MULTICAST

Tc gi: ng Quang Minh

MULTICAST
Tng quan v multicast

C ba kiu truyn IP traffic trn router v switch:

Unicast: Cc gi tin c gi t mt a ch ngun n mt a ch ch. Mt router
hoc mt thit b lp 3 s chuyn cc gi tin bng cch tm a ch ch trong bng nh
tuyn. Nu mt thit b l L2, n ch cn da vo a ch MAC.
Broadcast: Cc gi tin c gi t mt my ngun n mt a ch ch broadcast. a
ch ch c th l a ch tt c cc hosts (255.255.255.255) hoc l mt phn ca a ch
subnet. Mt router hoc mt L3 switch s khng cho php chuyn cc d liu broadcast
ny. Mt thit b L2 s cho php pht tn broadcast traffic ra tt c cc cng ca n.
Multicast: Cc gi c gi t mt a ch ngun n mt nhm cc my tnh. a ch
ch tng trng bng cc hosts mun nhn traffic ny. Mc nh, mt router hoc mt
L3 switch s khng chuyn cc gi tin ny tr khi phI cu hnh multicast routing. Mt
thit b L2 switch khng th nhn bit c v tr ca a ch multicast ch. Tt c cc
gi s c pht tn ra tt c cc port ch mc nh.

C hai thi cc c m t y. C ch dng unicast th d liu s i t host n

host[tc l khc mng vn gi c]; broadcast th traffic s i n tt c cc host trn
phn on mng . C ch multicast s nm gia hai thi cc ny, trong my ngun
ch gi nhng gi tin t mt host n cc ngi dng mun nhn loi traffic . Nhm
ny gi l nhm multicast. Cc my nhn multicast traffic c th nm bt c ni no
ch khng ch trn phn on mng cc b.

Cc traffic dng multicast thng l mt chiu (unidirectional). Do c nhiu host nhn

cng mt d liu, nn thng thng cc gi tin khng c php gi ngc v my
ngun trn c ch multicast. Mt host ch s tr traffic ngc v ngun theo c ch
unicast. C ch multicast cng s c truyn theo kiu phi-kt-ni (connectionless).
Multicast dng UDP ch khng dng TCP.

Cc host mun nhn d liu t mt ngun multicast c th tham gia hoc ri khi mt
nhm multicast bt k thi im no. Hn na, mt host s quyn nh c tr thnh
thnh vin ca mt hay nhiu nhm multicast hay khng . Nguyn tc cn quan tm l
s hoch nh lm th no phn phi cc multicast traffic n cc thnh vin ca
nhm m khng nh hng n cc thnh vin ngoi nhm.

a ch multicast:
Cc router v switch phI c phng thc phn bit traffic dng multicast vI dng
unicast hay broadcast. iu ny thc hin thng qua vic gn a ch IP, bng cch dng
a ch lp D t 224.0.0.0 n 239.255.255.255 ch cho multicast. Cc thit b mng c
th nhanh chng lc ra cc a ch multicast bng cch c 4 bit bn tri ca mt a
ch. Bn bit ny ca mt a ch multicast lun lun bng 1110.

Lm th no m mt router v switch kt hp mt a ch multicast ca IP vi mt a

ch MAC. Do khng c c ch tng ng vi c ch ARP, mt dng gi tr c bit
dnh ring cho a ch MAC ca multicast s c dng. Cc a ch ny bt u bng
0100.5e. Phn 28 bit sau ca a ch multicast Ip s c nh x vo 23 bit thp ca a
ch MAC bng mt gii thut n gin.

Hnh trn cho thy c ch nh x a ch. Ch c 23 bit cui ca a ch l c chp t

a ch IP sang a ch MAC.
Tuy nhin ch rng c 5 bit ca a ch IP khng c chuyn sang a ch MAC. Kh
nng ny lm cho ny sinh mt vn l c th c 32 a ch MAC khc nhau c th
nh x vo cng mt a ch MAC. Do s nhp nhng ny, mt host multicast c mt
vn nh khi n nhn mt Ethernet frame ca mt a ch multicast. Mt MAC c th
tng ng vi 32 a ch multicast khc nhau. V vy, khi mt host phi nhn v kim

tra tt c cc frame c MAC m n quan tm. Sau host ny phi kim tra phn a
ch IP bn trong mi frame nhn ra phn a ch ca tng nhm multicast.

Mt vi khng gian a ch c dnh ring:

-

Ton b khng gian a ch multicast:224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255

a ch link-local: 224.0.0.0-224.0.0.255 c dng bi cc giao thc

nh tuyn. Router s khng chuyn cc gi tin c a ch ny. Cc a
ch bao gm a ch tt c cc host all-hosts 224.0.0.1, tt c cc router
224.0.0.2, tt c cc OSPF routers 224.0.0.5y l a ch cc nhm
c nh v cc a ch ny c nh ngha trc.

Tm a ch dnh cho qun tr (239.0.0.0-239.255.255.255) c dng

trong cc vng multicast ring, ging nh dy a ch dnh ring trong
RFC1918. a ch ny khng c route gia cc domain nn n c th
c dng li nhiu ln.

a ch ton cc (224.0.1.0-238.255.255.255) c dng bi bt c

i tng no. Cc a ch ny c th c route trn Internet, v vy a
ch ny phi duy nht.

nh tuyn cho traffic multicast

Cc traffic IP phi c nh tuyn ging nh bt c mt gi tin L3 no. S khc nhau
l im cn phi bit chuyn gi tin v u. Cc gi tin L3 dng unicast ch c mt
cng ra duy nht trn router (ngay c khi c qu trnh load-balancing xy ra), trong khi
multicast traffic c th c chuyn mch ra nhiu cng , tu thuc vo cc my nhn
nm u.
Mt vi giao thc nh tuyn multicast hin c. Bi vit ny tp trung vo PIM.
u tin, ta phi cho php nh tuyn multicast bng lnh
Switch(config)# ip multicast-routing
Cy Multicast
Cc router hoc cc multilayer switch trong mt mng phi xc nh mt tuyn ng
phn phi cc gi tin multicast t my ngun n tng my nhn. Khi , ton b
mng ging nh mt cu trc cy, trong gc ca cy l ngun ca lung traffic .
Mi router dc theo ng i s l mt nhnh r ca cy. Nu mt router bit tt c cc
a ch multicast, router cng phi bit cn phi nhn bn lung multicast ra nhng

nhnh no ca cy. Mt vi router khng c cc my nhn trong cc phn on mng

ca n th cc router s khng chuyn traffic. Cc router khc s c th c cc my
nhn multicast traffic.
Cu trc cy ny tng t nh cu trc cy Spanning Tree v n c mt root v cc l.
Cu trc cy ny cng m bo l khng b vng lp sao cho traffic multicast khng b
chuyn ngc v cy.
Reverse Path Forwarding

Cc router thng phi thc hin mt php kim tra trn tt c cc gi multicast m n
nhn. Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF) l mt cng c m bo rng cc gi tin
khng b a ngc tr v cy multicast mt v tr bt k no . Khi mt gi tin
c nhn trn mt cng ca router, v d cng E0 ca router, a ch ngun ca gi s
c kim tra. Sau router s so snh a ch ngun ny vi mt entry trong bng nh
tuyn unicast. Nu ct out-going interface ca bng nh tuyn cng ng bng cng
nhn gi multicast (tc E0 trong v d ny), gi multicast s c x l v chuyn ra
cc nhnh ca cy. Nu cng l khng so trng, iu ny c ngha l c mt ai
a gi vo mt v tr khng mong i, chuyn gi tin ngc v root. Gi tin lc ny s
b loi b. thc hin php kim tra RPF ny, router chy giao thc PIM phi tm
kim a ch ngun trong bng nh tuyn unicast.

IGMP

Lm th no mt router bit c cc my cn nghe multicast traffic? nhn multicast

traffic t mt ngun, c ngun v cc my nhn u tin phi gia nhp (join) vo mt
nhm multicast. Nhm ny c xc nh thng qua a ch multicast. Mt host c th
tham gia vo mt nhm multicast bng cch gi cc yu cu n router gn nht. Tc v
ny c thc hin thng qua giao thc IGMP. IGMPv1 c nh ngha trong
RFC1112 v bn ci tin ca n, IGMPv2 c nh ngha trong RFC2236. Khi c vi
host mun tham gia vo nhm, giao thc PIM s thng bo cho nhau gia cc router v
hnh thnh nn cy multicast gia cc routers.

IGMPv1

 tham gia vo mt nhm multicast, mt host s gi mt thng ip ng k tham gia

vo nhm n router cc b ca n. Thng ip ny c tn l Membership Report
IGMP. Thng ip ny s thng bo cho router v a ch multicast m host mun tham
gia vo. a ch multicast 224.0.0.1 all-hosts c dng nh a ch ch. Trong thng
ip ny c cha a ch nhm multicast. C mi 60 giy, mt router trn mi phn
on mng s gi truy vn n tt c cc host kim tra xem cc host ny c cn quan
tm nhn multicast traffic na khng? Router ny gi l IGMPv1 Querier v chc nng
ca n l mi cc host tham gia vo nhm. Nu mt host mun tham gia vo mt nhm,
hoc n mun tip tc nhn traffic t mt nhm m n tham gia, n phi tr li li
bng thng ip membership-report.

Cc host c th tham gia vo cc nhm multicast bt k thi im no. Tuy nhin

IGMPv1 khng c c ch cho php mt host ri khi mt nhm nu host khng
cn quan tm n ni dung ca nhm multicast . Thay vo , router s kt lun l
mt cng giao tip ca b khng cn thuc v mt nhm multicast no nu router
khng nhn c membership-report trong ba chu k truy vn lin tip. iu ny c
ngha l, ch mc nh, cc multicast traffic vn gi vo mt phn on mng
trong ba chu k truy vn lin tip sau khi tt c cc thnh vin ca nhm khng cn lng
nghe multicast traffic na.

Ngoi ra, router khng c gi mt danh sch y cc host thnh vin cho tng nhm
multicast. Thay vo , n cn phi lu nhng nhm multicast no l ang tn ti trn
nhng cng no ca n.

IGMPv2

Phin bn IGMPv2 gii thiu vi s khc bit so vi phin bn u tin. Cc gi tin truy
vn by gi c gi l General Queries. Cc gi ny c th gi ti a ch all-hosts
hoc ti tng nhm c th. Mt ci tin khc na l cc host c php ri khi nhm.
Khi mt host quyt nh ri khi mt nhm n tham gia, n s gi thng ip
LeaveGroup n a ch all-router 224.0.0.2. Tt c cc router trn mt phn on mng
ni b s lu thng ip ny v router truy vn s tip tc qu trnh. Router s tr li
thng ip trn bng thng ip truy cp gi theo nhm. Thng ip ny s hi rng c
cn host no mun nhn traffic cho nhm na khng? Bt c host no cng phi tr
li li bng thng ip membership report. Nu khc i, router s kt lun mt cch an
ton l khng cn thit chuyn traffic cho nhm trn phn on mng .

Giao thc PIM

Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) l mt giao thc nh tuyn c th c dng

chuyn cc multicast traffic. PIM hot ng c lp vI cc giao thc nh tuyn IP v
vy PIM s dng bng nh tuyn IIP v khng gi cc bng multicast routing. Cn ch
l bng unicast routing cng khng ph thuc vo cc giao thc nh tuyn v nhiu
giao thc nh tuyn c th ng gp vo cng mt bng nh tuyn. PIM c th hot
ng hai ch :
PIM Dense Mode
PIM Sparse Mode
PIM Sparse Dense Mode (do Cisco a ra)

PIM Dense Mode

Cc PIM router c th c cu hnh theo kiu Dense Mode (cn gi l PIM-DM) nu
cc host tham gia vo multicast group nm khp ni trn tt c cc subnet. a ch
multicast ngun tr thnh gc ca cy v cy multicast c xy dng t ngun n
ch. C ch ny cn c gi bng k hiu (S,G) trong ng i t ngun n cc
thnh vin trong nhm l duy nht v c xc nh.

Cy multicast c xy dng bng cch cho php pht tn cc traffic t ngun n tt

c cc router trong mng. Cy s pht trin t trn xung di. Trong mt thI gian
ngn, cc traffic khng cn thit s c lu chuyn ging nh trong broadcast traffic.
Tuy nhin khi cc router nhn c traffic cho mt nhm, router s quyt nh n c cc
my nhn mun nhn d liu hay khng? Nu l mun, router s duy tr tnh trng im
lng v dng traffic tip tc. Nu khng c host no ng k cho nhm multicast
(thng qua IGMP), router s gi thng ip Prune n cc router lng ging ca n
(theo hng v gc ca cy. Nhnh ca cy sau s b loi b (prune) sao cho cc
traffic khng cn thit s khng c pht tn v hng .

Cy multicast s c xy dng theo mt ln sng ca cc yu cu tham gia vo nhm.

Sau cc switch khng c cc host tham gia s b xa ra khi cy. Cy kt qu sau
cng c hin th hnh. k tip.

PIM-DM s nhn bit cc thit b lng ging bng cch trao i cc gi hello. Thng tin
lng ging ny c dng trc xy dng cy n tt c cc lng ging. Sau , cc
nhnh ca cy s ln lt c loi b. Nu mt dng multicast bt u, cy s c
xy dng, cy s ch tn ti khi cc thnh vin tch cc cn tn ti. Nu mt host mi
ng k tham gia nhm, nhnh ca phn on mng s c nh thm vo cy.

cu hnh PIM Dense Mode trn mt cng, dng lnh

Switch(config-if)# ip pim dense-mode
PIM Sparse Mode

PIM Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) dng mt gii php khc. Cy multicast khng m rng
n router cho n khi no mt host tham gia vo mt nhm. Cy multicast c xy
dng bng cc thnh vin cc node l v m rng ngc v root. Cy c xy dng
t di ln. SM cng hot ng da trn tng cu trc shared-tree, trong gc ca

cy khng nht thit l ngun ca multicast. Thay vo , root l router PIM-SM

thng c t trung tm ca mng. Router lm gc ny gi l Rendezvous Point
(RP). Cy t im RP n cc thnh vin tht ra l mt cy con ca cy t ngun n
cc thnh vin. Nu mt router bt k u trong mng c th ng k vi RP, cu trc
cy ny s hon tt. Ch spare-mode cn c gi l Shared tree. Cc dng multicast
c m t nh (*,G) bi v cy lun cho php bt c ngun no gi n mt nhm.

Khi mt host tham gia vo mt nhm multicast dng IGMP, router cc b s chuyn cc
thng ip Membership report v gc ca cy multicast. Mi router dc theo ng i
s thm nhnh vo cy dng chung shared-tree. Qu trnh loi b nhanh ch thc hin
khi mt thnh vin ca nhm b xa ra khi mt nhm. Qu trnh ny c hin th
hnh di y:

Ch l qu trnh ny ch bao gm 1 bc. Cc router khng tham gia vo nhm s

khng b loi b v n khng bao gi l mt thnh phn ca cy.
cu hnh PIM Sparse Mode trn mt cng, dng lnh sau:
Switch(config-if)# ip pim sparse-mode
PIM Sparse-Dense Mode
PIM c kh nng h tr c hai ch Dense v Sparse Mode bi v c hai tn ti trn
nhng nhm multicast khc nhau trn mt mng. Cisco cho php ch lai sparsedense mode cho php mt PIM router dng ch dense hay ch sparse ty thuc
vo tng nhm. Nu mt nhm c RP c nh ngha, Sparse-mode s c dng, nu
khng c, dense-mode s c dng. cu hnh mt router chy sparse-dense mode
trn mt cng giao tip, dng lnh:

Switch(config-if)# ip pim sparse-dense-mode

PIM Version 1
i vi cc router chy PIMv1, cc router RP c th c cu hnh bng tay hoc theo
c ch t ng. ch nh mt router l RP, dng lnh sau:
Switch(config)# ip pim rp-address ip-address [ access-list-number] [override]
Ta c th gii hn phm vi cc nhm multicast c h tr bi RP bng cch dng mt
access-list. T kha overrise cho php RP c u tin hn bt c mt RP no c bu
chn bi qu trnh t ng. RP phi c nh ngha trn tt c cc vng mng chy
PIM, k c trn router RP. Cisco cng cung cp mt phng thc t ng thng bo
v PIM-SM cho mt nhm. Phng thc ny gi l Auto-RP. Qu trnh ny c thc
hin bng cch ch ra mt router nm trung tm v cc router kt ni vo n gi l
mapping agent. Cc mapping agent s hc thng tin ca tt c cc ng c vin cho RP.
Cc router mun lm ng c vin phI gI ra mt thng ip Cisco-RP-Announce v
a ch multicast 224.0.1.39. nh ngha router nh mt mapping agent, dng lnh:
Switch(config)# ip pim send-rp-discovery scope ttl
Router mapping agent s gi cc thng tin nh x t RP-nhm n tt c cc PIM router
khc dng thng ip Cisco-RP-Discovery v a ch 224.0.1.40. Gi tr Time-to-live
c thit lp trong nhng thng ip ny hn ch tm vc ca thng p ny. Thng
s ny s ch ra l thng tin s cn hp l trong bao nhiu hop na. Ngi qun tr phi
nh ngha tng minh cc ng c vin cho RP. Khi mt router c xem nh l RP, n
s bt u gi cc thng ip n router mapping agent. Hy cu hnh router nh RP
bng lnh:
Switch(config)# ip pim send-rp-announce type mod/num scope ttl group-list accesslistnumber
Cc cng giao tip s qung b a ch router RP. Phm vi ca thng p qung b ny
s b gii hn bi thng s TTL. Router cng s qung b chnh n nh l mt candidate
RP cho nhm c nh ngha trong access-list.

Switching Multicast Traffic

Cc router hoc cc MLS switch c th xy dng cc cy multicast v chuyn cc gi

tin i mt cch hiu qu. Tuy nhin lp 2, mt switch ch kim tra phn header ca
frame Ethernet tm a ch ngun v a ch ch. Cc switch ny khng th hot
ng theo yu cu ging nh router. Thng tin tt nht m mt switch bit c l a
ch multicast ch v khi frame cn phi c pht tn ra tt c cc cng ca vlan.
C hai phng thc c pht trin cho php cc switch chuyn cc gi tin multicast
mt cch thng minh: dng IGMP snooping v dng CGMP. Mt phng thc i hi
phn cng mnh, phng thc kia th hc hi thng tin t cc router lng ging.

IGMP Snooping [dng switch c cpu sn]

Trong ch hot ng bnh thng, mt host mun tham gia vo mt nhm multicast
phi lin lc vi mt router gateway router a host vo nhm multicast. IGMP
snooping cho php mt switch lng nghe cc thng ip IGMP membership report ny
sao cho n c th tm ra host no ang yu cu nhm no. tham gia vo mt nhm,
mt host phi gi cc thng ip multicast membership report v chnh a ch multicast
ca nhm . Mt switch L2 phi lng nghe n tt c cc multicast frame tm ra
thng tin IGMP. y r rng l mt gnh nng cho CPU ca switch. Mt thit b L3
switch th c li th r rng hn, n c th tch ra thng tin L3 trong mt frame. Kiu
switch ny phi lng nghe mi gi IGMP. Khi mt thng p membership report c
lng nghe, switch s thm a ch MAC ca nhm multicast vo bng CAM ca n cng
vi port ngun ni m mt gi IGMP c nhn. Tc v ny s lin kt a ch nhm
vi cc host yu cu tham gia nhm. Khi cc host khc cng yu cu tham gia nhm,
cc switchport tng ng s c thm vo bng CAM. Khi c mt frame cn n mt
a ch multicast, n c th c nhn bn ra chnh xc cc cng ca cc host nhn.

Vi IGMP snooping, c hai trng hp c bit ca thnh vin nhm trong bng CAM:
-

Tt c cc a ch IGMP l nhn bit bi switch (hc ng) cng s

c lu trong bng CAM. Cc frame multicast phi c nhn bn v
pha cc router cc traffic ny c th c route nu cn thit.

CPU ca switch cng l mt thnh vin ca nhm multicast v n c

th xem cc gi IGMP n v i. Ch c traffic ca IGMP l c x l.
CPU s khng kim tra cc frame multicast khc. IGMP snooping c
cho php trn tt c cc cng ca switch v cc interface vlan. Cc
switch 2950,3550,4500 v 6500 l c h tr IGMP snooping. cho
php hoc tt IGMP, dng lnh

Switch(config)# [no] ip igmp snooping

CGMP [nh router tr gip c MAC host v MAC ca Nhm Multicast m

switch layer2(i thp) cn]

Khi mt L2 switch khng th thc hin tc v IGMP snooping, mt router multicast
lng ging s tr gip. Cisco pht trin ra mt giao thc l Cisco Group Membership
Protocol (CGMP) nhm mc ch ny.

Mt router hoc mt multilater switch c cu hnh cho nh tuyn multicast c th

c cu hnh cho CGMP. Khi cc host gi cc thng ip membership report tham
gia v ri khi mt nhm, Router CGMP s trung chuyn cc thng ip ny n cc
switch quan tm. Cc thng ip CGMP dng cc a ch multicast ni ting l
0100.0cdd.dddd. Theo nh ngha, a ch nhm multicast ny s c pht tn nh l
mt trng hp c bit sao cho cc thng ip
CGMP c th c truyn trn cc non-CGMP switch. Cc thng ip CGMP bao gm
a ch MAC ca host cng vi a ch MAC ca nhm multicast n mun tham gia hay
ri b. Khi mt layer 2 switch nhn thng ip CGMP ny, tc v n gin ca n l
thm vo a ch nhm multicast v cc host ca nhm vo bng CAM. Router s tr
thnh thit b tr thnh cho mt switch trong vic lng nghe cc thng ip CGMP.

ch mc nh, CGMP l tt trn tt c cc cng ca multicast router. cho php,

dng lnh
Switch(config-if)# ip cgmp
Ch c router multicast phI c cu hnh cho CGMP. tt c cc IOS-based L2 switch
u c CGMP cho php ch mc nh, v vy switch s t ng x l CGMP t
routers.