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Digital Microwave Communication Principles
Digital Microwave Communication Principles
Digital Microwave
Communication Principles
www.huawei.com
Foreword
z
Page 2
Learning Guide
z
Page 3
Objectives
z
Anti-fading technologies
Page 4
Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview
2. Digital Microwave Communication Equipment
3. Digital Microwave Networking and Application
4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies
5. Designing Microwave Transmission Links
Page 5
Transmission Methods
in Current Communications Networks
Coaxial cable communication
Microwave
communication
Microwave TE
Microwave TE
MUX/DEMUX
MUX/DEMUX
Satellite communication
Page 6
Microwave Communication
vs. Optical Fiber Communication
Microwave Communication
Powerful space cross ability, little land
occupied, not limited by land privatization
Small investment, short construction
period, easy maintenance
Page 7
Definition of Microwave
z
Microwave
The plane wave has no electric field and magnetic field longitudinal
components along the propagation direction. The electric field and
magnetic field components are vertical to the propagation direction.
Therefore, it is called transverse electromagnetic wave and TEM wave for
short.
Page 8
Transmission
capacity
bit/s/ch)
34/140M
2/4/6/8M
480 voice
channels
Analog microwave
communication system
1980s
1970s
1950s
Note:
Small capacity: < 10M
Medium capacity: 10M to 100M
Large capacity: > 100M
Page 9
Concept of Digital
Microwave Communication
z
Digital microwave communication refers to the microwave communication that adopts the
digital modulation.
The baseband signal is modulated to intermediate frequency (IF) first . Then the intermediate
frequency is converted into the microwave frequency.
The baseband signal can also be modulated directly to microwave frequency, but only phase
shift keying (PSK) modulation method is applicable.
The electromagnetic field theory is the basis on which the microwave communication theory is
developed.
Page 10
2.5 GHz
Regional network
3.3 GHz
Long haul
trunk network
11 GHz
2/8/34
Mbit/s
34/140/155 Mbit/s
2/8/34/140/155 Mbit/s
GHz
1
10
20
30
Page 11
40 50
f0 (center frequency)
T/R spacing
Protection
spacing
T/R spacing
Channel
spacing
f1
Adjacent channel
T/R spacing
f2
fn
Channel
spacing
f1
f2
fn
Page 12
f1=7442
7G Frequency
f2=7470
F0 (MHz)
Range
f1=7596
f5
f2
f5
T/R Spacing
Channel Spacing
(MHz)
(MHz)
primary Stations
Fn=f0-161+28n,
74257725
7575
154
28
Fn=f0- 7+28n,
(n: 15)
7575
161
7275
196
28
7597
196
28
72507550
7400
161
3.5
71107750
Page 13
Digital Microwave
Communication Modulation (1)
z
Digital baseband signal is the unmodulated digital signal. The baseband signal cannot
be directly transmitted over microwave radio channels and must be converted into carrier
signal for microwave transmission.
Channel bandwidth
Modulation
IF signal
Service signal
transmitted
Page 14
Digital Microwave
Communication Modulation (2)
The following formula indicates a digital baseband signal being converted into a digital
frequency band signal.
z
A*COS(Wc*t+)
Amplitude
Frequency
Phase
ASK: Amplitude Shift Keying. Use the digital baseband signal to change the carrier
amplitude (A). Wc and remain unchanged.
FSK: Frequency Shift Keying. Use the digital baseband signal to change the carrier
frequency (Wc). A and remain unchanged.
PSK: Phase Shift Keying. Use the digital baseband signal to change the carrier phase ().
Wc and A remain unchanged.
QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. ). Use the digital baseband signal to change the
carrier phase () and amplitude (A). Wc remains unchanged.
Page 15
RFCOH
171.072 Mbit/s
15.552 Mbit/s
RFCOH
Payload
MLCM
DMY
XPIC
ATPC
WS
RSC
INI
ID
FA
11.84 Mbit/s 64 kbit/s 16 kbit/s 64 kbit/s 2.24 Mbit/s 864 kbit/s 144 kbit/s 32 kbit/s 288 kbit/s
RFCOH: Radio Frame Complementary Overhead
RSC: Radio Service Channel
MLCM: Multi-Level Coding Modulation
INI: N:1 switching command
DMY: Dummy
ID: Identifier
XPIC: Cross-polarization Interference Cancellation
FA: Frame Alignment
ATPC: Automatic Transmit Power Control
WS: Wayside Service
Page 16
RFCOH is multiplexed into the STM-1 data and a block multiframe is formed. Each
multiframe has six rows and each row has 3564 bits. One multiframe is composed of
two basic frames. Each basic frame has 1776 bits. The remaining 12 bits are used for
frame alignment.
6 bits
FS
Basic frame 1
FS
Basic frame 2
6 bits
6 bits
C2
C2
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
Page 17
Questions
z
What is microwave?
What are the frequently used modulation schemes? Which are the most
frequently used modulation schemes?
Page 18
Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview
2. Digital Microwave Communication Equipment
3. Digital Microwave Networking and Application
4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies
5. Designing Microwave Transmission Links
Page 19
Digital microwave
Analog microwave
MUX/DEMUX
Mode
PDH
SDH
Capacity
Large capacity
(STM-0, STM-1, 2xSTM-1)
(Discontinued)
Trunk radio
Structure
Split-mount radio
All outdoor radio
Page 20
M1
M2
Page 21
RF processing unit
IF cable
Installation is easy.
IF and baseband
processing unit
Page 22
Antenna
IF cable
ODU
(Outdoor Unit)
IDU
(Indoor Unit)
Split-mount microwave
equipment
Page 23
Unit Functions
Antenna: Focuses the RF signals transmitted by ODUs and increases the signal gain.
Page 24
Separate Mount
antenna
(direct mount)
antenna (separate
mount)
ODU
Soft waveguide
IF cable
IF cable
ODU
IDU
IF port
IF port
IDU
Page 25
Parabolic antenna
z
Cassegrainian antenna
Page 26
Different frequency channels in same frequency band can share one antenna.
Channel
Tx
Rx
Tx
Rx
Channel
Page 27
Side view
Main lobe
Tail lobe
Side lobe
Half-power angle
Top view
Main lobe
Tail lobe
Page 28
The antennas at both ends that are well aligned face a little
bit upward. Though 12 dB is lost, reflection interference will
be avoided.
AGC
Voltage
detection point
VAGC
Angle
Side lobe position
Main lobe position
Page 29
Wrong
Wrong
Page 30
Correct
Antenna gain
Definition: Ratio of the input power of an isotropic antenna Pio to the input power of a parabolic
antenna Pi when the electric field at a point is the same for the isotropic antenna and the
parabolic antenna.
P
D
G = io =
Pi
Half-power angle
Usually, the given antenna specifications contain the gain in the largest radiation (main lobe)
direction, denoted by dBi. The half-power point, or the 3 dB point is the point which is deviated
from the central line of the main lobe and where the power is decreased by half. The angle
between the two half-power points is called the half-power angle.
0.5 = (65 0 ~ 70 0 )
D
Half-power angle
Page 31
XdB10lgPo/Px
Attenuation degree of the receiving capability in a direction of an antenna compared with that
in the main lobe direction. An antenna protection ratio of 180 is called front-to-back ratio.
Page 32
Frequency
mixing
Sideband
filtering
Local
oscillation
(Tx)
ATPC
Local
oscillation
(Rx)
Supervi
sion and
control
signal
IF
amplification
Filtering
RF
attenuation
Power
amplification
Frequency
mixing
Power
detection
RF loop
Low-noise
amplification
Bandpass
filtering
Page 33
Specifications of Transmitter
Generally, trunk radios use 6, 7, and 8 GHz frequency bands. 11, 13 GHz and
higher frequency bands are used in the access layer (e.g. BTS access).
Output power
The power at the output port of a transmitter. Generally, the output power is 15 to
30 dBm.
Page 34
Page 35
Specifications of Receiver
Receivers work together with transmitters. The receiving frequency on the local
station is the transmitting frequency of the same channel on the opposite station.
Noise figure
Page 36
Passband
To effectively suppress interference and achieve the best transmission quality, the
passband and amplitude frequency characteristics should be properly chosen. The
receiver passband characteristics depend on the IF filter.
Selectivity
Automatic control of receiver gain. With this function, input RF signals change within a
certain range and the IF signal level remains unchanges.
Page 37
7442
Subband B
f0(7575M)
Subband C
Subband A
Subband B
Subband C
7498
Non-primary station
Primary station
Page 38
Microwave
frame
demultiplexing
Modulat
ion
Demodu
lation
Tx IF
Rx IF
Line unit
O&M
interface
Power
interface
Service
channel
Supervision and control
DC/DC conversion
Page 39
Cable interface
Crossconnec
tion
Microwave
frame
multiplexing
From/to ODU
Questions
z
Page 40
Summary
z
Page 41
Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview
2. Digital Microwave Communication Equipment
3. Digital Microwave Networking and Application
4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies
5. Designing Microwave Transmission Links
Page 42
Chain network
Add/Drop
network
Hub network
Page 43
Add/Drop
relay station
Relay
station
Terminal station
Terminal
station
Pivotal station
Terminal
station
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page 44
Passive
Back-to-back antenna
Plane reflector
Relay station
Active
Regenerative repeater
IF repeater
RF repeater
Page 45
Page 46
Page 47
d1(km)
Ls = 1421
. + 20log d1d2 20log a
d 2(km)
a = A cos 2
a is the effective area (m2) of the flat reflector.
Page 48
Page 49
BTS backhaul
transmission
Microwave
application
Redundancy backup
of important links
Emergency
communications
(conventions, activities,
danger elimination,
disaster relief, etc.)
VIP customer access
Page 50
Questions
z
What are the networking modes frequently used for digital microwave?
Page 51
Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview
2. Digital Microwave Communication Equipment
3. Digital Microwave Networking and Application
4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies
5. Designing Microwave Transmission Links
Page 52
Contents
4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies
Page 53
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation (1)
z
Fresnel zone: The sum of the distance from P to T and the distance from P to R
complies with the formula, TP+PR-TR= n/2 (n=1,2,3, ). The elliptical region encircled
by the trail of P is called the Fresnel zone.
R
F1
P
d1
d2
Fresnel zone radius: The vertical distance from P to the TR line in the Fresnel zone. The
Page 54
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation (2)
z
F1 = 17.32
d1 ( km) d 2 ( km)
f (GHz ) d (km)
The first Fresnel zone is the region where the microwave transmission energy is the
most concentrated. The obstruction in the Fresnel zone should be as little as possible.
With the increase of the Fresnel zone serial numbers, the field strength of the receiving
point reduces as per arithmetic series.
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page 55
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation (3)
z
Clearance
M
h3
hc
hp
h1
h5
hs
h4
h6
d1
h2
d2
Along the microwave propagation trail, the obstruction from buildings, trees, and mountain
peaks is sometimes inevitable. If the height of the obstacle enters the first Fresnel zone,
additional loss might be caused. As a result, the received level is decreased and the transmission
quality is affected. Clearance is used to avoid the case described previously.
The vertical distance from the obstacle to AB line segment is called the clearance of the
obstacle on the trail. For convenience, the vertical distance hc from the obstacle to the ground
surface is used to represent the clearance. In practice, the error is not big because the line
segment AB is approximately parallel to the ground surface. If the first Fresnel zone radius of the
obstacle is F1, then hc/ F1 is the relative clearance.
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page 56
The reflected wave from the ground surface is the major factor that affects the received level.
Straight line
Reflection
Straight line
Reflection
Smooth ground or water surface can reflect the part of the signal energy transmitted by the antenna to
the receiving antenna and cause interference to the main wave (direct wave). The vector sum of the
reflected wave and main wave increases or decreases the composite wave. As a result, the transmission
becomes unstable. Therefore, when doing microwave link design, avoid reflected waves as much as
possible. If reflection is inevitable, make use of the terrain ups and downs to block the reflected waves.
Page 57
Different reflection conditions of different terrains have different effects on electric wave
Type C: plain
The reflection coefficient of mountains is the smallest, and thus the mountain terrain is
most suitable for microwave transmission. The hill terrain is less suitable. When designing
circuits, try to avoid smooth plane such as water surface.
Page 58
Troposphere indicates the low altitude atmosphere within 10 km from the ground.
Microwave antennas will not be higher than troposphere, so the electric wave
propagation in aerosphere can be narrowed down to that in troposphere. Main effects of
troposphere on electric wave propagation are listed below:
Absorption caused by gas resonance. This type of absorption can affect the
Absorption and scattering caused by rain, fog, and snow. This type of absorption
Page 59
Contents
4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies
Page 60
Fading
mechanism
Fading time
Page 61
Influence of
fading on signal
Flat fading
Down fading
Up fading
Slow fading
Fast fading
K-type fading
Scintillation
fading
Rain fading
Absorption fading
Received
level
d
GTX
GRX
Power level
G
A0
PTX
PRX
G
M
Receiving threshold
Distance
Page 62
Absorption Fading
z
Molecules of all substances are composed of charged particles. These particles have their
Statistic shows that absorption to the microwave frequency lower than 12 GHz is smaller
than 0.1 dB/km. Compared with free space loss, the absorption loss can be ignored.
10dB
1dB
0.1dB
0.01dB
60GHz
23GHz
12GHz
7.5GHz
1GHz
Page 63
Rain Fading
z
For frequencies lower than 10 GHz, rain loss can be ignored. Only a few db may be
For frequencies higher than 10 GHz, repeater spacing is mainly affected by rain loss.
For example, for the 13 GHz frequency or higher, 100 mm/h rainfall causes a loss of 5
dB/km. Hence, for the 13 GHz and 15 GHz frequencies, the maximum relay distance is
about 10 km. For the 20 GHz frequency and higher, the relay distance is limited in few
kilometres due to rain loss.
High frequency bands can be used for user-level transmission. The higher the
Page 64
Atmosphere refraction
considered that the electromagnetic wave is propagated along a straight line above the
earth with an equivalent earth radius of Re ,
The average measured K value is about 4/3. However, the K value of a specific
section is related to the meteorological phenomena of the section. The K value may
change within a comparatively large range. This can affect line-of-sight propagation.
Re
R
Page 65
Microwave propagation
k = 1: No refraction
Page 66
k=
4/3
1
2/3
Ground surface
Actual earth radius (r)
2/3
1
4/3
k=
Ground surface
Page 67
Down fading: fading where the composite wave level is lower than the free
space received level. Up fading: fading where the composite wave level is higher
than the free space received level.
z
Non-uniform atmosphere
Water surface
Ground surface
Page 68
Multipath fading is caused by mutual interference between the direct wave and reflected
wave (or diffracted wave on some conditions) with different phases.
Multipath fading grows more severe when the wave passes water surface or smooth
ground surface. Therefore, when designing the route, try to avoid smooth water and
ground surface. When these terrains are inevitable, use the high and low antenna
technologies to bring the reflection point closer to one end so as to reduce the impact of
the reflected wave, or use the high and low antennas and space diversity technologies or
the antennas that are against reflected waves to overcome multipath fading.
Page 69
Multipath Fading
Frequency Selective Fading
Flat
Selective fading
Normal
Frequency (MHz)
Page 70
Received level
in free space
Threshold level
(-30 dB)
1h
Signal
interruption
Page 71
Page 72
Scintillation Fading
When the dielectric constant of local atmosphere is different from the ambient due to the
particle clusters formed under different pressure, temperature, and humidity conditions,
scattering occurs to the electric wave. This is called scintillation fading. The amplitude and
phase of different scattered waves vary with the atmosphere. As a result, the composite field
strength at the receiving point changes randomly.
Scintillation fading is a type of fast fading which lasts a short time. The level changes little
and the main wave is barely affected. Scintillation fading will not cause communications
interruption.
Scintillation
fading
Page 73
Summary
z
The higher the frequency is and the longer the hop distance is, the more severe the fading
is.
Fading is more severe at night than in the daylight, in summer than in winter. In the
daylight, sunshine is good for air convection. In summer, weather changes frequently.
In sunny days without wind, atmosphere is non-uniform and atmosphere subdivision easily
forms and hardly clears. Multipath transmission often occurs in such conditions.
Fading is more severe along water route than land route, because both the reflection
coefficient of water surface and the atmosphere refraction coefficient above water surface
are bigger.
Fading is more severe along plain route than mountain route, because atmosphere
subdivision often occurs over plain and the ground reflection factor of the plain is bigger.
Page 74
Contents
4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies
Page 75
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (1)
Category
Equipment level
countermeasure
System level
countermeasure
Effect
Adaptive equalization
Waveform distortion
Power reduction
Power reduction
Page 76
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (2)
z
Multipath fading
Signal frequency
spectrum
Slope equalization
The frequency domain equalization only equalizes the amplitude frequency response
Page 77
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (3)
z
T
C-n
C0
T
Cn
After
Before
-2Ts
-Ts
Ts
-2Ts
Page 78
-Ts
Ts
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (4)
z
Under normal propagation conditions, the output power of the transmitter is always at a
lower level, for example, 10 to 15 dB lower than the normal level. When propagation
fading occurs and the receiver detects that the propagation fading is lower than the
minimum received level specified by ATPC, the RFCOH is used to let the transmitter to
raise the transmit power.
z
Transmitter
ATPC
Demodulator
Receiver
Receiver
Demodulator
ATPC
Transmitter
Page 79
Modulator
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (5)
z
ATPC: The output power of the transmitter automatically traces and changes with the
received level of the receiver within the control range of ATPC.
The time rate of severe propagation fading is usually small (<1%). After ATPC is
configured, the transmitter works at a power 10 to 15 dB lower than the nominal power
for over 99% of the time. In this way, adjacent channel interference and power
consumption can be reduced.
Effects of ATPC:
Reduces the interference to adjacent
systems and over-reach interference
Reduces up fading
Improves residual BER
Page 80
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (6)
z
High level
-35
-45
Low level
21
-55
ATPC dynamic range
-72
31
45
75
85
102
Page 81
-25
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (7)
Cross-polarization interference
cancellation (XPIC)
680MHz
30MHz
340 MHz
80MHz
1
60MHz
6
V (H)
H (V)
680 MHz
30MHz
must be used.
340MHz
80MHz
1X
2X
3X
60MHz
7
V (H)
Horizontal polarization
H (V)
Vertical polarization
Shape of waveguide interface
4X 5X
6X
7X
8X
1X 2X 3X' 4X 5X 6X 7X 8X
Page 82
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (8)
z
Diversity technologies
For diversity, two or multiple transmission paths are used to transmit the same information and the
receiver output signals are selected or composed, to reduce the effect of fading.
Diversity has the following types, space diversity, frequency diversity, polarization diversity, and
angle diversity.
Space diversity and frequency diversity are more frequently used. Space diversity is economical and
has a good effect. Frequency diversity is often applied to multi-channel systems as it requires a wide
bandwidth. Usually, the system that has one standby channel is configured with frequency diversity.
f1
f2
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (9)
z
Frequency diversity
two or more microwave frequencies with certain frequency spacing to transmit and
receive the same information which is then selected or composed, to reduce the
influence of fading. This work mode is called frequency diversity.
Page 84
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (10)
z Space diversity
Signals have different multipath effect over different paths and thus have different fading
characteristics. Accordingly, two or more suites of antennas at different altitude levels to
receive the signals at the same frequency which are composed or selected. This work mode is
called space diversity. If there are n pairs of antennas, it is called n-fold diversity.
Antenna distance: As per experience, the distance between the diversity antennas is 100 to
200 times the wavelength in frequently used frequency bands.
f1
f1
Page 85
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (11)
z
nl
Tx
l/2
Rx
Dh
h1
d
z
Dh =
(nll/2)d
l: wavelength
d: path distance
h1: height of the antenna at the transmit end
2h1
Page 86
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (12)
z
Apart from the anti-fading technologies introduced previously, here are two frequently
used tips:
z
Method I: Make use of some terrain and ground objects to block reflected waves.
Page 87
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (13)
z
Page 88
Protection Modes of
Digital Microwave Equipment (1)
Hybrid coupler
Page 89
Protection Modes of
Digital Microwave Equipment (2)
z
When the fault or fading occurs in the active channel, the signal is switched to the standby
channel. The channel backup is an inter-frequency backup. This protection mode (FD) is mainly
used in the all indoor microwave equipment.
ch1
ch2
ch3
M1
M2
M1
M2
M3
M3
ch1
ch2
ch3
chP
chP
Switching
control unit
RFSOH
Switching
control unit
Page 90
Protection Modes of
Digital Microwave Equipment (3)
Configuration
Protection Mode
Remarks
Application
Terminal of the network
1+0
NP
Non-protection
1+1
FD
Channel protection
1+1
SD
Intrafrequency
1+1
FD+SD
Interfrequency
N+1
FD
Interfrequency
Interfrequency
Large-capacity backbone
network
Page 91
Questions
z
Page 92
Summary
z
Various fading types in the microwave propagation (free space propagation fading,
atmospheric absorption fading, rain or fog scattering fading, K type fading, multipath
fading, duct type fading, and scintillation type fading)
Anti-fading technologies
Page 93
Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview
2. Digital Microwave Communication Equipment
3. Digital Microwave Networking and Application
4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies
5. Designing Microwave Transmission Links
Page 94
Contents
5. Designing Microwave Transmission Links
Page 95
Transmission clearance
Page 96
Requirement on a Microwave
Transmission Line
z
Because the microwave is a short wave and has weak ability of diffraction, the normal
Line propagation
Irradiated wave
Antenna
Page 97
In the microwave transmission, the transmit power is very small, only the antenna in the
accurate direction can realize the communication. For the communication of long
distance, use the antenna of greater diameter or increase the transmit power.
3 dB
Page 98
When the microwave transmission line passes the water surface or the desert
area, it is recommended that there are no obstacles within the first Fresnel zone
if K is equal to 1.
The first Fresnel zone
k = 4/3
Page 99
The knife-edged obstacle blocks partial of the Fresnel zone. This also causes the
diffraction of the microwave. Influenced by the two reasons, the level at the actual
receive point must be lower than the free space level. The loss caused by the knifeedged obstacle is called additional loss.
Diff
ract
ion
Page 100
6
4
2
0
-2
connecting the transmit end and the receive end, that is,
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
-20
-22
-24
-26
-28
-2.5-2.0-1.5-1.0-0.5 0 0.51.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 HC/F1
Loss caused by block of knife-edged obstacle
Page 101
Clearance calculation
h1d 2 + h2 d1
hc =
hb hs
d
The value of clearance is
required greater than that
of the first Fresnel Zones
radius.
hc
h2
hs
h1
d1
hb
d1d2
hb = 0.0785
K
Page 102
d2
To present the influence of various factors on microwave transmission, the field strength
fading factor V is introduced. The field strength fading factor V is defined as the ratio of the
combined field strength when the irradiated wave and the reflected wave arrive at the
receive point to the field strength when the irradiated wave arrives at the receive point in
the free space transmission.
h
E
2
V =
= 1 + 2 cos ce
E0
F1
E: Combined field strength when the irradiated wave and reflected wave
Page 103
can be
VdB
10
5
0
-5
-20
-25
first time.
-30
-35
-40
0.8
1
0 .6
1 .0 4
1 .3 4
1 .4 1
1 .5 3
1 .7 6
1 .9 6
2 .0 3
2 .1 1
2 .2 0
2 .3 6
2 .4 9
2 .5 6
2 .6 4
2 .7 6
2 .8 8
3 .0 5
2
0.5
-15
0.2
-10
formula:
H0 = 0.577F 1 = (d1d2/d)1/2
Page 104
HC/F1=N
To make the clearance cost-effective and reasonable in the engineering, the height of
the antenna should be adjusted according to the following requirements.
In the case that is not greater than 0.5, that is, for the circuit that passes the area
of small ground reflection factor like the mountainous area, city, and hilly area, to
avoid over great diffraction, the height of the antenna should be adjusted according
to the following requirements:
When K = 2/3, HC 0.3F1 (for common obstacles)
HC 0 (for knife-shaped obstacles)
Page 105
In the case that is greater than 0.7, that is, for the circuit that passes the area of great
ground reflection factor like the plain area and water reticulation area, to avoid over great
reflection fading, the height of the antenna should be adjusted according to the following
requirements
When K = 2/3, HC 0.3F1 (for common obstacles)
HC 0 (for knife-edged obstacles)
When K = 4/3, HC F1
When K = , HC 1.35F1 (The deep fading occurs when HC = 21/2 F1.)
If these requirements cannot be met, change the height of the antenna or the route.
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Avoid the interference from other radio services, such as the satellite
communication system, radar site, TV station, and broadcast station.
f1
f1
f1
f2
f2
f2
Over-reach
interference
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Draw the cross-sectional chart of the terrain based on the data of each site.
Calculate the antenna height and transmission situation of each site. For the line
that has strong reflection, adjust the mounting height of the antenna to block
the reflected wave, or have the reflection point fall on the earth surface with
small reflection factor.
Consider the path clearance. The clearance in the plain area should not be over
great, and that in the mountainous area should not be over small.
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Questions
z
What extra factors should be taken into consideration for microwave planning?
Can you tell the procedure for designing a microwave transmission line?
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Thank You
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