.95
19.64
19.07
19.71
16.57
17.90
19.34
15.36
12.02
11.77
10.71
11.84
11.13
12.03
14.54
14.87
16.39
17.51
26.68
31.85
35.42
37.03
26
Total
coal and
lignite
(5)+(6)
Total
na
38.24
55.13
81.29
88.11
92.93
101.87
110.80
118.56
126.23
138.71
151.88
156.46
166.43
183.00
192.90
200.98
209.55
230.03
245.12
252.43
253.09
266.72
278.55
299.12
311.08
331.85
352.39
375.53
398.74
422.63
457.95
487.63
483.15
488.29
504.82
507.42
32.30
na
na
113.91
124.23
130.50
138.22
147.41
154.20
165.77
179.72
194.60
200.89
211.73
229.28
238.26
246.04
253.80
270.13
285.66
295.93
292.27
299.97
309.63
327.79
341.29
361.25
382.61
407.04
430.83
457.08
492.76
532.04
532.70
539.95
556.40
565.64*
P Figures
na
na
3.39
5.11
6.31
6.93
7.30
7.80
8.05
9.43
11.16
12.40
12.80
13.77
14.55
16.62
18.10
19.34
22.14
22.54
23.05
23.42
22.12
22.95
24.81
26.02
27.96
30.34
30.06
31.29
33.98
32.42
34.07
37.73
42.33
46.45
44.18
na
na
na
119.02
130.54
137.43
145.52
155.21
162.25
175.20
190.88
207.00
213.69
225.50
243.83
254.88
264.14
273.14
292.27
308.20
318.98
315.69
322.09
332.58
352.60
367.29
389.25
412.95
437.11
462.12
491.01
525.18
566.11
570.43
582.28
602.85
609.82
are provisional.
27
Table 1.22A : Progress of Electricity Supply (Utilities and non-utilities) installed plant capacity
(Thousand MW)
Year
Hydro
Thermal+Res*
Utilities
Nuclear
Total
0.6
1.9
6.4
11.8
12.2
13.1
13.9
14.5
15.5
16.2
17.3
17.8
18.3
18.8
19.2
19.6
20.4
20.8
21.0
21.7
21.9
22.4
23.9
25.1
26.3
26.8
29.5
30.9
32.3
34.7
35.9
36.9
36.9
37.6
39.0
39.6
40.5
1.1
2.7
7.9
17.6
19.3
21.4
24.4
27.0
30.0
31.8
35.6
39.7
43.8
45.8
48.1
50.7
54.4
58.1
60.1
61.9
65.0
68.7
71.3
73.6
76.0
78.4
80.5
84.7
88.6
93.7
103.0
107.0
118.0
131.3
156.1
179.2
197.7
0
0
0.4
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.8
2.0
2.0
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.7
2.9
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.8
3.4
3.9
4.1
4.1
4.6
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.8
1
1950-51a
1960-61
1970-71
1980-81
1981-82
1982-83
1983-84
1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
Non-Utilities
Total [5]+[6]
1.7
4.6
14.7
30.3
32.4
35.4
39.4
42.6
46.8
49.3
54.2
59.0
63.6
66.1
69.1
72.3
76.8
81.1
83.3
85.8
89.1
93.3
97.9
102.0
105.0
108.0
113.0
118.4
124.3
132.3
143.0
148.0
159.4
173.7
199.9
223.6
243.0
0.6
1.0
1.6
3.1
3.4
3.9
4.4
5.1
5.5
5.7
6.3
7.5
8.2
8.6
9.3
10.1
10.7
11.2
11.8
12.1
13.2
14.1
14.7
16.2
17.1
18.3
18.7
19.1
21.3
22.3
25.0
27.0
31.5
34.4
36.5
na
na
2.3
5.6
16.3
33.4
35.8
39.3
43.8
47.7
52.3
55.0
60.5
66.5
71.8
74.7
78.4
82.4
87.5
92.3
95.1
97.9
102.3
107.4
112.6
117.8
122.1
126.2
131.4
137.5
145.6
154.6
168.0
175.0
190.9
208.1
236.4
223.6
243.0
27
28
1950-51
1960-61
1970-71
1975-76
1977-78
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82
1982-83
1983-84
1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09a
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
Hydro
Thermal+Res*
Utilities
Nuclear
Total
Non-Utilities
Total [5]+[6]
2.5
7.8
25.2
33.3
38.0
47.1
45.5
56.5
49.6
48.4
50.0
53.9
51.0
53.8
47.5
57.9
62.1
71.7
72.8
69.9
70.4
82.7
72.6
68.9
74.6
82.9
80.6
74.5
73.5
64.0
75.2
84.6
101.5
113.5
120.4
110.1
104.1
114.4
130.5
113.7
134.8
2.6
9.1
28.2
43.3
51.1
52.6
56.3
61.3
69.5
79.9
86.7
98.8
114.4
128.9
149.6
157.7
178.7
186.5
208.7
224.8
248.2
262.1
299.3
317.9
337.0
353.7
386.8
408.1
424.4
449.3
472.1
492.8
506.0
538.4
585.3
616.2
677.1
704.3
759.4
760.7
792.5
.
.
2.4
2.6
2.3
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.0
2.0
3.5
4.1
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.8
4.6
6.1
5.5
6.7
5.4
5.6
8.0
9.1
10.1
11.9
13.3
16.9
19.5
19.4
17.8
17.0
17.3
18.8
16.9
14.9
18.6
26.3
33.3
32.9
34.2
5.1
16.9
55.8
79.2
91.4
103
105
121
122
130
140
157
170
188
202
221
245
264
287
301
324
350
380
396
422
449
481
500
517
533
565
594
624
671
723
741
800
845
923
907
962
1.5
3.2
5.4
6.7
7.6
7.6
8.2
8.4
9.0
10.0
10.8
12.3
13.0
13.6
16.9
19.9
23.0
25.1
28.6
31.3
32.3
35.1
38.2
40.8
44.1
48.4
51.5
55.0
61.7
63.8
68.2
71.4
73.6
81.8
90.5
99.7
106.1
120.9
128.2
na
na
6.6
20.1
61.2
85.9
99.0
110.1
112.9
129.2
131.1
140.3
151.0
169.1
183.4
201.3
219.0
241.3
268.4
289.4
315.6
332.7
356.3
385.5
418.1
436.7
465.8
496.9
532.2
554.5
579.1
596.5
633.3
665.8
697.4
752.5
813.1
840.9
906.0
965.7
1051.4
907.3
961.5
28
29
2010-11 2011-12*
2012-13P
10
11
12
0.4
53.6
0.8
56.2
3.7
59.8
5.4
61.2
10.0
62.4
14.9
63.0
18.6
64.0
18.9
64.0
19.6
64.4
20.3b
64.6b
20.9b
65.4b
73.2
93.0
119.8
156.2
167.9
196.5
195.9
220.0
318.4
341.4
473.5
504.2
833.4a
836.6a
887.8a
892.2a
921.7a
926.4 a
969.1a
975.2a
1008.1a
1014.2a
37.6
44.1
72.3
87.7
110.7
127.4
147.7
158.5
235.8
242.7
312.4
315.5
551.4
552.0
600.6
601.3
625.7
626.5
667.6
668.6
691.7a
692.6a
139.3
280.5
600.7
1550.9
470
561
648
720
711
626
660
674
676
686
683
3.2
3.9
5.4
10.5
35.0
73.8
93.84
94.81
96.99
101.5
120.7
1284
1594
2431
3613
3858
4833 6920.37
7245.8
7651.1 8224.4b
8420.7b
66.5
77.7
118.1
208.6
295.6
903.5
978.5 1046.5b
1098.1b
98.2
131.6
295.5
827.5
3145.0
31322.8b
51.8
48.7
48.6
57.7
76.6
94.6
121.1
124.7
127.9
127.2b
130.4b
1.5
1.7
2.5
4.0
10.6
22.9
26.1
25.9
26.3
27.0b
28.5b
8247.0 23045.4
457
838
29
30
Coal
Raw materials for
Steel Plant
except iron ore
3. Pig iron & f inished steel
i) steel plants
ii) from other points
iii)Total
4. Iron ore
i) for export
ii) for steel plants
iii)for other domestic
users
iv) Total
5. Cement
6. Foodgrains
7. Fertilizers
8. POL
9. Container Service i) Domestic container
ii) EXIM containers
iii)Total
10. Balance (other goods)
11. Total revenue earning
freight traff ic
195051
196061
197071
198081
199091
200001
200809a
200910a
201011a
201112*a
201213 Pa
10
11
12
20.2
30.9
47.9
64.1
135.1
223.7
369.6
396.2
420.4
455.8
496.4
N.A.
10.5
16.1
20.2
25.9
38.7
10.9
11.6
13.3
14.5
15.6
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
3.8
N.A.
N.A.
6.2
N.A.
N.A.
7.5
N.A.
N.A.
10.0
N.A.
N.A.
11.8
N.A.
N.A.
22.0
6.6
28.6
24.2
7.7
31.9
24.1
8.8
32.8
25.7
9.5
35.2
26.0
9.4
35.3
N.A.
N.A.
2.6
N.A.
9.8
N.A.
11.1
N.A.
13.1
N.A.
14.6
N.A.
45.8
42.9
43.6
44.3
25.7
44.7
8.4
54.7
5.5
61.6
N.A.
N.A.
2.5
7.8
N.A.
2.7
N.A.
N.A.
6.5
12.7
1.4
4.7
N.A.
N.A.
11.0
15.1
4.7
8.9
N.A.
N.A.
9.6
18.3
8.1
15.0
N.A.
N.A.
28.9
25.4
18.4
25.0
N.A.
N.A.
42.9
26.7
27.1
36.3
41.9
130.6
86.2
35.5
41.4
38.1
44.8
132.7
93.2
38.7
43.7
38.9
48.1
118.5
99.1
43.5
48.2
39.3
40.3
103.4
107.7
46.3
52.7
39.8
44.4
111.4
105.9
49.0
46.2
40.6
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
40.0
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
46.7
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
48.2
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
42.1
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
36.6
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
51.8
7.1
23.3
30.3
62.2
9.6
25.3
35.0
66.1
11.0
26.6
37.6
69.2
9.5
28.5
38.0
75.7
9.4
31.7
41.0
66.6
73.2
119.8
167.9
195.9
318.4
473.5
833.4
887.8
921.7
969.1
1008.1
B : Goods Carried
(Billion tonne-km.)
Commodity
195051
196061
197071
198081
199091
200001
200809a
200910a
201011a
201112*a
201213 Pa
10
11
12
Coal
11.3
Raw materials for
N.A.
Steel Plant except iron ore
3. Pig iron & f inished steel
i) steel plants
N.A
ii) from other points
N.A.
iii)Total
N.A.
4. Iron ore
i) for export
N.A.
ii) for steel plants
N.A.
iii)for other domestic
users
N.A.
iv) Total
N.A.
5. Cement
N.A.
6. Foodgrains
4.0
7. Fertilizers
N.A.
8. POL
N.A.
9. Container Service i) Domestic container
N.A.
ii) EXIM containers
N.A.
iii)Total
N.A.
10. Balance (other goods)
22.3
11. Total revenue earning
freight traff ic
37.6
20.5
2.0
27.8
2.7
36.4
4.3
85.9
7.5
133.4
13.5
230.1
7.5
247.0
8.9
268.3
9.8
291.5
10.3
303.4
10.2
3.3
N.A.
N.A.
6.2
N.A.
N.A.
8.6
N.A.
N.A.
11.6
N.A.
N.A.
12.1
N.A.
N.A.
22.2
4.7
27.0
25.4
6.1
31.5
24.9
7.4
32.2
26.3
7.6
33.9
27.2
6.9
34.1
N.A.
N.A.
5.5
N.A.
7.3
N.A.
7.5
N.A.
7.9
N.A.
21.9
10.1
25.0
10.0
15.5
9.6
2.0
14.3
3.1
15.4
N.A.
N.A.
2.5
9.6
N.A.
2.6
N.A.
N.A.
7.0
14.5
3.8
5.3
N.A.
N.A.
7.2
24.3
8.9
11.7
N.A.
N.A.
18.9
35.6
17.3
15.1
N.A.
N.A.
24.9
33.1
23.0
19.9
18.8
50.8
46.5
45.6
33.1
24.0
19.0
54.0
53.8
50.3
36.6
24.9
21.2
46.4
57.0
52.0
40.7
26.1
19.7
36.0
62.0
57.9
43.9
26.1
19.6
38.1
62.7
71.3
39.0
28.5
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
31.9
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
37.9
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
39.1
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
36.4
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
44.5
9.7
28.4
38.1
48.8
12.7
31.6
44.3
49.5
13.8
27.2
41.0
52.3
13.6
31.6
45.2
60.8
13.8
36.2
50.0
54.4
72.3
110.7
147.6
235.8
312.4
551.5
600.6
625.7
667.6
691.7
1
1.
2.
30
* Revised
31
195051
196061
197071
198081
199091
200001
200809
200910
201011
201112
10
11
12
3373.5 4471.5
1601.7 2324.5
4582.4
2432.8
1. Length of roads
(Thousand km)
Totala
399.9
Surfaced
157.0
2. Length of national highways (Thousand km)
Total
19.8
Surfaced
NA
3. Length of state highways
(Thousand km)
Total
NA
Surfaced
NA
4. Number of registered vehicles (Thousand)
All vehicles
306.0
Goods vehicles
82.0
Buses
34.0
5. Revenue from road transport (` crore)
Central
34.8
States
12.6
4690.3 4865.4
2524.7 2698.6
23.8
21.0
23.8
23.3
31.7
31.5
33.7
33.4
57.7
57.7
70.5
70.5
70.9
70.9
70.9
70.9
76.8
76.8
na
na
56.8
51.7
94.4
90.3
127.3
124.8
132.1
129.9
158.5
156.7
160.2
158.2
163.9
161.9
164.4
163.0
114951
6041
1486
127746
6432
1527
141866
7064
1604
159491
7658
1677
111.7
55.2
196061
197071
198081
199091
199900
200405
200809
200910
201011
201112
20122013
201314
10
11
12
13
14
31
32
195051a
196061a
197071a
198081
199091
200001
200809
200910
201011
201112
201213*
201314*
10
11
12
13
6.6
0.5
0.5
...
6.0
18.4
6.8
6.8
...
11.7
25.8
10.5
5.5
5.0
16.2
51.8
32.2
11.8
20.4
20.7
103.4
32.4
11.8
20.6
74.1
160.77
33.51
11.28
22.23
132.78
192.77 196.99
33.69 37.68
11.82
16.43
21.87
21.26
159.26 163.60
7.7
17.9
30.9
55.0
100.1
133.60
137.81
148.13
157.06 158.20
...
2.0
1.2
1.7
5.7
0.9
3.3
3.8
4.7
17.1
2.3
4.2
10.3
7.5
24.1
3.4
8.4
21.1
9.0
48.6
11.7
11.3
37.9
12.7
95.6
13.91
9.30
51.71
12.59
155.15
10.13 10.68
11.22
9.30
8.93
8.23
56.24 60.07 64.75
11.63
10.79
9.31
184.61 194.82 203.20
12.29
11.45
7.50
7.17
69.08 68.37
7.66
6.19
217.74 220.62
...
0.9
1.1
1.6
2.5
na
na
1.2
2.9
3.8
4.1
1.1
0.3
0.8
2.1
2.4
7.4
6.1
7.3
7.3
4.9
5.5
17.2
9.4
8.7
2.7
6.0
9.9
8.7
39.1
11.4
9.3
8.4
0.9
I. Crude Oil
1. Ref inery throughput
0.3
2. Domestic production
0.3
(a) On-shore
0.3
(b) Off-shore
...
3. Imports
na
II. Petroleum Products
3.3
1. Domestic consumptionb
of which
(a) Naphtha
...
(b) Kerosene
0.9
(c) High speed diesel oil 0.2
(d) Fuel oils
0.9
2. Domestic productionc
0.2
of which
(a) Naphtha
na
(b) Kerosene
na
(c) High speed diesel oil na
(d) Fuel oils
na
3.1
3. Imports a
4. Exports
na
5. Net Imports (3-4)
na
16.45
18.79
8.39
8.70
62.91
73.30
17.68
18.35
18.59
14.67
38.94
51.16
-20.35 -36.50
141.04
19.20 18.80
19.02 18.41
7.81
7.86
7.97
7.42
78.06 82.88
91.10 93.72
20.52
18.43
15.05 13.25
17.38
15.85
15.77 16.09
59.08 60.84
63.41 68.42
-41.70 -44.99 -47.63 -52.33
32
33
Industry
10
15-36
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
40
Weight
2005-06
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
General Index
100.00
Mining
14.16
Manufacturing
75.53
Food products and beverages
7.28
Tobacco products
1.57
Textiles
6.16
Wearing apparel; dressing and
dyeing of fur
2.78
Luggage, handbags, saddlery,
harness & footwear; tanning and
dressing of leather products
0.58
Wood and products of wood &
cork except furniture; articles
of straw & plating materials
1.05
Paper and paper products
1.00
Publishing, printing &
reproduction of recorded media
1.08
Coke, ref ined petroleum
products & nuclear fuel
6.72
Chemicals and chemical products 10.06
Rubber and plastics products
2.02
Other non-metallic mineral
products
4.31
Basic metals
11.34
Fabricated metal products,
except machinery & equipment
3.08
Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
3.76
Off ice, accounting & computing
machinery
0.31
Electrical machinery & apparatus
n.e.c.
1.98
Radio, TV and communication
equipment & apparatus
0.99
Medical, precision & optical
instruments, watches and clocks
0.57
Motor vehicles, trailers &
semi-trailers
4.06
Other transport equipment
1.82
Furniture; manufacturing n.e.c.
3.00
Electricity
10.32
108.6
102.3
110.3
113.2
101.0
108.3
152.9
124.5
161.3
133.5
102.0
127.4
165.5
131.0
175.7
142.9
104.1
135.9
170.3
128.5
181.0
164.8
109.7
134.0
172.2
125.5
183.3
169.5
109.2
142.0
172.1
124.7
181.9
167.6
110.3
148.2
114.1
137.1
142.2
130.1
143.6
173.3
90.9
105.8
114.3
118.5
127.1
133.7
106.8
106.3
160.1
121.1
156.5
131.4
159.2
138.0
147.9
138.7
144.5
138.7
113.7
133.8
148.8
192.8
183.0
183.5
100.6
101.0
112.3
121.8
120.7
167.4
121.5
123.1
185.2
125.8
122.7
184.6
136.4
127.3
185.0
143.5
138.7
181.1
107.8
115.5
145.4
162.4
151.4
176.7
158.6
192.1
161.6
195.8
163.3
196.4
111.1
126.1
158.6
198.0
182.8
256.3
203.3
241.3
193.8
230.0
180.5
219.2
145.3
154.4
146.3
148.7
128.1
108.0
116.8
459.2
472.1
367.1
369.2
422.6
122.7
809.1
911.5
950.5
1003.7
730.1
95.4
100.9
107.8
119.5
117.1
111.3
110.1
115.3
116.2
105.2
179.1
171.1
152.7
130.8
233.3
210.7
141.2
138.0
258.6
235.8
138.6
149.3
244.8
235.7
131.5
155.2
221.3
249.5
113.3
164.7
33
34
Table 2.1 : Budgetary Transactions of the Central and State Governments and Union Territories
(Including internal and extra-budgetary resources of public sector undertakings for their plans)
(` crore)
1980-81
1
I. Total Outlay
A. Development1
B. Non-development
1. Defence (net)
2. Interest payments
3. Tax collection charges
4. Police
5. Others2
II. Current Revenue
A. Tax Revenue
1. Income and corporation tax
2. Customs
3. Union excise duties
4. Sales tax
5. Others
B. Non-tax Revenue3
(Internal resources of public
sector under-takings for the
Plan)
III. GAP (I-II)
Financed By:
IV Net Capital Receipts
(A+B)
A. Internal (net)
1. Net market loans4
2. Net small savings
3. Net State and public
provident funds
4. Special deposits of
non-Government
provident funds
5. Special borrowings
from RBI against
compulsory deposits
6. Net misc. capital receipts5
B. External6
1. Net loans
(i) Gross
(ii) Less repayments
2. Grants
3. Net special credit
V. Overall Budgetary Def icit
1990-91
2000-01
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
(BE)
2012-13
(RE)
36845
24426
12419
3600
2957
504
1163
4195
24563
19844
2817
3409
6500
4018
3100
4719
176548
105922
70626
15427
25006
1973
5657
22563
110607
87723
10712
20644
24514
18228
13625
22884
2725009 3250674
1605787 1879870
1119222 1370804
170913
193407
403235 469592
22971
26724
89815
102977
432288
578104
1842477 2234987
1467890
1751124
487341 563096
149328 186694
144901
193729
361332
423263
324988 384342
374587 483863
(1374)
12282
(11183)
65941
(39415)
222374
(265910)
1118173
8831
7161
3163
1121
54455
50192
11308
8309
223283
214965
85341
8192
751949
737770
531493
26030
684695
658466
445433
3950
785377
769967
603608
19078
1003285
990250
678735
7440
968271
963294
673848
2021
1099044
1087030
735226
7092
558
3887
23661
44413
26131
17894
25713
23926
38501
604
6721
7177
-70
-105
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
1785
1670
749
1141
392
436
-53
3451
20072
4263
3181
5339
2158
586
-76
11486
90594
8318
7505
17328
9823
813
0
-909
135834
14179
11038
22177
11140
3141
182952
26229
23556
35330
11774
2673
129387
15410
12448
26034
13586
2962
278362
13035
10148
26048
15900
2887
263499
4977
2215
18491
16276
2762
306211
12014
10558
27646
17088
1456
-2404
-8517
97153
12401
74975
19128
(160538) (184323)
749546
676177
2013-14
(BE)
10
3117262 3655506
1836051 2108656
1281211 1546850
178504
203672
465129
539034
27699
30545
105166
117959
504713 655640
2074017 2537333
1726549 2032489
558807 660442
164853
187308
171315
196805
429977
503653
401597
484281
347468 504844
34
35
Total
expenditure
(4+7+8)
Government
consumption
expenditure
Gross
capital
formation
Total
(2+3)
1241
1962
4256
3878
9775
17576
35885
81974
179676
331143
516165
1002126
1669
3449
3606
3678
3975
4502
5174
6096
7057
8130
9428
11210
14665
16551
18764
20784
22359
24466
26865
31815
34878
41881
44238
53090
59920
68831
71977
77324
85389
87170
105692
116305
121609
131396
174345
210625
230262
255498
269339
315318
612
1445
2445
1243
2969
5951
14823
31616
73599
100568
144027
284215
519
1204
1112
1107
1301
1528
1908
2552
2884
3356
4123
4558
5905
5961
7056
8137
8602
9259
11875
12765
14328
16685
17946
18955
20647
26075
22258
12634
21697
23997
27396
34450
36487
43652
51464
58999
65059
65041
77974
97498
1854
3406
6701
5121
12745
23527
50708
113590
253275
431711
660192
1286341
2189
4654
4718
4785
5277
6030
7082
8648
9941
11486
13552
15768
20570
22512
25820
28920
30961
33725
38739
44580
49206
58566
62184
72046
80567
94906
94235
89958
107086
111167
133088
150755
158095
175048
225809
269624
295321
320539
347312
412816
809
1567
2983
3214
8036
19773
50604
134246
387746
795621
1390293
2946106
1239
3018
3945
4678
5683
6064
6912
7728
9590
11436
14938
18347
21243
25380
31399
37877
45134
51378
58518
66750
76368
85304
100807
111577
137611
161549
183696
201188
228501
248436
259529
297267
356560
408676
543347
580898
656300
756885
862641
952913
123
249
501
407
1454
3230
9910
26292
66433
106925
185704
529055
193
536
502
755
1063
1220
1302
1525
1788
2337
2958
3825
4408
5474
5750
6835
7117
8449
9092
11811
13974
15263
16294
17360
18671
20482
22404
28009
29406
32038
36822
41681
45758
53758
70287
113345
150312
141353
140059
189945
932
1816
3484
3621
9490
23003
60514
160538
454179
902546
1575997
3475161
1432
3553
4447
5433
6745
7283
8214
9253
11378
13773
17896
22173
25651
30854
37148
44712
52251
59827
67610
78560
90342
100566
117101
128937
156282
182031
206100
229197
257907
280474
296351
338948
402318
462434
613634
694243
806612
898238
1002700
1142858
966
2600
5076
4740
10760
21145
47034
89764
127752
150754
123921
212323
1956
3830
3986
4768
5696
5191
7200
7500
9175
10729
12432
15172
17803
16938
18434
21417
21760
19179
19578
22648
27450
26101
31975
23884
26907
30572
27929
41462
33886
34491
34393
11380
9771
51427
25087
28575
62795
44439
48261
102359
3751
7823
15261
13481
32994
67674
158256
363892
835206
1485011
2360109
4973825
5577
12037
13150
14986
17717
18504
22495
25401
30494
35988
43879
53112
64023
70305
81402
95049
104973
112731
125927
145788
166998
185233
211260
224866
263755
307509
328265
360616
398879
426132
463831
501083
570185
688909
864530
992442
1164728
1263216
1398273
1658033
1
First Plan (1951-52 to 1955-56)
Second Plan (1956-57 to 1960-61)
Third Plan (1960-61 to 1965-66)
Annual Plan (1966-67 to 1968-69)
Fourth Plan (1969-70 to 1973-74)
Fifth Plan (1974-75 to 1978-79)
Sixth Plan (1980-81 to 1984-85)
Seventh Plan (1985-86 to 1989-90)
Eighth Plan (1992-93 to 1996-97)
Ninth Plan (1997-98 to 2001-02)
Tenth Plan (2002-03 to 2006-07)
Eleventh Plan (2007-08 to 2011-12)
1970-71
1975-76
1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82
1982-83
1983-84
1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94 b
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98 c
1998-99
1999-2000
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13(RE)
2013-14(BE)
Source : Ministry of Finance, Economic & Functional Classif ication of the Central Governmet Budget-various issues.
RE : Revised Estimates
BE : Budget Estimates
a For 1965-66, includes ` 53 crore as additional payments to IMF, IBRD, IDA & ADB following the change in the par value of
the rupee. This is a nominal outlay as it is met by the issue of non-negotiable Government of India securities.
b From 1993-94 onwards, Delhi is not included.
c From 1997-98 onwards loans to States/UTs are exclusive of loans against States/UTs shares in small saving collections.
35
36
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Amount (` crore)
136381
301069
26329
210326
854123
153600
572443
95380
87933
62523
1102327
42283
3644718
3
20083
34309
6607
38275
84677
19501
83743
8348
9909
10183
153133
6243
475012
4
27117
59080
6999
41164
106212
30260
105064
13090
11860
11108
209206
6999
628161
5
29498
58615
7875
42853
148372
39041
127356
14748
13267
11482
215955
7972
717035
6
40370
67008
10093
46049
150251
45056
139541
10336
15948
20496
272031
9088
826268
7
45781
65996
12563
49221
162661
46084
156353
6586
16157
31218
322215
21457
936292
8
162849
285008
44138
217563
652173
179943
612058
53108
67141
84487
1172540
51759
3582767
9
3.7
8.3
0.7
5.8
23.4
4.2
15.7
2.6
2.4
1.7
30.2
1.2
100.0
10
4.2
7.2
1.4
8.1
17.8
4.1
17.6
1.8
2.1
2.1
32.2
1.3
100.0
11
Table 2.3 : Eleventh Plan (2007-2012) outlay by Heads of Development : Centre, States and Union territories
4.3
9.4
1.1
6.6
16.9
4.8
16.7
2.1
1.9
1.8
33.3
1.1
100.0
12
Annual
Plan
2008-09
(Actual)
4.1
8.2
1.1
6.0
20.7
5.4
17.8
2.1
1.9
1.6
30.1
1.1
100.0
13
4.9
8.1
1.2
5.6
18.2
5.5
16.9
1.3
1.9
2.5
32.9
1.1
100.0
14
4.9
7.0
1.3
5.3
17.4
4.9
16.7
0.7
1.7
3.3
34.4
2.3
100.0
15
4.5
8.0
1.2
6.1
18.2
5.0
17.1
1.5
1.9
2.4
32.7
1.4
100.0
16
Percentage distribution
36
37
Table 2.4 : Twelfth Plan (2012-17) Outlay by Heads of Development : Centre, States and Union Territories
Amount (` crore)
S.No.
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Head of development
2
Agriculture & allied activities
Rural development
Special area programmes
Irrigation & flood control
Energy
Industry & Minerals
Transport
Communications
Science, Technology &Environment
General economic services
Social services
General services
Total (1 to 12)
Percentage distribution
Twelfth
Plan
(2012-17)
Projected
(At current
prices)
Annual
Plan
2012-13
(RE)
Annual
Plan
2013-14
(BE)
Twelfth
Plan
(2012-17)
Projected
(At current
prices)
Annual
Plan
2012-13
(RE)
Annual
Plan
2013-14
(BE)
363273
457464
80370
422012
1438466
377302
1204172
80984
167350
305612
2664843
107959
7669807
54618
67034
14264
65427
199690
51957
161083
8257
19449
39923
395054
32936
1109692
64098
77307
18392
78211
221095
64602
196628
12380
26874
63022
476980
71347
1370936
4.7
6.0
1.0
5.5
18.8
4.9
15.7
1.1
2.2
4.0
34.7
1.4
100.0
4.9
6.0
1.3
5.9
18.0
4.7
14.5
0.7
1.8
3.6
35.6
3.0
100.0
4.7
5.6
1.3
5.7
16.1
4.7
14.3
0.9
2.0
4.6
34.8
5.2
100.0
BE : Budget Estimates
Table 2.5 : Financing for Central and State Annual Plans 2012-13 (RE/LE) and 2013-14 (BE/AP)
(` in crore)
Items
II
III
A
B
C
D
2013-14
Centre
(RE)
-61798
-120212
58414
0
0
0
486010
486010
10000
8626
0
0
467384
0
0
424211
-112002
-24089
-13500
-74413
312209
238992
0
4976
556177
93528
7803
52361
13586
1075
18703
689878
807531
75217
22047
21182
15237
673848
0
117653
783405
-7476
859
-7880
-455
775929
291951
15132
4976
1087988
198243
186632
-12376
14149
4512
5326
255137
384595
70751
15599
26741
20278
251226
0
129458
453380
125572
28533
6630
90408
578952
94101
13318
0
686371
1
I
2012-13
States and
Uts (LE)
Centre
(BE)
Total
(5+6)
43509
241752
-24774
161858
68283
55907
0
14149
0
4512
0
5326
499798 754935
499798 884393
10000
80751
5798
21397
0
26741
0
20278
484000 735226
0
0
0
129458
543307 996686
-136254
-10682
-27636
897
-13500
-6870
-95118
-4710
407053 986004
261055
355156
0
13318
12016
12016
680124 1366495
NCA (Grants) and Other (Grants) under Central Assistance in the States and Uts columns include the allocation for Delhi &
Puducherry in both the year 2012-13 LE and 2013-14 AP.
** ACA for EAPs (Grants) includes Rs.11,000 crore loan amount in Centres columns for 2012-13 (RE) and Rs.11,000 crore for 201314 (BE).
LE: Latest Estimates, AP: Annual Plan, RE: Revised Estimates, BE: Budget Estimates, BCR: Balance from Current Revenues, MCR:
Miscellaneous Capital Reciepts, ARM: Additional Resource Mobilization, ACA: Additional Central Assistance, EAPs: Externally
Aided
Note: UT.s includes only UT.s with legislature, namely, Delhi & Puducherry
37
38
Table 2.6 : Overall Financing Pattern of the Public Sector Plan outlay during the Twelfth Plan : 2012-17
(` crore at current prices)
Resources
Centre
1387371
2181255
3568626
1622899
-857786
4333739
959979
1518301
380319
2858599
857786
3716385
2347350
3699556
3568626
2003218
2858599
8050123
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Total
1
1.
1980-81
1990-91
2001-02
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
(RE)
2624
827
116
1618
82
-19
2537
2233
220
12096
3147
336
8408
242
-37
11154
8234
1950
37837
11197
872
24845
944
-21
36293
28703
2000
94536
25793
2470
62845
3418
10
89474
68139
5515
104110
28246
2717
69548
3643
-43
98667
74537
6520
123733
31323
3054
85263
4261
-168
111572
84012
6850
140500
37500
3665
94000
5285
50
127260
97060
6500
84
87
40
127
970
942
171
1113
5590
1544
793
2337
15820
5062
1285
6347
17610
5443
1339
6782
20710
12161
1454
13615
23700
13240
2543
15783
325
938
2337
4941
5656
5349
7840
0
325
-198
6096
0
6096
2.1
-3.2
0
938
175
16126
0
16126
6.9
1.1
1000
1337
1000
37757
10390
48147
4.9
2.1
4941
1406
130540
38676
169216
3.8
0.8
5656
1126
122772
38676
161448
4.2
0.7
5349
8266
144812
38676
183488
7.4
4.5
7840
7943
170064
38676
208740
7.6
3.8
38
39
1
1. Gross receipts
2. Net working expenses
3. Net receipts (1-2)
4. Dividend to general revenues
5. Surplus(+)/def icit (-) (3-4)
1980-81
1990-91
2000-01 2008-09
278
346
-68
4
-72
840
1033
-193
0
-193
3298
4848
-1550
0
-1550
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
(RE)
10
5862
9455
-3593
0
-3593
6267
12908
-6641
0
-6641
6962
13308
-6346
0
-6346
7518
12827
-5309
0
-5309
9367
14792
-5425
0
-5425
9788
15807
-6019
0
-6019
1.
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
(B.E.)
2013-14
(R.E.)
2013-14
(P)
541864
540259
572811
788471
751437
877613
1056330
1029251
1015279
439547
102317
594433
443319
96940
793798
456536
116275
911809
569869
218602
1040723
629765
121672
1145786
740256
137357
1243509
884078
172252
1436168
836025
193226
1399539
816046
199233
1375590
171030
66638
54219
52569
170807
192204
123206
73305
253539
343697
213093
134658
90669
338998
451676
234022
164516
92061
252252
408857
273150
211319
103011
394349
552928
313169
247493
111277
365896
532754
370684
220972
116931
379838
608967
380066
245451
124800
370288
561183
377502
247596
123449
360311
548206
5100
6139
8613
12420
18850
16268
10654
10803
12502
38795
566
24581
22846
18088
25890
55814
25841
27555
126912
118238
336992
90158
418482
112678
373591
156604
515990
158579
490596
166858
542499
229129
524539
190895
508149
187895
712671
883956
1024487
1197327
1304365
1410367
1665297
1590434
1563485
205082
507589
126912
-44118
275235
608721
336992
144788
303391
721096
418482
205389
379029
818298
373590
139568
412375
891990
515990
242840
413625
996742
490596
177427
555322
1109975
542499
171815
475532
1114902
524539
144473
453085
1110400
508149
130647
21060
20717
21784
19734
20252
20763
17764
21018
22407
420861
559024
657925
726491
812049
914301
992908
1027688
1023047
39
40
1. Internal liabilitiesa
a) Internal debt
i) Market borrowings
ii) Others
b).Other Internal liabilities
2. External debt(outstanding)b
3. Total outstanding liabilities (1+2)
4. Amount due from Pakistan on
account of share of pre-partition debt
5. Net liabilities (3-4)
Memorandum items
(a) External debt c
(b) Total outstanding liabilities(adjusted)
(c) Internal liabilities( Non-RBI) d
(d) Outstanding liabilities (Non-RBI) d
(e) Contingent liabilities of Central
Government
(f ) Total assets
(End March)
2012-13
2013-14
(RE)
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2725394
1799651
1104564
695087
925743
112031
2837425
300
3036132
2019841
1338194
681647
1016291
123046
3159178
300
3395877
2328339
1746619
581720
1067538
134083
3529960
300
3781135
2667115
2072033
595082
1114020
157639
3938774
300
4347164
3230622
2516953
713669
1116542
177289
4524453
300
4893313
3764566
2984309
780257
1128747
177289
5070602
300
5404721
4250297
3442210
808087
1154424
182729
5587450
300
2837125
3158878
3529660
3938474
4524153
5070302
5587150
210083
2935477
2492205
2702291
264076
3300208
2707846
2971905
249311
3645188
3087360
3336666
278448
4059583
3464858
3743735
322893
4670057
3904022
4226919
332005
5225318
4396821
4728825
374494
5779215
4889550
5232114
104872
1569546
113335
1569043
137460
1607544
151292
1794504
190519
1927143
233769
2080649
n.a.
2224453
Source : Union Budget documents, Controller of Aid Accounts and Audit and Reserve Bank of India.
n.a. : not available
a Internal debt includes net borrowing of ` 2,737 crore for 2009-10 under Market Stabilisation Scheme.
b External debt f igures represent borrowings by Central Government from external sources and are based upon
historical rates of exchange.
c Converted at year end exchange rates. For 2007-08,the rates prevailing at the end of March, 2008 and so on.
d This includes marketable dated securties held by the RBI.
40
41
Table 2.11 : Total expenditure and capital formation by the Central Government and its f inancing
(As per economic and functional classif ication of the Central Government budget)
I.
II.
Total expenditure
Gross capital formation out of budgetary
resources of Central Government
(i) Gross capital formation
by the Central Government
(ii) Financial assistance for capital formation
in the rest of the economy
III. Gross saving of the Central
Government
IV. Gap(II-III)
Financed by
a. Draft on other sectors of
domestic economy
(i) Domestic capital receipts
(ii) Budgetary def icit/draw down of
cash balance
b. Draft on foreign savings
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
(RE)
2013-14
(BE)
688908
864530
992440
1164727
1263216
1398274
1658033
143892
136935
184501
256368
234969
243776
318892
43652
51464
58999
65059
65041
77974
97498
100240
85471
125502
191309
169928
165802
221394
13674
130218
-176082
313017
-232452
416953
-103270
359638
-267428
502397
-254765
498541
-203591
522483
118180
145351
-27171
299208
246612
52596
402774
404160
-1386
333409
326979
6430
486987
502977
-15990
493564
498714
-5150
510467
510467
0
12038
13809
14179
26229
15410
4977
12016
63.7
-4.8
34.7
39.0
-8.3
3.7
30.8
688908
864530
992440
1164727
1263216
1398274
1658033
143891
131396
408676
4945
136935
174345
543347
9903
184501
210625
580898
16417
256368
230262
656300
21798
234969
255498
756885
15864
243775
269339
862641
22519
318892
315318
952913
70910
Total expenditure
Gross capital formation out of budgetary
resources of Central Government
Consumption expenditure
Current transfers
Others
20.8
25.5
14.8
8.5
10.7
18.6
63.7
8.0
14.6
19.7
-4.8
32.7
33.0
100.3
34.7
20.8
6.9
65.8
-8.3
11.0
15.3
-27.2
3.7
5.4
14.0
42.0
30.8
17.1
10.5
214.9
Total expenditure
Gross capital formation out of budgetary
resources of Central Government
Consumption expenditure
Current transfers
Others
20.8
25.5
( Point contribution)
14.8
17.4
8.5
10.7
18.6
9.8
1.7
9.1
0.1
-1.0
6.2
19.5
0.7
5.5
4.2
4.3
0.8
0.7
1.1
8.4
0.5
5.4
3.3
6.5
3.5
(Growth rate)
17.4
39.0
9.3
13.0
32.8
7.2
2.0
7.6
0.5
-1.8
2.2
8.6
-0.5
Source : Ministry of Finance, An Economic and Functional classif ication of the Central Government Budget-various issues.
Notes: 1. Gross capital formation in this table includes loans given for capital formation on a gross basis. Consequently domestic
capital receipts include loan repayments to the Central Government.
2. Consumption expenditure is the expenditure on wages and salaries and commodities and services for current use.
3. Interest payments, subsidies, pension etc. are treated as current transfers.
4. Gross capital formation & total expenditure are exclusive of loans to States/UTs against States/UTs share in the small
savings collection.
5. The f igures of total expenditure of the Central Government as per economic and functional classif ication do not tally
with f igures given in the Budget documents. In the economic and functional classif ication, interest transfered to
DCUs, loans written off etc, are excluded from the current account. In the capital account, expenditure f inanced out
of Railways, Posts &Telecommunications own funds etc, are included.
6. Point contribution refers to contribution of individual component to total growth.
41
42
Table 2.12 : Receipts and disbursements of State and consolidated General Government
(` Crore)
Item
1
State Governments
I.
Total Receipts (A+B)
A. Revenue Receipts (1+2)
1. Tax Receipts
of which
States Own Tax Revenue
2. Non-tax Receipts
of which
Interest Receipts
B. Capital Receipts
of which
Recovery of Loans and Advances
II. Total Disbursements (a+b+c)
a) Revenue
b) Capital
c) Loans and Advances
III. Revenue Def icit
IV. Gross Fiscal Def icit
General Government
I.
Total Receipts (A+B)
A. Revenue Receipts (1+2)
1. Tax Receipts
2. Non-tax receipts
of which:
Interest receipts
B. Capital Receipts
of which:
a) Disinvestment proceeds
b) Recovery of loans & advances
II. Total Disbursements (a+b+c)
a) Revenue
b) Capital
c) Loans and Advances
III. Revenue Def icit
IV. Gross Fiscal Def icit
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
(RE)
2013-14
(BE)
10,07,633
7,68,136
5,28,075
11,73,575
9,35,347
6,80,198
13,67,917
10,98,531
8,12,987
16,37,149
13,42,138
9,57,613
18,64,659
15,26,013
1107916
3,63,061
2,40,062
4,60,709
2,55,149
5,57,396
2,85,544
6,61,385
3,84,525
7,63,851
4,18,097
15,294
2,39,497
15,625
2,38,227
18,582
2,69,385
19,363
2,95,011
19,659
3,38,646
8,088
10,15,330
7,99,154
1,98,689
17,487
31,017
1,88,819
4,995
11,58,730
9,32,297
2,07,617
18,816
-3,051
1,61,461
17,157
13,51,612
10,74,571
2,38,150
38,891
-23,960
1,68,353
11,528
16,66,255
13,22,503
3,10,654
33,098
-19,635
2,33,410
6,686
18,63,762
14,78,283
3,56,590
28,890
-47,730
2,45,046
18,45,808
12,10,559
9,84,611
2,25,948
21,53,561
15,78,820
12,50,067
3,28,753
24,54,062
16,92,679
14,42,752
2,49,927
28,15,972
20,46,860
16,99,728
3,47,132
32,20,679
23,69,848
19,91,994
3,77,854
25,748
6,35,249
25,078
5,74,742
28,870
7,61,383
26,860
7,69,112
28,960
8,50,831
25,393
11,499
18,52,119
15,80,574
2,46,246
25,299
3,70,015
6,04,668
24,087
8,206
21,45,145
18,28,020
2,68,328
48,797
2,49,200
5,34,032
18,753
25,370
24,21,768
20,63,068
2,91,818
66,883
3,70,388
6,84,966
24,141
17,324
28,39,927
24,18,469
3,56,737
64,722
3,71,609
7,51,602
56,057
8,934
32,19,783
27,01,956
4,69,875
47,951
3,32,108
7,84,944
42
43
B.
Public Sector
By branch
1
Central Government
2
State Governments
3
Quasi-Governments
4
Local bodies
Total
By industry
1
Agriculture, hunting etc.
2
Mining and quarrying
3
Manufacturing
4
Electricity, gas and water
5
Construction
6
Wholesale and retail trade
7
Transport, storage & communications
8
Finance, insurance, real estate etc.
9
Community, Social & personal services
Total
Private Sector
1
Argiculture, hunting etc.
2
Mining and quarrying
3
Manufacturing
4
Electricity, gas and water
5
Construction
6
Wholesale and retail trade
7
Transport, storgage & communications
8
Finance, insurance,real estate etc.
9
Community, Social & personal services
Total
By Sex
Public Sector
Male
Female
Total
Private Sector
Male
Female
Total
Public And Private Sector
Male
Female
Total
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012P
27.39
71.71
57.96
19.68
176.74
26.60
72.38
58.44
20.73
177.95
25.52
73.53
58.68
20.89
178.62
24.63
72.18
58.14
20.53
175.48
25.20
71.84
57.98
21.07
176.09
4.71
11.21
10.44
7.96
8.52
1.65
26.34
13.47
88.54
172.84
4.77
11.12
10.60
8.39
8.45
1.74
26.01
13.56
90.11
174.75
4.78
11.03
10.66
8.35
8.59
1.71
25.29
14.13
90.51
175.05
4.77
10.90
10.16
8.31
8.47
1.70
23.84
13.61
90.95
172.71
4.73
10.75
10.71
8.19
8.32
1.71
24.93
13.62
90.36
173.32
9.92
1.11
49.7
0.51
0.69
2.72
1.04
10.96
21.73
98.38
8.96
1.15
51.98
0.64
0.80
4.72
1.32
13.11
20.23
102.91
9.23
1.61
51.84
0.64
0.91
5.06
1.66
15.52
21.40
107.87
9.18
1.32
53.97
0.70
1.02
5.46
1.89
17.18
23.50
114.22
9.24
1.38
55.26
0.62
1.18
5.99
2.14
19.14
24.46
119.40
146.34
30.4
176.74
147.04
30.91
177.95
146.66
31.96
178.62
143.77
31.71
175.48
144.57
31.52
176.09
74.03
24.72
98.75
78.88
24.98
103.77
81.83
26.63
108.46
86.69
27.83
114.52
90.67
29.03
119.70
220.37
55.12
275.49
225.92
55.80
281.72
228.49
58.59
287.08
230.45
59.54
289.99
235.25
60.54
295.79
Source : Director General of Employment and Training, Ministry of Labour & Employment.
Note: 1. Excludes Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Lakshadweep as these are not yet covered under the
programme.
2. Industry-wise break-up not tally with public sector, private sector and grand total due to non-inclusion of data as per NIC
1998, information in respect of J&K , Manipur and Daman & Diu not included in 2011.
P: Provisional
43
44
Table 3.2 : Per Capita Emoluments of Public Sector Enterprises Employees in relation to increase in Average All-India Consumer
Price Index (1960=100)
Year
1
1971-72
1972-73
1973-74
1974-75
1975-76
1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82
1982-83
1983-84
1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
Emoluments
(` crore)
Per Capita
Emoluments
(`)
increase over
1971-72 in per
capita(per cent)
Average
Index
increase over
1971-72
(per cent)
2
7.01
9.32
13.44
14.32
15.04
15.75
16.38
17.03
17.75
18.39
19.39
20.24
20.72
21.07
21.54
22.11
22.14
22.09
22.36
22.19
21.79
21.52
20.70
20.62
20.52
20.08
19.52
19.00
18.06
17.40
19.92
18.66
17.62
17.00
16.49
16.14
15.65
15.33
14.90
14.40
14.50
14.04
3
415
541
749
1060
1352
1408
1646
1908
2213
2619
3133
3649
4485
5126
5576
6371
7193
8683
9742
10912
12311
13983
14913
17015
21931
22219
25385
26254
30402
38223
38556
42169
43919
48629
46841
52586
64306
83045
90869
98402
105648
116375
4
5920
5805
5573
7402
8983
8940
10048
11210
12468
14239
16158
18029
21549
24328
25887
28820
32537
39415
43665
49179
56508
64983
72043
82517
106876
110662
129582
138179
168339
219672
193554
225986
248481
286053
284057
325869
410898
541716
589210
683350
728420
828612
5
1.94
5.86
25.03
51.74
51.01
69.73
89.36
110.61
140.52
172.94
204.54
264.00
310.95
337.28
386.82
449.61
565.79
637.58
730.73
854.52
997.69
1116.94
1293.87
1705.34
1769.29
2088.89
2234.10
2743.56
3610.67
3169.49
3717.33
4097.31
4731.97
4698.26
5404.54
6840.84
9050.61
9852.87
11443.07
12204.39
13896.82
6
192
207
250
317
313
301
324
331
360
401
451
486
547
582
620
674
736
803
855
951
1079
1185
1272
1402
1542
1687
1803
2039
2109
2190
2284
2375
2467
2561
2674
2853
3030
3306
3715
4103
4447
4911
7
7.81
30.21
65.10
63.02
56.77
68.75
72.40
87.50
108.85
134.90
153.13
184.92
203.13
222.92
251.04
283.23
318.23
345.31
395.31
461.98
517.10
562.50
630.21
703.13
778.65
839.06
961.98
998.44
1440.62
1089.58
1136.98
1184.89
1236.98
1292.71
1385.94
1478.12
1621.88
1834.90
2036.98
2216.15
2457.81
44
45
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
Items
1
SOURCES
1. Increase in aggregate deposits
2. Increase in borrowings from RBI
3. Increase in other borrowings a
4. Increase in other demand and time
liabilities
5. Residual (Net)
TOTAL
USES
1. Increase in bank credit
2. Increase in investments
3. Increase in cash in hand
4. Increase in balances with RBI
TOTAL
Outstanding
as on
April 4, 2014
(P)
H1
H2
H1
H2
H1
H2
H1
H2
H1
H2
H1
H2
10
11
12
13
14
242388
2094
5900
394783
5634
1532
284493
-11728
-19494
374223
42
9836
218449
2274
15677
496694
2715
11386
326878
-2333
40853
374233
6052
34256
383092
7718
-5380
458282
5120
20594
399896
20640
32942
589037
-615
-33572
7931104
37188
218698
-1886
20076
11051
-89932
11636
31892
10264
44909
1068
47276
11317
49847
18100
6659
13485
97646
1705
-25631
36539
-1757
-2597
36734
31333
-65798
455454
87886
268572
323068
296799
439274
284744
571959
390157
525672
361504
518777
487615
520385
8730330
189112
12843
5438
61179
224523
181852
-3201
-80106
99121
205675
4517
-12514
370118
12667
780
55709
180440
89454
4475
10375
516855
27413
293
27398
152742
200747
5665
31003
517025
35424
119
-26896
151890
209964
4660
-5009
496719
58351
-299
-35993
341562
105416
2256
38381
411064
110128
3497
-4304
6086879
2271565
45288
326598
268572
323068
296799
439274
284744
571959
390157
525672
361504
518777
487615
520385
8730330
45
Items
3
122525
536191
658716
-11686
42541
-3904
719048
715143
4989
237870
669769
9891
-16376
717488
701113
3723
268636
648607
-36642
36969
804402
841371
12833
216109
752626
39830
58501
930430
988931
20025
2011-12
Mar 25
to
Mar 23
2
-1225
638395
637170
7728
48492
118753
697295
2010-11
Mar 26
to
Mar 25
524310
2672630
3196939
4000
-16690
222609
469239
2009-10
Mar 27
to
Mar 26
275166
197124
413636
(` crore)
10
371886
49862 2269624
73794 6086879
9298
46895 767695
144824 7163409
191719 7931104
-4425
37188
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
OutMar 23
Mar 22 Mar 21 (P) standing
to
(P) to
to
as on
Mar 22 Mar 21 (P) April 4 (P) April 4
(P)
2014 (P)
958661
2361914
Outstanding 2008-09
as on Mar 28
March 28,
to
2008 Mar 27
1
1. Demand deposits
2. Time deposits a b
3. Aggregate deposits b
4 Borrowings from RBI
5. Cash in hand & balances
with RBI
6. Investments in Govt.
securities
7. Bank credit
18314
3000
3594
2303
15718
330
212
478
528
16
163
259
1359
775
810
386
10
456
639
1321
1587
484
15559
639
77191
23218
4016
4031
2696
15451
446
361
558
478
15
298
407
1200
880
861
631
447
41
423
1959
2012
338
15903
521
82009
25911
4146
3368
3395
15940
402
410
658
790
18
651
375
1778
903
834
383
492
61
731
1504
1569
537
16602
551
March
2014
4818
2693
130
-663
699
489
-44
49
100
312
3
353
-32
578
23
-27
-248
45
20
308
-455
-443
199
699
30
Variations
during March
2014 over
March 2013
(` crore)
Table 4.3 : Scheduled Commercial Banks Outstanding Advances against Sensitive Commodities
68940
March
2013
14324
2187
1594
1563
10123
167
108
527
328
25
118
242
1115
317
314
312
322
9
300
839
1083
418
8636
426
March
2012
47418
March
2011
11099
2370
1443
1318
9219
163
299
437
514
10
118
205
736
325
141
242
328
5
218
788
987
178
6655
1380
March
2010
39178
March
2009
11183
1530
1127
1068
9251
175
193
480
257
9
42
196
761
215
131
280
145
7
150
570
1370
223
6061
352
March
2008
35776
Commodities
10213
1518
1730
1247
8468
87
199
401
437
9
75
213
1324
127
117
276
335
16
105
635
948
886
5487
373
35226
Total
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
46
46
47
Table 4.4 : Branch Expansion of Public Sector Banks and Other Commercial Banks
All Branches as on June 30
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
14157
36623
36189
434
14574
65354
7241
4416
2825
271
72866
46
46
72912
15401
38162
37662
500
14876
68439
8338
4543
3795
279
77056
46
46
77102
16358
39951
39387
564
15258
71567
9016
4738
4278
295
80878
46
46
80924
17444
42357
41642
715
15564
75365
10517
5071
5446
310
86192
47
47
86239
18207
45216
44346
870
16009
79432
11899
4868
7031
317
91648
55
55
91703
19147
49012
48048
964
16798
84957
13702
5478
8224
323
98982
55
55
99037
December
2013
2013
20217
52925
51832
1093
17446
90588
16062
6066
9996
335
106985
60
60
107045
20685
55919
54741
1178
17640
94244
17081
6297
10784
336
111661
62
62
111723
Rural Branches as
on December 31,
2013
% of Rural
Branches as on
December 31, 2013
7277
18596
18426
170
13176
39049
3248
1200
2048
8
42305
17
17
42322
35.2
33.3
33.7
14.4
74.7
41.4
19.0
19.1
19.0
2.4
37.9
27.4
27.4
37.9
47
Number Of Accounts
(in thousand)
Table 4.5 : Advances to Agriculture and Other Priority Sectors by Public Sector Banks
Sectors
March
2012
March
2013
414973 479400
531701
300190 367052 447094
114783 112348
84607
March
2011
Amount Outstanding
(` crore)
43947 372463
43167 265826
780 106637
38461
37586
875
478361
33910
33214
696
7478 276319 369430 396993
50927
7129
6631
46727
7398
7243
41341
2479
5916
35855
1222
2373
114
864
2211
36
25
41
9
213892
8.33
0.28
1.72
13.29
17.92
12.78
5.13
40.96
7.55
0.29
1.65
14.81
16.64
12.03
4.6
37.24
6.44
0.22
1.55
13.15
15.88
12.16
3.72
36.35
6.06
1.44
13.55
15.06
12.66
2.40
41.55
3929
194283
3973
188472
3945
53183
173184
48339
48
48
49
Table 4.6 : State-wise distribution of Bank-off ices, Aggregate Deposits and Gross Bank Credit of Public Sector Banks and Percentage Share of Advances to Priority Sectors
Sl. State/ Union Territory
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Source
Deposits (` crore)
Credit (` crore)
March 31,
2013
September 27,
2013
March 31,
2013
September 27,
2013
March 31,
2013
September 27,
2013
48
6127
74
1138
3109
259
1101
28
27
412
4449
2291
982
386
1724
4853
2944
12
3432
7256
65
170
46
91
2114
2301
118
3635
3345
85
5428
159
8499
1175
4688
72571
48
6270
82
1186
3229
266
1181
28
27
429
4578
2419
1005
406
1796
5063
3019
12
3559
7512
80
179
53
101
2180
2384
124
3761
3471
87
5633
170
8940
1226
4831
75335
2174
311341
6790
66960
141916
36240
72420
1582
2086
32992
293554
114540
41157
16225
94805
317518
141536
620
173702
1211624
4607
11971
2781
5373
552244
116593
6415
171341
136609
4303
306267
8534
425858
58977
355303
5246957
2321
314862
6650
64779
150126
38952
70571
1850
2351
34320
306953
120665
43587
17389
99222
332355
153377
664
188514
1200284
3622
11408
2776
4882
564490
124385
6844
178784
143937
3983
306414
8558
447524
62652
373259
5393310
891
348044
1471
22504
40044
50681
37621
451
448
9371
203210
103732
14614
4493
28675
232833
114146
61
94733
1074630
1398
2802
972
1711
531505
54676
4619
142142
132471
1212
372442
2288
183310
19528
220314
4054041
924
362016
1501
23021
40349
53060
37891
477
425
9647
208227
107707
14745
4586
28346
244726
115569
61
95474
1094946
1467
2820
980
1731
520188
55834
4827
138171
136705
1202
380238
2365
189223
19022
221214
4119685
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
49
50
Total
Food articles Non- MineFood
rals
Total
Food artigrains
cles
Weight-Base 22.03
(1993-94)=100
Weight-Base 20.12
(2004-05)=100
Fuel
&
power
15.40
5.01
6.14
0.49
14.34
4.09
4.26
1.52
119
127
144
139
167
176
170
170
176
175
179
137
129
133
142
146
141
149
150
183
191
177
104
93
109
100
118
104
118
120
118
148
249
113
126
137
152
172
176
186
216
231
97
107
124
125
150
191
190
208
217
115
122
138
139
152
176
174
172
174
176
177
107
122
131
145
166
174
181
207
226
14.23
Manufactured products
All
comTotal Food
Tex- ChemiBasic
Mach- modiprotiles cals &
metals,
inery &
ties
ducts
chemical alloys & machine
products
metal
tools
products
63.75
11.54
9.80
11.93
8.34
8.36 100.00
14.91 64.97
9.97
7.33
12.02
10.75
8.93 100.00
10
11
12
13
14
109
115
130
148
153
193
223
231
256
263
290
117
123
126
129
135
139
144
144
152
162
169
113
118
130
137
150
150
145
145
158
174
174
128
126
115
117
114
116
122
116
128
139
131
121
130
136
137
152
160
167
171
178
179
186
116
123
128
132
133
137
142
140
150
183
214
109
113
117
115
116
116
127
130
130
134
144
116.9
122.2
128.8
134.6
141.7
150.9
159.2
161.8
172.3
180.3
189.5
119
135
173
168
232
267
359
352
351
117
119
127
123
140
158
178
192
213
104
110
118
120
126
136
143
149
154
102
107
116
123
142
145
154
166
169
100
101
101
103
112
132
128
133
141
105
110
116
116
120
129
139
146
151
103
116
138
130
133
148
163
165
168
105
112
115
118
120
123
126
129
133
105.7
112.8
121.5
123.5
136.3
149.5
161.0
170.1
179.8
124
135
134
138
152
143
147
153
165
186
188
105
95
107
100
111
110
113
119
119
122
255
109
115
126
144
148
162
208
227
239
255
280
112
122
124
128
134
137
142
144
148
156
166
114
118
125
135
150
151
146
146
153
167
175
118
129
119
115
114
115
120
119
122
132
136
117
127
131
137
146
155
164
169
174
177
182
108
120
126
131
133
135
140
141
145
168
203
106
112
116
115
116
116
123
129
130
133
140
112.6
121.6
127.2
132.8
140.7
145.3
155.7
161.3
166.8
175.9
187.2
97
102
114
129
136
167
183
202
213
115
137
153
187
203
253
321
347
347
114
121
121
135
132
148
169
186
205
102
108
113
120
123
130
140
147
151
101
107
110
120
136
141
151
163
169
99
101
102
103
107
120
129
131
139
104
109
113
118
118
124
135
144
149
102
112
123
138
130
141
156
166
165
104
110
114
117
118
121
125
128
132
104.5
111.4
116.6
126.0
130.8
143.3
156.1
167.6
177.6
104
118
129
136
166
188
208
223
240
105
119
126
136
164
179
197
214
235
116
125
136
139
156
158
163
168
174
181
188
113
122
137
141
159
165
170
176
179
181
186
104
114
124
138
155
182
200
220
242
105
116
124
135
155
180
193
212
239
Contd...
50
51
Total
Weight-Base 22.03
(1993-94)=100
Weight-Base 20.12
(2004-05)=100
1
2012-13
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
Primary articles
Fuel
&
power
Manufactured products
All
comFood
Tex- ChemiBasic
Mach- modiprotiles cals &
metals,
inery &
ties
ducts
chemical alloys & machine
products
metal
tools
products
Total
14.23
63.75
11.54
9.80
11.93
8.34
8.36 100.00
14.91 64.97
9.97
7.33
12.02
10.75
8.93 100.00
15.40
5.01
6.14
0.49
14.34
4.09
4.26
1.52
10
11
12
13
14
216
215
215
219
222
222
219
221
220
224
224
223
207
206
209
212
212
213
213
214
211
215
215
214
189
190
193
200
208
212
214
215
216
216
216
216
195
199
194
200
207
203
199
201
204
207
207
208
352
344
327
337
357
352
340
345
347
354
358
352
179
179
181
180
182
189
190
189
190
193
196
192
144
145
145
146
147
148
148
148
148
149
149
149
156
157
158
161
165
167
167
167
167
167
167
166
129
130
130
130
131
132
132
132
133
132
133
133
140
141
142
143
143
144
144
144
145
146
146
146
166
166
167
167
167
167
167
167
165
165
165
165
126
127
128
128
128
128
129
129
129
129
129
129
163.5
163.9
164.7
165.8
167.3
168.8
168.5
168.8
168.8
170.3
170.9
170.1
227
227
234
240
252
253
251
255
244
239
239
240
220
223
231
239
252
253
252
256
240
234
233
235
217
217
221
224
226
228
228
230
230
229
230
231
210
209
209
211
210
213
213
216
216
216
218
217
336
320
331
338
364
360
355
353
355
349
352
351
194
192
195
200
205
211
210
210
211
212
213
213
149
149
150
150
151
152
152
152
153
153
154
154
167
167
168
168
169
170
171
171
170
169
169
169
134
136
136
137
138
140
140
140
140
141
142
141
146
146
146
147
148
149
149
149
150
151
152
151
164
163
163
162
163
164
165
165
165
166
167
168
130
131
131
131
131
131
132
132
133
132
133
133
171.3
171.4
173.2
175.5
179.0
180.7
180.7
181.5
179.6
179.0
179.5
179.8
243
239
231
216
351
211
154
170
143
152
165
133
180.2
2013-14
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March P
2014-15
April P
Source :
P
51
52
92
97
110
156
129
138
145
212
174
82
103
105
160
150
152
128
117
118
109
131
113
119
156
137
171
180
172
177
178
188
186
76
93
113
162
123
104
116
91
104
101
114
112
120
130
135
161
166
165
162
168
165
170
0.11
0.16
Tea
124
147
145
152
152
169
182
176
177
172
168
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
0.72
1.12
0.6
1.38
Weight-Base: 2.45
(1993-94=100)
Weight-Base: 1.79
(2004-05=100)
Pulses
Wheat
Rice
154
159
133
155
167
147
157
149
142
181
166
91
99
122
124
149
303
196
214
234
173
131
136
166
155
145
156
123
165
185
141
0.70
1.36
Raw
cotton
120
189
189
102
108
113
150
182
154
137
160
159
118
130
142
173
240
227
273
270
140
261
na
117
108
156
171
187
131
141
191
0.06
0.11
Raw
jute
123
135
135
134
151
140
140
144
169
181
182
94
132
147
141
153
171
231
266
197
136
130
130
138
148
139
140
145
199
180
167
0.40
1.03
Groundnut
seed
105
106
118
140
144
149
161
182
181
194
223
118
118
136
151
163
185
210
190
190
106
107
125
144
144
156
185
181
181
198
232
2.09
1.75
Coal
mining
106
106
123
139
143
160
226
240
255
274
315
122
123
133
124
147
168
193
214
237
106
106
129
146
144
204
240
243
287
287
333
10
9.36
6.99
Mineral
oils
Table 5.2 : Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices Selected Commodities and Commodity Groups
119
113
119
134
154
156
153
146
135
139
163
112
97
93
126
178
164
169
184
178
110
114
126
134
154
158
149
145
129
148
174
11
2.09
3.93
Sugar,
khandsari
& gur
111
117
115
114
139
122
103
113
138
158
156
93
107
127
114
114
129
142
147
147
118
111
112
120
135
111
105
119
151
161
147
12
3.04
2.76
Edible
oils
136
147
137
141
142
141
150
148
145
166
167
98
98
100
102
123
179
150
164
178
152
141
135
143
143
140
153
139
153
183
153
13
1.38
3.31
Cotton
yarn
120
139
146
149
156
155
156
159
162
166
173
98
97
98
105
109
128
131
134
141
134
141
148
150
155
155
157
161
162
168
172
14
1.23
0.9
Cotton
cloth
(Mills)
110
148
153
136
151
161
163
181
169
160
181
114
120
110
125
157
182
171
182
186
121
164
150
152
160
170
169
184
165
175
199
15
0.26
0.38
Jute,hemp
& mesta
textiles
116
129
129
136
138
143
158
161
168
169
171
103
105
107
108
110
121
141
152
153
122
130
137
137
142
155
160
166
169
169
175
16
2.66
3.69
Fertilizers
112
130
134
129
131
128
137
149
145
147
153
106
130
138
148
151
154
163
172
165
127
140
130
121
128
127
153
146
147
149
164
17
1.39
1.73
Contd...
106
117
124
130
133
134
137
137
143
180
232
97
111
138
126
127
143
158
158
160
112
119
126
133
134
136
137
137
150
201
244
18
6.88
3.72
Iron,steel
& ferro
alloysa
(Base: 2004-05=100)
Cement
52
177
178
182
187
191
195
203
202
203
203
204
206
179
179
180
182
191
198
198
203
204
206
207
205
211
219
226
245
260
261
257
256
248
244
238
233
182
203
205
192
198
198
200
195
205
196
196
212
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
0.11
89
104
104
153
174
148
151
199
196
0.72
1.12
0.16
Tea
0.6
1.38
Weight-Base: 2.45
(1993-94=100)
Weight-Base: 1.79
(2004-05=100)
1
2
Pulses
Wheat
Rice
199
205
199
217
222
212
201
203
201
199
202
214
90
97
112
141
139
199
225
206
237
0.70
1.36
Raw
cotton
222
216
227
246
252
255
242
235
239
247
254
273
135
136
122
138
160
211
223
242
262
0.06
0.11
Raw
jute
231
235
233
230
239
243
241
253
254
273
266
266
97
110
140
144
148
165
200
247
219
0.40
1.03
Groundnut
seed
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
190
118
118
122
151
156
165
191
209
191
2.09
1.75
Coal
mining
195
195
193
190
194
204
206
205
207
212
216
214
117
127
126
142
136
157
184
202
226
10
9.36
6.99
Mineral
oils
171
173
174
181
193
198
197
195
190
187
187
184
109
107
91
107
162
161
168
186
183
11
2.09
3.93
Sugar,
khandsari
& gur
Table 5.2 : Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices Selected Commodities and Commodity Groups (Contd...)
144
146
146
148
150
151
148
149
150
150
149
147
94
102
116
122
114
121
136
148
147
12
3.04
2.76
Edible
oils
152
154
156
156
157
159
158
158
156
157
159
164
95
98
101
103
111
142
155
157
174
13
1.38
3.31
Cotton
yarn
132
133
133
133
135
135
134
135
135
134
135
134
99
97
99
103
107
115
132
134
139
14
1.23
0.9
Cotton
cloth
(Mills)
174
175
175
175
176
178
180
179
180
180
180
182
112
115
111
117
146
165
176
178
184
15
0.26
0.38
Jute,hemp
& mesta
textiles
142
142
144
148
149
151
151
151
152
153
153
152
102
104
106
107
108
117
133
149
152
16
2.66
3.69
Fertilizers
165
165
168
170
172
171
170
168
165
168
170
172
102
119
138
139
149
151
157
169
167
17
1.39
1.73
Contd...
162
162
162
161
161
160
160
159
158
158
158
158
100
105
119
137
124
136
150
160
158
18
6.88
3.72
Iron,steel
& ferro
alloysa
(Base: 2004-05=100)
Cement
53
53
54
234
213
231
233
232
230
227
222
226
229
230
229
227
224
230
194
223
210
211
210
204
206
197
187
180
181
177
174
0.11
0.16
Tea
229
213
213
225
240
251
255
250
241
229
242
244
234
0.70
1.36
Raw
cotton
277
272
268
258
254
244
245
260
254
272
274
273
270
0.06
0.11
Raw
jute
200
270
260
243
229
218
210
215
204
194
194
196
197
0.40
1.03
Groundnut
seed
190
190
190
192
192
192
192
192
192
192
190
190
190
2.09
1.75
Coal
mining
233
211
208
212
220
224
233
231
231
233
235
236
237
10
9.36
6.99
Mineral
oils
183
185
185
185
185
185
186
185
184
182
179
177
178
11
2.09
3.93
Sugar,
khandsari
& gur
146
147
147
146
145
146
147
148
149
148
147
147
147
12
3.04
2.76
Edible
oils
185
166
168
169
171
174
177
178
176
175
176
180
178
13
1.38
3.31
Cotton
yarn
141
136
137
138
138
138
139
140
141
141
141
141
141
14
1.23
0.9
Cotton
cloth
(Mills)
189
183
184
183
183
182
181
183
184
185
186
188
186
15
0.26
0.38
Jute,hemp
& mesta
textiles
153
152
152
151
152
152
152
153
153
153
153
153
153
16
2.66
3.69
Fertilizers
166
171
171
171
172
168
165
164
164
165
164
165
165
17
1.39
1.73
158
158
157
156
156
155
156
157
157
158
159
160
160
18
6.88
3.72
Iron,steel
& ferro
alloysa
(Base: 2004-05=100)
Cement
Source : Off ice of the Economic Adviser, Ministry of Commerce & Industry.
na Not available
P Provisional
a composite index of Iron &Steel and Ferro Alloy for base 1993-94 and Iron & semis, steel long, steel flat, stainless steel & alloys and ferro alloys for base 2004-05.
April
2014-15
204
201
205
207
209
213
214
217
220
220
221
218
208
211
219
226
232
231
232
233
230
230
232
232
0.72
1.12
2013-14
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March P
0.6
1.38
Weight-Base: 2.45
(1993-94=100)
Weight-Base: 1.79
(2004-05=100)
1
2
Pulses
Wheat
Rice
Table 5.2 : Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices Selected Commodities and Commodity Groups (Contd...)
54
55
Food
Rural
(2010=100)
Urban
All-India
Agricultural
Labourers (CPI-AL)
(1986-87=100)
General
Rural Labourers
(CPI-RL)
(1986-87=100)
General
Average of Months
1995-96
337
1996-97
369
1997-98
388
1998-99
445
1999-00
446
2000-01
453
2001-02
466
2002-03
477
2003-04
495
2004-05
506
2005-06
527a
2006-07
126
2007-08
136
2008-09
153
2009-10
176
2010-11
194
2011-12
206
2012-13
230
2013-14
259
280
307
336
372
404
433
460
488
507
538
563a
124
130
138
151
168
185
202
216
313
342
366
414
428
444
463
482
500
520
542a
125
133
145
163
180
195
215
236
113.1
124.5
136.4
110.4
121.8
133.3
111.9
123.3
135.0
237
256
264
293
306
305
309
319
331
340
353
380
409
450
513
564
611
672
750
238b
256
266
294
307
307
311
321
333
342
355
382
409
451
513
564
611
673
751
339
373
401
431
446
446
462
479
494
502
115a
129
141
156
181
196
212
240
258
292
322
352
391
418
444
476
498
517
555
122a
125
134
141
161
176
192
210
223
319
351
380
414
434
445
468
487
504
525
119a
127
137
148
170
185
201
224
239
106.9
116.2
128.3
139.7
103.9
114.6
126.5
136.0
105.6
115.5
127.5
138.1
237
262
272
296
306
300
309
324
332
340
358
392
423
463
536
585
625
704
763
238
262
273
296
307
302
311
326
334
342
360
393
423
464
536
584
626
705
765
218
219
222
227
230
232
233
235
235
235
238
240
194
195
196
199
200
200
203
203
205
209
210
210
205
206
208
212
214
215
217
218
219
221
223
224
117.9
119.1
120.5
122.6
124.3
125.6
126.6
126.9
126.8
127.3
128.1
128.3
116.1
117.1
118.5
119.9
121.1
121.9
122.6
123.4
124.0
124.9
125.8
126.5
117.1
118.2
119.6
121.4
122.9
124.0
124.9
125.4
125.6
126.3
127.1
127.5
633
638
646
656
666
673
680
685
688
694
700
704
634
640
648
658
667
675
681
686
689
695
701
705
Last Month of
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2012-13
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
Contd...
55
56
Food
Rural
(2010=100)
Urban
All-India
Agricultural
Labourers (CPI-AL)
(1986-87=100)
General
Rural Labourers
(CPI-RL)
(1986-87=100)
General
245
248
255
259
262
263
268
273
262
256
256
258
210
211
210
214
216
217
218
217
219
221
223
223
226
228
231
235
237
238
241
243
239
237
238
239
128.7
129.8
132.1
133.8
135.4
137.8
139.5
141.7
140.1
139.2
138.9
139.7
127.4
128.4
130.5
132.1
133.6
134.0
135.1
136.4
135.3
135.0
135.3
136.0
128.1
129.2
131.4
133.1
134.6
136.2
137.6
139.4
138.0
137.4
137.3
138.1
711
719
729
740
754
759
766
777
765
757
757
763
711
720
730
741
753
759
766
777
766
759
759
765
264
223
242
140.5
137.2
139.1
771
773
2013-14
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
2014-15
April
Source : 1. Labour Bureau, Shimla for consumer price indices for Industrial Workers (IW), Agricultural Labourers (AL) and Rural
Labourers (RL),
2. C.S.O. for consumer price indices for new series (CPI-NS).
a The current series of CPI for Industrial Workers with 2001 base was introduced w.e.f. January, 2006 and the f igures from
2005-06 (last month) are based on new base. The earlier series on base 1982=100 was simultaneously discontinued. The
conversion factor from the current to the old series is 4.63 in case of the General Index, and 4.58 for Food Index.
b Average index from November, 1995 to March 1996.
Note
1. Weights of CPI-IW for food & non-food with base 1982=100 are 57% & 43% respectively and with base 2001=100 are
46.20% & 53.80% respectively.
2: CPI- New Series (Rural, Urban & All-India) was introduced w.e.f. January 2011. The CPI-UNME has since been totally
discontinued.
56
57
Table 5.4 : Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices Relative Prices of Manufactured and Agricultural Products
Year/Months
General Index
of wholesale
Price
Price Index of
Manufactured
Products
Price Index of
Agricultural
Productsa
100.00
100.00
63.75
64.97
21.54
18.59
Col.3/ col.4*100
112.6
121.6
127.2
132.8
140.7
145.3
155.7
161.3
166.8
175.9
187.3
112.3
121.9
124.4
128.0
133.6
137.2
141.7
144.3
148.1
156.5
166.3
116.0
126.0
136.4
140.3
157.2
159.1
163.7
169.5
175.3
182.9
186.7
96.8
96.8
91.2
91.2
85.0
86.2
86.6
85.1
84.5
85.6
89.1
104.5
111.4
116.6
126.0
130.8
143.3
156.1
167.6
177.6
102.4
108.2
113.4
120.4
123.1
130.1
139.5
147.1
151.4
103.4
112.5
121.5
133.5
151.0
176.6
190.4
209.6
233.0
99.1
96.3
93.4
90.2
81.7
73.7
73.3
70.2
65.0
163.5
163.9
164.7
165.8
167.3
168.8
168.5
168.8
168.8
170.3
170.9
170.1
143.8
144.6
145.3
146.1
147.2
148.0
147.9
148.0
148.0
148.5
148.6
148.7
204.4
204.4
205.9
209.5
210.8
210.8
209.5
211.0
209.4
212.9
213.4
212.6
70.4
70.7
70.6
69.7
69.8
70.2
70.6
70.2
70.7
69.7
69.6
69.9
171.3
171.4
173.2
175.5
179.0
180.7
180.7
181.5
179.6
179.0
179.5
179.8
149.1
149.3
149.5
149.9
150.6
151.5
152.1
152.3
152.5
152.9
153.6
153.5
217.5
219.8
225.9
232.2
242.7
243.8
242.8
246.9
234.6
229.7
229.2
231.2
68.6
67.9
66.2
64.5
62.1
62.1
62.6
61.7
65.0
66.6
67.0
66.4
180.2
153.8
233.6
65.8
57
58
199091
2
199900
3
200203b
4
200405
5
Paddy (Common)
205
Paddy (Fine )
215
Paddy (Super f ine)
225
Paddy (Grade A)
...
Wheat
225
Jowar (Hybrid)
180
Jowar (Maldandi)
...
Bajra
180
Ragi
180
Maize
180
Barley
200
Gram
450
Masur
...
Arhar
480
Moong
480
Urad
480
Sugarcane a
23.00
Cotton F-414/H-777 620
Cotton H-4 750
750
Groundnut
580
Jute(TD-5)
320
Rapeseed/ mustard 600
Sunf lower
600
Soyabean (Black)
350
Soyabean (Yellow)
400
Saff lower
575
Toria
570
Copra (milling)
1600
Copra balls
...
Sesamum
...
Niger seed
...
490
...
...
520
580
415
...
415
415
415
430
1015
...
1105
1105
1105
56.10
1575
1775
1155
750
1100
1155
755
845
1100
1065
3100
3325
1205
915
550
...
...
580
630
490
...
495
490
490
505
1225
...
1325
1335
1335
69.50
1695
1895
1375
850
1340
1210
805
895
1305
1305
3300
3550
1455
1120
560
...
...
590
640
515
...
515
515
525
540
1425
1525
1390
1410
1410
74.50
1760
1960
1500
890
1700
1340
900
1000
1550
1665
3500
3750
1500
1180
570
...
...
600
650g
525
...
525
525
540
550
1435
1535
1400
1520
1520
79.50
1760
1980
1520
910
1715
1500
900
1010
1565
1680
3570
3820
1550
1200
580c
...
...
610c
750h
540
555
540
540
540
565
1445
1545
1410
1520
1520
80.25
1770e
1990f
1520
1000
1715
1500
900
1020
1565
1680
3590
3840
1560
1220
645h
...
...
675h
1000
600
620
600
600
620
650
1600
1700
1550d
1700d
1700d
81.18
1800e
2030f
1550
1055
1800
1510
910
1050
1650
1735
3620
3870
1580
1240
200910
10
850k
950k
...
...
...
...
880 k
980 k
1080
1100
840
840
860
860
840
840
915
915
840
840
680
750
1730
1760
1870
1870
2000
2300
2520
2760
2520
2520
81.18 129.84
2500i 2500i
3000j 3000j
2100
2100
1250
1375
1830
1830
2215
2215
1350
1350
1390
1390
1650
1680
1735
1735
3660
4450
3910
4700
2750
2850
2405
2405
201011
11
201112
12
201213
13
201314
14
1000
1080
1250
1310
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1030
1110 1280
1345
1120
1285
1350 1400
880
980 1500 1500
900
1000
1520
1520
880
980
1175
1250
965
1050
1500
1500
880
980
1175
1310
780
980
980
1100
2100
2800 3000 3100
2250
2800 2900 2950
3000l
3200l 3850 4300
3170l
3500l 4400 4500
2900l
3300l 4300 4300
139.12 145.00m 170.00 210.00
2500i
2800i 3600 3700
3000j
3300j 3900 4000
2300
2700 3700 4000
1575
1675 2200 2300
1850
2500 3000 3050
2350
2800 3700 3700
1400
1650 2200 2500
1440
1690 2240 2560
1800
2500 2800 3000
1780
2425 2970 3020
4450
4525
5100 5250
4700
4775 5350 5500
2900
3400 4200 4500
2450
2900 3500 3500
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
Statutory Minimum Price (SMP) upto 2008-09. Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) from 2009-10 onwards.
Including Special onetime drought relief (SDR) price announced for 2002-03.
An additional incentive bonus of Rs. 40 per quintal was payable on procurement between January 10, 2006 to March 31, 2007.
A bonus of Rs. 40 per quintal was payable over and above the MSP.
Medium staple.
Long staple.
An incentive bonus of Rs. 50 per quintal is payable on wheat over the Minimum Support Price (MSP).
h An additional incentive bonus of Rs. 100 per quintal was payable over the Minimum Support Price (MSP).
i Staple length (mm) of 24.5-25.5 and micronaire value of 4.3-5.1
j Staple length (mm) of 29.5-30.5 and micronaire value of 3.5-4.3
k An additional incentive bonus of Rs. 50 per quintal was payble over the MSP.
l Additional incentive at the rate of Rs. 500 per quintal of tur, urad and moong sold to procurement agencies .
m At 9.5 percent recovery, subject to a premium of Rs.1.53 for every 0.1 percent increase in the recovery above 9.5 percent.
58
59
1
1950-51
1951-52
1952-53
1953-54
1954-55
1955-56
1956-57
1957-58
1958-59
1959-60
1960-61
1961-62
1962-63
1963-64
1964-65
1965-66
1966-67
1967-68
1968-69
1969-70
1970-71
1971-72
1972-73
1973-74
1974-75
1975-76
1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82
1982-83
1983-84
1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-2000
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
Gold
RTP
Reserves
SDRs
Tonnes
` crore
` crore
In
Millions
of SDRs
` crore
Foreign
Currency
Assets
` crore
2
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
250
216
216
216
216
217
216
216
216
216
216
216
223
229
260
266
267
267
267
267
291
325
325
325
325
333
333
351
354
367
396
398
398
396
357
358
358
358
358
358
358
358
358
3
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
134
116
183
183
183
183
183
183
183
183
183
183
188
193
220
225
226
226
226
226
246
274
274
274
274
281
6828
9039
10549
12794
13752
15658
14557
13394
12559
12973
12711
14868
16785
18216
19686
25674
29573
4
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3190
5688
6289
3374
2044
5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
123
149
248
247
245
235
203
187
162
365
529
491
425
270
216
147
115
139
70
80
82
76
66
13
77
5
56
1
1
6
3
2
8
3
2
3
2
1
6
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
92
112
194
226
230
229
211
192
170
381
545
497
444
291
248
181
161
232
125
161
184
200
233
55
339
23
280
7
4
34
16
11
50
19
10
20
12
8
7
911
747
763
792
774
785
563
303
261
245
186
180
177
188
116
182
296
356
391
546
438
480
479
581
611
1492
2863
4500
5220
5164
4822
3355
4265
5498
6817
7384
7645
7287
6605
5787
4388
14578
20140
47287
66006
58446
80368
102507
125412
152924
184482
249118
341476
466215
593121
647327
836597
Total
` crore
(3+4+6+7)
8
1029
865
881
910
892
903
681
421
379
363
304
298
295
306
250
298
479
539
574
821
733
857
888
994
1023
1886
3243
4863
5821
5934
5545
4025
4782
5972
7244
7819
8151
7686
7040
6252
11416
23850
30744
60420
79781
74384
94932
115905
138005
165913
197204
264036
361470
490129
619116
676387
868222
9
...
...
...
...
...
...
61
35
...
...
...
119
12
...
48
65
89
68
...
...
...
...
...
62
485
207
...
...
...
...
274a
637b
1893b
1414b
219b
...
...
...
...
3334c
3205d
4231
1007
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3024.6
1360.3
10
...
...
...
17
17
7
6
...
...
24
11
61
...
24
48
36
43
43
59
125
154
...
...
...
...
...
303
249
207
55 f
5g
...
...
72 h
156 i
253 j
672 k
1209 l
1547 m
1460 n
1156 o
1127 p
868 q
420 r
3585 s
5749 t
3461 u
2286 v
1652 w
...
...
...
...
2598.2
414.9
220.5
...
11
48
48
48
30
13
6
61
95
95
71
61
119
131
107
107
137
313
338
279
154
...
...
...
59
557
804
492
210
...
...
268
901
2867
4444
4888
5285
5548
4732
3696
2572
5132
8934
14986
15812
13545
8152
4714
2624
1220
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Contd...
59
60
1
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
Gold
RTP
Reserves
SDRs
Tonnes
` crore
` crore
In
Millions
of SDRs
` crore
Foreign
Currency
Assets
` crore
Total
358
358
558
558
558
558
558
40124
48793
81188
102572
138250
139737
129616
1744
5000
6231
13158
14511
12513
11019
11
1
3297
2882
2885
2887
2888
74
6
22596
20401
22866
23538
26826
1196023
1230066
1149650
1224883
1330511
1412631
1660914
1237965
1283865
1259665
1361013
1506139
1588418
1828375
` crore
(3+4+6+7)
9
10
11
301.5
...
371.1 2940.1
... 10090.4
161.3 1594.0
1392.1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Source : Reserve Bank of India. SDRs: Special Drawing Rights, RTP: Reserve Tranche Position in IMF,
... : Nil or Negligible
a Excludes 544.53 crore drawn under Trust Fund.
`
b Drawals under Extended Fund Facility (EFF).
c Drawals of 1883.6 crore under Compensatory and Contingency Financing Facility and 1450.2 crore under First
`
`
Credit Tranche of Stand-by Arrangement.
d Drawals of 2217.2 crore under Compensatory and Contingency Financing Facility and 987.5 crore under First Credit
`
`
Tranche of Stand-by Arrangement.
e Additionally, SDR 59.9 million in May 1979, SDR 7.3 million in July 1980 and 34.5 million in March 1982 were used for
voluntary repurchases of Rupees.
f Includes voluntary repurchases of Rupees ( 199 crore) and sales of Rupees ( 35.2 crore) by the IMF under its General
`
`
Resources Account.
g Sales of Rupees by the IMF.
h SDR 66.50 million were used for repurchases of drawals under Compensatory Financing Facility.
i SDR 33.25 million and 117.85 crore in foreign currencies were used for repurchases of drawals under CFF.
`
j SDR 66.5 million and SD 131.25 million were used for repurchases of drawals under CFF and EFF, respectively.
`
k SDR 431.25 million were used for repurchases of drawals under EFF.
l SDR 704.17 million were used for repurchases of drawals under EFF.
m SDR 804.18 million were used for repurchases of drawals under EFF.
n SDR 681.25 million were used for repurchases of drawals under EFF.
o SDR 468.75 million were used for repurchases of drawals under EFF.
p SDR 337.49 million were used for repurchases of drawals under EFF.
q SDR 237.49 million were used for repurchases of drawals under EFF.
r SDR 95.84 million were used for repurchases of drawals under EFF.
s SDR 812.77 million were used for repurchases of drawals under EFF.
t SDR 1130.48 million were used for repurchases of drawals under EFF.
u SDR 678.38 million were used for repurchases of drawals under EFF.
v SDR 449.29 million were used for repurchases of drawals under EFF.
w SDR 212.46 million were used for repurchases of drawals under EFF.
Notes : 1. Figures after 1965-66 are not comparable with those of the earlier years owing to devaluation of the Rupee in June 1966.
2. Also f igures for July 1991 onwards are not comparable with those of earlier periods due to the downward adjustment of
the Rupee effected on July 1,1991 and July 3, 1991.
3. Drawals, Repurchase and outstanding repurchase obligations are calculated at the ruling rates of exchange.
4. Gold is valued at ` 53.58 per 10 grams up to May 1966 and at ` 84.39 per 10 grams up to September 1990 and closer to
international market price w.e.f. October 17,1990.
5. Foreign exchange includes (a) foreign assets of the Reserve Bank of India and (b) Government balances held abroad up
to 1955-56.
6. While reserves pertain to end period, repurchases are for the relevant periods.
7. Foreign Currency Assests exclude US $ 250.00 millon invested in foreign currency denominated bonds issued by IIFC
(UK) since March 20, 2009, exclude US $ 380.00 million since September 16, 2011, exclude US$ 550 million since
February 27, 2012, exclude US $ 673 million since March 30 2012 and US $ 790 million since July 5, 2012 (as also its
equivalent value in Indian rupee in respective months).
8. Includes ` 31,463 crore reflecting the purchase of 200 metric tonnes of gold from IMF on November 3, 2009.
9. Includes SDRs 3,082.5 million allocated under general allocation and SDRs 214.6 million allocated under special
allocation by the IMF done on August 28, 2009 and September 9, 2009, respectively.
10. Totals may not tally due to rounding off.
60
61
1
1950-51
1951-52
1952-53
1953-54
1954-55
1955-56
1956-57
1957-58
1958-59
1959-60
1960-61
1961-62
1962-63
1963-64
1964-65
1965-66
1966-67
1967-68
1968-69
1969-70
1970-71
1971-72
1972-73
1973-74
1974-75
1975-76
1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82
1982-83
1983-84
1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-2000
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
Reserves
SDRs
Foreign
Total
Currency (2+3+4+5)
Assets
Gold
RTP
247
247
247
247
247
247
247
247
247
247
247
247
247
247
281
243
243
243
243
243
243
264
293
293
304
281
290
319
377
375
370
335
324
320
325
417
471
508
473
487
3496
3499
3380
4078
4370
4561
4054
3391
2960
2974
2725
3047
3534
4198
4500
5755
6784
10039
9577
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
672
1311
1438
756
469
436
981
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
123
148
269
297
296
293
234
217
200
470
662
603
473
291
230
145
131
179
97
103
107
102
90
18
108
7
82
2
1
8
4
2
10
4
2
5
3
2
18
1
1914
1568
1603
1664
1626
1648
1184
637
548
515
390
377
372
395
243
383
395
475
526
728
584
661
629
736
782
1657
3240
5305
6421
6324
5850
3582
4281
5099
5482
5972
5924
5618
4226
3368
2236
5631
6434
15068
20809
17044
22367
25975
29522
35058
39554
51049
71890
107448
135571
145108
191924
299230
241426
2161
1815
1850
1911
1873
1895
1431
884
795
762
637
624
619
642
524
626
638
718
769
1094
975
1194
1219
1325
1379
2172
3747
5824
7268
7361
6823
4390
4896
5649
5952
6520
6574
6223
4802
3962
5834
9220
9832
19254
25186
21687
26423
29367
32490
38036
42281
54106
76100
112959
141514
151622
199179
309723
251986
...
...
...
...
...
...
126
72
...
...
...
249
25
...
99
137
126
89
...
...
...
...
...
79
608
239
...
...
...
...
342
692
1968
1376
201
...
...
...
...
...
1858
1240
1623
325
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
670.0
302.7
74.2
86.3
...
...
...
36
36
15
12
...
...
50
23
127
...
50
100
75
57
58
78
167
205
...
...
...
...
...
336
333
256
145
16
40
...
70
134
209
521
930
1070
873
644
460
335
134
1146
1710
977
615
102
...
...
...
...
561.3
93.5
50.7
...
...
611.9
100
100
100
64
28
13
128
200
200
150
128
250
275
225
225
288
418
450
372
205
...
...
...
75
715
896
559
249
...
...
327
964
2876
4150
3932
4290
4291
3653
2365
1493
2623
3451
4799
5040
4300
2374
1313
664
287
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Contd...
61
62
1
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
Reserves
SDRs
RTP
17986
22972
27023
25692
21567
1380
2947
2836
2301
1834
5006
4569
4469
4328
4464
254685
274330
260069
259726
276359
279057
304818
294397
292047
304224
...
36.2
...
...
461.3
353.2
275.1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Foreign
Total
Currency (2+3+4+5)
Assets
Gold
62
63
2000-01
` crore
US$
million
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Imports (c.i.f.)
Exports (f.o.b.)
Trade Balance (2-1)
Invisibles
a) Receipts
b) Payments
(of which: Interest & Service Payments
on Loans and Credits)
c) Net
Current Account Balance
Capital Account
I Foreign Investment (Net)
i) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
a) Inward FDI
b) Outward FDI
c) Net
ii) Portfolio Investment (Net)
II Loans (Net)
i) External Assistance
a) Inflow
b) Out flow
c) Net
ii) Commercial Borrowingsa
a) Inflow
b) Out flow
c) Net
IIIBanking
a) Receipts
b) Payments
c) Net
IV Rupee Debt Service (Net)
V Other Capital
a) Receipts
b) Payments
c) Net
VI Errors & omissions (Net)
Total Capital (I to VI of 6)
Overall Balance (5 + 7)
Monetary Movement
a) IMF Transactions
i) Purchases
ii) Repurchases
iii) Net
b) Increase (-)/decrease (+) in Reserves
Total Reserve movement (9a(iii)+9b)
[(-) Increase/ (+) decrease]
2008-09
` crore
US$
million
2009-10
` crore
US$
million
264589
207852
-56737
57912
45452
-12460
1405400
858000
-547400
308520
189001
-119519
1423200
863300
-559900
300644
182442
-118202
147778
102639
21948
32267
22473
4801
770400
350600
29992
167819
76214
6521
774600
394400
27169
163430
83408
5719
45139
-11598
9794
-2666
419800
-127600
91605
-27914
380200
-179700
80022
-38180
26744
5862
35000
8342
240000
50362
18404
-3480
14924
11820
24459
4031
-759
3272
2590
5264
190600
-90500
100100
-65100
34800
41737
-19365
22372
-14031
8314
157800
-71800
86000
154000
57900
33109
-15143
17966
32396
12447
13521
11519
2002
2941
2531
410
24400
12900
11500
5230
2792
2438
27900
14300
13600
74163
61716
12447
95750
73293
22457
20865
16011
4854
260900
237700
23200
56987
51111
5876
322100
277700
44400
68267
58709
9558
44448
53592
-9144
-2760
9744
11705
-1961
-617
295400
314600
-19200
-500
65207
68453
-3246
-100
292100
282300
9800
-500
61499
59416
2083
-97
12948
11637
1311
-1369
39241
27643
2856
2564
292
-305
8535
5868
76100
97300
-21200
1500
30500
-97100
16685
22602
-5917
440
7835
-20080
54600
117800
-63200
-100
243900
64200
11451
24613
-13162
-12
51622
13441
...
115
-115
-27528
-27643
...
26
-26
-5868
-5842
...
...
...
97100
97100
...
...
...
20080
20080
...
...
...
-64200
-64200
...
...
...
-13441
-13441
Contd...
63
64
Table 6.2 : Balance of Payments as per IMF Balance of Payments Manual 5 (Concl.)
Items
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2010-11
` crore
US$
million
2011-12 PR
` crore
US$
million
10
Imports (c.i.f.)
1746100
Exports (f.o.b.)
1165700
Trade Balance (2-1)
-580500
Invisibles
a) Receipts
867200
b) Payments
506400
(of which: Interest & Service
27660
Payments on Loans and Credits)
c) Net
360800
Current Account Balance
-219700
Capital Account
I Foreign Investment (Net)
193500
i) Foreign Direct Investment
(FDI)
a) Inward FDI
132400
b) Outward FDI
-78300
c) Net
54100
ii) Portfolio Investment (Net) 139400
II Loans (Net)
132700
i) External Assistance
a) Inf low
35900
b) Out f low
13400
c) Net
22500
ii) Commercial Borrowingsa
a) Inf low
459500
b) Out f low
349300
c) Net
110200
III Banking
a) Receipts
419300
b) Payments
397300
c) Net
22000
IV Rupee Debt Service (Net)
-300
V Other Capital
a) Receipts
45200
b) Payments
101900
c) Net
-56700
VI Errors & Omissions (Net)
-12100
Total Capital (I to VI of 6)
279100
Overall Balance (5 + 7)
59500
Monetary Movement
a) IMF Transactions
i) Purchases
...
ii) Repurchases
...
iii) Net
...
b) Increase (-)/decrease (+)
-59500
in Reserves
Total Reserve movement
-59500
(9a(iii)+9b)
[(-) Increase/ (+) decrease]
383481
256159
-127322
2394600
1482500
-912100
11
190488
111218
6073
1053500
517300
41046
219229
107625
8527
79269
-48053
536200
-376000
42127
2012-13 P
` crore
US$
million
2013-14 P
` crore
US$
million
12
13
14
15
499533
2732146
309774 1667690
-189759 -1064456
502237
306581
-195656
2815918
1931074
-884845
466216
318607
-147609
1218893
634047
59546
224044
116551
10944
1411773
714679
67745
233231
118019
11176
111604
-78155
584846
-479610
107493
-88163
697095
-187750
115212
-32397
188700
39231
254653
46711
159650
26386
29029
-17195
11834
30293
29135
155000
-51800
103200
85600
89700
32952
-10892
22061
17170
19307
146954
-38768
108186
146467
169073
26953
-7134
19819
26891
31124
186830
-56860
129969
29680
45901
30763
-9199
21564
4822
7765
7882
2941
4941
27400
16100
11300
5646
3350
2296
25747
20421
5326
4735
3752
982
28239
22043
6197
4659
3627
1032
100899
76705
24194
649100
570700
78400
135344
118334
17010
817600
653900
163700
150351
120209
30142
7852
7455
397
130177
123444
6733
92323
87361
4962
-68
427800
356800
71000
-400
89904
73678
16226
-79
455407
365140
90268
-313
83727
67157
16570
-58
654482
502818
151664
-304
108049
82601
25449
-52
9995
22411
-12416
-2636
61104
13050
64100
94200
-30100
-11600
307400
-68500
13296
20224
-6929
-2432
65323
-12831
97073
125020
-27946
14578
500313
20702
17861
22908
-5047
2689
91989
3826
133801
200903
-67102
-6004
283804
96054
22171
32932
-10761
-882
47905
15508
...
...
...
-13050
...
...
...
68500
...
...
...
12831
...
...
...
-20702
...
...
...
-3826
...
...
...
-96054
...
...
...
-15508
-13050
68500
12831
-20702
-3826
-96054
-15508
Source : Reserve Bank of India. : Nil or Negligible, a: Commercial borrowings include short term credit
P: Preliminary, PR : Partially Revised.
Notes : 1. Grants received are covered under item 4(a).
2. Estimated interest accrued and credited to NRI deposits during the year has been treated as notional outflow under
invisible payments and added as reinvestment in NRI deposits under banking capital.
3. In accordance with the provision of IMFs Balance of Payments Manual (5th Edition), gold purchased from the
Government of India by the RBI has been excluded from the BoP statistics. Data for the earlier years has, therefore,
been amended by making suitable adjustments in Other Capital-Receipts and Foreign Exchange Reserves. Similarly,
item SDR Allocation has been deleted from the table.
4. With effect from 1996-97, private transfer receipts include redemption in rupees of both principal and interest under
Non-Resident External (Rupee) Account [NRE(R)A] and Non-Resident Non-Repatriable Rupee Deposit [NR(NR)RD]
schemes. This marks an improvement in data reporting.
5. The presentation of balance of payments statistics in the above table differs from the adjusted balance of payments
statistics published in the previous issues of the Economic Survey.
6. Totals may not tally due to rounding off.
64
Credit
Net
Net
113800
100
241000
-10700
-400
-32700
-83500
-96100
189900
-6000
3527500 -187500
3290800 -442600
2815900 -884800
474900 442300
200
800
1700
-400
89500
15800
71400
37400
7500
600
6800
6100
34600
5600
24000
-20500
23800
412300
164600
7700
5100
2900
5900
-2900
40000
-23100
208800 -139900
27900 395000
6400
3600
600
-
Net
(`
` crore)
863300 106200
9400
214800
17100
250300
82700
294900
54900
103300 -57900
59500 -59500
2059400 230900
12100
-12100
3340000
2848300
1931100
917200
900
1300
105300
108800
8100
12800
40200
3600
436200
172200
8000
2900
16900
68900
422900
10000
600
2013-14 P
Credit
Debit
3600
189900
130000
186800
-56900
29600
31000
-1400
12700
3362300 -477900
3171400 -711200
2732100 -1064500
439300 353200
200
200
2000
-1400
80600
13700
64300
33500
6600
-1200
7700
4500
25200
1700
22600 -21000
19100 349700
165000 -10300
3400
1600
4400
-1300
38000 -16500
172700 -116800
18200 350100
10100
-1600
800
-400
2012-13 P
Credit
Debit
Net
2011-12 PR
Credit
Debit
2900
100
3100
2900
200
8100
9300
-1200
9400
5800
2059400 230900 2382500 1994500 388000 2567200 2102300 464900 3152900 2963000
121800
54100 232000 128900 103200 216700 108600 108200 263900 133900
31900 132400 220000
65000 155000 186900
39900 147000 218600
31800
89900 -78300
12000
63800 -51800
29900 68600 -38800
45300 102200
1014900 130000 886400 803600
82800 952100 806600 145400 1226700 1197100
1006100 135300 882300 798300 84000 944000 793800 150200 1221700 1190700
8800
-5300
4100
5300
-1200
8100
12900
-4800
5000
6400
17700
30300 -12600
58400
45800
2249700
2112900
1746100
366700
63500
50200
5300
6400
34100
11000
17100
121200
2500
3700
51700
125500
11300
2900
100
2010-11
Debit
P: Preliminary,
Items
65
65
66
Credit
2010-11
Debit
Net
Credit
2011-12 PR
Debit
Net
Credit
2012-13 P
Debit
Net
Credit
2013-14 P
Debit
19717
20
39386
-1129
-74
-5044
-13394
-15508
32581
-882
652
32581
21564
30763
-9199
4802
5009
-207
2006
-32358
-74644
-147609
72965
125
-69
2588
6112
103
1005
835
-3395
68082
1293
493
-490
-3716
-23028
65315
659
6
Net
(US$ million)
Items
66
44.677
45.461
46.838
47.788
49.721
50.384
47.567
42.862
39.535
40.578
40.141
37.704
25.89
25.89
25.89
25.89
25.89
25.89
25.89
25.89
26.154
26.199
26.199
75.886
42.515
Pound
sterling
25.89
47.417
24.474
US
dollar
67.084
Euroa
0.194
0.198
0.204
0.206
0.205
0.211
0.214
0.209
0.211
0.21
0.217
0.194
0.511
0.185
Japanese
yen
7
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
Market Ratec
24.698
0.005
24.937
0.004
30.383
0.007 d
30.473
0.004 d
31.253
0.003 d
33.991
0.003 d
35.205
8.269 e
37.137
32.843
39.765
31.156
39.042
32.155
40.875
32.80
43.488
31.36
44.840
30.24
48.31
27.68
54.35
30.27
57.35
30.03
21.8
21.586
21.651
21.764
21.734
21.161
20.805
20.413
20.574
20.500
20.788
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.00
0.012
Turkish Indonesian
lira
rupiah
Market Rate
43.488
31.36
21.267
0.005
Off icial Rate
21.709
0.004
Canadian
dollar
0.012
0.01
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.015
25.46
0.05
Brazillian
real
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.008
0.008
8.435 b
8.46
0.009
3.62
0.008
10
Mexican
pesos
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.034
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.034
0.04
0.033
11
Korean
won
1.049
1.056
1.085
1.119
1.035
1.035
1.054
1.021
1.028
1.025
1.01
1.05
0.57
1.021
12
Pakistan
rupee
1.021
1.014
1.02
1.025
1.027
1.028
1.026
1.019
1.026
1.028
1.029
1.015
1.41
0.977
13
Thailand
baht
35.485
35.931
36.551
37.385
37.709
37.695
37.162
35.91
36.329
36.082
35.939
35.347
73.733
33.433
14
SDR
March -1992
29.455
51.959
0.227
0.015
0.017
0.01
0.383
1.195
1.155
35.347
1992-93
30.649
51.686
0.246
0.015
0.001
2.565
0.039
1.229
1.208
37.142
0.005
24.153
4.788
0.039
0.82
1.1
59.546
2000-01
45.684
67.552
41.483
0.414
2001-02
47.692
68.319
42.181
0.382
0.005
19.549
5.183
0.037
0.772
1.069
60.215
0.005
15.489
4.806
0.04
0.819
1.132
64.126
2002-03
48.395
74.819
48.090
0.397
2003-04
45.952
77.739
53.990
0.407
0.005
15.713
4.248
0.039
0.798
1.132
65.684
0.005
15.707
3.964
0.041
0.763
1.121
66.928
2004-05
44.932
82.864
56.512
0.418
2005-06
44.273
79.047
53.912
0.391
0.045
19.17
4.122
0.044
0.741
1.096
64.49
2006-07
45.285
85.643
58.111
0.388
0.005
21.044
4.113
0.048
0.748
1.236
67.254
2007-08
40.261
80.841
56.991
0.353
0.004
21.762
3.703
0.043
0.658
1.194
62.651
2008-09
45.993
78.316
65.135
0.462
0.00
23.61
3.87
0.04
0.61
1.35
71.277
2009-10
47.417
75.886
67.084
0.511
0.00
25.46
3.62
0.04
0.57
1.41
73.733
2010-11
45.577
70.885
60.218
0.533
0.01
26.43
3.66
0.04
0.53
1.47
69.723
2011-12
47.92
76.38
65.89
0.61
0.01
28.22
3.79
0.04
0.55
1.56
75.31
2012-13
54.41
85.98
70.07
0.66
0.01
27.08
4.17
0.05
0.57
1.77
83.03
2013-14
60.50
96.30
81.17
0.60
0.01
26.86
4.68
0.06
0.59
1.92
92.16
Source : Reserve Bank of India.
a: The Euro came into existence on Jan/01/1999.
b: Peso revalued in January 1993 1000 old Peso = 1 New Peso.
c: Indicative rates announced by Foreign Exchange Dealers Association of India (FEDAI).
d: 100 Turkish Lira.
e: Turkish Lira has been replaced by New Lira w.e.f. 1.1.2005
Notes : 1. Annual/monthly averages. During March 1992 to February 1993, a dual exchange rate system was prevalent, in which the off icial rate was f ixed by the RBI and the market rate
was determined in the Inter-Bank market for the US dollar.
2. The data for 2001-02 in respect of Deutsche Mark, French Franc and Italian Lira pertain to 11 months only as Germany, France and Italy accepted the Euro as their national currency
w.e.f. March 1, 2002.
3. Figures of US dollar, Pound sterling, Euro and Japanese yen from May 2012 onwards are RBIs reference rates.
March -1992
1992-93
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
2009-10
1991-92
Year /Month
Table 6.4 : Exchange Rate of Rupee vis-a-vis Selected Currencies of the World
67
67
68
Table 6.5 : Trends in Nominal and Real Effective Exchange Rate of Rupee
(Trade Based Weights)
Year/month (Average)
Nominal effective
exchange rate
(NEER)
6-currency index
Real effective
exchange rate
(REER)
6-currency index
Nominal effective
exchange rate
(NEER)
36-currency index
Real effective
exchange rate
(REER)
36-currency index
98.91
91.54
89.27
92.04
89.05
91.02
92.12
91.58
89.12
87.14
87.31
104.32
98.19
96.83
100.77
93.04
95.99
100.09
100.86
98.18
99.56
100.09
103.04
98.09
104.62
90.42
87.07
91.83
84.44
75.54
67.72
(Base: 1993-94=100)
105.82
101.27
101.11
104.41
96.14
97.69
102.82
102.71
97.68
99.17
101.78
(Base: 2004-05=100)
104.40
103.80
113.40
103.90
110.70
124.50
121.20
117.08
112.70
102.24
97.63
104.75
93.34
90.94
93.54
87.38
78.32
72.32
102.38
100.76
109.20
99.65
103.88
112.68
110.27
105.57
103.27
75.97
75.29
70.51
68.89
64.61
63.95
65.57
64.78
65.27
65.14
64.90
66.27
120.87
121.20
114.22
112.99
107.56
107.64
111.11
111.61
111.34
109.88
109.41
112.29
78.64
78.05
73.71
73.53
69.60
68.93
70.77
69.98
70.87
71.08
70.82
71.90
108.03
107.99
103.26
104.02
99.47
99.32
102.62
102.96
102.99
102.75
101.97
103.82
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
96.96
88.56
86.85
87.94
77.49
77.16
77.43
76.04
71.27
69.97
69.58
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14 (P)
2013-14 (P)
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
Source : Reserve Bank of India.
P: Provisional
68
69
1
1949-50
1950-51
1951-52
1952-53
1953-54
1954-55
1955-56
1956-57
1957-58
1958-59
1959-60
1960-61
1961-62
1962-63
1963-64
1964-65
1965-66
1966-67
1967-68
1968-69
1969-70
1970-71
1971-72
1972-73
1973-74
1974-75
1975-76
1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82
1982-83
1983-84
1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14 (P)a
Exports
(including
re-exports)
Imports
Trade
Balance
Rate of Change
Export
Import
(per cent)
485
606
716
578
531
593
609
605
561
581
640
642
660
685
793
816
810
1157
1199
1358
1413
1535
1608
1971
2523
3329
4036
5142
5408
5726
6418
6711
7806
8803
9771
11744
10895
12452
15674
20232
27658
32553
44041
53688
69751
82674
106353
118817
130100
139752
159095
203571
209018
255137
293367
375340
456418
571779
655864
840755
845534
1142922
1465959
1634319
1894182
617
608
890
702
610
700
774
841
1035
906
961
1122
1090
1131
1223
1349
1409
2078
2008
1909
1582
1634
1825
1867
2955
4519
5265
5074
6020
6811
9143
12549
13608
14293
15831
17134
19658
20096
22244
28235
35328
43198
47851
63375
73101
89971
122678
138920
154176
178332
215529
230873
245200
297206
359108
501065
660409
840506
1012312
1374436
1363736
1683467
2345463
2669162
2714182
-132
-2
-174
-124
-79
-107
-165
-236
-474
-325
-321
-480
-430
-446
-430
-533
-599
-921
-809
-551
-169
-99
-217
104
-432
-1190
-1229
68
-612
-1085
-2725
-5838
-5802
-5490
-6060
-5390
-8763
-7644
-6570
-8003
-7670
-10645
-3810
-9687
-3350
-7297
-16325
-20103
-24076
-38580
-56433
-27302
-36182
-42069
-65741
-125725
-203991
-268727
-356448
-533680
-518202
-540545
-879504
-1034843
-82000
na
24.9
18.2
-19.3
-8.1
11.7
2.7
-0.7
-7.3
3.6
10.2
0.3
2.8
3.8
15.8
2.9
-0.7
42.8
3.6
13.3
4.1
8.6
4.8
22.6
28.0
31.9
21.2
27.4
5.2
5.9
12.1
4.6
16.3
12.8
11.0
20.2
-7.2
14.3
25.9
29.1
36.7
17.7
35.3
21.9
29.9
18.5
28.6
11.7
9.5
7.4
13.8
26.6
2.7
22.1
15.0
27.9
21.6
25.3
14.7
28.2
0.6
35.2
28.3
11.5
15.9
na
-1.5
46.4
-21.1
-13.1
14.8
10.6
8.7
23.1
-12.5
6.1
16.8
-2.9
3.8
8.1
10.3
4.4
47.5
-3.4
-4.9
-17.1
3.3
11.7
2.3
58.3
52.9
16.5
-3.6
18.6
13.1
34.2
37.3
8.4
5.0
10.8
8.2
14.7
2.2
10.7
26.9
25.1
22.3
10.8
32.4
15.3
23.1
36.4
13.2
11.0
15.7
20.9
5.9
6.2
21.2
20.8
39.5
31.8
27.3
20.4
35.8
-0.8
23.4
39.3
13.8
1.7
69
70
1
1949-50
1950-51
1951-52
1952-53
1953-54
1954-55
1955-56
1956-57
1957-58
1958-59
1959-60
1960-61
1961-62
1962-63
1963-64
1964-65
1965-66
1966-67
1967-68
1968-69
1969-70
1970-71
1971-72
1972-73
1973-74
1974-75
1975-76
1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82
1982-83
1983-84
1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14 (P)a
Exports
(including
re-exports)
Imports
2
1016
1269
1490
1212
1114
1233
1275
1259
1171
1219
1343
1346
1381
1437
1659
1701
1693
1628
1586
1788
1866
2031
2153
2550
3209
4174
4665
5753
6316
6978
7947
8486
8704
9107
9449
9878
8904
9745
12089
13970
16612
18143
17865
18537
22238
26330
31797
33470
35006
33218
36715
44076
43827
52719
63843
83536
103091
126414
163132
185295
178751
251136
305964
300401
312610
3
1292
1273
1852
1472
1279
1456
1620
1750
2160
1901
2016
2353
2281
2372
2558
2813
2944
2923
2656
2513
2089
2162
2443
2415
3759
5666
6084
5677
7031
8300
11321
15869
15174
14787
15311
14412
16067
15727
17156
19497
21219
24075
19411
21882
23306
28654
36678
39133
41484
42389
49738
49975
51413
61412
78149
111517
149166
185735
251654
303696
288373
369769
489319
490737
450068
Trade
Balance
Export
Rate of Change
Import
(per cent)
4
-276
-4
-362
-260
-165
-223
-345
-491
-989
-682
-673
-1007
-900
-935
-899
-1112
-1251
-1295
-1070
-725
-223
-131
-290
135
-550
-1492
-1419
76
-715
-1322
-3374
-7383
-6470
-5680
-5862
-4534
-7163
-5982
-5067
-5527
-4607
-5932
-1546
-3345
-1068
-2324
-4881
-5663
-6478
-9171
-13023
-5899
-7587
-8693
-14307
-27981
-46075
-59321
-88522
-118401
-109621
-118633
-183356
-190336
-137458
5
na
24.9
17.4
-18.7
-8.1
10.7
3.4
-1.3
-7.0
4.1
10.2
0.2
2.6
4.1
15.4
2.5
-0.5
-3.8
-2.6
12.7
4.4
8.8
6.0
18.4
25.8
30.1
11.8
23.3
9.8
10.5
13.9
6.8
2.6
4.6
3.8
4.5
-9.9
9.4
24.1
15.6
18.9
9.2
-1.5
3.8
20.0
18.4
20.8
5.3
4.6
-5.1
10.5
20.0
-0.6
20.3
21.1
30.8
23.4
22.6
29.0
13.6
-3.5
40.5
21.8
-1.8
4.1
6
na
-1.5
45.5
-20.5
-13.1
13.8
11.3
8.0
23.4
-12.0
6.0
16.7
-3.1
4.0
7.8
10.0
4.7
-0.7
-9.1
-5.4
-16.9
3.5
13.0
-1.1
55.7
50.7
7.4
-6.7
23.9
18.0
36.4
40.2
-4.4
-2.6
3.5
-5.9
11.5
-2.1
9.1
13.6
8.8
13.5
-19.4
12.7
6.5
22.9
28.0
6.7
6.0
2.2
17.3
0.5
2.9
19.4
27.3
42.7
33.8
24.5
35.5
20.7
-5.0
28.2
32.3
0.3
-8.3
70
71
1970-71
` cr $ million
Qty.
1980-81
` cr $ million
Qty.
` cr $ million
10
11
...
214
449
...
242
321
...
380
481
3747.7
181
380
3343.2
213
282
400.8
100
127
I.
I.1
II.
...
527
1105
...
889
1176
...
9760
12341
II.1
Cashewnuts (unprocessed)
na
...
...
169.4
29
39
25
11
II.2
36.2
11
23
7.8
26.2
32
40
...
101
212
...
127
168
...
164
208
0.2
...
...
15.8
12
68.8
97
122
1.9
19
15
20
18.8
43
55
237.1
82
172
139.1
99
131
na
...
...
100.4
17
0.7
...
800
69
145
12767
136
180
23537
5264
6656
...
10
...
39
51
...
709
896
31.1
84.7
23
31
1633.3
677
857
...
88
185
...
217
286
...
1490
1884
II.3
Fibres
of which:
II.4
II.5
307
13
27
2392.7
86
113 5560.2
818
1034
...
39
82
...
68
90
...
358
453
...
...
12
...
21
26
...
10
21
...
24
32
...
85
107
...
19
...
11
...
121
154
II.7
80.3
15
71.7
12
16
36.9
18
23
II.8
55.6
12
25
159
25
33
371.4
187
236
...
13
...
33
44
...
555
702
II.9
II.11
Non-ferrous metals
...
...
25
33
...
417
527
1325.2
123
258
683.4
147
194
2031.1
852
1078
...
47
99
...
119
158
...
477
604
III.
Capital
goodsa
...
356
747
...
404
534
...
1910
2416
III.1
Manufactures of metals
...
23
48
...
12
...
90
113
III.2
...
203
426
...
258
341
...
1089
1377
Electrical machinery,
apparatus and appliancesb
...
57
120
...
70
93
...
260
328
...
72
151
...
67
88
...
472
597
Total Imports
...
1122
2353
...
1634
2162
...
12549
15869
III.3
Contd...
71
72
2000-01
` cr $ million
2010-11
Qty.
` cr
$ million
Qty.
` cr $ million
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
308.3
182
102
69.9
90
20
251.5
545
119
I.
I.1
II.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
II.1
Cashewnuts (unprocessed)
82.6
134
75
249.7
962
211
501.0
2650
578
II.2
105.1
226
126
119.1
695
152
587.7
8074
1771
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
II.3
Fibres
of which:
II.5
21.2
56
31
42.6
275
60
81.5
957
210
29.4
182
102
53.7
458
100
94.4
1435
315
0.2
212.3
1185
259
56.5
624
137
83.1
302
67
... 482282
105964
32.1
20
11
67.3
84
18
29359
10816
6028
...
71497
15650
...
...
...
...
...
...
525.8
326
182
4267.9
6093
...
...
...
...
...
7560.3
1766
984
7423.4
...
...
...
1334 6677.6
29860
6551
...
...
...
3034
664 20658.9
31533
6885
...
...
2289
1276
...
1542
338
...
13278
2914
...
168
94
...
874
191
...
5368
1178
...
468
261
...
1723
377
...
11114
2436
...
1095
610
...
2551
558
...
31304
6874
II.7
678.2
458
255
1050.9
1290
282 2634.5
5208
1145
II.8
286.4
456
254
585.6
2005
439
2145.0
9614
2111
...
...
...
...
797
174
...
...
...
4838
... 157596
34620
II.9
...
3738
2083
...
22101
1920.5
2113
1178
1613.6
3569
781 9843.9
47275
10376
...
1102
614
...
2462
539
...
212153
46677
Capital goodsa
...
10466
5833
...
25281
5534
...
231712
50907
Manufactures of metals
...
302
168
...
1786
391
...
15167
3332
...
4240
2363
...
16915
3703
... 118928
26111
II.10
II.11
Non-ferrous metals
III.
III.1
III.2
III.3
Non-electrical machinery
apparatus and appliances including
machine tools
Electrical machinery,
apparatus and appliancesb
...
1702
949
...
2227
487
...
17510
3845
...
1670
931
...
4353
953
...
52112
11467
Total Imports
...
43198
24075
... 230873
49975
... 1683467
369769
Contd...
72
73
2012-13
Qty.
` Cr
$ million
Qty.
2013-14 (P)
` Cr $ million
Qty.
` Cr $ million
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
I.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
64.5
352
74
100.8
467
86
92.3
539
89
...
809.8
...
5339
...
1136
...
892.4
...
5332
...
980
...
771.4
...
4564
...
757
665.3
...
11990
...
2509
...
709.9
...
12163
...
2236
...
862.3
...
12885
...
2137
...
107.8
1383
76.3
1877
77.4
1059
181.3
449
... 743075
291
395
223
96
154968
95.8
1461
77.2
1802
232.6 2467
148.7
371
... 891871
269
331
454
68
163974
119.3
1889
89.6
1962
177.7
2371
52.7
146
... 1000064
313
325
393
24
165837
I.1
II.
II.1
II.2
II.3
II.3.1
II.3.2
II.3.3
II.3.4
II.4
II.5
II.5.1
II.6
II.6.1
II.6.2
II.6.3
II.6.4
II.6.5
II.7
II.8
II.9
II.9.1
II.10
II.11
III.
III.1
III.2
III.3
III.4
Total Imports
8445.0
46255
9668
11013.7
61107
11235 10434.2
56489
9367
27840.1
...
53311
16595
10936
3482
24117.3 47722
... 19754
8774 22154.2
3632
...
38231
22498
6340
3731
...
7003
1462
...
7894
1451
...
9097
1508
...
14288
2970
... 16982
3122
...
17944
2976
...
3215.9
36134
6524
7516
1367
...
3294.7
47013
6991
8643
...
1285 3648.8
55015
8378
9123
1389
2586.0
12305
2571
2593.7
12947
2380
2761.3
15067
2498
28200
... 123043
11959 10974.6 59582
66531
... 330725
64748
... 341977
4235
... 23263
22622
...
10954 7406.3
60805
...
62874
...
4277
...
144557
47912
227254
324261
24579
23971
7945
37685
53771
4076
... 134266
10601.9 57552
... 317683
... 311627
... 20423
...
158611
33077
... 165158
30365
...
155167
25731
...
...
22899
67474
4773
13899
... 24174
... 93722
4445
17231
...
...
26350
90915
4369
15076
... 2345463
489319
...2669162
490737
... 2714182
450068
73
74
2010-11
productsb
2.9
Food and allied
of which
1. Cerealsc
0.0
2. Pulses
0.4
3. Cashew Nuts
0.2
4. Edible Oils
1.8
II. Fuel
31.3
5. Coald
2.7
6. POL
28.7
III. Fertilizerse
1.9
IV. Paper board manufactures & newsprint
0.6
V. Capital goodsf
13.8
of which
7. Machinery except elec & machine tool
6.4
8. Electrical machinery
1.0
9. Transport equipment
3.1
10. Project goods
1.7
VI. Others,
49.6
of which
5.2
11. Chemicals g
12. Pearls precious semi precious stones
9.4
13. Iron & steelh
2.8
14. Non-ferrous metalsi
1.1
15. Gold & Silver
11.5
16. Professional instruments, optical goods, etc. 1.1
17. Electronic Goods
7.2
I.
Total Imports
100.0
Percentage share
Percentage changea
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14(P) 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14(P)
3.0
3.4
3.2
0.8
34.8
17.0
-15.9
0.0
0.4
0.2
2.0
35.3
3.6
31.7
2.3
0.5
13.3
0.0
0.5
0.2
2.3
36.9
3.5
33.4
1.8
0.5
12.8
0.0
0.4
0.2
2.1
40.4
3.6
36.7
1.4
0.6
11.9
14.3
-24.1
-9.5
17.4
20.8
9.4
21.6
3.4
40.3
17.6
-38.5
18.8
91.6
47.3
49.2
77.9
46.2
60.7
21.7
27.9
16.7
25.6
-12.0
16.3
4.9
-2.5
5.9
-21.2
-7.3
-3.4
3.7
-25.5
-23.0
-16.9
0.4
-3.5
0.7
-28.0
4.7
-14.7
6.2
1.0
2.9
1.8
45.7
5.6
0.9
3.5
1.3
44.6
5.2
1.0
3.3
1.0
42.3
11.7
23.4
-2.2
31.2
41.3
26.3
24.3
23.1
43.4
22.1
-8.3
-7.0
22.3
-25.6
-2.3
-14.5
-2.0
-12.8
-31.3
-13.0
4.9
5.7
2.5
1.0
12.6
1.1
6.7
5.0
4.6
2.2
1.0
11.4
1.1
6.4
5.7
5.3
1.8
1.2
7.4
1.2
6.9
27.9
114.0
25.9
35.7
43.0
16.5
26.7
23.1
-19.0
15.7
19.8
44.7
24.5
23.0
2.7
-19.3
-8.8
4.4
-9.5
2.0
-3.8
4.3
5.7
-27.7
6.8
-40.1
-3.2
-1.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
28.2
32.3
0.3
-8.3
74
75
1970-71
` cr $ million
Qty.
` cr
1980-81
$ million
Qty.
` cr $ million
10
11
...
284
596
...
487
644
...
2057
2601
19.7
15
32.2
25
33
87.3
214
271
124
260
199.1
148
196
229.2
426
538
I.
I.1
Coffee
I.2
199.2
I.3
Oil cakes
433.8
14
29
878.5
55
73
886.0
125
158
I.4
Tobacco
47.5
16
34
49.8
33
43
91.3
141
178
I.5
Cashew kernels
43.6
19
40
60.6
57
76
32.3
140
177
I.6
Spices
47.2
17
36
46.9
39
51
84.2
11
14
I.7
99.6
30
60
473.0
29
39
97.0
40
50
I.8
Raw cotton
32.6
12
25
32.1
14
19
131.6
165
209
I.9
Rice
I.10
...
...
...
32.8
726.7
224
283
19.9
10
32.6
31
40
69.4
217
274
I.11
...
...
...
56
70
I.12
...
13
...
12
16
...
80
101
...
...
...
36
45
...
52
109
...
164
217
...
414
523
28.4
...
...
26.7
16
21
16.7
18
22
3.2
17
36
21.2
117
155
22.4
303
384
...
291
610
...
772
1021
...
3747
4738
...
73
153
...
145
192
...
933
1179
...
65
136
...
142
188
...
408
516
...
...
29
39
...
550
696
III.2
...
13
...
13
17
...
17
22
III.3
790.0
135
283
560.0
190
252
660.0
330
417
...
28
59
...
80
106
...
390
493
...
11
23
...
73
96
...
952
1204
...
...
45
59
...
618
782
...
15
...
29
39
...
225
284
...
22
46
...
198
261
...
827
1045
...
15
...
13
17
...
28
35
Total Exports
...
642
1346
...
1535
2031
...
6711
8486
I.13
II.
II.1
Mica
II.2
III.
Manufactured goods
of which
III.1
III.5
productsa
Contd...
75
76
2
Agricultural and allied products:
of which
2000-01
` cr $ million
2010-11
Qty.
` cr
$ million
Qty.
` cr $ million
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
...
6317
3521
...
28582
6256
...
111393
24448
I. 1
Coffee
86.5
252
141
184.9
1185
259
232.6
3010
662
I. 2
199.1
1070
596
202.4
1976
433
238.3
3354
736
I. 3
Oil cakes
2447.8
609
339
2417.8
2045
448 6936.9
11070
2438
I. 4
Tobacco
87.1
263
147
108.3
871
215.9
3985
875
I. 5
Cashew kernels
55.5
447
249
83.8
1883
412 12156.5
2853
627
354
191
I. 6
Spices
103.3
239
133
244.9
1619
762.7
8043
1768
I. 7
191.0
38
21
769.0
511
112 2086.3
5633
1246
I. 8
Raw cotton
374.4
846
471
30.2
224
49 1885.8
13160
2910
I. 9
Rice
505.0
462
257
1534.4
2943
644 2471.4
11586
2545
I. 10
158.9
960
535
502.6
6367
1394
825.3
11917
2623
I. 11
...
140
78
...
1470
322
...
8960
1971
I. 12
...
216
120
...
1609
352
...
6350
1397
I. 13
II.
II.1
...
213
119
...
1094
239
...
3669
806
...
1497
834
...
4139
906
...
39098
8581
Mica
42.0
35
19
63.2
64
14
125.8
189
42
II.2
32.5
1049
585
20161.4
1634
358
46.9
21416
4715
III.
Manufactured goods
of which
...
23736
13229
... 160723
35181
789433
173263
...
6832
3807
...
...
...
...
2100
1170
...
16030
3509
...
13160
2910
...
4012
2236
...
25478
5577
...
52861
11614
...
48
27
...
221
48
...
726
159
220.0
298
166
...
932
204
...
2092
459
...
2600
1449
...
8914
1951
...
17818
3909
...
6167
3437
...
5097
1116
...
5877
1293
...
5247
2924
...
33734
7384
...
184420
40509
...
2111
1176
...
22851
5002
...
131544
28905
...
3872
2158
...
31870
6976
...
226805
49815
...
948
528
...
8822
1931
192639
42280
Total Exports
...
32553
18143
... 203571
44076
1142922
251136
productsa
Contd...
76
77
21
2012-13
` Cr $ million
22
23
37618
I.
Total Exports
... 1465959
Qty.
24
2013-14 (P)
` Cr $ million
25
26
... 223170
41017
953
848
2420
836
928
2750
1881
4328
4940
3444
2921
254.0
268.8
6578.2
230.4
113.0
1008.9
3137.0
2056.7
10147.0
965.1
...
4711
4719
16520
5030
4097
15365
8800
20277
33858
18841
17903
1579
...
8983
1651
1139
8546
...
...
6931
30892
1274
5678
126.8
276
18.1
8985
... 1035058
51
1651
190237
50
4597
201237
Qty.
27
` Cr $ million
28
29
... 260906
43128
866 253.9
867 247.6
3036 6564.1
924 237.1
753 129.0
2824 1029.3
1617 2671.0
3727 1940.7
622310776.0
3463 999.2
3290
...
4797
4832
17034
6134
5135
15981
7273
22248
46793
30617
27247
793
799
2816
1014
849
2642
1202
3678
7735
5061
4504
...
12535
2072
...
...
9438
34827
1560
5757
126.4
304
16.5
9562
... 1204072
50
1581
199033
4328
...
40947
7526
...
53914
8912
13711
212
465
...
...
...
70343
1069
2124
12929
196
390
...
...
...
90402
1395
2296
14943
231
380
4803
1123
...
...
26596
6463
4888
1188
...
...
34517
7969
5706
1317
44888
37032
... 236162
... 250325
43405
46008
... 248465
... 250325
41071
41379
58555
... 339940
62479
...
418423
69165
...
391281
64679
... 1894182
312610
57015
... 337566
62042
305964
... 1634319
300401
77
78
2010-11
Percentage share
Percentage changea
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14(P) 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14(P)
9.7
12.3
13.7
13.8
36.1
53.9
9.0
5.1
0.3
0.3
1.3
0.3
0.7
0.2
1.0
0.6
1.0
1.2
3.4
0.3
0.3
2.1
0.2
0.9
0.3
0.8
0.5
1.1
1.5
2.8
0.3
0.3
3.2
0.2
0.9
0.3
1.0
0.5
1.2
1.2
1.9
0.3
0.3
3.3
0.3
0.8
0.3
0.9
0.7
1.6
1.2
1.8
18.7
54.2
11.5
-9.4
36.0
5.0
47.2
3.8
25.3
43.7
-1.3
15.6
43.2
91.1
-12.5
56.3
48.3
1.3
13.6
32.3
56.2
-0.4
1.9
-8.5
51.2
15.9
2.4
-18.9
23.3
4.3
0.1
-17.4
-33.6
-7.9
-8.4
8.1
12.7
-6.5
12.7
-7.3
25.5
46.1
-1.3
1.4
1.9
0.9
0.6
69.0
1.5
0.6
0.6
65.8
0.5
0.7
0.6
63.3
0.5
0.7
0.5
63.7
-21.4
76.8
11.0
44.2
-1.5
-16.3
25.9
16.2
-64.3
13.3
-8.0
-5.5
-4.3
1.7
1.0
4.6
1.0
0.6
16.1
4.3
1.2
3.4
4.7
6.4
1.6
3.3
2.3
4.6
0.1
16.8
0.9
1.0
0.6
14.7
4.3
1.3
3.1
4.7
6.9
1.7
3.1
2.2
4.5
0.1
18.6
0.5
1.1
0.6
14.4
4.9
1.4
3.3
5.1
6.1
1.7
2.8
2.5
4.3
0.1
20.7
0.5
1.2
0.6
13.1
4.8
1.5
3.1
5.2
6.9
2.0
2.5
2.9
4.8
0.1
20.7
0.4
15.8
17.2
39.3
19.7
29.1
53.1
24.1
63.3
38.6
46.7
57.0
8.4
14.3
46.8
-12.9
26.1
16.8
10.8
23.8
28.6
13.3
20.9
31.7
29.1
13.4
17.6
18.0
8.2
34.9
-34.8
3.8
-1.4
-3.4
10.6
6.7
4.9
6.9
-13.2
-1.4
-10.0
10.6
-5.6
-26.6
8.8
-5.4
15.6
18.7
-5.2
2.6
10.0
-3.5
6.0
16.8
24.6
-8.8
18.4
15.6
38.8
4.2
-2.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
40.5
21.8
-1.8
4.1
78
Europe
(a) EU Countries (27)
1)
GERMANY
2) BELGIUM
3) U K
4) ITALY
5) FRANCE
6) NETHERLAND
7) FINLAND
8) SWEDEN
9) SPAIN
10) AUSTRIA
11) CZECH REPUBLIC
12) POLAND
13) DENMARK
14) HUNGARY
15) ROMANIA
16) IRELAND
17) PORTUGAL
18) ESTONIA
19) LITHUANIA
20) LATVIA
21) SLOVENIA
22) GREECE
23) BULGARIA
24) SLOVAK REP
25) LUXEMBOURG
26) MALTA
27) CYPRUS
(b) Other WE Countries
1)
SWITZERLAND
2) NORWAY
3) TURKEY
4) ICELAND
5) LIECHTENSTEIN
(c) East Europe
1)
ALBANIA
2) CROATIA
REGIONS/COUNTRIES
71,181
44,540
11,891
8,610
5,397
4,256
3,705
1,853
1,653
1,619
1,488
817
677
386
473
343
237
259
85
45
125
196
92
93
58
88
37
36
20
26,589
24,802
961
821
5
0
51
0
28
(US$
million)
323,857
202,779
54,136
39,179
24,562
19,395
16,867
8,422
7,528
7,368
6,776
3,718
3,079
1,765
2,154
1,566
1,081
1,181
389
203
580
900
420
424
263
400
167
164
93
120,843
112,740
4,339
3,742
21
1
235
1
130
(`
crore)
2010-2011
94,056
56,530
15,499
10,374
7,130
5,045
4,300
2,605
2,113
1,911
1,818
1,065
727
578
610
428
459
409
297
231
203
144
157
112
102
86
57
42
28
37,325
35,242
856
1,223
5
1
201
141
24
450,557
32.1
270,915
26.9
74,362
30.3
49,633
20.5
34,065
32.1
24,158
18.5
20,671
16.1
12,643
40.6
10,136
27.8
9,078
18.0
8,692
22.2
5,122
30.3
3,464
7.4
2,779
49.7
2,915
29.1
2,026
24.9
2,193
93.5
1,967
57.9
1,426
247.6
1,150
415.5
983
61.9
671
-26.8
756
70.5
531
19.7
473
76.5
416
-1.8
271
55.0
201
17.6
133
38.7
178,721
40.4
168,569
42.1
4,211
-11.0
5,915
48.9
22
0.9
4
245.5
921
290.5
635 117,491.7
114
-14.6
Change
2011-2012
(4) over
(US$
( ` (2) (Per
million)
crore)
cent)
19.2
11.6
3.2
2.1
1.5
1.0
0.9
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
7.6
7.2
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Share
(Per
cent)
87,528
52,275
14,326
10,047
6,293
4,711
4,652
2,379
1,107
1,681
1,816
929
644
863
542
263
311
497
378
220
46
74
118
112
90
63
48
43
21
35,149
32,167
945
2,034
2
1
105
31
18
(US$
million)
475,626
284,327
77,934
54,537
34,231
25,652
25,351
12,948
6,005
9,156
9,894
5,034
3,502
4,695
2,950
1,432
1,693
2,707
2,061
1,201
249
403
639
610
491
344
263
231
116
190,730
174,512
5,140
11,061
12
5
569
167
99
(`
crore)
2012-13
70,670
49,505
12,771
10,753
6,050
4,160
3,565
2,937
1,041
1,680
1,844
829
519
624
445
220
376
603
340
115
54
104
118
109
94
53
46
34
20
20,928
19,413
747
761
7
0
238
199
10
10
422,108
298,507
77,213
64,676
36,072
25,158
21,529
17,702
6,343
10,159
11,173
5,019
3,145
3,786
2,693
1,334
2,268
3,634
2,076
710
323
622
714
659
568
322
277
210
122
122,121
112,930
4,552
4,596
41
3
1,479
1,244
58
11
-19.3
-5.3
-10.9
7.0
-3.9
-11.7
-23.4
23.5
-5.9
-0.1
1.5
-10.8
-19.5
-27.8
-17.8
-16.1
20.7
21.3
-10.1
-47.6
17.0
41.1
0.5
-2.2
4.0
-16.2
-4.0
-19.1
-4.5
-40.5
-39.6
-20.9
-62.6
200.0
-44.7
126.5
540.5
-46.1
12
Change
2013-14(P)
(10) over
(US$
( ` (8) (Per
million)
crore)
cent)
15.7
11.0
2.8
2.4
1.3
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.6
4.3
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
13
Share
(Per
cent)
79
79
80
86
5
14
145,456
57,265
32,525
122
504
170
5
23,273
145
468
53
58,505
49,005
1,152
628
940
729
276
700
2,480
478
1,412
421
1
49
68
19
81
15
30
9
10
1
1
207
3) BOSNIA-HRZGOVIN
19
4) MACEDONIA
1
5) UNION OF SERBIA & MONTENEGRO 3
II Africa
31,956
(a) Southern Africa
12,574
1)
SOUTH AFRICA
7,141
2) BOTSWANA
27
3) SWAZILAND
109
4) NAMIBIA
37
5) LESOTHO
1
6) ANGOLA
5,112
7) ZAMBIA
32
8) MOZAMBIQUE
103
9) ZIMBABWE
12
(b) West Africa
12,863
1)
NIGERIA
10,788
2) COTE D IVOIRE
251
3) CAMEROON
138
4) SENEGAL
206
5) GHANA
160
6) GUINEA BISSAU
59
7) BENIN
153
8) CONGO P REP
543
9) GUINEA
103
10) GABON
308
11) TOGO
92
12) EQUTL GUINEA
0
13) NIGER
10
14) GAMBIA
15
15) BURKINA FASO
4
16) LIBERIA
18
17) MALI
3
18) SIERRA LEONE
7
19) MAURITANIA
2
20) CAPE VERDE IS
2
21) ST HELENA
0
22) SAO TOME
0
(c) Central Africa
46
(`
crore)
3
(US$
million)
2010-2011
REGIONS/COUNTRIES
18
15
2
44,104
18,250
11,238
51
46
10
3
6,625
169
104
3
17,765
14,755
467
524
20
331
236
255
255
262
146
150
206
74
40
16
9
6
6
4
3
0
0
91
86
-3.6
74 1,348.0
12
-24.7
210,806
38.0
87,445
45.1
53,691
57.4
254
92.0
229
-57.8
48
-72.2
14
169.0
31,867
29.6
832
425.8
496
0.9
14
-74.4
84,527
38.1
70,092
36.8
2,261
86.1
2,463
279.1
93
-90.5
1,547
107.3
1,120
296.4
1,171
66.0
1,263
-53.1
1,261
154.0
720
-52.5
720
63.6
1,045 171,658.3
371
603.7
186
171.7
78
299.3
42
-49.4
30
86.4
27
-17.1
22
127.7
16
55.3
0
-61.1
0
-81.8
438
98.1
Change
2011-2012
(4) over
(US$
( ` (2) (Per
million)
crore)
cent)
0.0
0.0
0.0
9.0
3.7
2.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.6
3.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Share
(Per
cent)
20
23
13
41,111
16,838
8,888
58
71
9
4
7,158
325
291
35
16,264
12,086
384
443
0
278
140
246
455
528
817
177
525
69
30
15
21
30
6
11
3
0
0
230
(US$
million)
106
125
72
223,578
91,583
48,320
313
386
50
24
38,946
1,769
1,589
187
88,481
65,622
2,105
2,414
2
1,516
768
1,350
2,501
2,871
4,480
968
2,866
387
167
80
114
161
32
61
19
1
0
1,242
(`
crore)
2012-13
2
20
8
36,843
13,132
6,079
383
125
13
3
5,981
243
293
13
17,446
14,315
298
268
154
371
110
168
90
199
869
156
302
1
29
17
15
71
6
7
3
0
0
107
10
12
10
-91.6
121
-13.2
46
-40.9
222,594
-10.4
78,936
-22.0
35,885
-31.6
2,361
564.8
771
76.5
78
41.5
14
-42.4
36,518
-16.4
1,454
-25.2
1,781
0.5
76
-63.8
105,865
7.3
87,089
18.4
1,791
-22.3
1,623
-39.5
954 39,284.6
2,250
33.5
678
-21.8
1,001
-31.8
542
-80.2
1,144
-62.3
5,077
6.3
949
-11.9
1,869
-42.5
3
-99.2
182
-3.7
101
12.9
88
-31.0
426
140.0
34
-4.1
44
-34.7
19
-7.0
1
-10.0
0
0
640
-53.5
11
Change
2013-14(P)
(10) over
(US$
( ` (8) (Per
million)
crore)
cent)
Contd...
0.0
0.0
0.0
8.2
2.9
1.4
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.3
0.1
0.1
0.0
3.9
3.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
13
Share
(Per
cent)
80
1)
MALAWI
2) UGANDA
3) CONGO D. REP.
4) C AFRI REP
5) BURUNDI
6) RWANDA
7) CHAD
(d) East Africa
1)
TANZANIA REP
2) KENYA
3) MADAGASCAR
4) MAURITIUS
5) REUNION
6) ETHIOPIA
7) SOMALIA
8) COMOROS
9) SEYCHELLES
10) DJIBOUTI
III America
(a) North America
1)
USA
2) CANADA
3) MEXICO
(b) Latin America
1)
VENEZUELA
2) BRAZIL
3) CHILE
4) ARGENTINA
7) COLOMBIA
8) PERU
9) COSTA RICA
10) TRINIDAD
11) PANAMA REPUBLIC
12) FR GUIANA
13) ECUADOR
14) NETHERLANDANTIL
15) URUGUAY
REGIONS/COUNTRIES
20
14
10
2
0
0
1
580
327
124
32
17
18
33
9
9
9
2
36,287
23,244
20,051
2,030
1,163
13,043
5,210
3,549
1,550
1,023
856
187
95
80
188
0
169
3
17
(US$
million)
90
62
45
7
1
0
3
2,635
1,481
566
146
75
84
149
42
38
42
11
165,178
105,871
91,359
9,243
5,269
59,307
23,748
16,064
7,056
4,690
3,866
853
436
367
863
1
755
16
79
(`
crore)
2010-2011
24
18
0
2
1
0
46
543
241
113
82
38
28
29
3
3
3
2
45,024
28,845
23,381
2,898
2,567
16,179
6,667
4,271
2,194
1,106
560
556
178
204
159
106
44
28
28
113
19.1
88
33.7
0
-99.8
10
30.3
3
116.7
1
400.0
224 7,966.7
2,629
-6.3
1,181
-26.3
541
-8.6
399
156.9
181
132.5
132
50.3
139
-10.2
16
-63.2
16
-61.9
13
-72.1
10
-10.4
215,940
24.1
138,378
24.1
112,026
16.6
14,003
42.7
12,350
120.6
77,562
24.0
32,129
28.0
20,419
20.4
10,563
41.5
5,216
8.1
2,725
-34.6
2,624
196.8
857
87.1
948
154.1
726
-15.6
507 50,595.2
216
-73.9
135
713.8
130
59.5
Change
2011-2012
(4) over
(US$
( ` (2) (Per
million)
crore)
cent)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
9.2
5.9
4.8
0.6
0.5
3.3
1.4
0.9
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Share
(Per
cent)
43
27
0
2
0
0
157
1,055
753
106
73
28
28
39
13
8
2
5
59,540
32,043
25,205
2,800
4,038
27,497
14,118
4,826
2,992
1,199
2,353
561
220
9
110
1
873
16
24
(US$
million)
234
150
0
11
1
1
845
5,736
4,096
577
394
155
151
209
68
44
13
28
324,089
174,389
137,239
15,277
21,873
149,700
76,835
26,439
16,214
6,504
12,813
3,051
1,197
48
597
7
4,708
87
133
(`
crore)
2012-13
15
33
27
1
0
0
30
1,034
725
127
53
21
23
28
46
7
1
4
58,123
29,258
22,314
3,271
3,673
28,865
13,940
3,808
3,021
1,395
4,971
605
204
5
42
2
255
4
20
10
94
200
167
5
1
2
171
6,162
4,301
763
317
125
137
170
279
41
6
24
351,455
176,568
134,428
19,783
22,358
174,887
84,384
23,067
18,360
8,502
29,996
3,658
1,236
33
251
15
1,588
26
124
11
-64.9
20.9
0
-54.3
-21.7
4.2
-80.9
-1.9
-3.7
19.5
-27.5
-26.9
-17.8
-26.3
269.9
-17.8
-58.8
-19.9
-2.4
-8.7
-11.5
16.8
-9.0
5.0
-1.3
-21.1
1.0
16.3
111.3
7.8
-7.2
-39.9
-62.0
79.0
-70.7
-72.5
-16.3
12
Change
2013-14(P)
(10) over
(US$
( ` (8) (Per
million)
crore)
cent)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
12.9
6.5
5.0
0.7
0.8
6.4
3.1
0.8
0.7
0.3
1.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
13
Share
(Per
cent)
81
81
82
IV)
(a)
16) PARAGUAY
17) EL SALVADOR
18) GUYANA
19) HONDURAS
20) DOMINIC REP
21) GUATEMALA
22) SURINAME
23) CUBA
24) BOLIVIA
25) BAHAMAS
26) FALKLAND IS
27) HAITI
28) GUADELOUPE
29) JAMAICA
30) NICARAGUA
31) BARBADOS
32) BR VIRGN IS
33) ST LUCIA
34) DOMINICA
35) VIRGIN IS US
36) BELIZE
37) ANTIGUA
38) GRENADA
39) TURKS C IS
40) CAYMAN IS
41) BERMUDA
42) MARTINIQUE
43) MONTSERRAT
44) ST VINCENT
45) ST KITT N A
Asia
East Asia
1)
AUSTRALIA
2) NEW ZEALAND
3) PAPUA N GNA
4) SOLOMON IS
5) TIMOR LESTE
REGIONS/COUNTRIES
5
5
9
1
16
40
1
1
7
5
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
220,254
11,641
10,789
625
217
0
2
(US$
million)
25
25
42
7
72
180
4
5
30
20
6
6
0
4
4
1
4
1
2
2
1
73
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,003,045
53,071
49,188
2,854
985
0
8
(`
crore)
2010-2011
11
8
9
8
6
7
4
4
4
4
3
2
2
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
296,695
16,872
15,783
827
200
22
22
4
53
40
43
39
30
32
21
19
19
16
14
10
9
7
5
3
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,422,578
80,819
75,555
3,972
999
108
101
5
108.1
53.7
-1.7
442.0
-60.9
-83.3
398.9
263.4
-39.3
-21.3
122.2
45.9
3,680.0
103.9
7.7
286.7
-51.7
21.9
-23.5
-73.5
-61.9
-99.6
200.0
-87.5
-66.7
0
0
0
0
0
34.7
44.9
46.3
32.3
-7.9
55,150.0
1,204.1
Change
2011-2012
(4) over
(US$
( ` (2) (Per
million)
crore)
cent)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
60.6
3.4
3.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
Share
(Per
cent)
9
9
5
18
11
8
13
4
7
102
1
1
0
2
1
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
292,686
13,930
13,086
697
105
15
0
(US$
million)
47
47
25
97
59
45
73
22
40
556
8
7
2
13
4
1
5
2
9
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,592,142
75,825
71,217
3,800
571
83
0
(`
crore)
2012-13
5
8
7
23
13
13
13
2
2
494
2
1
0
1
3
0
0
1
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
273,935
10,950
10,139
619
178
5
1
10
33
48
44
137
76
78
79
15
14
3,052
10
6
2
6
16
1
1
3
0
14
9
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1,654,684
65,734
60,842
3,728
1,084
33
5
11
-39.0
-7.5
58.6
26.8
15.6
57.9
-1.9
-39.2
-67.3
383.2
11.1
-28.0
-16.7
-62.5
223.2
10.0
-83.5
22.0
-95.6
465.0
638.1
-82.6
0
140.0
0
0
200.0
0
0
0
-6.4
-21.4
-22.5
-11.1
70.4
-65.0
1,560.0
12
Change
2013-14(P)
(10) over
(US$
( ` (8) (Per
million)
crore)
cent)
Contd...
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
60.9
2.4
2.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
13
Share
(Per
cent)
82
6) NAURU RP
7) FIJI IS
8) SAMOA
9) TUVALU
10) VANUATU REP
11) TONGA
12) KIRIBATI REP
(b) ASEAN
1)
INDONESIA
2) MALAYSIA
3) SINGAPORE
4) THAILAND
5) VIETNAM SOC REP
6) MYANMAR
7) BRUNEI
8) PHILIPPINES
9) LAO PD RP
10) CAMBODIA
(c) WANA
1)
U ARAB EMTS
2) SAUDI ARAB
3) KUWAIT
4) QATAR
5) OMAN
6) BAHARAIN IS
7) EGYPT A RP
8) ALGERIA
9) MOROCCO
10) SUDAN
11) TUNISIA
12) LIBYA
13) IRAQ
14) IRAN
15) ISRAEL
16) JORDAN
17) YEMEN REPUBLC
18) SYRIA
19) LEBANON
REGIONS/COUNTRIES
4
3
0
0
0
0
0
30,608
9,919
6,524
7,139
4,272
1,065
1,018
234
429
0
8
105,616
32,753
20,385
10,314
6,820
4,002
641
1,355
1,816
840
614
301
969
9,008
10,928
2,254
819
1,744
36
18
(US$
million)
19
14
1
1
0
0
2
139,439
45,136
29,746
32,546
19,460
4,848
4,651
1,065
1,950
1
36
480,859
149,123
92,855
46,976
31,036
18,184
2,920
6,158
8,273
3,842
2,793
1,376
4,402
40,977
49,725
10,263
3,744
7,966
162
84
(`
crore)
2010-2011
15
3
0
0
0
0
0
42,174
14,839
9,474
8,339
5,279
1,717
1,386
605
437
89
7
147,792
36,768
32,108
16,334
12,927
3,347
910
3,004
2,161
1,658
430
164
38
18,919
13,721
2,647
1,483
971
179
21
72
274.8
12
-16.1
1
33.3
0
-95.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
201,300
37.8
70,756
49.6
45,383
45.2
39,491
16.8
25,298
23.6
8,301
61.3
6,636
36.2
2,853
158.3
2,107
1.9
440 40,418.2
35
-9.1
709,429
39.9
175,730
12.3
154,423
57.5
78,975
58.4
61,913
89.6
15,813
-16.4
4,344
41.9
14,360
121.8
10,411
19.0
8,003
97.5
2,005
-30.0
792
-45.5
196
-96.0
90,536
110.0
66,241
25.6
12,740
17.5
7,147
81.1
4,807
-44.3
891
401.7
103
17.2
Change
2011-2012
(4) over
(US$
( ` (2) (Per
million)
crore)
cent)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
8.6
3.0
1.9
1.7
1.1
0.4
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
30.2
7.5
6.6
3.3
2.6
0.7
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
3.9
2.8
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.0
0.0
Share
(Per
cent)
21
1
0
0
5
0
0
42,866
14,879
9,951
7,486
5,353
2,315
1,413
815
504
139
12
150,025
39,138
33,998
16,588
15,693
2,010
665
2,553
684
1,309
127
215
1,835
19,247
11,594
2,357
942
959
80
30
(US$
million)
116
8
1
0
29
0
0
233,316
80,966
54,199
40,764
29,113
12,594
7,701
4,406
2,744
765
65
815,623
212,923
184,685
90,184
85,458
10,931
3,597
13,854
3,715
7,127
693
1,166
9,980
104,596
63,026
12,814
5,112
5,153
445
163
(`
crore)
2012-13
5
2
0
0
0
0
0
41,499
14,910
9,211
6,774
5,359
2,594
1,392
764
392
91
13
139,849
29,110
36,536
17,154
15,729
2,954
565
2,389
861
895
436
92
452
18,519
10,332
2,312
618
782
77
37
10
30
11
0
0
0
0
0
250,915
90,000
55,785
41,129
32,498
15,569
8,370
4,575
2,373
539
77
844,185
174,620
221,231
103,362
95,117
17,846
3,459
14,389
5,232
5,472
2,696
557
2,645
111,628
62,936
13,891
3,679
4,727
474
224
11
-77.4
44.9
-88.9
0
0
-71.4
0
-3.2
0.2
-7.4
-9.5
0.1
12.1
-1.5
-6.3
-22.3
-34.2
6.9
-6.8
-25.6
7.5
3.4
0.2
47.0
-15.0
-6.5
25.9
-31.7
243.1
-57.5
-75.4
-3.8
-10.9
-1.9
-34.4
-18.4
-4.7
24.1
12
Change
2013-14(P)
(10) over
(US$
( ` (8) (Per
million)
crore)
cent)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
9.2
3.3
2.0
1.5
1.2
0.6
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
31.1
6.5
8.1
3.8
3.5
0.7
0.1
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.1
4.1
2.3
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.0
13
Share
(Per
cent)
83
83
84
369769
76,110
43,480
10,475
8,632
9,415
3,961
2
144
0
2,173
502
447
333
513
202
146
31
5,664
193
138
21
10
23
1
5,471
3,600
1,418
203
204
38
7
0
4,427
(US$
million)
1,683,467
346,632
198,079
47,712
39,309
42,825
18,037
9
659
1
9,888
2,279
2,031
1,514
2,339
917
662
145
25,811
879
630
94
45
105
5
24,932
16,417
6,459
911
940
172
32
1
20,120
(`
crore)
2010-2011
Total Imports
(d) NE Asia
1)
CHINA P RP
2) KOREA RP
3) JAPAN
4) HONG KONG
5) TAIWAN
6) MONGOLIA
7) KOREA DP RP
8) MACAO
(e) South Asia
1)
SRI LANKA DSR
2) BANGLADESH PR
3) PAKISTAN IR
4) NEPAL
5) BHUTAN
6) AFGHANISTAN TIS
7) MALDIVES
V CIS & Baltics
(a) CARs Countries
1)
KAZAKHSTAN
2) UZBEKISTAN
3) TURKMENISTAN
4) TAJIKISTAN
5) KYRGHYZSTAN
(b) Other CIS Countries
1)
RUSSIA
2) UKRAINE
3) AZERBAIJAN
4) BELARUS
5) GEORGIA
6) ARMENIA
7) MOLDOVA
VI Unspecif ied Region
REGIONS/COUNTRIES
489319
94,883
54,688
12,793
11,965
10,417
4,805
15
198
1
2,430
578
586
362
550
203
133
19
8,274
255
196
30
20
9
1
8,018
4,787
2,493
494
179
59
6
0
1,167
2,345,463
455,147
262,592
61,488
57,516
49,604
22,915
75
953
4
11,650
2,769
2,796
1,740
2,639
974
645
88
40,049
1,237
948
148
93
44
4
38,812
23,180
12,065
2,356
900
279
29
2
5,534
32.3
24.7
25.8
22.1
38.6
10.6
21.3
670.1
37.3
315.0
11.8
15.2
31.1
8.8
7.1
0.5
-8.9
-39.7
46.1
32.3
41.4
46.6
102.6
-61.5
-22.5
46.6
33.0
75.7
142.9
-12.6
55.8
-12.9
275.0
-73.6
Change
2011-2012
(4) over
(US$
( ` (2) (Per
million)
crore)
cent)
100.0
19.4
11.2
2.6
2.4
2.1
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.7
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.6
1.0
0.5
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
Share
(Per
cent)
490737
89,907
52,248
13,105
12,412
7,907
3,963
10
259
2
2,680
626
639
542
543
164
160
6
7,880
195
140
32
8
13
2
7,685
4,232
2,657
521
215
58
1
1
1,992
(US$
million)
2,669,162
489,352
284,385
71,337
67,547
43,030
21,576
53
1,415
8
14,562
3,404
3,468
2,944
2,958
892
861
34
42,891
1,063
763
173
45
70
11
41,828
23,021
14,471
2,848
1,162
314
8
4
10,837
(`
crore)
2012-13
450068
84,302
50,991
12,431
9,480
7,333
4,043
9
12
3
2,457
677
461
427
528
151
209
4
7,749
703
656
32
14
1
1
7,045
3,895
1,830
1,137
158
24
2
1
2,749
10
2,714,182
509,917
308,977
75,037
57,205
44,169
24,394
51
68
16
14,923
4,130
2,763
2,607
3,200
913
1,288
24
46,835
4,267
3,978
192
87
5
4
42,568
23,571
11,036
6,857
947
144
10
3
16,502
11
-8.3
-6.2
-2.4
-5.1
-23.6
-7.3
2.0
-14.0
-95.2
76.7
-8.3
8.2
-27.9
-21.2
-2.7
-7.9
30.8
-36.9
-1.7
260.5
368.8
-1.1
69.3
-93.3
-69.4
-8.3
-8.0
-31.1
118.0
-26.5
-58.6
14.9
-24.6
38.0
12
Change
2013-14(P)
(10) over
(US$
( ` (8) (Per
million)
crore)
cent)
100.0
18.7
11.3
2.8
2.1
1.6
0.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.7
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.6
0.9
0.4
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
13
Share
(Per
cent)
84
Europe
(a) EU Countries (27)
1)
NETHERLAND
2) U K
3) GERMANY
4) BELGIUM
5) ITALY
6) FRANCE
7) SPAIN
8) MALTA
9) SWEDEN
10) GREECE
11) POLAND
12) DENMARK
13) PORTUGAL
14) IRELAND
15) AUSTRIA
16) HUNGARY
17) FINLAND
18) CZECH REPUBLIC
19) ROMANIA
20) SLOVENIA
21) LITHUANIA
22) ESTONIA
23) BULGARIA
24) LATVIA
25) SLOVAK REP
26) CYPRUS
27) LUXEMBOURG
(b) Other WE Countries
1)
TURKEY
2) SWITZERLAND
3) NORWAY
4) ICELAND
5) LIECHTENSTEIN
(c) East Europe
1)
CROATIA
REGIONS/COUNTRIES
49,926
46,078
7,681
7,312
6,754
5,784
4,554
5,210
2,566
747
628
365
666
691
527
271
594
213
255
216
426
187
83
53
70
103
59
43
19
3,704
2,749
691
179
84
0
144
98
(US$
million)
227,218
209,708
34,967
33,296
30,733
26,347
20,702
23,688
11,687
3,413
2,858
1,657
3,030
3,142
2,395
1,230
2,693
968
1,160
982
1,942
852
379
241
317
471
271
197
86
16,854
12,510
3,141
816
386
1
657
445
(`
crore)
2010-2011
57,798
52,603
9,153
8,628
7,946
7,161
4,885
4,558
3,000
849
825
790
787
758
525
381
342
316
314
272
270
227
135
116
109
96
94
57
9
5,011
3,547
1,096
334
34
0
184
115
4
276,732
251,951
43,914
41,324
37,982
34,208
23,283
22,022
14,369
4,092
3,953
3,772
3,769
3,616
2,502
1,838
1,631
1,516
1,513
1,307
1,285
1,086
657
562
521
460
453
273
43
23,902
16,894
5,281
1,566
160
1
879
550
5
15.8
14.2
19.2
18.0
17.6
23.8
7.3
-12.5
16.9
13.7
31.4
116.5
18.1
9.7
-0.3
40.7
-42.4
48.5
23.4
26.0
-36.7
21.1
61.9
120.1
56.0
-6.8
58.7
30.7
-51.5
35.3
29.0
58.7
86.4
-59.7
-12.5
27.3
17.5
Change
2011-2012
(4) over
(US$
( ` (2) (Per
million)
crore)
cent)
18.9
17.2
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.3
1.6
1.5
1.0
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.6
1.2
0.4
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
Share
(Per
cent)
56,050
50,469
10,566
8,649
7,253
5,507
4,373
4,987
2,866
398
686
300
811
707
528
387
329
324
317
251
283
274
147
92
157
104
107
55
8
5,343
3,964
1,118
235
26
0
238
134
(US$
million)
304,743
274,419
57,380
47,078
39,447
29,927
23,783
27,109
15,593
2,162
3,735
1,632
4,413
3,850
2,874
2,105
1,789
1,762
1,726
1,368
1,542
1,495
803
500
854
567
582
300
45
29,028
21,524
6,084
1,277
141
1
1,296
727
(`
crore)
2012-13
58,304
51,595
7,992
9,822
7,508
6,354
5,267
5,116
2,884
168
732
335
993
762
627
414
342
345
416
388
286
212
105
79
169
102
104
62
12
6,499
4,432
1,818
229
20
0
210
139
10
353,569
312,891
48,722
59,483
45,471
38,537
31,852
31,001
17,486
1,028
4,438
2,025
6,024
4,610
3,807
2,509
2,069
2,087
2,531
2,375
1,729
1,275
635
479
1,025
617
631
375
70
39,405
27,031
10,863
1,389
120
2
1,273
841
11
4.0
2.2
-24.4
13.6
3.5
15.4
20.4
2.6
0.6
-57.8
6.7
11.6
22.4
7.7
18.6
7.0
4.1
6.5
31.0
54.2
1.0
-22.6
-28.9
-13.9
7.8
-1.9
-2.4
12.0
43.2
21.6
11.8
62.6
-2.4
-23.3
18.5
-11.8
3.8
12
Change
2013-14(P)
(10) over
(US$
( ` (8) (Per
million)
crore)
cent)
18.7
16.5
2.6
3.1
2.4
2.0
1.7
1.6
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.1
1.4
0.6
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
13
Share
(Per
cent)
85
85
86
107
52
38
15
89,745
25,639
17,885
252
153
392
84
2,759
3,061
539
514
19,538
9,542
2,637
1,199
957
932
1,100
429
552
439
296
247
214
208
200
189
171
153
52
14
5
2
1
(`
crore)
3
(US$
million)
2010-2011
REGIONS/COUNTRIES
42
13
9
6
24,674
6,218
4,731
64
50
23
21
533
454
211
129
6,460
2,702
800
655
365
355
347
283
196
132
98
86
88
85
79
64
47
47
17
12
1
0
0
4
198
61
43
28
118,737
29,879
22,730
308
242
112
101
2,547
2,205
1,016
619
31,110
13,051
3,843
3,083
1,782
1,735
1,637
1,398
951
626
475
416
415
406
380
309
227
224
82
62
4
2
0
5
77.0
9.8
6.2
80.9
25.2
10.7
20.9
16.1
50.2
-73.6
13.7
-11.9
-32.7
78.1
14.3
50.4
28.7
38.0
148.3
73.7
73.3
43.6
200.1
62.1
36.9
50.3
58.8
87.1
85.5
79.2
54.0
25.2
38.9
50.2
304.6
-26.7
-6.0
-78.9
Change
2011-2012
(4) over
(US$
( ` (2) (Per
million)
crore)
cent)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
8.1
2.0
1.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
2.1
0.9
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Share
(Per
cent)
71
17
9
7
29,143
7,167
5,107
57
51
47
18
1,001
489
243
153
6,523
2,740
744
479
490
300
199
396
251
206
79
56
184
86
127
56
54
42
21
11
1
1
0
(US$
million)
387
95
50
38
158,605
39,013
27,803
309
280
261
100
5,445
2,660
1,322
834
35,502
14,917
4,050
2,605
2,673
1,628
1,083
2,154
1,365
1,120
428
305
1,003
468
693
302
295
228
116
59
5
5
0
(`
crore)
2012-13
30
19
11
12
31,230
7,724
5,076
212
54
23
31
1,257
536
376
158
6,993
2,666
831
764
426
444
211
299
260
206
109
86
101
103
253
85
53
58
17
19
1
1
0
10
182
115
65
70
189,808
46,945
30,784
1,329
332
136
189
7,679
3,266
2,275
957
42,437
16,171
5,041
4,636
2,580
2,720
1,277
1,814
1,570
1,253
659
525
600
624
1,544
516
321
351
105
117
6
9
0
11
-57.5
7.2
18.3
67.4
7.2
7.8
-0.6
273.7
5.7
-52.1
69.9
25.6
9.6
54.6
3.1
7.2
-2.7
11.6
59.4
-13.0
47.9
5.7
-24.5
3.4
-0.1
38.3
53.6
-45.3
19.7
99.5
53.2
-3.0
38.7
-19.1
74.8
1.1
50.5
0.0
12
Change
2013-14(P)
(10) over
(US$
( ` (8) (Per
million)
crore)
cent)
Contd...
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
10.0
2.5
1.6
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.1
2.2
0.9
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
13
Share
(Per
cent)
86
Central Africa
1)
UGANDA
2) MALAWI
3) RWANDA
4) CHAD
5) BURUNDI
6) CONGO D. REP.
7) C AFRI REP
(d) East Africa
1)
KENYA
2) TANZANIA REP
3) MAURITIUS
4) DJIBOUTI
5) ETHIOPIA
6) SOMALIA
7) MADAGASCAR
8) REUNION
9) SEYCHELLES
10) COMOROS
III America
(a) North America
1)
USA
2) CANADA
3) MEXICO
(b) Latin America
1)
BRAZIL
2) BAHAMAS
3) COLOMBIA
4) PERU
5) CHILE
6) ARGENTINA
7) VENEZUELA
8) ECUADOR
9) PANAMA REPUBLIC
10) GUATEMALA
11) URUGUAY
12) DOMINIC REP
13) HONDURAS
(c)
REGIONS/COUNTRIES
465
293
101
32
12
16
7
4
5,347
2,182
1,475
854
320
274
89
79
38
27
9
36,882
27,558
25,296
1,349
913
9,324
4,024
2,173
561
418
508
404
176
121
124
113
85
83
63
(US$
million)
2,116
1,332
463
147
54
73
31
16
24,311
9,948
6,701
3,861
1,453
1,245
406
360
174
123
39
168,015
125,509
115,212
6,140
4,157
42,506
18,336
9,930
2,555
1,900
2,313
1,843
799
553
565
514
388
377
288
(`
crore)
2010-2011
708
435
148
48
39
24
7
6
6,594
2,277
1,615
1,401
475
464
145
124
48
35
11
50,444
38,167
34,746
2,054
1,368
12,277
5,770
2,244
892
564
522
474
250
232
232
191
141
103
92
4
3,405
2,095
708
232
188
117
35
31
31,748
10,987
7,697
6,769
2,295
2,242
711
598
230
167
53
241,633
182,981
166,474
9,924
6,582
58,652
27,577
10,561
4,294
2,720
2,514
2,277
1,204
1,124
1,115
921
676
491
442
5
52.2
48.6
46.1
48.7
224.3
49.6
3.0
78.4
23.3
4.4
9.5
64.0
48.6
69.6
61.8
55.8
25.7
28.5
27.5
36.8
38.5
37.4
52.2
49.8
31.7
43.4
3.2
59.0
35.1
2.9
17.1
41.9
90.6
87.0
69.8
64.8
25.0
45.3
Change
2011-2012
(4) over
(US$
( ` (2) (Per
million)
crore)
cent)
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.2
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
16.5
12.5
11.4
0.7
0.4
4.0
1.9
0.7
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
Share
(Per
cent)
931
465
153
78
46
33
147
8
8,839
3,770
2,152
1,311
412
749
182
154
49
39
21
53,344
39,826
36,161
2,037
1,628
13,518
6,049
2,670
912
638
690
540
234
264
226
225
143
109
110
(US$
million)
5,068
2,532
834
424
252
177
804
46
48,135
20,526
11,733
7,137
2,238
4,082
992
839
266
211
113
290,225
216,716
196,771
11,082
8,862
73,509
32,872
14,500
4,966
3,472
3,759
2,941
1,277
1,434
1,233
1,222
781
593
600
(`
crore)
2012-13
1,095
534
221
88
33
31
181
8
9,977
3,893
3,401
1,000
300
818
207
239
52
53
14
54,249
43,432
39,169
2,040
2,223
10,818
5,547
233
1,007
620
664
611
197
290
211
212
161
126
108
10
6,644
3,239
1,343
531
201
185
1,099
46
60,834
23,660
20,911
6,077
1,805
4,958
1,260
1,456
318
308
82
328,376
262,652
236,751
12,360
13,541
65,724
33,834
1,335
6,115
3,764
4,027
3,707
1,195
1,761
1,285
1,289
975
765
655
11
17.7
14.9
44.2
12.4
-29.1
-6.0
23.2
-8.5
12.9
3.2
58.0
-23.7
-27.0
9.3
13.3
54.6
7.0
35.5
-34.4
1.7
9.1
8.3
0.1
36.5
-20.0
-8.3
-91.3
10.4
-2.8
-3.8
13.2
-15.9
10.2
-6.7
-5.5
12.4
15.5
-2.0
12
Change
2013-14(P)
(10) over
(US$
( ` (8) (Per
million)
crore)
cent)
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
3.2
1.2
1.1
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
17.4
13.9
12.5
0.7
0.7
3.5
1.8
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
13
Share
(Per
cent)
87
87
88
IV
(a)
14) TRINIDAD
15) PARAGUAY
16) COSTA RICA
17) HAITI
18) NICARAGUA
19) NETHERLANDANTIL
20) EL SALVADOR
21) CUBA
22) JAMAICA
23) BELIZE
24) BOLIVIA
25) GUYANA
26) SURINAME
27) BARBADOS
28) GUADELOUPE
29) MARTINIQUE
30) VIRGIN IS US
31) DOMINICA
32) FR GUIANA
33) FALKLAND IS
34) ST LUCIA
35) GRENADA
36) BERMUDA
37) BR VIRGN IS
38) CAYMAN IS
39) ANTIGUA
40) ST KITT N A
41) ST VINCENT
42) MONTSERRAT
43)TURKS C IS
Asia
East Asia
1)
AUSTRALIA
2) NEW ZEALAND
3) FIJI IS
4) PAPUA N GNA
5) TIMOR LESTE
REGIONS/COUNTRIES
63
42
61
61
30
52
24
26
22
14
16
16
12
5
6
5
1
2
4
0
3
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
127,346
2,506
1,713
191
28
22
546
(US$
million)
287
189
279
275
136
240
109
116
102
65
71
73
55
25
28
22
6
11
16
0
12
5
4
2
1
4
3
2
2
0
579,221
11,387
7,803
868
130
100
2,458
(`
crore)
2010-2011
82
67
66
48
46
39
38
37
27
26
25
22
10
8
7
6
4
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
153,105
2,817
2,477
252
37
36
7
4
395
323
316
231
219
185
181
174
128
125
121
102
51
36
34
30
19
14
8
7
6
5
5
5
4
4
3
3
1
1
735,061
13,621
11,990
1,209
175
170
37
5
31.0
61.2
6.6
-20.2
52.3
-24.9
55.9
43.7
19.3
82.5
58.1
34.2
-13.5
38.8
14.2
32.6
179.7
14.2
-55.0
3,375.0
-48.4
2.0
13.3
147.6
237.9
-7.4
-10.8
69.4
-47.2
240.0
20.2
12.4
44.6
32.0
29.2
63.6
-98.6
Change
2011-2012
(4) over
(US$
( ` (2) (Per
million)
crore)
cent)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
50.0
0.9
0.8
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
Share
(Per
cent)
82
83
74
64
59
60
56
36
30
24
57
22
30
6
7
6
1
2
3
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
152,699
2,733
2,349
302
41
30
2
(US$
million)
444
451
405
347
323
327
305
195
162
128
312
119
165
32
36
32
8
13
18
0
6
5
7
3
2
7
3
2
0
2
830,914
14,887
12,794
1,647
223
162
12
(`
crore)
2012-13
97
89
81
59
59
69
65
35
36
22
53
24
24
6
7
8
4
2
73
0
2
1
3
0
3
2
1
2
0
0
155,277
2,691
2,298
282
49
44
2
10
585
539
492
358
361
416
394
214
219
134
320
147
146
39
39
47
24
15
432
0
14
9
16
2
19
13
7
11
0
2
941,073
16,332
13,945
1,709
297
268
13
11
18.4
7.2
9.1
-7.0
-0.1
14.4
16.1
-1.1
22.0
-4.7
-7.3
10.3
-20.3
9.7
-0.8
30.6
172.7
0.4
2116.7
0
121.4
71.8
91.9
-29.1
702.6
61.0
93.7
425.7
75.0
15.6
1.7
-1.5
-2.1
-6.7
19.6
47.7
1.9
12
Change
2013-14(P)
(10) over
(US$
( ` (8) (Per
million)
crore)
cent)
Contd...
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
49.7
0.9
0.7
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
13
Share
(Per
cent)
88
6) VANUATU REP
7) SAMOA
8) KIRIBATI REP
9) SOLOMON IS
10) TONGA
11) NAURU RP
12) TUVALU
(b) ASEAN
1)
SINGAPORE
2) INDONESIA
3) MALAYSIA
4) VIETNAM SOC REP
5) THAILAND
6) PHILIPPINES
7) BRUNEI
8) MYANMAR
9) CAMBODIA
10) LAO PD RP
(c) WANA
1)
U ARAB EMTS
2) SAUDI ARAB
3) OMAN
4) KUWAIT
5) QATAR
6) BAHARAIN IS
7) EGYPT A RP
8) ALGERIA
9) SUDAN
10) MOROCCO
11) TUNISIA
12) LIBYA
13) CANARY IS
14) ISRAEL
15) IRAN
16) JORDAN
17) IRAQ
18) YEMEN REPUBLC
REGIONS/COUNTRIES
2
2
0
1
1
0
0
25,628
9,825
5,701
3,871
2,651
2,274
881
23
321
67
13
54,222
33,822
4,684
1,086
1,856
375
652
1,982
782
488
319
282
132
0
2,920
2,493
485
678
514
(US$
million)
11
7
1
5
3
1
1
116,658
44,732
25,925
17,677
12,045
10,346
4,005
105
1,459
305
59
246,627
153,866
21,296
4,942
8,447
1,709
2,933
9,026
3,558
2,224
1,449
1,282
601
1
13,284
11,337
2,202
3,075
2,352
(`
crore)
2010-2011
3
2
1
1
1
0
0
36,744
16,858
6,678
3,980
3,719
2,961
993
895
545
99
15
59,591
35,926
5,683
1,322
1,181
808
440
2,422
836
717
372
286
61
0
4,042
2,411
821
764
731
4
13
10
6
6
4
1
0
175,927
80,363
32,101
19,103
18,085
14,254
4,763
4,062
2,645
478
73
285,941
172,268
27,208
6,414
5,665
3,949
2,118
11,736
3,992
3,406
1,789
1,369
302
0
19,333
11,512
3,977
3,709
3,504
5
7.2
43.8
830.8
3.5
6.9
90.9
-91.7
43.4
71.6
17.1
2.8
40.3
30.2
12.7
3,781.6
70.1
48.6
14.2
9.9
6.2
21.3
21.7
-36.3
115.2
-32.5
22.2
6.9
46.9
16.8
1.2
-53.8
-92.9
38.4
-3.3
69.2
12.7
42.1
Change
2011-2012
(4) over
(US$
( ` (2) (Per
million)
crore)
cent)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
12.0
5.5
2.2
1.3
1.2
1.0
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.0
0.0
19.5
11.7
1.9
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.1
0.8
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
1.3
0.8
0.3
0.2
0.2
Share
(Per
cent)
3
2
0
2
2
0
0
33,008
13,619
5,331
4,444
3,967
3,733
1,187
40
545
112
29
68,092
36,317
9,786
2,599
1,061
687
603
2,897
1,089
755
427
299
215
0
3,740
3,351
1,001
1,278
1,477
(US$
million)
19
11
2
8
9
0
0
179,420
73,995
28,996
24,144
21,563
20,310
6,465
218
2,961
610
157
370,711
197,832
53,245
14,115
5,778
3,746
3,284
15,714
5,935
4,116
2,321
1,630
1,171
0
20,349
18,256
5,453
6,973
8,024
(`
crore)
2012-13
3
4
1
7
1
0
0
33,182
12,510
4,906
4,196
5,440
3,703
1,418
33
785
141
50
66,702
30,515
12,214
2,819
1,063
988
642
2,564
1,069
862
386
274
288
0
3,747
4,925
1,596
916
1,307
10
17
26
6
42
6
1
0
200,416
74,912
29,672
25,404
33,241
22,431
8,604
199
4,791
858
305
403,930
184,743
73,836
17,198
6,449
6,029
3,780
15,571
6,446
5,208
2,329
1,658
1,737
0
22,758
29,778
9,825
5,513
7,885
11
-19.0
113.9
154.1
343.4
-38.1
0.0
500.0
0.5
-8.1
-8.0
-5.6
37.1
-0.8
19.4
-17.7
44.0
25.8
72.6
-2.0
-16.0
24.8
8.5
0.2
43.8
6.4
-11.5
-1.8
14.2
-9.6
-8.4
33.6
0.0
0.2
47.0
59.5
-28.3
-11.5
12
Change
2013-14(P)
(10) over
(US$
( ` (8) (Per
million)
crore)
cent)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
10.6
4.0
1.6
1.3
1.7
1.2
0.5
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
21.3
9.8
3.9
0.9
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.8
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
1.2
1.6
0.5
0.3
0.4
13
Share
(Per
cent)
89
89
90
251,136
493
176
37,316
15,521
10,320
5,092
3,730
2,302
329
21
1
11,659
3,510
3,243
2,168
2,040
422
176
100
2,682
303
172
60
26
26
18
2,379
1,690
514
36
73
39
20
8
14,587
(US$
million)
536
232
45,350
18,118
12,932
6,330
4,355
3,348
229
35
1
13,297
4,379
3,789
2,722
1,542
511
230
125
3,060
430
244
89
44
31
21
2,630
1,778
491
122
122
72
38
8
16,883
305,964
1,142,922
1,465,959
2,568
1,120
218,118
87,669
61,877
30,520
20,781
15,986
1,107
170
7
64,048
20,951
18,387
13,130
7,448
2,429
1,104
598
14,729
2,062
1,171
430
212
147
102
12,667
8,547
2,363
597
590
350
184
36
79,068
21.8
8.8
31.7
21.5
16.7
25.3
24.3
16.8
45.5
-30.4
68.4
2.8
14.0
24.7
16.8
25.5
-24.4
20.9
30.6
24.4
14.1
41.8
42.0
47.9
68.0
18.5
16.2
10.6
5.3
-4.5
235.2
67.1
85.3
93.1
-0.5
15.7
Change
2011-2012
(4) over
(US$
( ` (2) (Per
million)
crore)
cent)
2,239
803
169,671
70,414
47,038
23,183
16,965
10,479
1,491
94
7
53,019
15,962
14,753
9,871
9,255
1,921
802
456
12,215
1,378
784
275
119
117
83
10,836
7,706
2,334
165
332
175
90
34
66,507
(`
crore)
2010-2011
Total Exports
19) SYRIA
20) LEBANON
(d) NE Asia
1)
CHINA P RP
2) HONG KONG
3) JAPAN
4) KOREA RP
5) TAIWAN
6) KOREA DP RP
7) MONGOLIA
8) MACAO
(e) South Asia
1)
SRI LANKA DSR
2) BANGLADESH PR
3) NEPAL
4) PAKISTAN IR
5) AFGHANISTAN TIS
6) BHUTAN
7) MALDIVES
V CIS & Baltics
(a) CARs Countries
1)
KAZAKHSTAN
2) UZBEKISTAN
3) TURKMENISTAN
4) KYRGHYZSTAN
5) TAJIKISTAN
(b) Other CIS Countries
1)
RUSSIA
2) UKRAINE
3) BELARUS
4) GEORGIA
5) AZERBAIJAN
6) ARMENIA
7) MOLDOVA
6) Unspecif ied Region
REGIONS/COUNTRIES
100.0
0.2
0.1
14.8
5.9
4.2
2.1
1.4
1.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
4.3
1.4
1.2
0.9
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.0
1.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.9
0.6
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.5
Share
(Per
cent)
300,401
259
251
39,437
13,580
12,279
6,101
4,206
3,044
203
24
1
15,111
3,984
5,145
3,089
2,065
473
233
122
3,683
551
286
125
70
35
35
3,132
2,296
520
55
124
87
40
9
5,482
(US$
million)
1,634,319
1,406
1,365
214,571
73,773
66,898
33,221
22,889
16,555
1,100
130
5
82,212
21,688
27,983
16,806
11,233
2,569
1,267
666
20,046
3,001
1,559
680
380
190
191
17,046
12,493
2,833
301
675
475
220
49
29,785
(`
crore)
2012-13
312,610
235
293
40,811
14,865
12,733
6,814
4,205
1,989
187
16
2
17,333
4,549
6,051
3,575
2,275
474
300
108
3,509
533
256
114
74
34
54
2,976
2,147
479
53
91
122
72
10
9,979
10
1,894,182
1,413
1,775
248,063
90,809
77,251
41,254
25,449
12,056
1,143
90
10
105,280
27,735
36,701
21,666
13,823
2,878
1,823
653
21,254
3,224
1,548
692
448
208
327
18,030
12,989
2,920
325
553
737
442
64
59,726
11
4.1
-9.3
17.1
3.5
9.5
3.7
11.7
0.0
-34.7
-7.9
-34.4
68.8
14.7
14.2
17.6
15.8
10.2
0.3
28.8
-12.0
-4.7
-3.3
-10.4
-8.7
5.3
-1.4
54.4
-5.0
-6.5
-7.8
-3.5
-26.7
40.2
79.0
17.1
82.0
12
Change
2013-14(P)
(10) over
(US$
( ` (8) (Per
million)
crore)
cent)
100.0
0.1
0.1
13.1
4.8
4.1
2.2
1.3
0.6
0.1
0.0
0.0
5.5
1.5
1.9
1.1
0.7
0.2
0.1
0.0
1.1
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.7
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.2
13
Share
(Per
cent)
90
91
Table 7.5 : Indias Share in World Exports by Commodity Divisions and Groups
(US $ million)
Div.
Code
Commodity
Sl. No. Group Division/Group
01
03
04
042
05
06
07
071
074
075
08
12
121
122
22
28
281
51
52
53
54
55
541
58
59
61
611
612
613
65
652
653
654
66
67
69
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
84
667
3
Meat and meat preparations
Fish, crustaceans and molluscs & preparations
Cereals and cereal preparations
Rice
Vegetables and fruits
Sugar, sugar preparations and honey
Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices and manufactures
Coffee and coffee substitutes
Tea and mate
Spices
Feeding stuff for animals
Tobacco and tobacco manufactures
Unmanufactured tobacco and refuse
Manufactured tobacco
Oilseeds and oleaginous fruit
Metalliferous ores and metal scrap
Iron ore and concentrates
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Dyeing, tanning and colouring materials
Medicinal and pharmaceutical products
Essential oils and perfume materials soap,
cleansing etc.
Artif icial resins, plastic materials, cellulose
esters & ethers
Chemical materials and products n.e.s.
Leather, leather manufactures & dressed fur skins
Leather
Manufactures of leather or of composition leather
Fur skins,tanned or dressed etc.
Textile yarn, fabrics, made-up articles
Woven cotton fabrics
Woven fabrics of man made f ibres
Woven fabrics other than of cotton or man-made
f ibres
Pearls, precious and semi-precious stones
Iron and steel
Manufactures of metals n.e.s.
Power-generating machinery & equipment
Machinery specialized for particular industries
Metal-working machinery
General industrial machinery & equipment &
machine parts thereof
Off ice machinery and ADP equipment
Telecommunication and sound recording and
reproducing apparatus and equipment
Electrical machinery, apparatus and appliances
Road vehicles (including air cushion vehicles)
Other transport equipment
Articles of apparel and clothing accessories
Total Exports
1970
1975
World
India
Indias
share
(%)
World
India
Indias
share
(%)
3584
...
6775
925
1471
2700
5437
3205
587
255
...
1713
1058
655
...
7357
2373
6648
...
1615
2687
916
4
...
9
6
17
26
280
31
196
52
...
43
42
1
...
193
158
9
...
8
11
10
0.1
...
0.1
0.6
1.2
1.0
5.1
1.0
33.4
20.5
...
2.5
4.0
0.2
...
2.6
6.7
0.1
...
0.5
0.4
1.1
7378
...
25133
1984
10104
11663
9133
4580
933
548
...
3827
2357
1470
...
13446
4601
20219
...
3642
6503
3059
9
...
16
12
154
554
438
73
292
73
...
124
119
5
...
253
247
22
...
23
29
18
0.1
...
0.1
0.6
1.5
4.8
4.8
1.6
31.3
13.3
...
3.2
5.0
0.4
...
1.9
5.4
0.1
...
0.6
0.4
0.6
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1047
701
132
214
11371
1436
3967
270
...
95
94
1
...
461
98
189
2
...
9.1
13.4
0.6
...
4.1
6.8
4.8
0.8
...
2380
1540
355
486
23798
3149
8038
547
...
200
189
4
8
599
161
191
5
...
8.4
12.3
1.0
1.6
2.5
5.1
2.4
0.9
2431
14540
4328
20884
10670
...
...
53
132
27
25
17
...
...
2.2
0.9
0.6
0.1
0.2
...
...
5707
40789
12053
54327
67016
...
...
128
116
74
97
102
...
...
2.2
0.3
0.6
0.2
0.2
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
109
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
308
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
313804
2031
0.6 876094
4665
0.5
Contd...
91
92
Table 7.5 : Indias Share in World Exports by Commodity Divisions and Groups (Contd.)
(US $ million)
Div.
Code
Commodity
Sl. No. Group Division/Group
01
03
04
042
05
06
07
071
074
075
08
12
121
122
22
28
281
51
52
53
54
55
541
58
59
61
611
612
613
65
652
653
654
66
67
69
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
84
667
3
Meat and meat preparations
Fish, crustaceans and molluscs & preparations
Cereals and cereal preparations
Rice
Vegetables and fruits
Sugar, sugar preparations and honey
Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices and manufactures
Coffee and coffee substitutes
Tea and mate
Spices
Feeding stuff for animals
Tobacco and tobacco manufactures
Unmanufactured tobacco and refuse
Manufactured tobacco
Oilseeds and oleaginous fruit
Metalliferous ores and metal scrap
Iron ore and concentrates
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Dyeing, tanning and colouring materials
Medicinal and pharmaceutical products
Essential oils and perfume materials Soap,
cleansing etc.
Artif icial resins, plastic materials,
cellulose esters & ethers
Chemical materials and products n.e.s.
Leather, leather manufactures & dressed fur skins
Leather
Manufactures of leather or of composition leather
Fur skins,tanned or dressed etc.
Textile yarn, fabrics, made-up articles
Woven cotton fabrics
Woven fabrics of man made f ibres
Woven fabrics other than of cotton or
man-made f ibres
Pearls, precious and semi-precious stones
Iron and steel
Manufactures of metals n.e.s.
Power-generating machinery & equipment
Machinery specialized for particular industries
Metal-working machinery
General industrial machinery & equipment
& machine parts thereof
Off ice machinery and ADP equipment
Telecommunication and sound recording and
reproducing apparatus and equipment
Electrical machinery, apparatus and appliances
Road vehicles (including air cushion vehicles)
Other transport equipment
Articles of apparel and clothing accessories
Total Exports
1980
1985
World
India
Indias
share
(%)
World
India
Indias
share
(%)
10
11
12
13
14
15
17832
12258
41989
4355
24018
16183
22121
12979
1631
1072
10322
3423
3423
...
9487
30239
6515
31841
15491
7986
13918
7647
67
242
201
160
259
46
879
271
452
156
164
151
151
...
30
465
411
17
26
65
109
86
0.4
2.0
0.5
3.7
1.1
0.3
4.0
2.1
27.7
14.5
1.6
4.4
4.4
...
0.3
1.5
6.3
0.1
0.2
0.8
0.8
1.1
15755
14335
32643
2916
23606
10113
20779
11676
1973
1188
8515
7822
3798
4024
7896
23137
6154
36923
16318
8024
15920
8136
61
337
211
162
332
...
971
226
517
229
127
140
113
27
20
557
478
25
22
62
130
56
0.4
2.4
0.6
5.6
1.4
...
4.7
1.9
26.2
19.3
1.5
1.8
3.0
0.7
0.3
2.4
7.8
0.1
0.1
0.8
0.8
0.7
27223
...
28456
...
15960
5967
3415
975
1577
48884
6632
9325
3188
8
405
342
62
1
1145
351
44
204
...
6.8
10.0
6.3
0.1
2.3
5.3
0.5
6.4
16613
6444
4185
1233
1026
48218
6804
9735
3462
28
534
331
202
...
1037
327
20
167
0.2
8.3
7.9
16.4
...
2.1
4.8
0.2
4.8
18563
68231
36840
35722
58495
15671
59443
579
87
221
88
65
32
67
3.1
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
12073
61891
32884
38433
54707
12696
53954
1165
46
125
59
97
55
60
9.6
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.1
24750
26799
2
11
...
...
53604
47318
30
4
0.1
...
60947
127347
41291
32365
114
208
32
590
0.2
0.2
0.1
1.8
75739
157446
50709
38718
121
126
27
887
0.2
0.1
0.1
2.3
1997686
8486
0.4 1930849
8904
0.5
Contd...
92
93
Table 7.5 : Indias Share in World Exports by Commodity Divisions and Groups (Contd.)
(US $ million)
Div.
Code
Commodity
Sl. No. Group Division/Group
01
03
04
042
05
06
07
071
074
075
08
12
121
122
22
28
281
51
52
53
54
55
541
58
59
61
611
612
613
65
652
653
654
66
67
69
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
84
667
3
Meat and meat preparations
Fish, crustaceans and molluscs & preparations
Cereals and cereal preparations
Rice
Vegetables and fruits
Sugar, sugar preparations and honey
Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices and manufactures
Coffee and coffee substitutes
Tea and mate
Spices
Feeding stuff for animals
Tobacco and tobacco manufactures
Unmanufactured tobacco and refuse
Manufactured tobacco
Oilseeds and oleaginous fruit
Metalliferous ores and metal scrap
Iron ore and concentrates
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Dyeing, tanning and colouring materials
Medicinal and pharmaceutical products
Essential oils and perfume materials
Soap, cleansing etc.
Artif icial resins, plastic materials,
cellulose esters & ethers
Chemical materials and products n.e.s.
Leather, leather manufactures & dressed fur skins
Leather
Manufactures of leather or of composition leather
Fur skins,tanned or dressed etc.
Textile yarn, fabrics, made-up articles
Woven cotton fabrics
Woven fabrics of man made f ibres
Woven fabrics other than of cotton or
man-made f ibres
Pearls, precious and semi-precious stones
Iron and steel
Manufactures of metals n.e.s.
Power-generating machinery & equipment
Machinery specialized for particular industries
Metal-working machinery
General industrial machinery & equipment
& machine parts thereof
Off ice machinery and ADP equipment
Telecommunication and sound recording and
reproducing apparatus and equipment
Electrical machinery, apparatus and appliances
Road vehicles (including air cushion vehicles)
Other transport equipment
Articles of apparel and clothing accessories
Total Exports
1990
2000
World
India
Indias
share
(%)
World
India
Indias
share
(%)
16
17
18
19
20
21
34118
32847
45314
3995
50225
14236
21131
8659
2650
1415
15603
17860
5187
12674
10477
35734
7653
70721
26079
19952
37753
21027
77
521
285
254
400
21
842
148
585
109
336
145
107
39
83
753
578
232
59
233
453
240
0.2
1.6
0.6
6.4
0.8
0.1
4.0
1.7
22.1
7.7
2.2
0.8
2.1
0.3
0.8
2.1
7.6
0.3
0.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
44690
50875
53575
6411
68355
13866
27953
11559
3087
2541
20295
21628
5525
16103
14388
49515
9229
134109
33117
34105
107482
44279
324
1391
783
654
856
118
956
264
431
261
469
147
147
...
244
510
363
1491
99
481
1255
216
0.7
2.7
1.5
10.2
1.3
0.9
3.4
2.3
14.0
10.3
2.3
0.7
2.7
...
1.7
1.0
3.9
1.1
0.3
1.4
1.2
0.5
65712
29
...
123353
174
0.1
33418
13226
9295
2868
1063
105147
15559
22021
8466
76
832
447
385
...
2180
571
156
195
0.2
6.3
4.8
13.4
...
2.1
3.7
0.7
2.3
63411
24440
16551
6831
1058
167528
22387
32151
9432
437
808
388
421
...
6000
1103
506
370
0.7
3.3
2.3
6.2
...
3.6
4.9
1.6
3.9
27577
106342
66088
81675
118617
31051
2710
283
341
126
236
58
9.8
0.3
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
54105
146147
125259
158329
167582
41413
6477
1481
1167
218
346
117
12.0
1.0
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
130836
126743
132
112
0.1
0.1
225981
378980
78
...
...
...
100965
185364
312550
96250
94577
31
241
344
15
2211
...
0.1
0.1
...
2.3
299356
640575
549596
157654
201379
...
92
370
53
7093
...
...
0.1
...
3.5
3303563
18143
0.5
6254511
41543
0.7
Contd...
93
94
Table 7.5 : Indias Share in World Exports by Commodity Divisions and Groups (Contd.)
(US $ million)
Div.
Code
Commodity
Sl. No. Group Division/Group
01
03
04
042
05
06
07
071
074
075
08
12
121
122
22
28
281
51
52
53
54
55
541
58
59
61
611
612
613
65
652
653
654
66
67
69
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
84
667
2011
2012
World
India
Indias
share
(%)
World
India
Indias
share
(%)
22
23
24
25
26
27
2722
3345
5704
4073
2838
2152
3276
921
900
1426
2754
798
571
227
1629
5637
4159
10154
1106
1909
1829
1605
2.0 135408
2.8 120498
4.7
124121
16.7
24403
1.4 208641
3.9
55178
3.2
98678
2.2
39224
11.1
8173
17.6
7724
4.1
75172
2.0
40625
5.1
12073
0.8
28552
2.4
78999
1.5 343657
2.8 126667
2.5 400825
1.0 104467
2.4
76118
1.2 161864
1.1 142697
3153
3362
9132
6128
2670
2248
3074
902
722
1396
2639
923
700
224
1528
3820
2425
11564
1398
2020
1871
2091
2.3
2.8
7.4
25.1
1.3
4.1
3.1
2.3
8.8
18.1
3.5
2.3
5.8
0.8
1.9
1.1
1.9
2.9
1.3
2.7
1.2
1.5
124200
1221
1.0
2527
1178
1010
168
0
15340
1526
2264
478
1.2 201500
4.0
29740
4.2
23719
4.7
3768
0.0
2253
5.1 290760
4.6
31088
5.1
42879
4.3
10574
2824
1228
1072
156
0
15274
1626
1829
337
1.4
4.1
4.5
4.1
0.0
5.3
5.2
4.3
3.2
32592
10471
6063
2855
3342
475
19.1 154827
2.0 477186
1.7 363993
0.7 390221
0.7 430206
0.5
93337
22748
10885
6777
2816
3465
508
14.7
2.3
1.9
0.7
0.8
0.5
4856
721
0.8 633719
0.1 597698
5171
713
0.8
0.1
684414
4294
0.6
0.4 1348737
0.8 1273937
2.5 363216
3.4
431192
5330
11420
6012
13833
0.4
0.9
1.7
3.2
1.6
Total Exports
18013288
1403
5137
5576
9501
9457
14672
302892
1.1
0.8
Source : Various issues of United Nations International Trade Statistics Year Book, and for the year 2011 & 2012 data accessed
on 26th May, 2014 from http://comtrade.un.org/
Note : A zero in Indias share means negligible or no share at all.
94
95
1
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
Volume Index
Exports
Imports
Gross
Terms of trade
Net
Income
102
103
106
114
131
139
158
166
194
196
223
268
284
109
112
128
132
157
179
206
210
239
215
243
425
459
125
126
150
161
179
206
227
245
267
264
304
331
357
99
103
109
128
150
174
191
218
262
288
311
246
261
79
82
73
80
84
84
84
89
98
109
102
74
73
94
92
83
86
83
78
77
79
81
91
92
63
62
118
116
125
138
149
161
175
194
216
240
279
208
221
95
96
Loans
Grants
Total
(2+3)
4409.3
5337.0
5730.0
8203.1
12855.6
10105.8
7601.3
11805.8
13082.1
11618.8
12384.3
10833.2
14208.8
14865.0
8320.8
17703.7
17184.1
21630.0
19875.7
14754.4
22746.1
17309.1
28271.0
28988.4
28283.4
48968.8
35895.1
59035.3
44059.4
52257.4
470.7
313.4
429.5
1062.2
214.2
720.2
522.1
901.8
1011.7
2415.1
1075.8
1330.0
2932.6
2101.0
209.8
2615.3
940.6
3465.0
1296.1
2350.7
3071.1
1628.8
3518.9
4294.4
1242.5
957.6
1536.5
1095.5
1889.1
121.6
4880.0
5650.4
6159.5
9265.3
13069.8
10826.0
8123.4
12707.6
14093.8
14033.9
13460.1
12163.2
17141.4
16966.0
8530.6
20319.0
18124.7
25095.0
21171.8
17105.1
25817.2
18937.9
31789.9
33282.8
29525.9
49926.4
37431.6
60130.8
45948.4
52378.9
1962.2
2493.1
3175.7
4574.4
4738.6
5137.8
6170.0
10695.9
10102.2
10895.4
9964.5
9958.6
10892.9
10823.4
12343.4
13330.7
13527.1
16111.7
13898.3
15271.0
14660.9
16097.8
16890.6
17177.7
24089.9
27617.8
35116.1
29349.4
25494.1
31775.1
397.2
442.9
429.3
477.5
565.8
664.7
534.3
919.1
879.6
885.6
916.0
1063.6
1085.6
921.3
895.5
1073.9
727.2
1447.6
1835.8
2073.4
2490.7
2790.6
2528.4
2673.7
2803.8
3121.2
2789.5
2926.2
2373.6
3410.9
2359.4
2936.0
3605.0
5051.9
5304.4
5802.5
6704.3
11615.0
10981.8
11781.0
10880.5
11022.2
11978.5
11744.7
13238.9
14404.6
14254.3
17559.3
15734.1
17344.4
17151.6
18888.4
19419.0
19851.4
26893.7
30739.0
37905.6
32275.6
27867.7
35186.0
Source : Aid Accounts and Audit Division, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance.
P : Provisional (Up to 31.03.2014)
Notes : 1. Figures of authorization have been arrived at by applying the average exchange rate of the rupee with individual donor
currencies.
2. Figures of utilization are at current rates applicable on the date of transaction.
3. Figures of authorization and utilization include loans and grants on both Government and Non-Government accounts.
4. Totals may not tally due to rounding off.
96
97
Loans
Grants
Total
(2+3)
A. AUTHORIZATION
1984-85
3708.7
395.9
4104.6
1985-86
4362.1
256.2
4618.3
1986-87
4484.2
336.1
4820.3
1987-88
6326.7
819.2
7145.9
1988-89
8877.0
147.9
9024.9
1989-90
6069.9
432.6
6502.5
1990-91
4236.4
291.0
4527.4
1991-92
4766.0
364.1
5130.1
1992-93
4275.7
330.7
4606.4
1993-94
3717.5
772.7
4490.2
1994-95
3958.2
343.8
4302.0
1995-96
3249.8
399.0
3648.8
1996-97
4000.4
825.6
4826.0
1997-98
4006.8
566.3
4573.1
1998-99
1979.2
49.9
2029.1
1999-2000
4091.4
604.4
4695.8
2000-01
3769.3
206.3
3975.6
2001-02
4438.7
711.1
5149.8
2002-03
4183.5
244.4
4427.9
2003-04
3300.8
525.9
3826.7
2004-05
5212.2
703.7
5915.9
2005-06
3912.2
368.1
4280.4
2006-07
6209.8
773.0
6982.8
2007-08
7182.2
1064.0
8246.1
2008-09
6183.2
271.6
6454.9
2009-10
10318.0
201.8
10519.8
2010-11
7881.0
337.4
8218.3
2011-12
12343.4
229.1
12572.5
2012-13
8102.2
347.4
8449.6
8653.5
20.1
8673.6
2013-14 P
B. UTILIZATION
1984-85
1650.4
334.1
1984.5
1985-86
2037.7
362.0
2399.7
1986-87
2485.3
336.0
2821.3
1987-88
3528.0
368.2
3896.2
1988-89
3272.1
390.7
3662.8
1989-90
3086.0
399.2
3485.2
1990-91
3438.7
297.8
3736.5
1991-92
4317.9
371.0
4688.9
1992-93
3301.8
287.5
3589.3
1993-94
3486.0
283.4
3769.4
1994-95
3184.8
292.7
3477.5
1995-96
2987.4
319.1
3306.4
1996-97
3066.8
305.6
3372.4
1997-98
2917.4
248.3
3165.7
1998-99
2936.0
213.0
3149.0
1999-00
3080.8
248.2
3329.0
2000-01
2967.2
159.5
3126.7
2001-02
3306.3
297.1
3603.4
2002-03
2946.6
386.6
3333.2
2003-04
3416.3
463.8
3880.1
2004-05
3359.5
570.7
3930.2
2005-06
3607.0
625.3
4232.3
2006-07
3918.0
586.5
4265.5
2007-08
4280.5
666.3
4946.8
2008-09
4769.3
555.1
5324.4
2009-10
6130.5
692.8
6823.3
2010-11
7866.5
624.9
8491.4
2011-12
6060.2
590.1
6650.3
2012-13
4688.5
437.3
5125.8
2013-14 P
5235.5
560.1
5795.6
Source : Aid Accounts and Audit Division, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance.
P : Provisional (Up to 31.03.2014)
Note : 1 Figures in this table are converted from the preceding Table 8.1(A) based on the respective Rupee-US dollar rate.
2. Totals may not tally due to rounding off.
97
98
I. Consortium Members
(a)
Loans
11918.5
(b)
Grants
923.0
Total
12841.5
Country-wise Distribution
(i)
Austria
Loans
...
(ii) Belgium
(a) Loans
...
(b) Grants
...
Total
...
(iii) Canada
(a) Loans
...
(b) Grants
20.6
Total
20.6
(iv)
Denmark
Grants
15.6
(v)
France
Loans
...
(vi) Germany
(a) Loans
187.7
(b) Grants
5.5
Total
193.2
(vii) Italy
Loans
...
(viii) Japan
(a) Loans
784.1
(b) Grants
2.2
Total
786.3
(ix) Netherlands
(a) Loans
...
(b) Grants
6.5
Total
6.5
(x)
Sweden
Grants
...
(xi) U.K.
Grants
474.7
(xii) U.S.A.
(a) Loans
...
(b) Grants
0.8
Total
0.8
(xiii) I.B.R.D.
(a) Loans
6816.8
(b) Grants
391.7
Total
7208.5
(xiv) I.D.A.
(a) Loans
4129.9
(b) Grants
5.4
Total
4135.3
II. Russia Fed. & East European Countries
Loans
...
Country-wise Distribution
(i)
Russia Fed.
Loans
...
3
22206.9
3928.2
26135.1
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14 P
19953.6 43501.0
6.2
868.8
19959.8 44369.8
28729.8
1185.1
29914.8
46401.4
230.2
46631.7
(a)
37054.0
813.0
37867.0
33818.5
118.5
33937.0
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
823.1
769.8
1645.2
1034.8
...
1034.8
762.3
...
762.3
2069.2
60.4
2129.6
1504.0
12.0
1516.0
2960.7
...
2960.7
3240.2
38.5
3278.7
810.5
...
810.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
8247.3
...
8247.3
10445.3
...
10445.3
11151.4
7.5
11158.9
2557.4
41.9
2599.3
16186.2
...
16186.2
23049.8
...
23049.8
17199.8
...
17199.8
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3895.8
...
379.2
905.3
160.2
764.2
115.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
156.6
156.6
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
7777.9
9.5
7787.4
3247.7
3.6
3251.3
27684.3
421.7
28106.0
8237.1
60.6
8297.7
15250.5
70.1
15320.6
2619.5
10.3
2629.8
2361.2
3.0
2364.2
5146.8
22.9
5169.7
5498.4
2.6
5500.9
2596.2
...
2596.2
16431.2
8.7
16439.9
11180.9
...
11180.9
7374.7
...
7374.7
11801.8
...
11801.8
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Contd
98
99
III.Others
(a) Loans
5265.6
6781.5
(b) Grants
17.6
366.2
Total
5283.2
7147.7
(i)
Switzerland
Grants
...
...
(ii) European Economic Community
Grants
...
...
(iii) O.P.E.C. Fund
Loans
...
...
(iv) Saudi Arab Fund for Development
Loans
...
...
(v)
Kuwait Fund for Arabic
Economic Development
Grants
...
...
(vi) IFAD (International Fund for
Agricultural Development
(a) Loans
...
65.2
(b) Grants
...
0.4
Total
...
65.6
(vii) IMF Trust Fund
Loans
...
...
(viii) International Sugar Org.
Loans
...
...
(ix) ADB
(a) Loans
5265.6
6716.3
(b) Grants
...
...
Total
5265.6
6716.3
(x)
Spain
(a) Loans
...
...
(b) Grants
...
...
Total
...
...
(xi) Norway
(a) Loans
...
...
(b) Grants
...
...
Total
...
...
(xii) Australia
(a) Loans
...
...
(b) Grants
...
...
Total
...
...
(xiii) Other International
Institutionsa
Grants
...
365.8
Grand Total
18124.7 33282.8
(a) Loans
17184.1 28988.4
(b) Grants
940.6 4294.4
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14 P
8329.8
1236.3
9566.1
5467.8
88.8
5556.6
7165.3
351.5
7516.8
12633.9
865.2
13499.1
7005.4
1076.0
8081.4
18438.9
3.1
18442.0
...
...
...
...
...
...
1147.5
...
4.3
...
559.9
...
137.2
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
276.9
2.6
279.5
197.9
4.9
202.8
87.9
...
87.9
426.5
...
426.5
...
...
...
308.9
...
308.9
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
7945.7
...
7945.7
5269.9
...
5269.9
7077.5
...
7077.5
12207.4
...
12207.4
7005.4
...
7005.4
18130.0
...
18130.0
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
86.1
83.8
29525.9 49926.3
28283.4 48968.8
1242.5
957.5
347.2
37431.6
35895.1
1536.5
865.2
60130.8
59035.3
1095.5
516.2
45948.4
44059.4
1889.0
3.1
52378.9
52257.4
121.6
Source: Aid Accounts and Audit Division, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance.
Nil or Negligible P : Provisional (Upto 31.03.2014)
a Other International Institutions include UNDP, UNFPA, Global Fund, IDF(WB), UN-FAO and UPU (Universal Postal
Union).
Note: 1. Figures of authorization of external assistance include agreements signed on Government and Non-Government
accounts.
2. Totals may not tally due to rounding off.
99
100
I. Consortium Members
(a) Loans
2614.3
(b) Grants
202.5
Total
2816.8
Country-wise Distribution
(i)
Austria
Loans
...
(ii) Belgium
(a) Loans
...
(b) Grants
...
Total
...
(iii) Canada
(a) Loans
...
(b) Grants
20.6
Total
20.6
(iv) Denmark
Grants
15.6
(v)
France
Loans
...
(vi) Germany
(a) Loans
187.7
(b) Grants
5.5
Total
193.2
(vii) Italy
Loans
...
(viii) Japan
(a) Loans
784.1
(b) Grants
2.2
Total
786.3
(ix) Netherlands
(a) Loans
...
(b) Grants
6.5
Total
6.5
(x)
Sweden
Grants
...
(xi) U.K.
Grants
474.7
(xii) U.S.A.
(a) Loans
...
(b) Grants
0.2
Total
0.2
(xiii) I.B.R.D.
(a) Loans
1495.3
(b) Grants
85.9
Total
1581.2
(xiv) I.D.A.
(a) Loans
905.9
(b) Grants
1.2
Total
907.1
II. Russia Fed. & East European Countries
Loans
...
Country-wise Distribution
(i)
Russia Fed.
Loans
...
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14 P
5502.0
973.2
6475.2
4362.2
1.4
4363.6
9165.9
183.1
9349.0
6307.8
260.2
6568.0
9701.8
48.1
9749.9
6814.0
149.5
6963.5
5600.1
19.6
5619.7
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
172.1
141.6
272.4
256.4
...
256.4
166.7
...
166.7
436.0
12.7
448.7
330.2
2.6
332.8
619.0
...
619.0
595.9
7.1
602.9
134.2
...
134.2
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2043.4
...
2043.4
2283.5
...
2283.5
2349.7
1.6
2351.2
561.5
9.2
570.7
3384.3
...
3384.3
4238.7
...
4238.7
2848.2
...
2848.2
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.6
...
1.6
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
965.2
...
79.9
198.8
33.5
140.5
19.1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
34.4
34.4
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1927.1
2.4
1929.4
710.0
0.8
710.8
5833.2
88.9
5922.1
1808.5
13.3
1821.8
3188.7
14.7
3203.3
481.7
1.9
483.6
391.0
0.5
391.5
1275.2
5.7
1280.9
1202.0
0.6
1202.6
547.0
...
547.0
3607.6
1.9
3609.5
2337.7
...
2337.7
1356.2
...
1356.2
1954.3
...
1954.3
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Contd
100
101
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14 P
Loans
1155.0
Grants
3.9
Total
1158.9
(i)
Switzerland
Grants
...
(ii) European Economic Community
Grants
...
(iii) O.P.E.C. Fund
Loans
...
(iv) Saudi Arab Fund for Development
Loans
...
(v)
Kuwait Fund for Arabic
Economic Development
Grants
...
(vi) IFAD (International Fund for
Agricultural Development
(a) Loans
...
(b) Grants
...
Total
...
(vii) IMF Trust Fund
Loans
...
(viii) International Sugar Org.
Loans
...
(ix) ADB
(a) Loans
1155.0
(b) Grants
...
Total
1155.0
(x)
Spain
(a) Loans
...
(b) Grants
...
Total
...
(xi) Norway
(a) Loans
...
(b) Grants
...
Total
...
(xii) Australia
(a) Loans
...
(b) Grants
...
Total
...
(xiii) Other International Institutionsa
Grants
...
Grand Total
3975.6
(a)
Loans
3769.3
(b) Grants
206.3
1680.2
90.7
1770.9
1821.0
270.3
2091.3
1152.1
18.7
1170.8
1573.2
77.2
1650.4
2641.6
180.9
2822.5
1288.2
197.9
1486.1
3053.4
0.5
3053.9
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
250.9
...
0.9
...
103.0
...
...
30.0
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
16.2
0.1
16.3
60.5
0.6
61.1
41.7
1.0
42.7
19.3
...
19.3
89.2
...
89.2
...
...
...
51.2
...
51.2
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1664.0
...
1664.0
1730.5
...
1730.5
1110.4
...
1110.4
1553.9
...
1553.9
2552.4
...
2552.4
1288.2
...
1288.2
3002.2
...
3002.2
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
90.6
8246.2
7182.2
1064.0
18.8
6454.8
6183.2
271.6
17.7
10519.8
10318.0
201.8
76.2
8218.4
7881.0
337.4
180.9
12572.4
12343.4
229.1
94.9
8449.6
8102.2
347.4
0.5
8673.6
8653.5
20.1
III.Others
(a)
(b)
Source :
Aid Accounts and Audit Division, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance.
Nil or Negligible
P : Provisional (Upto 31.03.2014)
a
Other International Institutions include UNDP, UNFPA, Global Fund, IDF (WB), UN-FAO and UPU
(Universal Postal Union).
Note : 1. Figures in this table are converted from the preceding Table 8.2 (A) based on the respective Rupee-US dollar rates.
2. Totals may not tally due to rounding off.
101
102
1
I. Consortium Members
(a) Loans
(b) Grants
Total
Country-wise Distribution
(i)
Austria
(a) Loans
(b) Grants
Total
(ii) Belgium
Loans
(iii) Canada
(a) Loans
(b) Grants
Total
(iv) Denmark
(a) Loans
(b) Grants
Total
(v)
France
(a) Loans
(b) Grants
Total
(vi) Germany
(a) Loans
(b) Grants
Total
(vii) Italy
Loans
(viii) Japan
(a) Loans
(b) Grants
Total
(ix) Netherlands
(a) Loans
(b) Grants
Total
(x)
Sweden
(a) Loans
(b) Grants
Total
(xi) U.K.
(a) Loans
(b) Grants
Total
(xii) U.S.A.
(a) Loans
(b) Grants
Total
(xiii) I.B.R.D.
(a) Loans
(b) Grants
Total
(xiv) I.D.A.
(a) Loans
(b) Grants
Total
(xv) IFAD (International Fund for
Agricultural Development)
(a) Loans
(b) Grants
Total
(xvi) IMF Trust Fund
102
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14 P
21001.5 27286.3
1819.5
2018.5
22821.0 29304.8
22821.8
1916.7
24738.5
18417.1
1560.1
19977.3
25175.6
1043.4
26219.0
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
-2.0
-2.0
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
65.2
...
65.2
0.1
...
0.1
22.8
...
22.8
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
16.0
...
16.0
921.7
...
921.7
318.9
67.8
386.7
146.2
99.0
245.2
844.5
98.6
943.1
486.4
78.0
564.4
1076.9
276.2
1353.1
2043.1
99.4
2142.5
1379.9
62.1
1442.0
3122.0
65.6
3187.6
...
...
1.9
...
...
...
...
...
2714.0
15.8
2729.8
3471.4
6.6
3478.0
5861.5
...
5861.5
6553.4
2.6
6556.0
6582.2
1.5
6583.7
8474.8
43.5
8518.3
7260.0
...
7260.0
8750.5
4.4
8754.9
49.5
70.3
70.3
...
-1.2
-1.2
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
307.3
307.3
...
1599.3
1599.3
...
1710.0
1710.0
...
1707.4
1707.4
...
1682.2
1682.2
...
1689.4
1689.4
...
1293.4
1293.4
...
855.0
855.0
...
81.1
81.1
...
64.1
64.1
...
57.2
57.2
...
14.2
14.2
...
30.6
30.6
...
55.1
55.1
...
23.6
23.6
...
43.4
43.4
3222.4
24.5
3246.9
4391.0
23.1
4414.1
4076.0
5.7
4081.7
7472.1
11.8
7483.8
14533.4
24.1
14557.5
4861.9
27.2
4889.0
4894.8
180.6
5075.4
5630.9
73.8
5704.7
4848.1
14.8
4862.9
3263.1
8.7
3271.8
5164.1
12.3
5176.4
5566.6
5.6
5572.2
4873.3
3.9
4877.2
7406.1
2.2
7408.2
4840.1
0.5
4840.6
6742.3
1.2
6743.5
40.1
...
40.1
...
68.3
29.9
98.2
...
38.5
10.6
49.0
...
64.4
14.1
78.5
...
99.1
0.3
99.4
...
142.6
5.5
148.1
...
140.7
-0.8
140.0
...
210.3
3.5
213.8
...
Contd
11168.6
634.0
11802.6
12256.6
1797.7
14054.2
16845.3
1883.8
18729.1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2.9
2.9
...
...
...
...
49.5
49.5
103
Note :
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14 P
984.9
874.5
923.0
220.5
35.9
26.4
8.2
984.9
874.5
923.0
220.5
35.9
26.4
8.2
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
4921.2
876.0
5797.2
7244.5
920.1
8164.6
6616.2
1301.7
7918.0
7829.8
771.0
8600.8
6527.6
1009.5
7537.1
7076.9
813.5
7890.5
6599.4
2367.5
8967.0
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
-0.5
-0.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
557.11
583.0
889.7
501.7
795.9
710.2
1741.7
131.76
239.6
316.0
269.0
208.1
104.0
622.4
...
13.3
17.6
1.0
15.5
20.8
7.9
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
4836.0
157.1
4993.1
7192.8
87.4
7280.2
6534.3
81.9
6616.2
7729.8
...
7729.8
6369.5
...
6369.5
6915.4
...
6915.4
6381.2
...
6381.2
...
...
19851.4 26893.7
17177.7 24089.9
2673.7
2803.8
...
30739.0
27617.8
3121.2
...
...
37905.6 32275.6
35116.1 29349.4
2789.5
2926.2
...
27867.7
25494.1
2373.7
...
35186.0
31775.1
3410.9
Aid Accounts and Audit Division, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance.
Nil or Negligible P: Provisional (Upto 31.03.2014)
Other International Institutions include UNICEF, UNDP, ILO, WHO, UNFPA, UNESCO, UPU, WFP, Global Fund,
IDF (WB), UN-FAO and Ford Foundation.
1. Utilization f igures are exclusive of suppliers credit and commercial borrowings.
2. Utilization of assistance is on Government and Non-Govt. accounts.
3. Authorization f igures include agreement signed on Govt. and non-govt. accounts.
4. Totals may not tally due to rounding off.
103
104
1
I. Consortium Members
(a) Loans
(b) Grants
Total
Country-wise Distribution
(i)
Austria
(a) Loans
(b) Grants
Total
(ii) Belgium
Loans
(iii) Canada
(a) Loans
(b) Grants
Total
(iv) Denmark
(a) Loans
(b) Grants
Total
(v)
France
(a) Loans
(b) Grants
Total
(vi) Germany
(a) Loans
(b) Grants
Total
(vii) Italy
Loans
(viii) Japan
(a) Loans
(b) Grants
Total
(ix) Netherlands
(a) Loans
(b) Grants
Total
(x)
Sweden
(a) Loans
(b) Grants
Total
(xi) U.K.
(a) Loans
(b) Grants
Total
(xii) U.S.A.
(a) Loans
(b) Grants
Total
(xiii) I.B.R.D.
(a) Loans
(b) Grants
Total
(xiv) I.D.A.
(a) Loans
(b) Grants
Total
(xv) IFAD (International Fund for
Agricultural Development)
(a) Loans
(b) Grants
Total
(xvi) IMF Trust Fund
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14 P
2449.8
139.1
2588.9
3054.2
448.0
3502.2
3335.1
373.0
3708.0
4661.8
403.9
5065.7
6112.5
452.2
6564.7
4689.6
383.6
5073.2
3383.9
286.8
3670.6
4150.0
170.3
4320.2
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
0.6
0.6
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
10.9
10.9
...
-0.5
-0.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
14.3
...
14.3
...
...
...
4.5
...
4.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3.0
...
3.0
154.5
...
154.5
70.0
14.9
84.9
36.4
24.7
61.1
167.2
19.5
186.7
108.0
17.3
125.3
241.2
61.9
303.1
411.0
21.2
432.2
259.8
11.4
271.2
513.3
10.7
524.1
...
...
0.4
...
...
...
...
...
595.3
3.5
598.8
865.0
1.7
866.7
1160.5
...
1160.5
1454.7
0.6
1455.3
1474.5
0.3
1474.8
1744.9
8.8
1753.7
1332.3
...
1332.3
1435.9
0.7
1436.6
...
15.4
15.4
...
-0.3
-0.3
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
67.4
67.4
...
398.5
398.5
...
338.5
338.5
...
379.0
379.0
...
376.8
376.8
...
335.1
335.1
...
238.1
238.1
...
138.5
138.5
...
17.8
17.8
...
16.0
16.0
...
11.3
11.3
...
3.1
3.1
...
6.8
6.8
...
12.3
12.3
...
4.4
4.4
...
7.8
7.8
706.8
5.4
712.2
1094.2
5.8
1100.0
807.0
1.1
808.1
1658.6
2.6
1661.2
3255.7
5.4
3261.1
991.6
5.7
997.3
900.2
32.8
933.0
932.3
12.4
944.7
1063.4
3.2
1065.6
813.1
2.2
815.3
1022.4
2.4
1024.8
1235.6
1.3
1236.9
1091.7
0.9
1092.6
1534.7
0.5
1535.1
883.8
0.1
883.9
1112.5
0.2
1112.7
8.8
...
8.8
...
17.0
7.5
24.5
...
7.6
2.1
9.7
...
14.3
3.1
17.4
...
22.2
0.1
22.3
...
30.6
1.2
31.8
...
26.0
-0.1
25.8
...
35.2
0.5
35.7
...
Contd
104
105
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14 P
245.4
173.1
204.9
49.4
7.4
4.8
1.4
245.4
173.1
204.9
49.4
7.4
4.8
1.4
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1226.3
218.3
1444.6
1434.3
182.2
1616.4
1468.6
289.0
1757.6
1754.0
172.7
1926.7
1370.7
206.5
1577.2
1304.7
150.5
1455.2
1085.6
389.9
1475.4
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
-0.1
-0.1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
138.8
115.4
197.5
112.4
157.9
131.4
285.3
32.8
47.4
70.1
60.3
47.5
19.3
104.0
...
2.6
3.9
0.2
3.3
3.8
1.4
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1205.1
39.2
1244.2
1424.0
17.3
1441.3
1450.4
18.2
1468.6
1731.6
...
1731.6
1336.8
...
1336.8
1274.9
...
1274.9
1049.0
...
1049.0
...
4946.8
4280.5
666.3
...
5324.4
4769.3
555.1
...
6823.3
6130.5
692.8
...
8491.4
7866.5
624.9
...
6650.3
6060.2
590.1
...
5125.8
4688.5
437.3
...
5795.6
5235.5
560.1
Source :
Note:
Aid Accounts and Audit Division, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance.
Nil or Negligible P: Provisional (Upto 31.03.2014)
a Other International Institutions include UNICEF, UNDP, ILO, WHO, UNFPA, UNESCO, UPU, WFP, Global Fund,
IDF (WB), UN-FAO and Ford Foundation.
1. Figures in this table are converted from the preceding Table 8.3(A) based on the respective Rupee- US dollar rates.
2. Totals may not tally due to rounding off.
105
106
MULTILATERAL
A. Government Borrowing
(i) Concessional
a) IDA
b) Others
(ii) Non-concessional
a) IBRD
b) Others
B. Non-Government Borrowing
(i) Concessional
(ii) Non-concessional
a) Public Sector
i)
IBRD
ii) Others
b) Financial Institutions
i)
IBRD
ii) Others
c) Private Sector
i)
IBRD
ii) Others
II. BILATERAL
A. Government borrowing
(i) Concessional
(ii) Non-concessional
B. Non-Government borrowing
(i) Concessional
a) Public Sector
b) Financial Institutions
c) Private Sector
(ii) Non-concessional
a) Public Sector
b) Financial Institutions
c) Private Sector
III.
IMFa
IV.
EXPORT CREDIT
a) Buyers credit
b) Suppliers credit
c) Export credit component of
bilateral credit
I.
4,975
5,021
2005
138,897
127,782
105,114
103,671
1,443
22,668
16,500
6,168
11,115
0
11,115
8,000
4,462
3,538
2,789
252
2,537
326
0
326
74,530
57,458
57,207
251
17,072
7,471
5,653
1,818
0
9,601
4,353
2,847
2,401
4,503
21,976
13,040
3,961
2004
131,105
120,073
101,490
100,065
1,425
18,583
14,074
4,509
11,032
0
11,032
7,916
4,402
3,514
2,902
381
2,521
214
0
214
77,084
58,121
57,742
379
18,963
8,876
5,759
3,117
0
10,087
4,851
3,119
2,117
4,381
20,553
11,061
4,471
4,736
145,503
133,800
105,852
104,457
1,395
27,948
19,626
8,322
11,703
0
11,703
8,510
4,594
3,916
2,628
630
1,998
565
0
565
70,302
54,593
54,468
125
15,709
6,949
5,285
1,664
0
8,760
3,628
2,386
2,746
4,378
24,175
16,088
3,351
2006
4,679
154,053
141,746
108,448
107,019
1,429
33,298
21,864
11,434
12,307
0
12,307
9,315
4,550
4,765
2,414
655
1,759
578
0
578
70,034
53,810
53,810
0
16,224
1,727
1,241
486
0
14,497
7,420
3,828
3,249
4,484
31,237
23,617
2,941
2007
5,164
157,901
144,627
107,395
105,947
1,448
37,232
22,631
14,601
13,274
0
13,274
10,352
4,690
5,662
2,350
593
1,757
572
0
572
78,802
59,391
59,391
0
19,411
1,737
1,226
511
0
17,674
10,097
3,735
3,842
4,479
41,296
33,134
2,998
2008
6,492
201,425
181,997
127,771
126,127
1,644
54,226
29,948
24,278
19,428
0
19,428
14,298
7,105
7,193
3,721
744
2,977
1,409
0
1,409
104,997
74,662
74,662
0
30,335
3,262
1,156
2,106
0
27,073
15,076
4,311
7,686
5,188
73,772
64,046
3,234
At End-March
2009
6,225
193,436
170,722
116,046
114,552
1,494
54,676
28,874
25,802
22,714
0
22,714
14,919
8,544
6,375
5,385
1,343
4,042
2,410
0
2,410
101,976
71,584
71,584
0
30,392
3,169
1,121
2,048
0
27,223
13,845
3,436
9,942
27,264
76,011
66,849
2,937
2010
6,992
216,672
190,326
120,653
119,068
1,585
69,673
39,218
30,455
26,346
0
26,346
15,802
9,193
6,609
7,511
1,899
5,612
3,033
0
3,033
114,904
80,406
80,406
0
34,498
4,101
1,621
2,480
0
30,397
13,789
3,754
12,854
28,163
83,112
73,273
2,847
10
2011
7,969
257,089
222,579
138,691
136,816
1,875
83,888
45,328
38,560
34,510
0
34,510
19,407
11,092
8,315
10,290
2,707
7,583
4,813
0
4,813
137,086
91,641
91,641
0
45,445
7,648
4,963
2,685
0
37,797
14,200
3,886
19,711
31,528
97,117
85,896
3,252
11
2012
7,653
279,284
235,670
143,130
141,119
2,011
92,540
48,239
44,301
43,614
0
43,614
23,416
12,749
10,667
14,341
2,973
11,368
5,857
0
5,857
136,412
88,007
88,007
0
48,405
8,436
5,916
2,520
0
39,969
13,010
4,207
22,752
32,439
96,553
84,664
4,236
12
2013 PR
Contd...
8,313
326,035
273,872
166,209
163,748
2,461
107,663
55,162
52,501
52,163
0
52,163
27,811
14,387
13,424
18,006
3,601
14,405
6,346
0
6,346
148,802
95,602
95,602
0
53,200
9,966
7,379
2,587
0
43,234
13,871
4,447
24,916
37,986
101,210
87,913
4,984
13
End-Dec
2013 QE
( ` crore)
106
Note:
2004
9,184
8,112
1,072
533,367
87,155
0
86,531
38,788
47,743
624
0
0
0
0
620,522
0
71,173
32,922
38,251
6,355
0
0
0
0
586,305
161,834
143,267
10,071
8,887
1,184
508,777
77,528
117,991
73,508
41,112
3,371
2006
115,533
62,896
48,992
3,645
2005
712
6,931
2,185
4,746
751,402
1,732
0
113,256
52,188
61,068
8,508
7,533
975
628,771
122,631
179,786
180,669
107,145
68,020
5,504
2007
620
12,118
4,458
7,660
897,290
2,603
0
167,540
91,502
76,038
8,065
7,172
893
714,409
182,881
174,623
249,243
160,577
82,641
6,025
534
6,255
3,892
2,363
1,142,125
10,522
0
203,345
118,936
84,409
7,760
6,935
825
921,469
220,656
210,118
318,209
219,925
91,286
6,998
At End-March
2008
2009
467
6,301
3,139
3,162
1,178,638
15,153
0
214,267
126,391
87,876
7,480
6,709
771
942,450
236,188
217,062
319,221
202,350
113,177
3,694
2010
225
4,704
693
4,011
1,419,407
24,214
0
261,006
157,806
103,200
7,147
6,416
731
1,129,258
290,149
230,812
448,448
261,678
183,504
3,266
10
2011
326
18,368
871
17,497
1,844,167
48,066
0
333,202
200,454
132,748
6,922
6,220
702
1,444,205
399,962
299,840
614,623
373,194
238,849
2,580
11
2012
447
23,787
985
22,802
2,200,410
29,671
0
472,026
321,010
151,016
6,839
6,164
675
1,674,479
525,931
385,202
737,750
454,431
281,575
1,744
12
2013 PR
( ` crore)
582
30,918
823
30,095
2,639,856
8,669
0
533,655
365,928
167,727
8,785
8,138
647
2,066,032
573,824
612,151
831,063
560,508
268,723
1,832
13
End-Dec
2013 QE
Ministry of Finance (Department of Economic Affairs), Ministry of Defence, Reserve Bank of India and Securities & Exchange Board of India (SEBI).
Partially Revised; QE : Quick Estimates.
International Finance Corporation, Washington D.C.
Foreign Institutional Investors
Relates to SDR allocations from March 2004 onwards.
Includes Financial Lease since 1996.
Also includes India Development Bonds (IDBs), Resurgent India Bonds (RIBs), India Millennium Deposits (IMDs),
also includes Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds (FCCBs) and net investment by 100% FII debt funds and securitized borrowings of commercial banks
FCCB debt has been adjusted since end-March, 1998 after netting out conversion into equity and redemptions.
d Figures include accrued interest.
e Rupee denominated debt owed to Russia and payable through exports.
NRO Deposits are included under NRI Deposits from the quarter ended June 2005. Suppliers Credits upto 180 days and FII investment in short-term debt instruments are
included under short-term debt from the quarter ended March 2005. Vostro balances / Nostro overdrafts of commercial banks, balances of foreign central banks/international
institutions with RBI and investment in T-bills/securities by foreign central banks/ international institutions have been included in external debt from the quarter ended March
2007.
COMMERCIAL BORROWINGS
95,611
a) Commercial bank loans b
50,346
b) Securitized borrowings c
41,567
c) Loans/securitized borrowings
3,698
etc., with multilateral/bilateral
guarantee + IFC(W)
135,618
NRI DEPOSITSd
(Above one year maturity)
RUPEE DEBTe
11,856
a) Defence
10,539
b) Civilian
1,317
TOTAL LONG TERM DEBT (I TO VII) 476,208
SHORT-TERM DEBT
19,251
a) NRI deposits (up to one year
1,321
maturity)d
b) Trade-Related Credits
17,930
1)
Above 6 Months
17,930
2) Upto 6 Months
0
c) FII Investment in Govt. Treasury
Bills and other instruments
0
d) Investment in Treasury Bills by
foreign central banks and other
international institutions etc.
0
e) External Debt Liabilities of:
0
1)
Central Bank
0
2) Commercial banks
0
GRAND TOTAL ( VIII+IX )
495,459
Source :
PR:
IFC(W):
FII:
a
b
c
X.
VIII.
IX.
VII.
VI.
V.
107
107
108
MULTILATERAL
A. Government Borrowing
(i) Concessional
a) IDA
b) Others
(ii) Non-concessional
a) IBRD
b) Others
B. Non-Government Borrowing
(i) Concessional
(ii) Non-concessional
a) Public Sector
i) IBRD
ii) Others
b) Financial Institutions
i) IBRD
ii) Others
c) Private Sector
i) IBRD
ii) Others
II. BILATERAL
A. Government borrowing
(i) Concessional
(ii) Non-concessional
B. Non-Government borrowing
(i) Concessional
a) Public Sector
b) Financial Institutions
c) Private Sector
(ii) Non-concessional
a) Public Sector
b) Financial Institutions
c) Private Sector
III.
IMFa
IV.
EXPORT CREDIT
a) Buyers credit
b) Suppliers credit
c) Export credit component of
bilateral credit
V.
COMMERCIAL BORROWINGS
a) Commercial bank loans b
b) Securitized borrowings c
c) Loans/securitized borrowings etc.,
with multilateral/bilateral
guarantee + IFC(W)
I.
31,744
29,204
24,023
23,693
330
5,181
3,771
1,410
2,540
0
2,540
1,828
1,020
808
637
58
579
75
0
75
17,034
13,132
13,074
58
3,902
1,708
1,292
416
0
2,194
995
650
549
1,029
5,022
2,980
905
1,137
26,405
14,375
11,197
833
1,122
22,007
11,588
9,568
851
2005
29,297
26,826
22,674
22,356
318
4,152
3,144
1,008
2,471
0
2,471
1,770
984
786
651
85
566
50
0
50
17,277
12,987
12,900
87
4,290
1,983
1,287
696
0
2,307
1,110
710
487
1,008
4,697
2,546
1,029
2004
1,062
26,452
16,479
9,217
756
32,620
29,996
23,731
23,418
313
6,265
4,400
1,865
2,624
0
2,624
1,908
1,030
878
589
141
448
127
0
127
15,761
12,239
12,211
28
3,522
1,558
1,185
373
0
1,964
813
535
616
981
5,420
3,607
751
2006
1,073
41,443
24,577
15,603
1,263
35,337
32,514
24,876
24,548
328
7,638
5,015
2,623
2,823
0
2,823
2,136
1,043
1,093
554
150
404
133
0
133
16,065
12,344
12,344
0
3,721
396
285
111
0
3,325
1,702
878
745
1,029
7,165
5,417
675
2007
1,291
62,334
40,159
20,668
1,507
39,490
36,171
26,859
26,497
362
9,312
5,660
3,652
3,319
0
3,319
2,589
1,173
1,416
587
148
439
143
0
143
19,708
14,853
14,853
0
4,855
435
307
128
0
4,420
2,525
934
961
1,120
10,328
8,287
750
2008
1,274
62,461
43,169
17,918
1,374
39,538
35,724
25,080
24,757
323
10,644
5,878
4,766
3,814
0
3,814
2,807
1,395
1,412
730
146
584
277
0
277
20,610
14,655
14,655
0
5,955
641
227
414
0
5,314
2,959
846
1,509
1,018
14,481
12,572
635
At End-March
2009
1,379
70,726
44,832
25,075
819
42,857
37,825
25,711
25,380
331
12,114
6,397
5,717
5,032
0
5,032
3,305
1,893
1,412
1,193
298
895
534
0
534
22,593
15,860
15,860
0
6,733
702
248
454
0
6,031
3,072
761
2,198
6,041
16,841
14,811
651
2010
1,564
100,476
58,643
41,100
733
48,475
42,579
26,992
26,637
355
15,587
8,774
6,813
5,896
0
5,896
3,536
2,057
1,479
1,681
425
1,256
679
0
679
25,712
17,988
17,988
0
7,724
918
363
555
0
6,806
3,087
840
2,879
6,308
18,647
16,437
646
10
2011
1,564
120,136
72,946
46,686
504
50,452
43,686
27,221
26,853
368
16,465
8,897
7,568
6,766
0
6,766
3,808
2,177
1,631
2,017
531
1,486
941
0
941
26,884
17,987
17,987
0
8,897
1,501
974
527
0
7,396
2,781
762
3,853
6,163
18,990
16,790
636
11
2012
1,414
135,643
83,552
51,770
321
51,584
43,539
26,443
26,071
372
17,096
8,912
8,184
8,045
0
8,045
4,324
2,355
1,969
2,644
549
2,095
1,077
0
1,077
25,173
16,259
16,259
0
8,914
1,558
1,093
465
0
7,356
2,397
776
4,183
5,964
17,759
15,566
779
12
2013 PR
Contd...
1,339
134,229
90,555
43,378
296
52,519
44,109
26,769
26,373
396
17,340
8,884
8,456
8,410
0
8,410
4,480
2,317
2,163
2,905
580
2,325
1,025
0
1,025
23,983
15,398
15,398
0
8,585
1,605
1,188
417
0
6,980
2,238
717
4,025
6,127
16,347
14,203
805
13
End-Dec
2013 QE
(US$ million)
108
Note:
d
e
f
Source:
PR:
a
b
c
X.
VIII.
IX.
VII.
VI.
2004
36,282
2,059
1,819
240
119,575
19,539
0
19,399
8,696
10,703
140
0
0
0
0
139,114
39,559
28.4
19,539
14.0
2,302
2,031
271
116,279
17,723
0
16,271
7,529
8,742
1,452
0
0
0
0
134,002
41,107
30.7
17,723
13.2
2006
32,743
2005
16.3
23.0
28,130
39,567
164
1,590
501
1,089
172,360
397
0
25,979
11,971
14,008
1,951
1,728
223
144,230
28,130
41,240
2007
20.4
19.7
45,738
44,164
155
3,031
1,115
1,916
224,407
651
0
41,901
22,884
19,017
2,017
1,794
223
178,669
45,738
43,672
2008
19.3
18.7
43,313
41,899
105
1,228
764
464
224,498
2,065
0
39,915
23,346
16,569
1,523
1,361
162
181,185
43,313
41,554
At End-March
2009
20.1
16.8
52,329
43,931
103
1,396
695
701
260,935
3,357
0
47,473
28,003
19,470
1,658
1,487
171
208,606
52,329
47,890
2010
20.4
14.9
64,990
47,499
50
1,053
155
898
317,891
5,424
0
58,463
35,347
23,116
1,601
1,437
164
252,901
64,990
51,682
10
2011
21.7
13.3
78,179
48,063
64
3,590
170
3420
360,766
9,395
0
65,130
39,182
25,948
1,354
1,216
138
282,587
78,179
58,608
11
2012
23.9
11.2
96,697
45,518
82
4,373
181
4,192
404,900
5,455
0
86,787
59,021
27,766
1,258
1,133
125
308,203
96,697
70,822
12
2013 PR
21.8
10.6
92,707
45,191
94
4,995
133
4,862
425,970
1,401
0
86,217
59,119
27,098
1,419
1,315
104
333,263
92,707
98,639
13
End-Dec
2013 QE
(US$ million)
Ministry of Finance (Department of Economic Affairs), Ministry of Defence, Reserve Bank of India and Securities & Exchange Board of India (SEBI).
Partially Revised; QE : Quick Estimates.
IFC(W): International Finance Corporation, Washington D.C.
FII: Foreign Institutional Investors
Relates to SDR allocations from March 2004 onwards.
Includes Financial Lease since 1996.
Also includes India Development Bonds (IDBs), Resurgent India Bonds (RIBs), India Millennium Deposits (IMDs),
also includes Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds (FCCBs) and net investment by 100% FII debt funds and securitized borrowings of commercial banks
FCCB debt has been adjusted since end-March, 1998 after netting out conversion into equity and redemptions.
Figures include accrued interest.
Rupee denominated debt owed to Russia and payable through exports.
The def inition of concessional debt here includes concessional categories under multilateral and bilateral debt and rupee debt under item VII.
NRO Deposits are included under NRI Deposits from the quarter ended June 2005. Suppliers Credits upto 180 days and FII investment in short-term debt instruments are included
under short-term debt from the quarter ended March 2005. Vostro balances / Nostro overdrafts of commercial banks, balances of foreign central banks/international institutions
with RBI and investment in T-bills/securities by foreign central banks/ international institutions have been included in external debt from the quarter ended March 2007.
NRI
31,216
(Above one year maturity)
2,720
RUPEE DEBTe
a) Defence
2,426
b) Civilian
294
TOTAL LONG TERM DEBT (I TO VII) 108,222
SHORT-TERM DEBT
4,431
a) NRI deposits
304
(up to one year maturity)d
b) Trade-Related Credits
4,127
1) Above 6 Months
4,127
2) Upto 6 Months
0
c) FII Investment in Govt. Treasury
Bills and other instruments
0
d) Investment in Treasury Bills by
foreign central banks and other
international institutions etc.
0
e) External Debt Liabilities of:
0
1) Central Bank
0
2) Commercial banks
0
GRAND TOTAL (VIII+IX)
112,653
Memo Items :
40,277
Concessional Debtf
Concessional Debt to total
external debt (per cent)
35.8
Short-term debt
4,431
Short-term debt to total
external debt (per cent)
3.9
DEPOSITSd
109
109
110
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
State
Life expectancy
at birth (2006-10)
Birth
rate 2012
(per 1000)
Death
rate 2012
(per 1000)
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Total
Total
10
Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Odisha
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
63.5
61.0
65.5
64.9
67.0
67.7
69.2
64.9
71.5
61.1
67.9
62.2
67.4
64.7
67.1
61.8
67.4
68.2
63.2
66.2
69.0
69.5
72.4
71.1
69.7
76.9
63.8
71.9
63.9
71.6
68.3
70.9
63.7
71.0
65.8
61.9
65.8
66.8
67.0
70.0
70.1
67.2
74.2
62.4
69.9
63.0
69.3
66.5
68.9
62.7
69.0
40
54
42
36
41
35
38
30
10
54
24
52
27
47
21
52
31
43
57
45
39
44
38
40
34
13
59
26
54
29
51
22
55
33
41
55
43
38
42
36
39
32
12
56
25
53
28
49
21
53
32
17.5
22.5
27.7
21.1
21.6
16.2
17.6
18.5
14.9
26.6
16.6
19.9
15.9
25.9
15.7
27.4
16.1
7.4
7.9
6.6
6.6
6.4
6.7
5.4
7.1
6.9
8.1
6.3
8.5
6.8
6.6
7.4
7.7
6.3
India
64.6
67.7
66.1
41
44
42
21.6
7.0
Source : Sample Registration System, Off ice of the Registrar General of India, Ministry of Home Affairs.
110
111
Table 9.2 : Gross Enrolment Ratio in Classes I-V, VI-VIII and I-VIII
A. All Categories of Students
Sl. State/Union Territories
No.
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Boys
Girls
Total
Boys
Girls
Total
Boys
Girls
Total
10
11
Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Odisha
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A&N Islands
Chandigarh
D&N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
99.7
184.5
93.1
131.3
125.6
106.9
119.4
90.6
109.1
108.3
145.9
105.2
91.4
131.2
105.5
195.7
193.7
191.7
103.7
118.7
83.3
110.3
176.4
111.0
134.9
123.8
107.9
91.5
87.5
78.6
104.3
76.5
126.0
81.4
104.8
99.4
176.9
95.6
123.6
120.0
101.5
121.4
100.2
109.4
111.7
148.5
104.1
91.5
139.7
103.7
188.4
196.3
180.0
102.8
120.1
85.5
109.5
172.6
112.6
133.3
130.4
110.2
93.9
84.9
78.1
107.0
82.6
129.6
80.8
102.3
99.5
180.8
94.3
127.7
122.8
104.3
120.3
94.9
109.2
109.9
147.1
104.7
91.4
135.2
104.7
192.1
195.0
186.0
103.3
119.4
84.3
109.9
174.5
111.8
134.1
126.9
109.0
92.7
86.2
78.4
105.6
79.3
127.7
81.1
103.6
80.3
108.5
67.2
68.4
90.2
99.2
89.5
82.3
116.0
96.6
81.7
92.2
106.5
100.2
95.1
108.5
85.9
108.2
59.4
83.3
82.0
91.0
77.4
113.0
92.2
84.1
102.6
84.6
89.4
84.5
100.7
72.4
110.9
74.0
106.8
79.9
102.6
68.7
60.4
84.7
92.2
81.5
84.8
111.4
92.6
81.0
89.1
101.3
102.6
89.6
100.8
96.2
101.3
60.7
80.7
79.4
73.0
94.3
111.5
91.5
75.5
109.2
88.0
86.4
77.1
100.5
81.3
106.4
93.0
99.7
80.1
105.5
67.9
64.6
87.5
95.8
85.7
83.5
113.8
94.7
81.3
90.7
103.9
101.4
92.4
104.6
91.0
104.8
60.0
82.0
80.8
82.4
85.8
112.3
91.9
79.9
105.8
86.3
87.9
81.0
100.6
76.4
108.8
83.0
103.2
92.2
155.7
83.0
106.9
112.2
104.0
108.2
87.5
111.7
103.9
120.6
100.2
97.1
119.8
101.5
158.7
150.8
155.6
85.4
105.0
82.8
103.0
131.0
111.8
116.0
109.3
105.9
88.7
88.3
80.7
103.1
75.1
120.0
78.4
105.6
91.8
148.2
85.1
98.5
106.6
98.0
106.1
94.2
110.1
104.5
121.5
98.3
95.2
125.6
98.3
151.1
156.3
145.8
85.4
104.6
83.1
95.2
137.1
112.2
114.7
109.6
109.8
91.5
85.5
77.7
104.9
82.2
120.2
85.6
101.2
92.0
152.0
84.0
102.9
109.4
101.0
107.2
90.5
111.0
104.2
121.0
99.3
96.2
122.6
100.0
155.0
153.6
150.7
85.4
104.8
83.0
99.3
134.1
112.0
115.4
109.5
107.8
90.1
86.9
79.3
103.9
78.2
120.1
81.9
103.4
India
114.9
116.3
115.5
87.5
82.9
85.2
104.5
103.3
103.9
111
112
2
Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Odisha
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A&N Islands
Chandigarh
D&N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
India
10
11
12
5143
118
1081
2217
2799
82
3575
3436
1727
889
1118
3644
2223
5463
5019
123
125
98
69
1293
2733
7616
59
3660
336
9751
1633
4341
53
68
13
16
1392
12
121
18776
191
5482
2286
2029
378
6269
3542
1466
2216
4225
13447
1602
6658
16455
761
676
538
337
7974
2924
14945
126
3112
504
7893
1143
4454
46
65
19
13
480
3
180
15421
920
14133
25587
15488
438
42145
3483
5084
8877
14863
33126
3059
96797
27654
732
2259
1353
465
22649
3792
36788
244
9810
1246
53281
4365
2623
67
23
85
37
588
10
108
66834
1941
31202
42573
35274
1254
0
13987
11376
15446
26731
26302
6790
43662
49095
2435
6627
1821
1662
54150
13950
47818
749
28218
2307
147376
15660
49908
212
24
210
66
2563
23
301
47
3
9
20
17
2
37
22
18
11
12
43
17
33
44
3
10
3
4
19
19
45
6
59
3
58
20
26
NA
3
NA
NA
25
NA
4
4814
26
485
649
530
49
1805
1055
296
307
234
3281
962
2061
4603
79
61
29
57
1089
973
2652
11
2309
39
4849
395
899
6
27
4
5
184
0
83
183
3
20
19
25
6
73
197
34
17
25
281
74
99
1160
3
2
2
4
122
104
175
2
451
3
291
68
85
2
1
1
2
42
0
10
41
0
3
3
12
1
18
24
0
0
8
30
14
24
82
0
1
0
0
8
4
21
0
16
0
122
5
20
0
1
0
0
38
0
0
246
2
17
11
12
2
45
42
24
6
18
520
230
91
116
6
7
4
1
40
153
157
1
170
3
130
9
52
1
0
1
0
15
0
1
129
6
22
35
47
1
357
59
17
23
5
1091
272
170
1282
8
10
3
4
85
29
199
2
823
4
75
17
79
1
3
0
2
18
0
46
131215 447600
748547
642
34908
3586
496
2133
4924
72046
112
113
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
2011
na
na
na
na
18.9
na
na
8.5
12.0
13.5
na
na
10.5
12.6
31.1
na
na
18.5
24.6
12.9
15.8
9.4
13.2
21.8
na
na
27.9
na
na
23.5
15.2
47.2
na
na
30.3
12.9
na
na
na
18.1
na
61.9
18.1
20.9
21.9
na
7.1
22.0
36.0
44.0
20.2
26.9
32.9
34.5
21.1
21.7
18.1
21.4
31.5
na
na
35.1
21.2
29.8
35.4
27.2
55.1
36.4
43.7
40.1
21.7
na
34.1
70.4
33.3
25.7
65.1
22.6
24.0
23.2
17.7
11.3
33.8
38.5
53.8
31.0
29.5
33.9
38.9
23.9
26.2
24.1
27.3
37.0
na
18.1
45.8
24.6
36.8
52.0
51.8
69.8
45.4
53.4
51.2
30.6
na
43.4
74.8
46.1
37.1
71.9
30.1
32.7
32.3
34.1
25.6
50.3
49.7
59.9
50.1
42.1
na
48.7
35.0
33.6
32.6
38.6
44.9
na
32.9
57.2
35.7
46.2
65.7
68.4
78.9
54.4
65.1
63.2
na
63.9
58.5
77.8
57.8
55.9
75.3
38.6
40.7
37.5
56.9
41.6
61.7
59.9
82.3
60.4
49.1
52.9
57.7
41.4
49.1
42.9
44.7
61.3
71.2
40.7
64.9
44.1
56.0
75.5
81.8
89.8
62.7
74.7
73.0
55.5
76.5
69.7
81.9
71.6
67.9
81.7
60.4
56.3
47.0
68.8
54.3
66.6
70.5
88.8
73.2
62.6
63.3
68.6
53.6
63.1
64.7
63.7
69.1
78.2
57.6
76.9
60.5
66.6
82.0
86.7
90.9
73.5
81.2
81.3
67.2
82.8
75.8
86.0
78.8
75.6
86.2
66.1
67.7
61.8
81.4
65.4
79.6
76.9
91.3
87.2
74.4
72.2
76.3
66.4
72.9
70.3
69.3
78.0
87.1
76.2
82.3
67.0
75.4
88.7
91.8
94.0
80.1
85.8
86.6
All India a
18.3
28.3
34.5
43.6
52.2
64.8
73.0
Source :
a:
113
114
States/
Union Territorries
Male
2010
Female
Person
Male
2011
Female
Person
Male
2012
Female
Person
10
11
Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhatisgarh
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Odisha
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Chandigarh
Dadra & Nagar Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Goa
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
44
31
56
46
48
41
46
35
41
41
37
13
62
27
11
55
36
19
60
33
52
28
23
25
58
37
29
24
20
36
22
29
6
21
22
47
32
60
50
54
47
49
47
45
44
39
14
63
29
16
56
39
28
61
35
57
32
24
29
63
39
32
27
25
40
23
31
15
29
22
46
31
58
48
51
44
48
40
43
42
38
13
62
28
14
55
37
23
61
34
55
30
24
27
61
38
31
25
22
38
23
30
10
25
22
40
33
55
44
47
39
41
36
40
36
34
11
57
24
8
52
31
15
55
28
50
23
21
29
55
34
30
19
21
35
17
25
7
27
17
46
31
56
45
50
42
48
39
41
43
35
13
62
25
15
52
37
26
58
33
53
30
23
29
59
38
34
27
19
36
27
31
14
20
20
43
32
55
44
48
41
44
38
41
39
35
12
59
25
11
52
34
21
57
30
52
26
22
29
57
36
32
23
20
35
22
28
11
24
19
40
32
54
42
46
36
41
35
38
36
30
10
54
24
10
48
33
15
52
27
47
22
21
26
52
33
31
18
19
31
20
24
8
23
15
43
35
57
45
47
39
44
38
40
39
34
13
59
26
11
50
37
22
54
29
51
27
22
29
55
35
33
31
22
35
25
26
12
25
18
41
33
55
43
47
38
42
36
39
38
32
12
56
25
10
49
35
18
53
28
49
24
21
28
53
34
32
24
20
33
22
25
10
24
17
All India
46
49
47
43
46
44
41
44
42
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Source :
Note
:
114
Sample Registration System, Off ice of the Registrar General of India, Ministry of Home Affairs.
Infant mortality rates for 2010, 2011 & 2012 are based upon the three year period 2008-10, 2009-2011 and 2010-12.
115
1991
Total
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Rural
2001
2011
Urban
Total
Rural
Urban
Total
Rural
10
Urban
11
na
77.3
92.7
97.7
a
74.3
95.8
59.0
62.2
58.8
73.1
70.0
53.4
38.7
16.2
37.2
36.2
45.9
82.0
a
39.1
a
53.4
69.8
71.4
45.6
68.5
55.1
71.7
43.4
11.9
18.9
67.4
88.8
67.9
na
75.5
92.1
98.1
a
67.1
91.0
50.6
56.6
56.5
70.8
66.9
55.6
33.7
12.9
30.6
26.8
43.3
80.3
a
35.3
a
45.6
60.0
56.9
41.2
54.0
49.0
67.3
30.5
3.4
12.2
64.3
92.9
59.4
na
91.9
94.2
97.7
a
93.2
96.2
86.5
85.8
73.4
92.8
88.2
45.5
52.1
19.9
71.1
75.4
64.1
86.2
a
62.8
a
79.4
87.2
86.8
91.0
90.5
73.8
81.4
61.7
18.8
38.7
74.2
86.1
90.9
65.2
88.6
97.6
99.8
86.7
86.1
97.2
68.2
87.8
86.6
70.7
77.5
46.5
37.0
36.0
52.5
39.0
58.8
88.5
42.6
64.2
70.5
68.4
84.1
96.3
77.0
79.8
80.1
84.6
70.1
4.6
23.4
85.6
95.9
76.7
54.9
87.5
96.9
99.9
83.0
81.1
90.1
60.4
85.5
86.1
67.0
73.7
47.5
29.3
23.8
45.0
29.5
56.8
87.0
35.5
62.9
66.2
61.5
76.9
94.9
70.5
68.4
76.9
80.5
58.3
4.6
16.9
85.3
96.6
66.8
95.7
97.0
98.9
99.8
97.8
97.3
97.7
93.5
97.2
91.2
97.1
90.7
42.3
59.4
47.8
85.8
73.5
70.4
92.3
68.2
72.3
88.8
88.6
95.4
98.9
96.1
95.4
90.2
92.1
82.1
4.6
42.8
85.9
95.5
97.8
76.8
93.7
97.6
99.3
92.2
93.8
95.0
78.1
95.1
94.0
85.3
78.6
53.8
45.4
60.4
67.5
44.7
69.9
92.2
60.1
75.3
86.3
78.0
90.3
98.7
91.6
83.4
90.5
87.5
85.7
22.8
33.5
92.5
97.8
85.5
70.1
93.2
96.7
98.7
89.5
92.0
87.9
72.8
94.3
93.9
82.7
74.3
54.6
37.5
43.4
58.1
35.1
68.3
91.4
54.3
74.4
84.1
73.1
84.9
97.8
84.3
73.2
88.6
84.4
78.4
31.2
28.3
92.2
99.6
78.2
96.1
97.8
98.9
99.4
98.7
96.7
95.2
94.3
97.9
94.7
92.2
91.3
51.8
60.8
75.8
91.9
79.5
78.2
93.9
78.4
79.8
93.9
92.1
97.0
99.0
98.4
95.7
94.5
92.3
90.4
20.2
39.4
92.9
97.0
98.1
All India
62.3
55.5
81.4
77.9
73.2
90.0
85.5
82.7
91.4
Source: Off ice of the Registrar General of India, Ministry of Home Affairs.
a : Created in 2001. Uttarakhand, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh for 1991 are included under Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Madhya
Pradesh respectively.
na: Not available as no census was carried out in Jammu & Kashmir during 1991.
115
116
2
Uttar Pradesh
Maharashtra
Bihar
West Bengal
Andhra Pradesh
Tamil Nadu
Madhya Pradesh
Rajasthan
Karnataka
Gujarat
Odisha
Kerala
Jharkhand
Assam a
Punjab
Haryana
Chhatisgarh
Delhi
Jammu & Kashmir b
Uttarakhand
Himachal Pradesh
Tripura
Meghalaya
Manipur c
Nagaland
Goa
Arunachal Pradesh d
Puducherry
Chandigarh
Mizoram
Sikkim
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Dadra & Nagar Haveli
Daman & Diu
Lakshadweep
All India c
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
2011
60274
32003
29085
26300
31115
30119
18615
15971
19402
16263
14646
13549
9697
8029
9161
5674
7457
1744
3254
2946
2386
639
606
578
213
547
na
317
24
196
138
31
42
49
21
70144
39554
34841
34926
35983
33687
23218
20156
23587
20633
17549
16904
11606
10837
11135
7591
9154
2659
3561
3611
2812
1142
769
780
369
590
337
369
120
266
162
64
58
37
24
83849
50412
42126
44312
43503
41199
30017
25766
29299
26697
21945
21347
14227
14625
13551
10036
11637
4066
4617
4493
3460
1556
1012
1073
516
795
468
472
257
332
210
115
74
63
32
105137
62783
52303
54581
53551
48408
38169
34262
37136
34086
26370
25454
17612
18041
16789
12922
14010
6220
5987
5726
4281
2053
1336
1421
775
1008
632
604
452
494
316
189
104
79
40
132062
78937
64531
68078
66508
55859
48566
44006
44977
41310
31660
29099
21844
22414
20282
16464
17615
9421
7837
7051
5171
2757
1775
1837
1210
1170
865
808
642
690
406
281
138
102
52
166198
96879
82999
80176
76210
62406
60348
56507
52851
50671
36805
31841
26946
26656
24359
21145
20834
13851
10144
8489
6078
3199
2319
2294
1990
1348
1098
974
901
889
541
356
220
158
61
199812
112374
104099
91276
84581
72147
72627
68548
61095
60440
41974
33406
32988
31206
27743
25351
25545
16788
12541
10086
6865
3674
2967
2856
1979
1459
1384
1248
1055
1097
611
381
344
243
64
361088
439235
548160
683329
846421
1028737
1210855
Source : Off ice of the Registrar General of India, Ministry of Home Affairs.
a The 1981 Census could not be held in Assam. Total population for 1981 has been worked out by Interpolation.
b The 1991 Census could not be held in Jammu & Kashmir. Total population for 1991 has been worked out by Interpolation.
c India and Manipur f igures include estimated population for those of the three sub-divisions viz. Mao Maram, Paomata
and Purul Senapati district of Manipur as census results of 2001 in these three sub-divisions were cancelled due to
technical and administrative reasons.
d Census conducted for the f irst time in 1961.
116