Advanced Functions SOLUTIONS MANUAL and Senior Consulta Chris Kirkpatrick * Marian Small ?80l7b'239800NELSON EDUCATION @ Advanced Functions Solutions Manual Series Authors and Authors Senior Consultants ‘Barbara Allred, Crystal Chilvers (Chris Kirkpatrick, Marian Salt Beverly Farahani, Kristina Parenti, Angelo Lillo, lan Macpherson, John Roxiger, Susanne Trew eral Manager, Mathematics, Paitoria Assistant Cover Design ence and Technology ally St bi Smith Sto Lenore Brooks ecutive Director, Content and Cover mage Publisher, Mathematics Media Production Copyright Veer Calin Garam Renate McCloy Production Services Associate Publisher, Mathematics Director, Content and Media Pre Press PMG Sandra McTavish Pradvction Soja Singh Printer Managing Bator, Mathematics Canaan Princo Ld Production Manager Linda Krepnsky Design Director Ken Phipps Project Manager fis Yampa COPYRIGHT 6.2n® by Nchon ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No prt_ Every fit is een mae es Fdcaton Lid aon acer cced by the capgnght —cwnersip ofall cpyeihted mate ane efor anyreptucbie and to secure pissin fro 1BW-13978-017-62398000 ner dein ha werk may fe copyright hers tn the ven of ay ISBN. 10: 0-17-625980-4 ree mnie) orwed im questioning 0 te use fa Sr pyanymeaneaapis, material we wl be pleased to make primed and bound in Canada a io enc lading the necessity conection in Cue bpd 4 1h 10 09 08 photocopying. recording, taping, Web printings Sissibution, or information storage For more information comact Nelson and retrieval systems—without the Fo T1120 Birsmeunt Hem ermsion ofthe pblisher Read, Toronto, Onto, MIK SG He ment site FoF petmision owe aerial fom hupferwornelsoncom fin fee pn, sti a Ceguest sw cegage comipermissions Further questions about permissions cen be emailed 10 permis questicengsyNelson Advanced Functions Solutions Manual Contents Chapter 1 Functions: Characteristics and Properties Getting Started, 1.1 Punetions, 1.2 Exploring Absolute Value 1.3 Properties of Graphs of Functions... Mid-Chapter Review . 14 Sketching Graphs of Functions LS Inverse Relation 1.6 Piecewise Functions. 7 1.7 Exploring Operations with Functions. Chapter I Review Chapter 1 Self-Test. Chapter 2 Functions: Understanding Rates of Change Getting Started. 2.1 Determining Average Rate of Change 22° Estimating Instantaneous Rates of Change from Tables of Values and Equations 2.3 Exploring Instantaneous Rates of Change Using Graphs Mid-Chapter Review . 24 Using Rates of Change to Create a Graphical Mode! 2.5 Solving Problems Involving Rates of Change... Chapter 2 Review Chapter 2 Self-Test Chapter 3 Polynomial Functions Getting Started an 3.1 Exploring Polynomial Functions... 3.2 Characteristics of Polynomial Functions 3.3 Characteristics of Polynomial Functions in Factored Form 34 Transformations of Cubic and Quartic Functions Mid-Chapter Review 3.5 Dividing Polynomials 3.6 Factoring Polynomials 3.7 Factoring a Sum or Difference of Cubes Nelson Advanced Functions Solutions ManualChapter 3 Review Chapter 3 Self-Test Cumulative Review Chapters 1-3. Chapter 4. Polynomial Equations and Inequalities Getting Stared. 4.1 Solving Polynomial Equations 42. Solving Mid-Chaprer Review Linear Inequalities, 4.3 Solving Polynomial Inequalities 44 Rates of C Chapter 4 Review Chapter 4 Self-Test .ge in Polynomial Functions Chapter 5 Rational Funct Genting Started: ns, Equations, and Inequalities 1 Graphs of Recipes Fusions $2 Taploring Quotens of Polynomial Futon 53 of Rational Functions ofthe Form fs) = Mid-Chapter Review 54 Solving Rational Equations 5.5 Solving Rational Inequalities 5.6 Rates of Change in Rational Functions. Chapter 5 Review Chaprer 5 Self-Test Chapter 6 Trigonomet Functions Getting Started 6.1 Radian Measure 62 Radian M 63. Exploring Graphs of the Primary Trig ssure and Angles on the Cartesian Plane onometric Functions, 624 Transformations of Trigonometric Functions Mid-Chapter Revie’ 65 Explor Graphs of the Reciprocal Trigonometrie Functions 66 Modelling with Trigonometric Functions: 6.7 Rates of Change in Trigonometric Functions, Chapter 6 Review Chapter 6 Self-Test Cumudative Review Chapters 4-6 Ad 43 410 alt bs 428 4-35 6-5 6-12 613 tT 6-20 621 6-23 6-26 6-29 6-30 Contents,Chapter 7 Trigonometric Identities and Equations Getting Started, 7.1 Exploring Equivalent Trigonometric Functions 7.2 Compound Angle Formulas 7.3 Double Angle Formulas. Mid-Chapter Review 7.4 Proving Trigonomettie Identities... 7.5 Solving Linear Trigonometric Equations 7.6 Solvin 1g Quadratic Trigonometric Equations Chapter 7 Review Chapter 7 Self-Test Chapter 8 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Getting Started... 8.1 Exploring the Logarithmic Function 8.2. Transformations of Logarithmic Functions 8.3. Evaluating Logarithms, 84 Laws of Logarithms Mid-Chapter Review 8.5 Solving Exponential Equations 86 Solvi 8.7 Solving Problems with Exponential and Logarithmic Functions. Logarithmie Equations 8.8 Rates of Change in Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Chapter 8 Review. Chapter 8 Self-Test Chapter 9 Combinations of Functions Genting Started, . 9.1 Exploring Combinations of Functions. 9.2 Combining Two Functions: Sums and Differences, 9.3 Combining Two Punetions: Products 94 Exploring Quotients of Functions Mid-Chupter Review 9.5 Composition of Functions 9.6 ‘Techniques for Solving Equations and Inequalities 9.7 Modelling with Chapter 9 Review Chapter 9 Self-Test. Cumulative Review Chapters 7-9 ‘unctions Nelson Advanced Functions Solutions Manual 7-1 715 83Diagrams 9 in audition to drawing diagrams by hand, stents can also draw diagrams using various forms of technology, such as the following: 1e Geometer’s Sketchpad «+ T1-83/T1-84 Plus or other graphing calculator + acomputer graphing calculator «+ other computer software vi Contents9 CHAPTER 1 Functions: Characteristics and Properties Getting Started, p. 2 b) horizontal translation | unit to the right, vertical " translation 2 units up; Li) = + ie 4 o a) f(2) = (2) + 3(2) 4 +6-4 8 6 4 by A(-1) = (-1F + 3(-1) ¢) horizontal stretch by a factor of 2, vertical stretch by a factor of 2, reflection across the x-axis: =@+latl+3a—1 =a +5a 2eayae + Qey + y= (x + y+ yy b) Sx? ~ Lox + 3= Se? = 15x — Ly 3 x(x = 3) + (=1)(e = 3) ~ Ce ~ 3) 4) horizontal compression by a factor of vertical stretch by a factor of 2, reflection across the a-axis: ( V(x + yP ~ 64 = (x + y= (BY = (rt y + 8)u ty —8) ) ax + bx ~ ay ~ by = x(a + b) + (=y)(u +b) = (a+ b)lx = y) 3. a) horizontal translation 3 u vertical translation 2 units up: ts to the right, b)D = (reR}.R 19} ©) D = {ve Rix #0), R = [ye R\y + 0} @)D = [veR}R = (yeR|-3 sy <3} ©) D = (ee RJR = (yeR|y > 0} Advanced Functions Solutions Manual WW5. a) This is not a umetion; it does not pass the vertical line test 1b) This is a function: for each x-value, there iS exactly one corresponding y-valte ¢¢) This is not a function: for each «value greuter than 0, there are (wo corresponding y-values 4) This is a function; for each x-value, there 1s exactly one corresponding y-value. fe) This is a function; for each x-value, there is exactly one corresponding y-value 6a ya ves by ya wer 0 21 7. Fa relation is represented by a set of ordered pairs, a table, o¢ an arrow diagram, one can Uetermine if the relation is a funetion by checking that each value of the independent variable is paired ‘with no more than one value of the dependent variable, Ifa relation is represented using a graph or Scaiter plot, the vertical line fest can be used to Getermine if the relation is a function, A relation may also be represented by a description/rule oF by tasing function notation or an equation. In these ceases, one can use reasoning to determine if there is more than one value of the dependent variable sired with any value of the independent variable 1.1 Functions, pp. 11-13 LeayD = (ve RER = (ve R|-4 Sy =~ 2): This is fametion because it passes the vertical ine fest b)D = fveR\-L Se ST (ye R)-3 Sy = fs This is a function ise it passes the vertical line test D = (1.2.3.4): R = (5.4.7.9, Ip This is fhot a function because is sent to more than one element in the range, @)D = (ve R}: R= (y eR}: This isa tumetion because every clement in the domain produces exactly one element in the fange. WD = (4 312 R= 10.1.2, 3 This is a unetion because every element of the domain is sent to exactly one element in the range. +2 £)D = fre R} R= {ve Rly =O} Thisisa Function because every element in the domain produces exactly one element in the range. 2a) D = {reR} R= [ye Rly = ~3 This isa function because every element in the domain produces exactly one element in the range byD = (ve Riv # ~3 R= [ve Rly # 0} Thisis ‘a function because every element in the domain produces exactly one efement in the range. €)D = fyeRER = {yeRIy > Of This isa function because every element in the domain produces exactly one element in the range. @)D = {re}: R= {ve R]0-s y= 2h: Thisiva function because every element in the domain produces exactly one element in the range e)D = (veR|-3 R= (ve R/—3 = y = 3fs This is not a function because (0, 3) and (0, ~3) ate both in the relation: f)D = (cc R/: R= lye R/~2 = y 52): Thisisa function because every element in the domain produces exactly one element in the range, 3.a) D = (3.5.7): B = {2.4.0} This isa Function because each element of the domain has exactly one corresponding element in the range, DVD = (0.1.2.5) R= (1.36 This isa function because each element of the domain has exactly one corresponding element in the range. ©) D = {01.2.3} R = 2.4h This is a function because each element of the domain has exactly one corresponding element in the range. )D = (2.6.8): R = (1.3.5.7) This is nota function because 2 is sent to both Sand 7 in the e)D = {1, 10, 100}: R= (0, 1.2. 3}: This is not a function because | is sent to both 0 and 1 in the range, 1D = (2.3.4 R= (1.2. 3.4h This isa function because each element of the domain has. ‘exactly one corresponding element in the range. “4. a) This i a function because it passes the vertical Tine test; D = (ve R]: R = (ye Riy = 2} \b) This is not a function because it fails the vertical Tine test: D = {ve Riv = 2): R= fy=R} ) This is a function because every element of the domain produces exactly one element in the range, D = (ve RE R = (veRiy = ~05} d) This is not a function because (1, Hand (L. —L) are both in the relation; D = {ve Rix = Of R= eR} Chapter 1: Functions: Characteristics and Properties€) This is a function because every element of the domain produces exactly one element in the range: D = (ve Rix # 0: R= {ye Rly + OF £) This is a function because every element of the domain produces exactly one element in the range: D = {ve RE R = (yeR} Sayyexe3 by =2e~5 oy = 3x - dy=—r+5 6. a) The length is twice the width by Since / fayetew= tel 3 FQ) = 51 ° Gl 24680 4) Since / = 2, the length must be 8 m and the width 4 m in order to use all 12 m of material. Tea) Height (mn) 0 50 100 150 200 250 Time (s) by D = (0.20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 15 200, 220, 240} R= (0,5, 10) d) It is a function because it passes the vertical line test, Advanced Functions Solutions Manual oo | 200 . . = 0 ‘ 2 . E 00 . so 5 ° 204 6 8 Height (m) 1) Iris not a function because (5 both in the relation 8.) ((1.2). (3.4). (5,6)} bY (1.2), (3.2), (5.6)} (02.1), (2,3). (5.0)} 9. If vertical line passes through a Function and hits to points, those two points fave identical ‘coordinates and different y-coordinates. This means that one x-coordinate is sent to two different elements in the range, violating the detinition of function 1.ayd = VEO FS OF =VPRS 0) and (5,40) are Yes, because the distance from (4, 3) to (01.0) is 5. bd = VT OF FB oF =VPF ~ V% 54 V% No, because the distance from (1, 5) to (0.0) is not S €) No, because (4.3) and (4,~3) are both in the relation, Mead g(x) = +3 b) g(3) ~ g(2) = 12-7 8B~2)= 9) 4 So, w(3) ~ g(2) # g(3 ~ 2) 1312a) f(6) = 1424346 f(8)= 1+ 24448 is by fisy= 1+ 345415 24 fa) < f(S5) = +3) ES) 4x6 = FAS) = FR) * (3) e) fU2y=1t2e3 44460412 28 f3) x fla) = 3) 2+ A) =4x7 28 f2) = f(3) xf) 4) Yes, there are others that will work. la) » f(b) ~ flax b) whenever a and D have no ‘common factors other than 1. 13. Answers may vary. For example cs) ——— SM S_£ rake model coe SC rinction} 71 TX pica mal \N KATZ station) \sanabte_) ‘The first is not a fu vertical line test: D R= (veR|-5 on because it fails the xeR|-5 =x = 3}; = 5}. The second is & function because it passes the vertical line test: D = {reR/-5 5x 55}, R = (ve sy = 5}. 15. xis a function of y if the graph passes the horizontal line test. This occurs when any horizontal line hits the graph at most once. 1.2 Exploring Absolute Value, p. 16 1. [5] = 5, [20 = 20, |= 15] = 15, [12] = 12, [=25) = 25 From least to greatest, 5, 12, 15, 20, 25, or |=5|. 12), |= 151, 1201, |~251 2, a) |=22| = 22 b) -|-35| = ~35 ©) |-5 ~ 13) = |-18) =18 4) 4-7 + |-10 + 2) = [-3) + |-8) 2348 =u 2, =16 4 Bea) |x| >3 by [xj 8 e) |x| = 1 d)|xi 45 fea) et > So-8-6-4-2 02 4 6 810 be ot Jone -8 -4 «0 4 B 2 16 20 ©) The absolute value of a number is always greater than or equal to 0. There are no solutions to this inequality. d) eee tt So-8 6-4-2 0.2 4 6 B10 5.) |] b) |x) > 2 ois) a) |x Chapter 1: Functions: Characteristics and PropertiesVis sewn a) The graphs are the same. b) Answers may vary, For example, v= B= ~(—r + 8), so they are ne each other and have the same absolute value. Ta) 8. When the number you are adding or subtracting is inside the absolute value signs, it moves the function to the left (when adding) oF to the right (when subtracting) of the origin, When the number you are adding or subtracting is outside the absolute value signs, it moves the function down (when subtracting) or up (when adding) from the origin. The graph of the function will be the absolute value Advanced Functions Solutions Manual function moved to the left 3 units and down 4 units feom the origin, 9. This is the graph of g(x) compressed by a factor of $ and translated | unit to the left x{ horizontally oy 3aag 4 ~ 10. This is the araph of g(x) = [x horizontally compressed by a factor of f reflected over the axis, translated 2! units to the right, and translated 3 units up. 1.3 Properties of Graphs of Functions, pp. 23-25 1. Answers may vary. For example, domain because most of the parent functions have all real numbers as a domain, 2. Answers may vary, For example, the end behaviour because the only two that match are x? and [x 3. Given the horizontal asymptote, the function ‘must be derived from 2°. But the asymptote is at y = 2, so it must have been translated up two, Therefore, the function is f(x) = 2% + 2 4. a) Both functions are odd, but their domains are different ) Both functions have a domain of all real numbers, but sin (x) has more zeros. ©) Both functions have a domain of all real numbers, but different end behaviour. 4) Both functions have a domain of all real numbers, but different end behavioursay fixy 4 foe (op d aod expected Since f(x) = f=). the funetion is even by fix) = sin(x) + oxy = sin(=x) + (-) = asin = 8 sin ea) = fl) fouyasine te Since fU-\) = =f) the Function is odd 1 © fyetos negates bees 10 -toyeten since (=x) = =F) the funtion is oud d) flxy= dette fon) = 2a + = == (8 +x) = —fX) fonamete Since f(x) = ~/( the function is odd @ flsy= 208 fl-xy = UnxP (ory se se fons 2 =a Since flex) & Pla) and fL=0) # FC. the faction iy neither even or od f= Bess fl) = (2-8) +3) 3] fl-ry= [ode 43 since flv) # fla) and (0) * = Fade the function is neither even nor odd. 6a) iv}, because it Is a measure of distance from a number 1b) sin (x), because the heights are periodic 6) 2 because population tends to increase exponentially dd) x because there is $1 on the first day, $2 on the $3 on the thitd, ete 7a) fc) = Vx, because the domain of x must be coreater than 0 for the function to be defined and poy = VO=0 by foc) = sin x, because the function is periodic and is at 0 at 0°, 180°, 360°, 540 fe) ft) = ¥°: This even because ye) = (9) =? = Fx). The graph of the function is a smooth curve without any sharp corners. d) fi) =. because y = x in this function and, hneretore, y and x have the same behaviour. 720°, ete, 6 Beaysisy= 2-3 8 Tae 8 » gon) = sine +3 y 10. ay The quadratic is a parabola opening upward with its vertex at (2, 0). Using the vertex form, the function would be f(x) = (¢ ~ 2) by There is not only one function. be 4 fl) = 2) + L works as well ¢) There is more than one function that satisfies the property, f(x) = [v= 2) + and fx) = 2\x ~ 2) both work, 11. x2 is a smooth curve, while x) has a sharp, pointed corner at (0. 0) Chapter 1: Functions: Characteristics and Propertiessnorneyoa pus Peo. Aout ee aor | 2u0N 00 o’0 some | smoidutsy pue | | ons ‘oununvozeg aun | one von ouvert | o- oon Wevoneet ze! | fe moe | e+ yee) 00m w=] bona fon 200 | ear yo easy zy te + si06 Ls wehoe) 2b0ey — df ies A = Our © wong ausseg uw Advanced Functions Solutions Manual13. It is important to name parent funetions in order to classify a wide range of functions according to, similar behaviour and characteristics. 14. D = {re} R = Uf) e Rh: interval of increase = (2, ©), no interval of decrease, nO discontinuities, x- and y-intercept at (0, 0), odd, ry 9m, and £> —%, p> —%. Its very similar to f(x) = x. It does not, however, have & constant slope. 15, No, cos xis a horizontal translation of sin x. 16. The graph can have 0, 1, or 2 zeros, 0 zeros: 4 3-3-1 4 2 zeros: 18 Mid-Chapter Review, p. 28 La) This is a function because every value in the domain goes to only one value in the range D = {0,315.27}. R = (2.34) b) This is a function because every value in the domain goes to only one value in the ranges D = (veR}, R= tye R} ©) This is not a function. It fails the vertical fine test: D = (reR|-5 =x = 5}, R= veR}~S Sy = 5} @) This is not a function because 2. in the domain, goes to both 6 and 7 in the range: D = (1,2. 10}. R= (-1,3.6.7} 2a) Yes, Every clement in the domain gets sent t0 exactly one element in the range bb) D = {0,1.2.3.4,5.6, 7.8.9. 10} fe) R= {10, 20, 25, 30. 35, AU. 45, 50} 3.a)D = (ve RJR = (flee Rf: function byD = (reR| “320 = 3h R= {ye Ri-3 = y = 3)smota function €)D = {xe Rix = 5}. R= (ye Rly = 0}: function d)D = {re R}. R= {ye Rly = ~2f function 4)-3) 23.3) = 8/5) = Sg =O =O 3] <0] <}-3) 5 5.3) 7 8 6 2 ° Chapter 1: Functions: Characteristics and Properties6. a) The graph of flx) = 2° is not symmetric about the y-axis nor the origin, and, therefore, is neither even nor odd. Looking at the graph we notice that xe and y+ x 7 b) (~%,0) and (0, ») are both intervals of decrease for the function f(x) = | ) The function f(x) = Ve must have a domain greater than or equal to 0 because the square root of 4 negative number is undefined. 7a) f(x) = |2r) fl—0) = [2(-x) Since f(x) = f by fis) = (=x fx) = (~ (=x) = 8 = (=a) = Fl) Since f(x) = f(x), the funetion is even fly seta fo = (-) 4s eg Since fle) # f(~x) and fix) # is neither odd nor even. = [2e) = fix) x). the function is even, f(x), the function ‘Advanced Functions Solutions Manual ) f(x) = aS Fe fox) = 4-0) + 3(-9)" = 1 Sa ae Since f(x) # f(x) and f(x) # ~ fx), the function is neither odd nor even. 8, i 9. a) This is fx) jiscontinuous "ated ight Fan ap 3 slated down 2; continuous ted down 10: continuous 191.4 Sketching Graphs of Functions, pp. 35-37 1. a) translation 1 unit down ) horizontal compression by a factor of 5 translation 1 unit right ¢) reflection over the taxis, translatio franslation 3 units right d) reflection over the 2units up, axis, vertical stretch by @ factor of 2, horizontal compression by a factor of | e) reflection over the « reflection over the y-axis, ranslation 2 units left fh vertical compression by a tactor of § transtation 6 units up, horizontal streteh by a factor of 4, translation 5 units right a) Representing the reflection in the x-axis: a= —1, representing the horizontal stretch by @ factor of 2: k = 4. representing the horizontal translation: d = 0. representing the vertical translation 3 units up: ¢ = 3. The function is y= sin (ix) #3. ) Representing the amplitude: a = 3. representing the horizontal stretch by a factor of 2: k =} representing the horizontal translation: d = 0 representing the vertical ranstation 3 units dower c= —2. The funetion is y = 3sin (sx) ~ 2. 3, Consider the transformations of f(x): horizontal Compression by a factor of {vertical stretch by a factor of 2 reflection aoross the x-axis, horizontal transfation 5 woits left, and vertical translation $ units down. These transformations take (2. 3) to (1.3). (1.6). (1, 6). (4. 0), and finally t0 (4, = 10). 4. a) Each y-coordinate gets multiplied by 2. (2.6) (41). (2,10), (4,12) 1b) Each x-coordinate gets increased by 3. (5, 3), (7.7), 5) (1.6) ¢) Each y-coordinate gets increased by 2. (2.5), (49), (2.7). AS) d) Each x-coordinate gets decreased by 1. and each ased by 3. (1,0), (3.4). s-coordinate gets deer (3.2.5.3) €) The points are reflected across the y-axis, 50 for e-coordinates that ditfer in sign switch the (2.5), 4.6). (72.3), AT) The x-coordinates are reduced by a factor of | sand the »-coordinates are decreased by 1. (1.2), (2.6). (1.4). (2.5) y-coordinates 0 axis. transtation 3 units down, S.a) f(x) = x°, translated left | J saa Tas -2 3 by f(x) = |x|. vertical stretch by 2 SaaS 2 34 ©) fx) = sin (x), horizontal compression of 5 twanslation up en fie by 2 Chapter 1: Functions: Characteristics and Properties( 15, =(-1.7) 3} 1) f(x) = VX, horizontal compression by 4, translation right 6 ec. yo(- 8) 7 Ly aos ‘ 1,8) 4 (F5U) ~3.05(8) #3 2 10. a) g(x) = Vr 1 , = {ee Rix = 2 igv)e Rie(x) = 0} Db) h(x) = 2V 4 7 iy 7 4 6 810 D= fveR)x = R= fh(vye RIA) = 4} 6.a) D = {ve RJR = {fle)e Rife) =O} k(x) = VE 41 b) D = {ve RR = (f(x) eRiflx) = 0} D = {reR)y SO} R= (k()ER|(x) = Up ©) D = {re R},R = {f(xy eR} fle) s 2} A) f(x) = 3V I(r — 3) 3 aD freRis #0) R= (fl eR) 43D = fee Rhy = 5}. R= Gi) ERijlay = ©) D = fre}, R= (fC) ERIflx) > 0} HL y = Sx? = 3) is the same as y = S42 ~ ND [re Riv = 6). R= {£00 Rifle) = 0} not y = Sx? 3 7.) ——aa57- 2. , 8 te) ——s “2-8 ey 4 8 12 - 3 -2 b) The domain remains unchanged at D = {x | ‘The range must now be less than 4: R = (f(e)e Rif(x) < 4}. It changes from Trea on (=) decreasing on (>). 45, gyavenicasretah by was 4 ‘The end behaviour becomes as.x—+ 2, y+ 4, and b) a horizontal compression by a factor of | By = “292-46 80s 4 -6 8 ~10- 9a) (1.8) (1 2.8% 3) = 3,24) bansya(Fuy-18—4 -05,4) l 90.8) >(- 782-7) = 1.9) Ha.s(4ay ~ 18x -1) = (075, ‘Advanced Functions Solutions Manual (xy de J. Answers may vary, For example horizontal stretch or compression, | based on value of & | vertical stretch or compression, based | on value of @ reflection in c-axis if' a < 0: | reflection in y-axis if k <0 L horizontal translation, based on | valve of d vertical translation, based on | value of c a15. The new y-coordinate was produced by translating down 4 alter a stretch by a factor of 2 ‘To go backwards, we must translate up 4, which takes the 6 to 10, and then compress by a factor of |, which takes 10 to 5. The new x-coordinate was produced by transla Wwe translate right 1 unit, so 3 becomes 4. The original point is (4,5). 16, a) horizontal compression translation 2 units to the left b) Because they are equivalent expressions Mx +2) =3e +6 ° by a factor of 1.5 Inverse Relations, pp. 43-45 Lay (5,2) by (~6,~5) e)(-8,4) d) fl) = 29,2) So, (2, 1) is on the inverse. e) (3) = 0 (-3,0) So, (0,~3) is on the inverse. £) (0) = 7 (0.7) (7, 0) is on the inverse 2. The domain and the range of the original Functions are switched for the inverse a) D = [reR}.R = {veR} b)D = fre RR} R= (ve Riy = 2} ©) D = {reR}x <2), R= {ye Ry = ~5} aD = {reR' = 10). R= {yeRIy 3. Function Az y = $x ~ 2 <2 x ‘The inverse of function A is: dw+dey Functions A and D match. Function B: y = 7 + 2 fore = 0 Phe inverse of function E is ing left [-unit. To go backwards, + Functions B and F match. Function C: y = (x + 3) where «= ~3 he inverse of function F is: r= (tay Veryt3 Va-dey Functions C and E mateh. 4a) (4, 129) by (129, 4) )D = {reR}, R= (ye R} a) D = fre), R= {ye R} @) Yes: it passes the vertical line test a) 4, 248) b) (248, 4) ¢)D = {veR}, R= (ye Rly = ~8} d)D = {re Rix = —8}, R= {yeR} e) No: (248, 4) and (248,~4) are both on the inverse relation. 6. a) Not a function ) Function’ Chapter 1: Functions: Characteristics and Properties) 4) Not a function NZ = 9 2 F- 2-2 5 P-2)=¢ 5(P- 32) =¢ SCF ~ 32); this allows you to convert from 9 F = 5(20) +32 = 36 + 32 = 68 jtF 32) c= (68 ~ 39) = (3) = aC - 20°C = 08°F BayA= or ‘Advanced Functions Solutions Manual 10. h(x) = 26 +7 W(x) ah) =2(3) +7 = 13 BAY) = 209) + 7 5, ey MI = WB) 2 a h'3) eh) 31 3 6 672 11, No; several students could have the same grade point average. Ia) f(x) = ae +4 x= By+4 x-4=3y p 1Q) 1G) P= hema) by A(x) = =x W(x) =~ Ogee 1B13.a) g(x) = Ale = 3 +L radu -3y +t rol : b) 2(y-3y easy yey pea 4) The points of intersection are approximately (2.20, 3.55), (2.40, 2.40), (3.55. 2.20), and (3.84, 384) \f— lf — e).x = 3 because a negative square root is undefined. f g(2) = 5, but g'(5) = 2 ort the inverse is not a function if this is the domain of & 14. Fory = = VF 3.D = lve Rix = ~2) and R= [ye Riy =O}. Fory = ~ 2D = freR} and R= (ye Rly = ~2}. The student would be correct if the domain of y = 1° ~ 2is restricted to D = (re R\x = 0} 15, Yes: the inverse of y= Ve FZis y =v = so long as the domain of this second function is restricted to D = (re Rix = 0} 16, John is correct, Algebraic: y = + sy — 2 = edly 2)V= 8 Numeric: Lete = hoy = nerie: Let 7 = 16 + Six = V4 2) VATI6) = Ved = 4 Graphical: ——ay mo [A ae “The graphs are reflections over the line v= 17. fla) = k — x works for all KER, vek=4 Switch variables and solve for yt =k ~ ¥ yok=« So the funtion is ity own inverse. 18. [f a horizontal line hits the function in two Jocations, that means there are (wo points with equal y-values and different .x-values. When the function is reflected over the line y = «to find the inverse relation, those two points become points with equal x-values and different y-values, thus violating the definition of a function, Chapter 1: Functions: Characteristics and Properties1.6 Piecewise Functions, pp. 51-53 La) 7 i 4 1 . SFT Tae" 2y 4 6 b) ° d ° ¥ 2 6 8 48 Advanced Functions Solutions Manual 2.8) Discontinuous at ¢ = 1 ) Discontinuous at r= 0 ©) Discontinuous at« 4) Continuous e) Discontinuous at x = 4 A Discontinuous at x = | and.x = 0 3.) The function changes at x = 1. When « the function is parabola represented hy the equation y = x2 ~ 2, When x > Lit isa line represented by the equation y =< + 1 {i Lifes. fay = r+ Life >t b) The function changes at t= 1, When x = 1. the function is an absolute value function represented by the equation y = jx), When x= 1, it iva radical function represented by the equation y = Vi Irie = 1 ne (en =i 4.a) D = {xe R}; the function is discontinuous. at rl by D = {xR}; the function is continuous S.a) 6 4 The function is discontinuous atx = ~1 D = {re R) R= (2,3 145‘The function is continuous. D = [re R} R= {fee RIC) = 0} or y 2 Sg se “8 -2 ‘The function is continuous. D= {reR} R= {flee Rifle a 2 8 4 | 4 aad Boag) sep “8 = The function is continuous D= (reR} R= [fe RI = fle) = 5} 6. There is a flat fee of $15 for the first 500 minutes which is represented by the top equation. Over 500 minutes results in a rate represented by the bottom equation 15.if0 = x = 500 100) * is «quite = 50 1 0.35x. if = «= 100000 F(x) = J0.48x ~ 10.000, if 100.000 < x = 500.000 55x ~ 60.000, if x > 500.000 '& In order for the function {o be continuous the (wo “1 pieces must have the same value for x 1-k=-2-Lork=4 v6 0 2 4 6 8 10 1b) The function is discontinuous at x = 6. o) 2° — (4x + 8) atx = 6 2" = (4(6) + 8) = 64 — 32 = 32 fish ‘d) Using the function that represents the time after the spill, 4x + 8 = 64; dr = S60 = 14 ) Answers may vary. For example: three possible ‘events are environmental changes, introduction of new predator, and increased fishing, 10. Answers may vary. For example [Plot the fntion for he titer fo am G 1 Plot the funetion for the right interval. Determine if the plots for the left and | re ee ee ers | that serves as the common endpoint for the intervals; if so, the function is |____somtinuous isp Determine continuity forthe two | intervals using standard methods Chapter 1: Functions: Characteristics and Properties %@ 12, The function is discontinuous at p = 0 and P= 1S¢continuous at 0 < p< 15 and p > 15. 0 if O=6<10 10.if 10 x < 20 13. f(x) = 4 20,if20 5 6 < 30 30, if30 = x < 40 40, if 40 = x < 50 sofy 40 — x0 _ 20 — wf ° 5 0 10 2 30 40 50 60 tis often referred to as a step funetion because the graph looks like steps. 14, To make the first two pieces continuous, S(-1) = ~1 + kok = 4. Bueifk = ~4, the graph is discontinuous at x 15. 16. Answers may vary. For example: vt 3ifx< 1 af(x)= 9 e+ Lif-1er Vv (x + life >2 Advanced Functions Solutions Manual b) ©) The function is not continuous. The last two pieces do not have the same value for x = 2 e+3ifx< 1 f(x) -{ e+ Lif-lerst Vi+ Life > 1 1.7 Exploring Operations with Functions, pp. 56-57 1. a) Add y-coordinates for the same x-coordinates of fand P+ 8 = {(-4,6), (2,5), (1,5), 4, 10)} by) Subtract the y-coordinate of g from the y coordinate of f for the same x-coordinates of fand g. Pg = {(~4.2). (2.3), 1,1), 4, 2)} ©) Subtract the y-coordinate of f trom the s-coordinate of g for the same x-coordinates of fand ¢. 8 f= (4.2), (2-3), (=D), (4 2)} 4d) Multiply y-coordinates for the same ‘coordinates of fand g fig = {(-4.8), (2,4), (1.6), (4, 24)} 2a) v b WWsay y iD 3 6 y 2 x qa ToT os “4 “6 a | » 7 4 b) px) = mix) = he) =r -(-Te+ 2) rehe2 ; _ 200 20 200 0 100 %° | ” ew ® ey rir) = she) + £00) ah 7 00 200 100 Qe eT as 100 d) a(x) = ble) x ee) Seay i(x) = fix) + 800) are ier) =0) ne Chapter 1: Functions: Characteristics and Properties6. a)-b) Answers may vary. For example, properties of the original graphs such as intercepts and sign at various values of the independent variable figure prominently in the shape of the new function. 7.) -——— DiC) w+s) (x 31 = =x! =r + Se + 15; degree is 3 ©) D = {ve R}s this isthe same as the domain of both fand ¢ 8a) [esa Advanced Functions Solutions Manual A h(x) = (2 + 208 = 2) = x4 oD = [veR} ~ A: degree is 4 Chapter Review, pp. 60-61 1. a) Thisis a function; D = (re Rj: R= {ye R} by This is a function: D = {re R} R= (yeRly = 3} ©) This is not a function; D = {xe R|-L =x = 1} R= (veR} ) This is a function; D = (xe R|x > 0) R= (yeR} 2. a) C(t) = 30 + 0.021 B)D = {re Ri = OF R= (Ci ER) 3D (1) 2 30} (reR}: R= (f(r) Rix) = 1 4. The number fine has open circles at 2 and —2, 5.a) Both functions have a domain of all real ‘numbers, but the ranges ditter, b) Both functions are odd but have different domains, ©) Both functions have the same domain and rang. but x? is smooth and |x) has a sharp corner at (0, 0), 194d) Both funetions are increasing on the entire by Parent: y = V% compressed vertically by @ feal fine, but 2° has horizontal asymptote while does not factor of 0.25, reflected across the s-axis, Compressed horizontally by a factor of and 6.a) translated left 7 ) Parent: y = sin x; reflected across the x-axis, expanded vertically by a factor of 2 hor compressed ‘zontally by a factor of |, translated up by 1 Increasing on ( , x);odds D = (re R}: R= (eR) » a 8 6 Tags 4) Parent: y flected across the y-axis, compressed horizontally by a factor off. and Decreasing on ( translated down bY 3 ® Ti increasing on (0. =): evens n D& (reR}: R= [fe R[x) = 2} ° y . ‘ 4 4 ; qaaatr) 2468 + Inereasing on (> =). nether even nor od dD {eR} R= PUeRIf(o > 1} 7a) Parent: y = |x{; translated left | 20 Chapter 1: Functions: Characteristics and Properties9 9.92.9 (2-162) —e2n m2n—(-tey—o1 ©) QM) (2+ 2.142) (1 7 a 2.-(F02+ 3.0300) = (Zoo OAD F-2+L-1+1)= 10) pana(se +s-1K1)=@-1) 10. a) (1.2) (2,1) by (= 1-9) (9-1) ©) (0,7) (7.0) ) (5) = 7+ (5,7) So. (7, 5) is on the inverse ©) (0) = ~3-+ (0-3) So. (~3.0) is on the inverse ACL) = 10 (1, 10) So. (10, [) is on the inverse. AL. The domain and the range of the original functions are switched for the inverses. a) D = [ve R\~2 b) 24 + 0.03(350) = $34.50 ) 180 < 200, so the cost is $30. 18, a) For s-coordinates that f and g have in common, add the corresponding y-coordinates. £8 = (1,7), (415) ») For x-coordinates that f'and g have in common, subtract the corresponding y-coordinates, fg ={U.~1). (4-1) ©) For x-coordinates that f and g have in common, multiply the corresponding y-coordinates, (fe = {(1, 12), (4.56)} Tee 1— 9 20. fle) = 8 + ego =e L Afix) tele ieee tl vtaerl Bf(x) — g(x) = + dem ter LY vhend Cela) ~ fix) = #1 8 #28) “evel D fix) ¥ gx) = (7 + 2ee + 1) a4 ae +d aD oft get (ay) wc : OA ae 9 2a) 7 ‘ 3 Gompops pst bee 4 40 ws 2. Mist gaye tres (or FO) vito arto e) Answers may vary. For example, (0.0) belongs to f. (0, 6) belongs w g, and (0, 6) belongs to f + 8. Also, (1. 3) belongs t0 f. (1, 5) belongs to g. and (1.8) belongs to f + g: e) fg = Or = ws) Be! Se m2 Chapter 1: Functions: Characteristics and PropertiesChapter Self-Test, p. 62 1. a) Yes. It passes the vertical line test. b)D = (PERE R = (ye Rly =O} 2a) fla) = oF fle) = |x} » Soa eet ©) The graph was translated 2 units down, 3A) = [3(=a)) + (=) = [Bx] = fury 4. 2° has a horizontal ayymptote while x? does not. The range of 2" is {y= Rly > 0} while the range of «° is {ye Rly = 0}. 2" increasing on the whole real line and x° has an interval of decrease and an interval of inerease. 5, reflection over the x-axis, translation down 5 units, translation left 3 units r a 8 ‘ 4 ia Advanced Functions Solutions Manual 6 horizontal stretch by a factor of 2, translation 1 unit sup: fC) = [xl 4 Fea) (3.5) (-3.-1,5(3) +2) = (4.17) by 3.5) > (5,3) 8 ls) = 20+ 1) r= -y +h) x we my tl opty puy= $a 9.) 0.12(125000) ~ 6u00 = $9000 . Sx. if = 50.000 10) {orae pam on 10a) + 8 6 S39 rere se era) “4 - L “8 ) f(x) is discontinuous at.x = 0 because the wo Pieces do not have the same value when x = 0 When s = 0,2°+1= and Ve +3 = 3 ©) intervals of increase: (= 0), (0, 4}: no imtervals of decrease 4) D = (eR R= yeRIO~ y 2ory=3} 123CHAPTER 2 Functions: Understanding Rates of Change Getting Started, p. 66 1. The slope between two points can be found by dividing the change in y by the change in x2 ~29 61 ~ (-29) Each successive first difference is 2 times the previous first difference. The function is exponential, b) First differences 11-0=11 28-1L=17 S1~ 28 = 23 80 - 51 = 29 LS ~ 80 = 35 Second differences ‘The second differences are constant so the function is quadratic. 3a) = 2-1-6 0 = 2x +3)(e~2) 2e + 3and0 =x ~ 0-3=2r43-3 -3=2e 3 OF2="-242 Qex ‘The zeros are ~ by 0=2—1 OFl=-141 1=2 ‘Advanced Functions Solutions Manual Any non-zero number raised to the exponent of 0 is Lsox= 0. ©) 0 = sin (x ~ 45°), 0° = = 360 sin (0°), sin (180°), and sin (360°) = 0. 0” = x ~ 45°, 180° = x ~ 45°, and 360° = x ~ 45° OP + AS? =e as? 4 45 45° = x 180° + 45" =v — 45° + 45° 360" + 45° = x — 45° 4 45° 405° = x 360°, 405° cannot be a zero, The 5° Because 0° = x zeros are 45° and d) 0 = 2cos (x) 0 cos (x) For ~360" = x =0 cos (~270°) = 0, The zeros are ~90° and ~270' 4. a) f(«) is compressed vertically by a factor of $ b) f(x) is stretched vertically by a factor of 2 and translated right 4 units. ©) f(x) is stretched vertically by a factor of 3. reflected in the x-axis, and translated up 7 units 4) f(x) is stretched vertically by a factor of 5. translated right 3 units, and translated down 2 units. 5. a) $1000 is P. 8% or 0.08 is i. 1 + iis 1.08. nist. A = P(1 + i)" becomes A = 1000(1.08) b) ris 3, A = 1000(1.08)' or $1259.71 ©) No, since the interest is compounded each year you earn more interest than the previous year. The interest earns interest. cos (=90°) = Oand 6. a) y = sin xis a maximum at 90° so 15° = 90) ore = 6. (6) = 8 + Tsin (15° x 6), h(6) = 15m. y = sin x isa minimum at 270” so 15° = 270° ort = 18, (18) = 8 + Tsin (15° 18), A(18) = bm. by) The period of y = sin x is 360 15% = 300" ore = 2. €) = 30. 4(30) = 8 + 7sin (15° ¥ 30). (30) = 15m. 2Rcsope pam Rates oF aoe let oat netatve for lines that slope Sewn fom lett 1 for horton ies Lesson 2.1 Determining Average Rate of Change, pp. 76-78 1. The average rate of change is equal to the change in y divided by the change in x: ayg(4) = 44¥ = S(4) +1 64-2041 45 4Q) =4QP¥ = 52) 41 = 16-1041 Average rate of chat v b) 3) = 4G) ~ 5) +1 23-1541 gQ)=7 ch Batis Average rate of change = [= ©) 9125) = 42. 2-125 +1 135 gy 7 s-7 Average rate of cha ot 213 d) g(2.25) = 4(2.25)° » 52.25) + 1 M25 = L125 +1 = gQ)=7 Average rate of change = Q eb gL) = 4217 = S20 + 1 = Tod 105 +1 Pare gQ)=7 Sid 7 Average rate of change = “573 = Mt fy gQ01) = 42017 = SQL) +L Lo.toud ~ 10.05 + 1 7.1104 ge 22 7.1104 zor 3 2.a) i) According to the table, the eight at ¢ = 2 is 42.00 m and the height at = 1 is 27.00 m 2 2-1 ii) According to the table, the 42.00 and ¢ = 3 is 47.00 m, 2-47 43 by The flare is gaining h loses height at 5 m/s. 3. fe) is always increasing at a constant rate. (4) is decreasing on (~ 0) and increasing on (0%). so the rate of change is not constant 6-0 4a) Ist half hour: Average rate of change = 104 15 m/s ght at r= 4 is at 15; m/s and then 352 people/h 2nd half he 5 8 138 le/h 2nd halthour “Ay — jg = FS people/h 388 — 245 ard half hour, S43 3865 people/h 15-10 peop! 402 — 388 sth half hour — 38S _ 28 people/h " hh 20-15 peopl 482 — 402 sih matt hours 822% = 60 peopte/h th half he HSA 3M people/h sahhatt hour ISS = —34 people b) the rate of growth of the crowd at the rally €) A positive rate of growth indicates that people were arriving at the rally. A negative rate Of growth indicates that people were leaving the rally 203-0 S.a) Day 1 = 203 km/day 396 ~ 203 Day > S61 — 396 Day 3: = 165 km/day = 178.5 km day 2185 km/day 146 km/day by) No; some days the distance travelled was greater than others. Chapter 2: Functions: Understanding Rates of Change &6. The function is f(x) = 4. To find the average rate of change find”. The rate of change from v= 20x = bis 16) = f(2) 6-2 4(6) ~ 4) oo 24 ~ 6-2 6 4 “The rate of cha £05) = fQ) 26> 2 4@6) = 42) 36-2 _ 10d 8 6-2 96 xu ‘The average rate of change is always 4 because the function is linear, with a slope of 4 7. For any amount of time up to and including 50 minutes, the monthly charge is $39, therefore the rate of change is 0 for that interval. After 250 minutes the rate of change is a constant 10 cents per minute. The rate is not constant 8. a) Find the ordered pairs forthe intervals given Interval i): (20,20) and (0, 5) Interval iy: (40, 80) and (20, 20) Incerval it: (60, 320) and (40, $0) Inerval iv): (60, 320) und (0. 5) Use this information to find the change in population over the change in time from 2 t0 26 is: 3 [ 0F 750 people per year > 3 oF 3000 people per year = 12 of 12.000 people per year I) Goo gy 2 5250F $250 people per year 'b) No; the rate of growth increases as the time increases. ‘Advanced Functions Solutions Manual ©) Assume that the growth continues to follow this pattern and that the population will be 5 120.000 people in 2050, 9. The function is h(t) = 18¢ ~ (8. The average rate of change is “4! forthe interval 10 anc Aha) 90 = 100 ~ 1510 10 “Ss 10.a) 1 P(s) = ~0.30s" + 3.59 + ELS ‘The average rate of change is 2° (2) + LAS 16.95 PU) = ~03(1)' + 35(1) + Was $2.60 per sweatshirt ii) ~0.3(3) + 3503) + LLIS $2.00 per sweatshirt P(A) = 0.304" + 35(4) + TLIS = 20.35 PG) = 18.95 POS) = PG) _ 2035 to S140 per sweatshirt ivy P(S) = = 0.305) + 35(5) + LIS = 21s POS) = PU4) _ 21.15 ~ 2025 s-4 =08 50.80 per sweatshirt 231b) The rate of change is still positive, but itis decreasing. This means that the profit is stil increasing, but at a decreasing rate. ) No: after 6000 sweatshirts are sold, the rate of change becomes negative, This means that the profit begins to decrease after 6000 sweatshirts are sold Ip 1b) If we were to find the average rate of change of an that is farther in the future, stich as 0150 instead of 2010-2015, the average rate of change would be greater. The graph indicates that the inge in population increases as time inereases. The ‘graph is getting steeper as the values of r increase: €) The function is P(r) = 50° + 1000r + 20.000, Pte) ‘The average rate of change is ar i) PCD) = S010)" + 1000(10) + 20000 = 35.000 P(O) = SO(OF + 1000(0) + 20.000 = 20,000 P(10) ~ PCO) _ 35.000 ~ 20,000 -0 0-0 = 1500 people per year ) PUL) = S0(12? = 1000(12) + 20.000 = 39200 50/2)? + 1000(2) + 20.000 = 22200 39 200 ~ 22.200 12-2 = 1700 people per year PCS) = S0(15)° + 1000(15) + 20000 46250 P(5) = 50(5)° + 1000(5) + 20000 = 26 250 P(5) _ 46250 - 26250 5 13-5 = 2000 people per year iv) P20) = 50(20)" + 1900(20) + 20.000 = 60.000 P(10) = 35.000 P(20) ~ PLO) _ 60.000 ~ 35.000 w-0 ) people per year d) The prediction was correct 24 12. Answers may vary. For example a) Someone might calculate the average incr the price of gasoline over time. One might calculate the average decrease in the price of computers over time b) An average rate of change would be useful when there are several different rates of change over a specific interval. ¢) The average rate of change is found by taking the change in y for the specified interval and dividing it by the change in x over that same interval 13. The car's starting value is $23 500, After 8 years the car is only worth $8750. The average rate of change in the value of the car is 8750 — 23500 _ 14750 S708 ~ 1843.75. “The value of the car decreases, on average, by $1843.75 per year. As a percent of the car's original SAE 100, or 7.8% decrease, oF For example: "AVERAGE RATE OF CHANGE = Definition [Personal example | Vial representation inyour | record the yw erage own words | camber of miles fate of ay thechange | suneach week ‘change inane veraun the week fuantty | number Then. L flea by | cancaleulate the thechange | average ate of inavelated | changeinthe fqaanity | datancet nan ‘ver the course of weeks 15, Calculate the fuel economy for several values of x Chapter 2: Functions: Understanding Rates of Change @The fuel economy increases as.v increases to 80 and then decreases. The speed that gives the best fuel economy is 80 kmh, Lesson 2.2 Estimating Instantaneous Rates of Change from Tables of Values and Equations, pp. 85-88 1. a) The funetion is f(x) = Se ~ 7, The average rate of change iy MM 2) = gy = 2, OD 5 f2)= 13,901) = -2, I 12) = 13,7015) = 425, 4 — 175 f12) = 13.1.9) = 11.05, MD 195 f2) = 13,(0.99) = 128, YE) ~ 095 afie) 3 2y = 13, 209 5 1G) = 38,72) = 13, 48 #05) = 24.25, f(2) = 13, 5 Advanced Functions Solutions Manual by As the values of x yet closer together on both sides of 2, the average rate of change gets closer to 20 2. a) Find the average rate oF change for intervals approach 2.0 from both sides. 30.9 ~ 20.6 = 103 o-1 30.9 ~ 26.98 — 784 20-15 314 — 09 4 = 05 30 ~ 20 3238-509 4, 25-20 ° 7.84 + 2.96 ESE 296 sy 10.3 +05 SOS sy The instantaneous rate of change appears to be approaching 5.4. by) Find the aver: that approach 2.0. 314 ~ 206 30-10 38 ¢ rate of change for intervals ‘The instantaneous rate of change is approximately 5.4 ¢) Answers may vary. For example: I preter the centred interval method, Fewer calculations ate required, and it takes into account points on each side of the given point in each calculation, 3. a) The population at 2.5 months is P(2.5). POS) = 100 + 30(2.5) + 4025)" = 200 by PCO) 100 = 100 30(0) + Wy 200 - 25-0 40 raccoons per month €) Use the difference quotient to find the instantaneous rate of change. PENSE where his a very small value. fQ51) = 100 + 30(2.51) + 402.51) 200.5004 200.5004, 001 d) Part a) asks for the value of P(«) at 2.5: part b) asks for the average rate of change over a certain interval: part ¢) ask for the instantaneous rate of change at 2.5—they are all different values. 50.04 of 50 raccoons per month 254. Use the difference quotient to find the nstantaneous rate of change. flashy = lad > where Iris a very small value. a) fl 1.99) = 6(= 1.99" = 4 = 19,7606 6-24 20 f-2) 23.94 or = 24 “3 (159) by flO.01) = G(.OLY ~ 4 — 3.0994 HO) = 0 = 4 a-4 =3.9994 = (4) aT 0,06 or 0 ce) (401) = (4017 = 4 = 92.4806 fla) = 64" = 4 2 Wels 92 yg.06 oF 48 00 @ f(SOL) = 6801)" ~ 4 = 380,606 fiS) = 608 4 380 96.06 oF 96. O01 5, Use the difference quotient to find the instantaneous rate of change. ra = hy ~ fla) ih The function is h(x) = “Se + Se A301) = ~S.01 where fis a very small value, 65 = 28.7295, JG) = SY + 3G) + 65 29 28,7295 ~ 29 = =27.05 m/s or ~27 mys am 05 m/s or 6. Use the difference quotient to find the instantaneous rate of change Ha =~ schepe iis a very small value The function is (2) = 125 000(1.06). H{S.01) = 125 0001.06)" 199 347.13 125 000(1.06)" 199 231.01 26 iy $11 612 per year or about SUI 610 per year 7.) The function is P(t) = — LSP + Sor + 6. wy rate of ebange is + + 36(24) + The averay P(24) = = 1504 6 = 1.5(0)8 + 36(0) +6 PO) 0 1b) Answers may vary, For example: Yes. it makes sense. It means that the populations in 2000 and 2024 are the same, sv their average rate of change is 0. €) PUD) = ~ 152 + 30012) #6 P(O) = 6 2-6 18 thousand/year =6 = = 18 thousand/yeat Seo thee ear “The average rate of change during the first 12 years jwas 18 000 per year, During the second 12 years i was ~18 000 per year. The population during year is 6000 and during year 24 is 6000. 4) Because the rate of change is the same on each side of [2, we know that the instantaneous we of change would be 0 at 12 8. Use the difference quotient 10 find the instantaneous rate of change. fla hy ~ fl) h “The function is Vir) = 18 999(0.93). FOL) = 18999(0.93 9" 13 207.79 18.999(0.93)" = (3217.38 where fr is a very small value. = -959 oot When the car turns five, if loses about S¥60/year. 9, a) The diver will hit the water when (7) = 0 lo +2 49rF = 0 Use a graphing calculator to determine the value of 1 for which the equation is tue Chapter 2: Functions: Understanding Rates of ChangeThe diver enters the water at about 1 = 1.655 by) Use the difference quotient to find the instantaneous rate of change. Jia 2-2) her isa very small ale ACL.b6) = 10 + 2(1.66) ~ 4.9(1.66)° oust Jn 165) = 10" 2165) ~ 490185) = “oi0 25 os 44 cba 3s 19 001 ‘The diver is travelling at a rate of about 14 m/s, 10. Lise the centered interval method to estimate the instantaneous rate of change at r= 5. Find values of V(r) on either side of 5, 4 V(S.1) = Sat5.L)° = 176.868% 4 V{49) = S49)! = 156.8657 S087 ONOSm 31-49 Now, use the difference quotient to find the instantaneous rate of change. = 314.21 oF 1007 em'yem, ViS.01) = daisy" 167.6699 vis) = frsy = 166.667 167.6697 — 166.6077 oot U1, David simply needs to keep track of the total distance that he’s travelled and the amount of time that i has taken him to travel that distance, Dividing the distance travelled by the time required to travel that distance will give him his average speed. 12. a) Use a centered interval to find the instanta- neous rate of change F/min bb) Answers may vary. For example: A quadrati model for the oven temperature versus time is y= =L96x" = 982x + 400.71, Using this model, the instantaneous rate of change at x = 4 is about ~25.5 °F/min ©) Answers may vary. For example, the first rate is using a larger interval to estimate the instantaneous rate, 314.63 or 100m em'/em Advanced Functions Solutions Manual <4) Answers may vary. For example, the second estimate is better as it uses a much smaller interval to estimate the instantaneous rate. 13, Answers may vary, For example | Method of estimating Instantaneous Rae of Grange, [Advantage __Dtsadvantage ‘anes of preceding paerourts for” faust do two | nteras and folowing fasterencesin [sets of |intrvas the way tat {caculations change occurs Jon either se of the gen pont sere a ened terval lsccounts for to gota ine pants an ether [answer number side of the aver involved wl | same caleulatonfseverat decimal I places [itlerence otent rare prec Joarcoatons cat le tedious oF messy L_ ~ J 14, a) The formula for finding the area of a circle is, A= oP where ris the radius. The average rate of aA change is “2 (100? = 100007 m(0y =0 10.0007 — 0. 100-0 The average rate of change is 100m em?/em, by Use the dilference quotient to find the instantaneous rate of change. Hath) fla) I= Ne) ese is a very small value (120.01) a7(14 402.4001) 7(120F = 144007 14.402.400L% = 14.4000 007 2407 em'em 15, The formula for the surface arca of a cube given the length of a side is V = 6s, where s is the side length of the cube. Use the difference quotient to find the instantaneous rate of change. M21 sete his a very small value 63.01)" = 54.3006 A = 1007 754.01 em?/em or SASA = 603) 4 54.3606 = 54 : 3000 S28 36.06 em? jem oi ‘The instantaneous rate of change is about 36 em?/em 16. The formula for finding the surface area of a sphere is SA = dzr’, Use the difference quotient to find the instantaneous rate of change. fa M2) shore fis a very small value. SA = 4a(20.01) aman SA = 4or(20F WL A = NO ga fem vi ‘The instantaneous rate of change is about 502.78 em-/em or 1607 em?/em. Lesson 2.3 Exploring Instantaneous Rates of Change Using Graphs, pp. 91-92 Ja) Answers may vary. For e nple: The slope is about 7, by Answers may vary. For example: The slope is about 10. 28 6) Answers may vary. For example: The slope is about 0. d) Answers may vary. For example v Because the graph is linear, the slope is the same everywhere. The slope is 2 2a) b) J Ly 3.a) Set A: Chapter 2: Functions: Understanding Rates of Change %The slope of the tangent at x = 3 is 0 Set C: sat at. = 90" is 0, The slope of the tangent at.x = ~1 is ~4 is 0. ‘The slope of the tangent at x = 1 is 0, Set B: The slope of the tangent at x = 120° is about ~ 0.009, The slope of the tangent at x = 2 is 14. ) Set: A: All slopes are zero Set: B: All slopes are positiv. Set: C: All slopes are negative. 4. a) and by , Oven Temperature ‘The slope of the tangent at x = 1 is about 14. o ‘The slope of the tangent at x = 3i8 5 ® g The slope of the tangent at x ~ 60° is about 0.009. Advanced Functions Solutions Manual 29) The y-intercept of the tangent line appears to be 125 “F. Find the slope hetween the points (0, 125) and (5, 280), 80 = 125 3-0 The slope is 31 ) Use the data points (6, 310) and (4, 250). 310 ~ 250) 64 ‘The rate of change is about 30 °F/min at x = ‘e) Answers may vary. For example: The answer in part d) is the slope of the fine connecting two points On either side of x = 5. The answer in part e) is the slope of the line tangent to the Funetion at point x = 5, The two lines are different and so their slopes will be different. 5, Answers may vary, For example, simibariy at Ww ys the calculation; difference: average rate of change is over ait interval while instantaneous rate of change is at a point 6a) b) ¢) From the graph, it appears that the tangent to the curve at (1.5, 2.25) would have the same slope as the secant line drawn, 210 Mid-Chapter Review, p. 95 La wacer Une on -s g. a3 bo 1 a 0 1234567 oh b) Rate of change is “Z"?. since we are looking for the amount of change between each month, Ax will always be 1 month. Therefore, we just need to find the difference in volume between each month. ‘my. 3.75 ~ 3.00 = 0.75 1000 m'/month or 750 m’/month my 3.75 ~ 3.75 = 0.00 1000 m'/month or 0 m’/month img: 4.0 ~ 3.75 = 0.25 1000 m'/ month or 0 m'month, my: 5.10 ~ 4.00 = 1.10 1000 n 1100 m'/month ing 5.50 ~ 5.10 = 0.40 1000 m'/moath or 400 m'/month ¢) Examine each of the answers from the previous, exercises. The greatest amount is the greatest amount of change between two months. L10 > 0.75 > 0.40 > 0.25 > 0.00 The greatest amount of change occurred during me, between April and May ) The change in y is the ditference between the volume of water used in each month, The change in is the difference between the numbers of the ‘month or Saas 0 = 398 999 14mm! )mont se 580 m'/month 2. a) The equation models exponential growth. This means that the average rate of change between consecutive years will always increase Chapter 2: Functions: Understanding Rates of Changeby Use the difference quotient to find the instantaneous rate of change. Ma hy fla) I F001) where A is a very small value. 1.21.05)" 985 627 473 FU9) = 1.2(1.05)"" = 1.954 673 $52 1.955 627473 — 1.954 673 O01 0.095 39 x 10.060 = 950 people per year 3. a) The average change fora specific interval is sary = = 0,095 39 Ay The function is (1) = 5° + 20r + 1 (2) = ~S(2)° + 2002) +1 (0) = —S(0y + 2000) + 1 vl = 10 m/s 2-0 : Aa) = ~S4Y + 2004) +1 =I (2) = 21 1-2 —10 m/s 2: Answers may vary. For example: The ‘2raph has its vertex at (2, 21), tt appears that a tangent line at this point would be horizontal (F201) ~ 1.99) on Wey 4. Use a centred interval dQ001) = 0.012001} + 0.5(2001) = 14.009 001 d(19.99) = 0.01(19.99)° + 0.5(19.99) = 13.991 01 d(20.01) = 4199 4(20.01) ~ d(19.99) _ 4g 2.0L = 19.99 So the instantaneous rate of change in the glacier's position after 20 days is about 0.9 m, Advanced Functions Solutions Manual 5. Answers may vary. For example: Giference quotient slope of tangent line Tate of change Sppronimated by slopes of secant lines rate of change pieceaine and following intervals erage te of change 6. Answers may vary. For example: Find the value of y for different values of von both sides of x = 2 Put this information in a table. 2.3) The slope of the tar 7.6 amine thy ph, The tangent line appears to be passing through the points (1.0) and (2.4). Use this information to help determine the slope of the tangent line. Avis) Av 4-0 2-1 4 The slope of the line is 4 an8. The instintaneous rate of change of the function whose graph is shown is 4 at x = 2. 9. a) Answers may vary, For example: The slope is 0. b) =a Fes The slope is 5. a The slope is 8. Lesson 2.4 Using Rates of Change to Create a Graphical Model, pp. 103-106. 1. a) Graph a indicates that as time increases, distance also increases; C. b) Graph b indicates that as time increases, distance decreases: A €) Graph ¢ indicates that as time increases, the distance does not change: B. 2. Graph a indicates that distance is increasing at a Steady rate over time, meaning that the speed is constant, However. graph b indicates that distance is decreasing at a steady rate over time—this also indicates that the speed is constant. Graph ¢ indicates that distance does not change so speed is 0, a constant, All 3 are constant speed: 3. Draw a graph ot Jan’s distance from the sensor Cover time, Jan is 5 m away from the sensor, which 242 means that her initial position is (0, 5). She then walks 4m towards the sensor for 5 seconds, which ‘means that she will be standing 1 m away from the sensor. Her second position will be (5, 1). She then ‘walks 3 metres away for 3 seconds, which means that she will be 4m away from the sensor, Her third position will be (8,4). Jan then stops and waits for 2 seconds, which means she stays 4m away from the sensor for 2 seconds. Her fourth position will be (10, 4). Use this information to draw the graph Jan's Walk 0 5 t o 5 10 Time (s) 4a) Answers may vary. For example, draw a raph of Rachel's distance over time while climbing Mt Fuji. Rachel begins the climb at Level 5 and so her initial position is (0, 2100). She walks for 40 minutes at a constant rate to move from Level 5 to Level 6, which means that her second position will be (40, 2400). It then takes he 90 minutes to move from Level 6 to Level 7, which means that her third position will be (130, 2700). Rachel then decides to rest for 2 hours, which means that her position does not change. So her fourth position is (250, 2700). After her break, it took Rachel 40 minutes to reach Level 8, Her fifth position is (290, 3100). It took Rachel 45 minute: to go from Level 8 to Level 9. Her next position is (335, 3400). After the walk from Level 9 to Level 10, Rachel reached the top. This position can be represented as (395, 3740), Use this information to plot the Rachel's Climb raph, 3800 3500 3200 2900 2600 2300 2000, t — 0100 200 300 400 Time (min) Elevation (m) ‘Chapter 2; Functions: Understanding Rates of Change}) Use the data points from the previous question to determine Rachel's average speed during each part of her journey 2700 = m/min 130. 2700 Sep > 100 m/min HM 65 Sop 7 mimi 3740 — 3400 "305 — 335 ©) Answers may vary. For example, use Rachel's average rates to make a graph of her speed. During the first 40 minutes of her journey, her speed was 7.5 m/min, This can be represented by a straight line from (0,7.5) to (40, 7.5). Rachel’s speed during the ‘next 90 minutes is 3.3 m/min. This speed can be represented by a straight line from (40, 3.3) to (130, 3.3), Rachel then rested for 2 hours. This can be represented with a straight line from (130.0) to (250, 0). Rachel traveled at a rate of 10.0 m/min for the next 40 minutes. This speed can be represented by a straight line from (250, 10.0) to (290, 10.0), ‘Then she travelled at a rate of 6.7 m/min for 45 minutes, 4.4 m/min for 45 minutes, and 9.3 m/min for 15 minutes. The speeds for these parts or her walk can be represented by the following segments: (20.6.7) to (335, 6.7), (335, 4.4) to (380, 4.4), and (380, 9.3) to (395, 9.3), 5.7 m/min Speed (m/min) 0° 160 200 360 400 500 Time (min) 3. a) Answers may vary, For example, the 2 plastic pop bottle has a uniform shape for the most Advanced Functions Solutions Manual part. Therefore, as long as the rate of water flowing into the bottle remains constant, the rate at which the height is changi Water Level ) YsTime will also remain constant Height Time >) Answers may vary. For example, the circumference of the vase changes for any given height on the vase ‘Therefore, the rate of change of the height of the water flowing into the vase will vary over time—faster at the very bottom of the vase, slower in the middle and then faster again atthe top. Water Level vs Time Height Time 6. a) Answers may vary. For example, on a graph that represents John’s speed, a constant speed would be represented by a straight line, any inctease in rate would be represented by a slanted line pointing up, and any decrease in rate would be represented by a slanted line pointing down, John’s speed over his bike ride could be represented following graph 5 Speed vsTime Speed Time by) Answers may vary. For example, the first pact of John’s bicycle ride is along a flat road, His height over this time would be constant, As he travels up 243the hill, his height would increase, AC the top of the hill, his height would again be constant. As he goes clown the bill, his height would decrease. As he climbs the second hill his height would again increase. The graph of his height over time would, look something like this, leight vs Time 5 Height Height _/S \_, r=; Te 7.a) Kommy travels 50 m in 45 seconds. This. means that his speed would be jf = LLL m/s. b) During the second past of his swim he travelled By ntn SS ee This means hat his speed would be © O91 mys. ¢)-The ar ofthe Fist length would be steeper. Fast eicker speed. The praph ofthe sso Tena wu he les steep indeating a slower speed Answers may sary For example: Use the thomato for pate dra the graph 4 Distance ve Time 100 = % 2 6 E40 2 ¢ ° 20 40 60 80 100 Time) ) At = 50, Komy is resting, and so his speed would be 0. f) Answers may vary, For example: Kommy’s speed for the first 45 seconds is 1.1 mys. This would be represented by the line segment from (0. 1.11) t0 (45, LLL). Kommy then rests for 10 5, when his speed would be 0, This would be represented by a fine segment from (45,10) to (35.0). Kommy"s speed during the second half of his swim is 0.91 m/s. This would be represented by a line segment from 1.91) €0 (110. 0.91). 214 Speed vs Time _ 20 gus B10 & os t 9 20 40 60 80 100 Time(s} 8. a) A~ if the rate at which a speed is increasing increases, this would be represented by an upward curve. 1b) C— if the rate at whieh a speed is decreasing decreases over time, this would be represented by & ‘curve that drops sharply at first and then drops more gradually, ©) D = if the rate at which a speed is decreasing increases, this would be represented by a downward curve. d) B —if the rate at which a speed is increasing decreases, this would be represented by a curve that rises sharply st first and then rises more gradually 9, Answers may vary. For example: Because the jockey is changing the horse's speed at non-constant fate—at first slowly and then more quickly~the lines will have an upward curve when the horse is accelerating and a downward curve when decelerating. “The horse's speed during the first part of the warm up is constant, which would be represented by a straight line. She then increases the horse's speed 10 acanter and keeps this rate for a while, Draw a graph ‘of this information with speed over time. vsTime Speed Speed Time 10. a) Graph i) shows that distance is decreasing and then increasing. The first graph shows a person standing $ m away from the motion sensor then moving to 2 m away. The person then moves back 10 5 m away from the motion sensor, The person is Chapter 2: Functions: Understanding Rates of Change9 aways moving at a constant rate, Graph ii) shows a person's initial position being 6 m away from the ‘motion sensor, This person then moves 2 m closer to the sensor over 2 seconds. Then, he or she rests for a second and then moves 2 m closer to the sensor over 2 more seconds, Finally, this person moves 2 m away from the sensor over I second to end up at a final position of about 4m away trom the sensor. ‘The person is always moving at a constant rate. b) For each graph, determine the (1) point for each position, Graph a (0.5): (3.2): (6.5) Graph B (0,6); (2.4); (3,49: (5.2): (6.3.5) Use these points to find the various speeds. Graph = 2, s0 the speed is. 2 m/s 4 5 = Oss0 the speed is O mys = 1.90 the speed is F m/s Ge = 1S. s0 the speed is 1.5 m/s 11. a) Answers may vary: For example: Drave a graph ‘of the runners speed over time. The sunner’s positions 6m the eraph will be represented by the following points: (0. 5), (10,5). (11, 10), (16, 10), 17.7), (47.7), (49. 3). (59. 3). Plot the points on a geaph Because the runner accelerates ankl decelerates at a constant rate, the lines will always be straight _, Marathon Training Program 0° 10 20 Time (rnin) 30 40 50 60 Advanced Functions Solutions Manual ) Use the data points on either side of t = 10.5 10 estimate the instantaneous rate of change at that point. The points are (10, 5), (LI, 10). 10-5 rmi/h/in €) The runner's speed at minute 1 is 10 miles pet hour. The runner's speed at minute 49 is 3 miles per hour 3-0 0.1842 miles per hour per minute 38 4) The answer to part ¢) is an average rate of change over a long period, but the runner does not slow down at a constant rate during this period. 12, Answers may vary. For example: Walk from (0,0) 10 (5,5) and stop for 5 s. Then run to (15, 30), Continue walking to (25,5) and end at 0). What is the maximum speed and the minimum speed on any interval? Create the speed time graph from these data 13, Answers may vary. For example: Graphing both women’s speeds on the same graph would mean that there are «wo fines on the geaph, The first woman is decelerating: this means that her fine would have a downward direction, Because she is decelerating Slowly first and then more quickly, the line woutd also have a downward curve. The second woman is accelerating; this means that her line will have an upward direction, Because she is accelerating quickly at first and then more slowly. the graph would have a sharp upward curve. The fine on the _graph would look something like this r Speed vs Time i Time 14. If the original graph showed an inerease in rate, it would mean that the distance travelled during each successive unit of time would be greater-—ineaning a graph that curves upward. IF the original araph showed a straight, horizontal fine, then it woukd mean thatthe distance travelled during each -essive unit of time would be greater—m a steady increasing straight line on the second graph, Ifthe original graph showed a deerease in rate, it would mean that the distance traveled 25during euch successive unit of time would be Jess—meaning a line that curves down. Lesson 2.5 Solving Problems Involving Rates of Change, pp. 111-113 1. Answers may vary, For example: Verify that the most economical production level occurs when 1500 items are produced by examining the rate of change at x = 1500, Because x is in thousands. use a ~ 15. Use the difference quotient to find the instantaneous rate of change, fia) ~ far ae where fis a very small value. C(LS) = 03(LS¥ = 0.91.5) + 1.675 =1 = 0.3(L.501 8 ~ 0.9(1.501) + L675 = 1,000.00 3 Ca.sot) 101003 =< qoanan 0.01 - Ae 8 items ae ded esate inmotion evs osc he 500 tems ae pode The tums PUD = 20.4390) © 10 row change sous Ha * M12. spre his avery sal vale P(3) = —20 cos (300° X 3) + 100 v0 P(B.01) = ~20 cos (300° * 3.001) + 100 = 119.999 73, 119.999 73 ~ 120 0.001 The blood pressure is dropping at a rate of 0 millimetres of mercury per second. 3.a) If (a, f(a) is a maximum. then the points to the left of, and very close (0 the maximam, have a positive rate of As x(a) approaches, (a. fla)) from the left, y( f(a) is increasing because (a fla)) is. & maximum, byt (a. f(a) is a maximum, then the points to the right of, and very close to the maximum, have negative rate of change. As x(a) moves away trom (a, fla) to the right, v(/(a)) is decreasing because (a fla) is a maximum. 4. ay If (a, f(a) is a minimum, then the points 10 the lett of, and very close to the maximum, have negative rate of change. As x(a) moves toward (a fla)) from the left, v(fla)) is decreas (a fla)) is a minimum. 216 0.27 or 0 b) IF (a. f(a) is a minimum, then the points to the right of. and very close to the maximum, have a positive rate of change. As x(a) moves away from (a, fla) towards the right, yi f(a) is increasing because (a, f(a) is a maximum, 5. a) The leading coefficient is positive, and so the value given will be a minimum. Use the difference ‘quotient to find the instantaneous rate of change: (a + hy ~ flay farm te) Find f(—6) and f(— 5.99). The funetion is fle) = 05r + Ox +75 where his a very small value 6) = 0S(—6) + 6(~6) +75 ons Jeo-s98) =O 599) 6-599) #75 = hams 2198 = 103925) gags ord “a ‘The slope is very small, pretty close 10 zero, and so it can be assumed that (6, ~ 10.5) is the minimum, b) The leading coefficient is negative, and so the value given will be a maximum. Use the difference {quotient to find the instantaneous rate of change. Na+ hy = flu) Se Bind f(0.5) and /(0.501). The function is where ris a very small value. Fl) = ~6x + 6x +9. OS01) = —6(0.50L¥ + 6(0.501) + 9 10.499 994, f(05) = —6(0.SP + 605) +9 105 10.499 994 ~ 10.5 on The number is very close to zero, and so we ean assume that the point has an instantaneous rate of change of zero und is # maximum, 6) The function is f(x) = Ssin (x), Use the difference quotient to find the instantaneous rate of change. Ha + hy ~ flay hk Find f(90°) and ((90.01°), #(90.01") = S sin (90.007) = 4.909 999 Ssin (90°) 0.0006 or 0 | where fr is a very small value. F190") 4.999.999 oar The number is very close to zero, and so we ean -0.0001 oF 0 assume that the instantaneous rate of change at the point is zero, and so the point is a maximum. Chapter 2: Functions: Understanding Rates of Change® 4) The function is f(x) = -4.5 cos (2x). Use the Uifference quotient to find the instantaneous rate of change flak) ~ flay Mah) fla Find f(0) and /(0.01), JOO1) = 4.5 cos (2 * 1) where fis a very small value. = 4.499 999 f(0) = ~45.cos (2 * 0) = 45 = 4.499999 ~ (45 aaa of z 0.0001 or ot ‘The number is very close to zero, and so we can assume that the instantaneous rate of change at the point is zero, and so the point is a maximum. 6. Examine the instantaneous rates of change on either side of the point in question. If the point to the left of the point in question is negative, then the point is a minimum. If the point to the left of the point in question is positive, then the point is a maximum, 1f the point to the right of the point in question is Positive, then the point is a minimum, If the point to the right of the point in question is negative, then the point is a maximum, Use the difference quotient 10 find the instantaneous rate of change. fla +h) ~ flay > where / is a very small value, i a) flx) =P ~ ae +5; (2.1) Examine x FLO1) 1, which is to the left of (2,1). (01 ~ 44.01) + 5 = 197 fl) = (P= 4) +5 The instantaneous rate of change of (1, 2) is, negative and so (2.1) is a minimum, by f(x) = =x? 124 + 5.75: ( 6, 41.75) Examine x which is to the right of (6, 41.75). H-4.99) = ~(~4.99)' ~ 12(~4.99) + 5.7 40.7299 f-S) = ~ (5) ~ 12(-3) + 5.75 = 40.75 40.7299 ~ 40.75 am = 201 The instantaneous rate of change of (~5, 40.75) is ~2.01, and so (~6, 41.75) is a maximum, Advanced Functions Solutions Manual fix) 9x, (4.5, -20.25) Examine x = 5, which is to the right of (45, =20.25). AUS.OL) = (5.01)? = 95.01) ~ 19.899 15) 45) ==» 01 The instantaneous rate of change at (5, ~20) is positive and so (4.5, ~ 20.25) is a minimum, 4) f(x) = 3.608 4 (0,3) Examine x = ~1°, which is to the left of (0°, 3) F(-0.99") = 30s (0.99) 2.999 55 PER) = 308 (=1°) 2.990 54 2.999 55 ~ 2.999 54 2 0.001 O01 » ‘The instantaneous rate of change at ( positive, and so (0°, 3) is a maximum, ©) f(x) = = 3x; (=1,2) Examine x = 0, which is to the right of (~ 1, 2). 99) is £00.01) = (O.01)' ~ 3(0.01) = =0.029 999 F(0) = (OY = 340) =0 = 0.029 999 0 0022990 = 5 gn09 om The instantaneous rate of change at (0,0) is ~ 2.9999, and so (—1,2) is a maximum. Dlx) = = + 1 1: 2.15) Examine x = 1, which isto the left of (2, 15) FULOL) = = (1.01)? + 12.01) = = 10.0897 fa) = -Cy+ ay =1 = 0.0897 — 10 10.0897 — 10 gy The instantaneous rate of change at (1, 10) is 8.97, and so (2, 15) is a maximum. 7. Use a table to inspect several values of /(1). 27“The height is definitely decreasing after ¢ = 3, but for this data the exact maximum cannot be determined. xamine other values of ¢to help determine the ‘maximum. ‘The maximum appears to be pretty close to 2.75, The slopes of tangents for values of r less than about 2.75 would be positive, while slopes of tangents for Values of f greater than about 2.75 would be negative. . Ww ivy 0 ca ‘¢) Answers may vary. For example, if the sign of &ayid \ the slope of the tangent changed from positive to negative, there was a maximum. If the sign of the A slope of the tangent changed from negative to } positive, there Was a minimum. 9, a) i) Examine the graph of the equation 4 so 25 Oa i 24 32 The maximum is atc = 7.5 4 iii) The maximum for the interval 0 = ¢ = 5 appears to be atx = 0 oF (0, 100). The minimum appears to occur atr = Sor (5,444). This cannot be verified with the difference quotient because the graph will always be decreasing, This means that the instantaneous rate of change for any point on the graph will always be egative and never be zero. ) Examine the graph of the function. The minimum is at approximately x ~ 3.25. ivy ‘The maximum is at © = 6. bor 7 b) The minimum appears to be atv = 0 or (0.35) and the maximum at x = 10 of (10, L41.6). This cannot be verified with she difference quotient because the graph will always be increasing. This means that the instantaneous rate of change for any 218 Chapter 2: Functions: Understanding Rates of Change &point on the graph will always he positive and never be zero, 10. Answers may vary. For example, examine points on either side of f = 0.5 s to make sure that the diver’s height is increasing before the point and decreasing afterwards, (VAI) = =S(MAYY + 5(0.49) + 10 12495 ~SWSF + 5005) + 10 = 1125 AWS) 0.05 The slope to the right of the point is positive. A(OS1) = ~S(0S1)' + 5(0.51) + 10 11.2495 (05) = 11.25 495 — 11.25 1 0s 0.01 po: ‘The function is increasing up to 05 s und decreasing after 0.5 s—the point is a maximum, HL. Answers may vary. For example, yes, this observation is correct. The slope of the tangent at LS sis 0. ‘The slopes of the tangents between 1 s and 1.5 s ate tive, and the slopes of the tangent lines between 1.5 sand 2 s are positive. So, the minimum of the function occurs at Ls. 12, Answers may vary. For example, estimate the slope of the tangent line to the curve when x = 5 by writing an equation for the slope of an secant line fon the graph if R(x). Ifthe slope of the tangent is 0, this will confirm there may be a maximum at x = 5. If the slopes of tangent lines to the left are positive and the slopes of tangent lines to the right are negative, this will confirm that a maximum occurs ar = 5, 13, Answers may vary. For example, because sin90° gives a maximum value of 1. [ know that a maximum occurs when (k(x ~ d)) = 90°. Solving this equation tor x will tell me what types of \-values will give a maxim, For example, when k= 2andd (200 — 3°)) = 90 (x8) = 45" vas 14, Myra is plotting (instantaneous) velocity versus time. The rates of change Myra calculates represent Advanced Functions Solutions Manual acceleration. When Myra's graph is increasing, the car is accelerating. When Myra’s graph is decrew the car is decelerating. When Myra’s graph is constant, the velocity of the eur is constant: the car is neither accelerating nor decelerating, 15. Choose a method and determine the intaneous rates of change for the points given Use tables to examine the relationship betweer and the instantaneous rate of change at « sl ‘The instantaneous rate of change appears to be 2 times the «coordinate or 2x, Now use a table to examine the relationship between the points given and their instantaneous For the funetion f(x) = ‘The instantaneous rate of change appears to be 3 times the square of the x-coordinate or 3x? Chapter Review, pp. 116-117 1.) Baamine the rate of change between each interval. If the rate of change is the same for each linear relation 210.00, 350.00 » 210.00 Me The slope between each interval isthe same, and So the relation is finear: 29b) Answers may vary, For example: Revenue vs Sales 500 450 400 350 Revenue (5) 100 50 Oo 5 1 15 20 2 30 Number of watches The graph appears fo be linear, and so it would appear that my hypothesis is correct ¢) The average rate of change from w w= 25. 437.50 — 350.00 210 25 = 4) The cost of one watch is $17.50; this is the slope of the line on the graph, 2. a) Calculate the average rate of change for the interval (0, 4). The second point is (4,7); the first is (0,1). Ta1 4-0 'b) Calculate the average rate of change for the interval [4, 8}. The second point is (8, 1). The first point is (4,7) > $17.50 per watch Sm/s L-7_ 45 goa Svs (©The time intervals have the same length, The amount of change is the same, but with opposite signs for the two intervals, So the rates of change are the same for the two intervals, but with opposite signs. 3. a) The company spends $2500 per month in expenses—this can be represented by 2500m. The initial expenses were 10 000. The whole equation is E = 2500m + 10000, bb) Find the expenses for m 2500(6) + 10.000 = 25.000 2500(3) + 10.000 = 17500 25.000 = 17500 6-3 2-20 6 and m = 3. m~ The average rate of change is $2500 per month, €) No, the equation that represents this situation is linear, and the rate of change over time for a linear equation is constant 4a) Answers may vary. For example: B unit of the equation is years, do not choose 35 ¢Sdand4 <1 = 5.A better choice would be 375 51 4.0 and 40 205 4.25, b) Answers may vary. For example, the equation is V(t) = 2500(1.15Y. Find V(4.0) and (4.25). ¥(4.0) = 2500(1.15)"" = 4372.515 625 (4.25) = 2500(1.15)5 4527.93 869 621.912 976 se the 993 869 — 4372.515 62: —40 V(Q.75) = 2500(1.15)'"" = 4222.376 055 Ve40) = 4372515 625 = 6000558 280 4.0 - 3.75 . ° 6219129 00558 280 4 62192 ITE _ ory 24 5, a) Answers may vary. For example, squeezing the interval by) Squeezing the interval will be a good method. Use the interval 11.99 = 1 = 12.01. The equation is y = 2sin (120%). 2 sin (120°(11.99)) = =0.0419 2 sin (120°(12.01)) = 0.0819 0.0419 ~ (0.0419) (or — 1199 Now use the interval 11.999 = ¢ = 12.001. 2 sin (120°(11.999)) = 0.004 19 2 sin (120°(12.001)) = 0.004 19 0,004 19 ~ (0.004 19) 12.001 — 11.999 6, For each point, draw a Tine tangent to the graph at the point given a = 4.19 em/s = 4.19 m/s 24% 8 ‘The slope of the line appears to be Chapter 2: Functions: Understanding Rates of Change>) AVA dhetce 246 8H ‘The slope of the line appears t0 be 0. omy Tipe The slope of the line appears to be 4. 7. Graph the original equation. Find the corresponding y for each value of x given, Use this information to draw a tangent line to the original graph with a graphing calcu The slope of the line, and therefore the instantaneous rate of change at x = —4, is —37. ‘The slope of the line, and therefore the instantaneous rate of change at x = ~03, is 0. Advanced Functions Solutions Manual a ‘The slope of the line, and therefore the intaneous rate of change at x = 2, is 23. 8 Height vs Time sof 40 30 £ 24 6 8 Height (cm) ° Time (s) 9. a) Answers may vary. For example Speed (km/h) NR ow dS Time(s) b) Find the average rate of change in the bicycle rider's speed on the interval 0 = 1 = 7. The speed at 1 = was 10 km/h. The speed at ¢ = 7 was 5 km/h ‘The average rate of change in speed is S8 = —Skm/h/s €) From (7.5) to (12, 2), the average rate of change of speed is ~bkm/b/s. 4) The speed is decreasing at a constant rate from 1 = 10101 = 16, So find the average rate of change ‘on any interval between those two numbers and it will be the same as the instantaneous rate of change atr= 12 o-s i610 5 ag kinyhys 2a10. The roller coaster moves at a slow steady speed between A and B, At B it begins to accelerate as it moves down to C, Going uphill from C to D it decelerates. AUD it starts to move down and. accelerates to E, where the speed starts to decrease until, where it maintains a slower speed to G, the tend of the tack Time LL. Graph each function using a graphing calculator to determine whether the point given is a maximum ‘or a minimum. a) The graph shows tht (5. b) 18) isa minimum, The graph shows that (~3.5) is a maximum. isa maximum, a raph shows that (45°, ~L) is a minimum, The graph shows that (~25°, ~4) is a minimum, 22 The graph shows that (~3, 2) is a maximum, 12a) i) fly =~ 30 f2+h)= Qe hy = 92+ h) = 2 + 2(2)h + Ie = (2) ~ 30h = = 56 26h +i fl) = CF = WE) = =56 ~ 56 26h + Hr 2+h-2 ‘The slope is m= ht ~ 26, ii) g(x) = —4x° ~ Sox + tora = 1 go) +h) = ACL + Ay ~ 50(—1 + A) + 16 = -4(1L 2h bie) + 56 = S6h + 16 44 8h ~ Ae + 56 ~ Soh + 16 = 4h? = 48h + 08 1) = -4(=1)' = 56(-1) + 16 4450+ 16 68 = 48h + 68 — 68 — 4th ~ 48 Teh- b) For each of the points given, the value of ft Would be equal to zero, Substitute 0 in for h to find the instantaneous rate of change for each point m= 0 = 26 = ~26 fi) m = ~4(0) ~ 8 = 48 13, a) To the left of a maximum, the instantaneous rates of change are positive. To the right, the instantaneous rates of change are negative. by To the left of a minimum, the instantaneous rates of change are negative. To the right, the instantaneous rates of change are positive. May b) minimum: x = ‘maximum: x = 0 heel €) The slopes of tangent lines for points to the left of a minimum will be negative, while the slopes of tangent lines for points «0 the right of a minimum will be positive. Chapter 2: Functions: Understanding Rates of Change8 ‘The slopes of tangent lines for points to the lett of a maximum will be positive, while the slopes of tangent lines tor points to the right of a minimum will be negative a) Chapter Self-Test, p. 118 La) 5 Speed vs Time 50: (04,45) (19,45) 45 40 35 30 (8,25) 3, 25) speed (knots) ov Ss 10 15 20 25 Tiee (min) b) Ate = 85s the speed is approximately 25 knots ALE = 6 the speed is approximately 3 knots. 25-3 Sg 7 Nh kn/min ACL = 13 the boats speed is 25 knots. 25-25 Tyg 7 Okay/ein Advanced Functions Solutions Manual The two different average rates of change indicate that the boat was increasing its speed from ¢ = 6 t0 1 = Satarate of (f kn/min and moving at a constant speed from ¢ = 8 tor = 13, €) Because the rate of change is constant over the interval. the instantaneous rate of change at r= 7 would be the same as it was over the interval 6 = 1= 8.11 kn/min, 2.a) The slope of the secant line between (5, 70) and (50, 25) would be =? = ~1 by) The hot cocoa is cooling by 1°C/min on average ¢) Examine the graph to and draw a line tangent to the graph at the point (30, 35), 90 80 Temperature (degrees celsius} 0" 20 40 60 80 100 Time (min) The slope of the tangent line is ~0.75. 4) The hot cocoa is cooling by 0.75 C/min after 30 min, €) The rate of decrease decreases over the interval until itis nearly 0 and constant 3.a) Calculate both P(10) and PCS). PIO) = ~S(10y" + 400(10) ~ 2550 950 P(8) = ~5(8) + 400(8) 330) 30 W-8 The average rate of change iy $310 per dollar spent. by Use the different quotient to estimate the instantaneous rate of change. P(SOOL) = ~5(S0.01)' + 400(50.01) = 2580. = 4948,9995, 2B‘The instantaneous rate of change is approximately $100 per dollar spent. ©) The positive sign for part a) means that the company is increasing its profit when it spends between $8000 and $10 000 on advertising, The negative sign means that the company’s profit is decreasing when it spends $50 000 on advertising 4. Graph each function and approximate the tangent line at each of the given points, Estimate the instantaneous rate of change at each point given by determining the slope of the tangent line at the given point a) 224 The instantaneous rate of change when p = ~1 is 1 ‘The instantaneous rate of change when p = 0.75 is 0. The point is a minimum. ‘The instantaneous rate of change when p = 1 is 7. b) ho. 8 6 4 2 Ss 419 6-5 -Yf ie 4. ‘The instantaneous rate of change when x = ~2 is 45. ‘The instantaneous rate of change when x = 4 is 45, ‘The instantaneous rate of change when x = 1 is 0. This point is a maximum. Chapter 2: Functions: Understanding Rates of Change 9