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    30 views11 pages

    Cadmium Sorption by Moringa Stenopala and Moringa Oleifera Seed Powers

    Uploaded by

    Luisa Rivero
    Articulo.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Cadmium sorption by Moringa stenopetala and Moringa oleifera seed powders: Batch, time, temperature, pH and adsorption isotherm studies LM, Mataka', S. M1. Sajidu'*, W. R. L. Masamba"® and J. F, Mwatseteza" "Chemisty Department, Chancellor College, University of Malawi P. O. Box 280, Zomba Malu “Hay Oppenheimer Okavango Research Gente, P’Bag 285, Maun, Botswana ‘pezarae 10 Fanner 2010 “Thote Is a widespread recognition that the prosence of heavy motals such as cadmium in wator Is hhazardous to the environment and human health and their discharge into surface waters is of great concatn world Wide, The use of natural coagulants such as Moringa for heavy metal removal from watet Toplacing exponsive imported synthetic coagulants Is particularly appropriate for agro-basod developing countries such as Malawi. This study was aimed at investigating the potential of Moringa ‘stonopotala and Moringa ofofora in tho removal of cadmium@l fons from water. The poontia of M. ‘stenopetala for cadmium removal was investigated by means of jar test beakers. With an initial cadmium concentration of 7 mg/l M. stenopetala saed povrder, at a dose of 2.50 g 100 ml, reduced the Concontration of cadmium by 53.8%. Comparison of romoval capacities borwoen M. stonopotata and M, Ofeifera indicated that M. stenopetata was more effective than M. oleifera in removing cadmium from water (p < 0.05). Increasing initial cadmium concentration, agitation time and {onic strongth duced cadmium removal. Equilibrium sorption was attained at pH's where maximum cadmium removals were 82.7 and 70.7% using M. stenopetaia and ML. oleera respectively. There was a reduction in cadmium Fomoval botwoon 0 to 60°C for M. sfonoperala and 0 - 40-C for M. ofeifers botore incroasing with ‘subsequent temperature increases. It was also shown that cadmium sorption at 30°C and pH 3 for the 1M. oleifra could best be modelled by the Freundlich isotherm whereas the Langmuir model is slightly botter than the Froundlich isotherm in the case of the Mf. Stonopetala, The energies of adsorption from Dubinin-Radushievieh models have indicated that cadmium removal using both powders is based on physisorption. Tho results indicate that M. stenopotala and Af. oelera have potential In cadmium remediation of polluiea waters. Key words: Cadmium, Moringa oletera, Moxinga stanopotala water polltion, remediation, Frounslich, Langmuir, Qubin-Padushkevich iectherms, INTRODUCTION The United Nations Environment Programme's (UNEP, 2004) Waist Poley and Strategy identities several water focal areas inclsing fresh water ecarcty. land besed pelition sources, cust bclogicl diversiy, tescurce Use and management. and knowledge and technology transter in integrated water management. The Malew State of the Envronment Fleport notes that valor “Coresporsng aU, Ea Sa]SUGeTREO UNMET, Te 1285 1824 222 ‘degradation is. 9 mejor ervirormertal problem that Uiweatens the health and well being of humans and ecosystems (Makewi Government. 2002). Improper Seposal sf various types cf waste, deforestation, ancl oor agricultural practcos that encourage soll erocion ‘nd deposition of sediments ino the water bodes were idenified as the major causes of water degradation in Mela. Studlea of Malawian urban water bodies anc) Wasteviter testment plants. ceveal that some water ually parameters including heavy metals exceed the World Heath Organization WHO, 2004) acceptable limits (Metope, 2002; Sajéu et al, 2007). OF particular oncom are the high evels of cadmium in come of the water bodtes. Cadmium levele of 0.88 mal have boon Teported in Mudl and Limbe streams (Macope, 2002). A resent water qualiy study of Blantyre streams (Limbe, Nasolo and Mua) and wastewater treatment plante (Limbe end Soche) recotded levels of cadmium. from 0,002 to 0.016 mgl with most values exceeding the WHO limit of 0.095 mal for drinking watar (Sale et al, 2007). Cadmium has no beneficial biological importance i the human body and iis a pollutant of global concem (Ayres. ft al, 1994), Acute cadmium polzoring cympiome aro similar to those of food poisoning. Iti associeted with Kidney disease and linked to hypertension. There is also some evidence that cadmium can cause “mutations (Carson et ol, 1986), The primary adverse health eects observed are lung cancer and kidney damage. In ‘extreme exposure casos puimonary cedoma” may Sevelop and cause death, Severe cacmium-induced renal damage may develop into chronic renal falure at ‘hich point como form of cilysie or Kney operation will bbe needed (Notberg et al, 1992). Alao eadmuum hes the: tilly to alter the rato of ovarian and placental torcldogonotie, thoroby advereoly affecting nomal Teproduction in both humans and snimele: therefor, cadmium has been added to the Ist of acknowledged ‘endocrine Getupiing chemicals (EDCe) (Chodreco et al, 2006), ‘A wide range of physical and chemical processes are available for tho Femoval of haavy morale including cadmium from weter. These methods include chemical ‘coagulation using aluminum and farce salts Fatok! and ‘Ogunfowokan, 2002), ang eationio (Evane and Li, 2003)’ sbcto:chemeal preciptaion, uta tivation, ion exchange and reverse osmosis (Nemanbhay and Palanieamy, 2005). Biclogicl prooeccoe have alzo boon investigated Using phytoremediation (Prasad avid Fretas 2003; Lyte st al, 1008). A major crawback with precipitation is sludge procuction. lon exchange ic onsidered the best alternate iechnique: however, t rat economically appealing because of high operational cost. Adcorpion using commetcial actvatod carbon (CAG) can remove heavy metals fom wastewater, such 6 cadmium, nickel, chrormum and copper. However, CAC romans an expensive material for heavy motal removal. Phytoremediation ia ime consuming henoe It & ot appropriate for Immediate remediation, Furthermore, the plants accumulate a lot of heavy motale in thelr system, which hinders thet metabolism (Cheng. 2003) and can have @ possible eflect on the food chain (Todd, 2001). Moral salte (ALSO, and FeCl.) can concontrato metal fors in water since at low pH eluminiom ions are present ia dissolved form (Nomanbhay and Palanicamy, 2005). Recently there has been incteased interest in the subject of natural coagulanis for ueaiment of water and wasiowater in developing countrios Jahn, 1986: Naabrgesere et al, 1995; Sutherland et al, 1994: Gebsremichael, 2004; igue etal, 2005). Some agricultural byproducts euch ae coconut fiber, maize husks and cobs, and milet staKs are reported to adsorb heavy metals from aqueous sckione (Igwe st al, 2005). OF ‘major interest ate the natuial coagulants Irom tropical plants of the family of Meringaceae, which have reported Elariying properties of turbia water Usha, 1981). Moringa lolora Is the most widely dietibuied, wellknown and ssucied species ofthe family Meringaceae because of ts previous economic importance ae a source of the Commercially important Ben of and moro reconty, as a multipurpose tree for arid lends and a soutce of weter puriying agents for developing countries (Morton, 1991) IM. olafora I nate to evo Himalayan North-western India and Pakistan but the plant was distributed to other areas of tropical Asia in prehistoric times ard to other parts of the’ world including Malawi during tho Brkich Colonial era. Mi stenopetala. offen reterted 10 ae the Afican motinga tree, originates from soutem Ethiopia, and Kerys’ (Jahn, 1901). The food, fodder, water Slartying and medeinal uses ct the Morngecese fsepecally M.olellera are wall documented and the trees are recommended for ive fencing, intoreropping, and pollution control (Motton, 1981;Coote et al, 1997; Williamson 1975; Palgrave, 1983; van Wyk and van Wyk, 1997). The water soluble Meringa seed prowine possess coaguleting properties The active ageris in Moringa olsilera extracts responce for coagulation were suggested as tho Catone polypeptides Wehn, 1981; Naabipengesere et a 1995). Gassenschmi¢t et al. (1995) reported the Isolation from M. letera of a flocoulatng protein of 60 reciduos uth moleedtar mass of about 6.5 kDa, iseelectronie point above pH 10, high kvels of glutamine, arginine and proling | with” the amino jermhus blocked by Pyroglutamats, ané flossulant capsety comparable to a symhetic polyacrylamide cationic polymer. However, a ron-protsin coagulant was also reported but not characterised (Okuda et al, 2001). Catlr studies showed thal M. olelera seed powder is lective cadmium romodiation of water (Sajdu ot al, 2005; Sharma eta, 2007). ‘Alhough the water clariying proparties of | M. ‘stonopelaia have not been ae estenchvely etuded ae those of M. clerera, Jann (1986) reported that. 100-150 mg of M. stenopetala was as eflecive in water clariicaton as 200 mai of Ml. Ooifra. Our eatior studlos have shown thet M. sienopetaia has the capacty to remove lead from water (Malaka ot al, 2006) Furharmote, the etudioe showed that M, etenoporata mote effective in feed sorption fom water than Mf dlelers. However, 19 out knowledge, no work has been eporied on the uso of M. sforopetsla in. cadmium Temedietion of water The objectives of this. stucy, therfore, "wets {0 evaluate the potential of | M tonopetala in removing cadmium from wator and Compare iis effeciveness wih that of M.oleifera reported eeatlor (Safe etal, 2005: Shaima etal, 2007), MATERIALS AND METHODS Marte LM. storeceaia ooede wate abtaned trom Kenya. Wizc09 Preducto Lis. Naot in 2006, Te 2e00e Wore Sond Oy the Fotesiy Research Irciut of Usa Mt oltera sends mere ‘aleatad fom Crlavave datothssaher slaw in 200 and 200s, Seede ware decelles by hand an then giound i acalee fe latin WIZTOPN), url a orettant pease! wae asnes All pH weasurerents ware detained siya GH rset (User ‘ad calbnated with bls at pH dard 7) constant tegsatre Ueaunerte wore done In a conart temperate wate bay (Bah Fake Type 000-84) ThamestvaGolerkang No 8s) and alingutis done using Gel haber Methods Standard catmism aoltns were pregared aa dese by the ‘Arevean Fusle Health Assoiton (APF, 1900) aro codalur ‘as cetemined ‘ising atomic abeorton ectoaeny (ARS) {Shredeu AA 5208 V5) et 283.3 math an a cotore tare. Ether of dosage ‘Varying masses of Maxings pode wore aes 1 100 teat beaker) of wor conaning 7 mg exci) and be Irie sired for 1h The mstre woe eed by gay Hoe gh Winter Nt Stes paper ard he meal bm corer fe fae wore ceterinedakg AAS Etc of string time ‘A100 milo 7 mgt of eacmiurh aqueous scluon was sdced to 410 9 of Modrga ove3 ponders, The cleus wore eres and Wwaharann. ot Sforere tie nena, and fered. The veld ‘cencomteon sas arog using AAS, Effects of ina cadmium concentration ‘Wale 206s powser (1.0) of th rings seces wae seed 0 {co nif caaricmdlseazous sone win te cencereaton fargo of =8 mg The riche was sired fort Bowed twough ‘Willman He ther paper al he ted! ‘aden oaths Etfectot sodium chloride To.each 100 ml coun centaing 7 mgt cosriur( in, 0.0, 02, 04,08, 08 wd 10 alc? sodum chose. ard 1.5 9 of str 1 clefora oA siongptte whole seed pom ete wer> aed and Sines fr h The mses ware fered trough Whatman Na ‘her pope. "The residual caer) jon eoneeraton wes ‘quartic’ by AAS. Ether ot pt Cadman) sluiane of eternt oH ware erepared by adusting the pH of 2100 a olin of? mal adrian tone In dried ‘wat using 299 mmolam’ cece hyetodeo of 20.0 rman? Nive cea Porcons of 1.0 g Mernga wre cece sousers {ivedto the wouling sil obtone and sled for Th asing @ ringretis tren The resin) metal on conceraton wae Guaties vag ARS, foe of vrmporature ‘cores of 100 aauecus cau on solitons (7 mg) were ‘read wt 1-0'g Monga oved peters within the femaetare farge 010 ~ 100°C. The Manga suepercon was iaretoed na ‘Sonat teaportue watt bath and shaken fort Treaert at {000 was done ste heatng cl Bhar {the rita ae The resol cack ar concerto of the Re nas devine by AAS quilt sorption studies Porions of 0.028 g Mt. lara or. senopealawere weighed ito 5D mi conttoge fs tn wish 25.0 ml oh endmum soon mth ‘vayirg ital earl) on concertasons between 5-15 ma were toes. The sande wees were then shaken a 9 constant seed wang the Gin shater Yor 2h Tre suapension. mere ‘Teves Vang Whatman Ne x pacar. Tho kata ware clbeiog ir ooparai’ doar aamele botoe ere e mot coment Was ‘hommines ving AAS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effects of dosage Figure 1 shows the relationship between dosage and percentage cadmumill) removal. As the ML stencpetata powder dosage increases trom 0.5 - 25 9/100 mi the Cadmium) removal percentage increases from. about 20% to about 50%, M. elefera doaage of 1.0 100 mi fesult in removal percentage of about 20% which inoteases to about 58% as the dosage Ineroagee to 2.5 {100 ml. This phenomenon is expected since the metal Uptake capacity of the adsoroent increases with the iMoteace in dosage as the number of active. stes avalable for metal rereasve with increace In the amount of adsorbent, Previous studies have shown that 1. lofera i effective in romoval of heavy metale includhng ‘cadmium from water (Seliou etal, 2005; Sharma et al. 2006). "Recent studies have also. shown that Md Stoncpetala Is more effective than M. oleferain leed ion removal (Matska et al, 2000), This present study indioatos that Mf stonopetala coed powdore aro also more sllecve than M. ollfera in cxdmism removal at 95% Gonfderos level. However, at higher biomacc dosage the temoval capactise of the two powders are almost similar. Jahn (1988) also cbeowos that. Storcpatala is beter than Af lafera i clarying muckly water. Effect of stirring (agitation) time on cadmium removal Flgute 2 shows the elfect of string time on cadmium) removal The metal removal was vary rapél inthe fast 20 60 50 40 30 20 10 Percentage removal 1 Dosa ——M. oleifera _=_ M. stenopetala 2 .ge (g/100 mL) Figure 1. Fact of caacge of. stencetla and Meera seed powcers on moval o cadre atta adr corcertraton of 7 mpl 00", aes Ey 6 gee 85 a4 Bs —=M. okefera Be = M. stenopetala 1 bo ° 2 4 6 8 10 Time (h) Figure 2 Esc of conse: ts on cad Intel ecnum( concern of7 mg at rin. Later matal ons got back into solution as the strong timo inoreased. Similar ond was obeawved tor the biosorptin of siver ions to alfalfa biomass (Herrera etal 2003). This can be ascribed 10 the formation of lest Stable complexes, which easly breek as the time of Stiring increaces, The weakness of cadmium-Mcringa Complexes is enhanced by the fact that cadmium due t2 its high charge density and small size ie strongh hhyarolyeed by water. This reeuks into competion for Cadmium betwasn water and binding sisson the ‘Moringa. Hence wih the owses in string timo ccadmiury(l) ions go beck into the aqueous solution. At om remeval using 1.5 9 Morin seed powders at 30° high agitation time the solution misture could be assumed to havo attained equilibrium: Effects of ii removal | cadmium) concentration on metal Figure 9. shows the reltionshia between inal c.admiumil) ion concentration and percentage removal at faxed Mariage powser dosage of 1.0. Q 100 mi The inerease in intial cacmium(l) concentration decreased cadmium percentage removals and Increased the amount Percentage removal 1 Dosage ( Figute Etec do cede ne nt vol Mt stampa an cma canoer if 2 (9/100 mL) M cee sed pers on mrad of nel Tmgh 0°. as Er i 6 Zz a: i: i owiera ie =. stonopotna : bo of 4 6 @ Tine Figare 2. tects o ora tne an cdrom removal sig 15g Moringa sma powers a if! enum eanorason 07 mgs 20°C min. Later metal ons got back into solution as the string ime incteased. Similar tend was observed for the blcsoepion of slvr lone to alata bomass (Harrare st a 2003)" Thie ean be ascribed ¢0 the formation cf leas ‘stcble complexes, which easly break a® the time of sitting ineteaces. Tho woakress. of cadmium -Meringa Complores fs enhanced by the fact that cadmium due fo fe high charge denaty and mall size is. strongly hyctolysed by water Thi reauks Inxo competion for cadmium between water” and binding sli -on the Moringa Hence wih the increase in atining me ‘cadmium fons ge back into the aqueous sokton. At high aalaton time the solution mixture could be assumed to have atained equilbium Effects of initial caamiumal) concentration on meta removal Flgute 2. shows the lationship between ni cadmium) Ion concereation and percentage removal at figod Moraga powder docago of 1.0 g/100 mi. Tho increase in hital cadmiuandh concentration decroaced cadmium percentage removals ard incteased the amount Percentage remover 5 7 9 a stnopeia ed " 8 5 1 etalon cancenwation (mgt) gue 3. Eectot ina exdriun eonconiten on mstalromova using 1.09 Moringa powders st 30°, of cadmium|ll) uptske per unt mass of the Movinga powders (mg’9). The ‘removel of oscmium) lone ‘Secteased from 12.0% (0165 mg’) t 6.2% (01082 mg/g) for M.oltera and 18.1% (085 mga) 7.6 (0.113 mg’a) for M. cleropotala Further, tho results incieatod that al ‘several intial concentiations tested, Mf. stenopetaa was ‘mote fects than M. olefers for cadmium fon sorpion (p= 005) This agrees wih tesuls from Figure 1, which Shows that M. stenopetala i= more effective than Mt olefera Eee! of ial metal bn concentation '= an importa: parameter, which determines the maximum Lplake capacity of tho chelating biomass (Reddy and Reddy, 2099). Fora fed dose ofthe biomacs tho total available birding sites are ime, thereby binding the ‘Game amount of metal ons. This resus in a decrease in percentage removal ofthe metal ions as the inital metal fen concentation increases. The enhanced mata uptake vith an inerease in intial metal ion eonoortraion might bbe dus to the insteaee inthe ratio of inal number of rrolea of cadmium to the evalabe surface ae of the powders. Thee resus agree wih those reparied in Tterature on ether metal on-sorpien using wil cocoyam and. steam aotvaled sulphuiised activated carbon Prepared trom sugarcane bagasse pth (Horsall and Spi, 2004; Krishnan and Anivuchan, 2003) Etec of fonie strength on cadmium removal Geroraly cadmium() fon removal decreased wih an inareaco. in ionic swongth using both coed powdors (Figute 4). There was a decrease rom 48.1 6.0% for Mt ‘Stenopetaia treatment and from 482 - 5.8% for Md ‘leitara trestment. The decrease. in. escrium(l) ‘on eenoval win ions stength suggests thet the vemoval tection involves formation of outer sphere complexes fang therefore the Imeractone might be elecwostatic se ‘bsewved by Kishan and Anitudhan (2008) on metal romoval using other metal ion-biomstrial systems. At hhgh erie strength the sodlum iors can compete for tho binding sies wth cadmium) ions on the polypeptide hence reducing the metal ion removal Effect of inital pH Tho potcontage removal increased sharply 10 about 90.0% with increase in pH up to pH and then gradually increased slowy to maximum removals of 038 and 88.4% for M. olelera and M. stenopetala respectively (Figure 5). At the cadmium conoeniraton used the talelated pl for cxcmum precipeation as hydhewle was PH 9. However, significant removal oosurea below the presiptaion gH. Furhermore, the optimum pH range for fhe. ceemivri) fon removal ep 5 and abeve. Tie ‘hows thatthe metal temoval le dominated by eorpion fonio the Moringa powders. ard not precipita as hydroxides. The optimum “cadmium removal | pH competes well wth Shetma et a (2006) optimum pH ct 85 using M. olefra sexc powers. Sat ofl. (2006) feportaa_an optimum pH of 78 on cadmium) ion removal using water end sodlum chloride extracts of M. ‘tongpotala and Mf clef, ‘Tho redzed eorpion ‘iciney of cadmium fon romaval with decrease Ir pH oull bo attbuted to the procence of H* fans in tho mice, wih compete with cadmium(l ions forthe Dining ‘ses. This conclusion agrees with that reported by Hereta et al. (2005) on sive mesa on sorption using altata biomass, Raj et al. (1957) on heavy metal adsorption using sew dust and Horsfall end Spt (2005) 60 50 40 “=m. oleitera ——M. stenopetala 30 20 10 Percentage removal ° 02 08 06 08 1 12 NaCI concentration (mol/L) Figure 4 Efecto oc stegth on cachrismion rma ing 15/100 ml Morin ne seed paws airisl endmuml en cere of 7 mpl a 90%, 00 20 60 40 20 = stenopetara —=— olentera Fucreeprened pH Figure & Efecto on cadmium rereval using 109/100 mi Moringa whole seed powers a Intel codmum sanoontation ot? mala 30°. fon lead and cadmium ian sompion fom aqueous oltions using wild cocoyam biomass. Furthermore, ‘tho pl Is love ted fat below the icoolectic pein, p= 9.6 tor M ciefera (Ghebremichael et al, 2005), any basic ‘groups such as nitrogen are pretonaied hence the proteh will lose kts negative charge and contain only postive chaiges. The posiive charges will epa the postive ions, which mako 1 dificut for the proton to form a complox With the metal ions. This is tellected in Figure 5 whee at low pA, the percentage metal removal is also law. The offcts of high pH are analogous to those of low pH. The fod groups of the protein are deprotonated hence i obiaiis a large negate charge, which can interact mere favourably wih the postive metal ions (Logan, 1996). Etec of temperature on metal removal The petcentage removal for cadmism(l) decreased as the temperature increased in the range of O- 4D'C (65.5 480%) for M oletera and 0 - 60°C (68.3 - 26.7%) for M. ‘stenopetala treatment before increasing 10 96.1 and 98.8% for M. ofatera and IM. stonopetsa respectively at 100°C (Figure 6). Resuts of temperatute dependence Were elma to those found in stining time dependence ‘The cbserved ‘nial decrease in cadmium peroentage removal with increasing temperature also suggests weak binding interaction between tho active sites and the ‘cadmium one, which suppor’ physisorption Furthermore, physical adsorption feactions are normally ‘exothermic. hence tho extent of adeorption generally Increases witn @ decrease in temperature (Salinas el. 2000). A simika conclusion wae abtained by Banloo and Nasser (2005) on cadmium(ll) removal using ground cone powders and Herrera et al (2003) on side!) ons adsopion by alfa biomass. The sorption of ‘cadmium stats to increase at 40°C for M. olaara and Bt G0'C for M. stenopetala. As the temperature Is Increased, a number of bonds in the polypestides, which fre the suggested sorption agents, are weakened. The —+ stenopetala go | |—s-oleitera Percentage removal Q 8 0 20 40 60 80 100 Temperature (°C) Figures. fet of temoecatre on casio royal ung Mosngs powders ental cadrium concentration a? mal fs ob affected are the lorg range interactions that are neosseaty forthe prosoneo of toriary stuature. Ae ‘hace bonds ate fist weskered and broken, the polypeptise obinine a more flexible structure and the groups are ‘exposed to solvent (Hay, 1984). This exposure of mote ‘greups to the solvent presumably increases the number St binding silos for enhanced cadmium} on eortion ‘The adsorption isotherms of metal removal Theory and data evaluation Thies models were used to fit the expstimental data Langmuir model, Freundlich and Dubrin-Radusnkevich models. Tho Langmuir equation wae chosen forthe eet mation of maximum adsorption capanty cortesponcing to 000 powdor curfaco eaturation. The linearised form of ‘the equation aierrearrangemert is given in equaton (1) Gem 0 Where, (aim? g') is @ constant releted to the adsorption/desoiption enetgy and daa is the maximum Sorption pen complete monolayer uration of the Powder curfaco. The experimental data wore fitted to ‘Equation (1) for lnsiseton ty plotting Cy/ge agaiat (Figure 7). The Fteundich model was chosen to estimate the adsorption iniensiy of the sorbent towards the ower and the linea form is represented by equation (2 Ing, =Ink, +-4inc, Ing, =InK, +4nC, 2 Whete: gp omg) is the metal ion uptake par unit weight cof Moringa powebr: C, i the conegntraton of metal one In solution at equilbyium (madn’): Kj and n are the Freundlich constants, The value of Kis 0 mesaure of the egies of adsorption and indicates the affinity of the Sctbert towards the psnvcer. For tin less than unt adsorption Is the predominant process taking placo Ctherwise desorption becomes predominant. & plot of in e,agsinst In C, in equation (2) yielding a straight tne Indletes the confimation of the Freundlich adsorption Isotherm. The constants, nand K, can be obtained from the slope and inerospt respectively The Dubinin-Radushkevich model was used to estimate the energy of adsorption of the sorbent towards the seed powders. Tho linear form of tho equation ic represented ny Ing, = INK pp ~ Be? and = RT IN +h) (3 Where gy (mai) 6 the amount of metal absorbed st Scull Kor ols) 2 adsenpion capaciy” of, he Sstottent per unt weight olka) Ce (moldn*) ie aullbrym ‘soncentetion of the sorbent In sohion, 2 (rah) igs constant solated: tothe energy ot sorption. A plot of in gp versus 2 is a straight be whore 8 and ‘Kon can bo obtained fom slope and Interonpe respectively. The mean energy of aceoption te ven by equation (4 1 cs Te ® E lees than 8 kuimol means thatthe sorption prooees ie physiesl in nsture otherwise 1 is chemical (Cayman and 0.0175 014 R,’= 0.9363 012 S01 = 0.08 F006 + Toleilera 8 o0a = 2stenopetala 0.02 0.0025 20075 fg 00125 Flgure 7. Langnutseather He fr ear) Sateen Mf eempeta 30° Inge srton din sing 1.01004 dose of AT 19 24 23 28 * foleifera = 2stenopetala 27 2.9 Inc, 34 Figste 8, Freanlh aterm fs fr eadmiumil erpon stn using 10 9100 mi Meteor Ht evap 20° Baybas, 2001), or this etudy the data fted wall to al the sorption models, AP> 0.83, (Fgutes 7,8 and 9). From Table 1 te Langmuir data. showed that the maximum adsorgtiom ‘ea and the constant related to adsorption energy K, ot Wi" stenopetala wore greater than thoee for Mt tara The valies of ‘/m for both powders, from Freundlich plots were slightly less then unty. This Fsicated thet fhough adsorption was favoured there wae alco sig fieant decorpion taking place ae the reaction evoured. From the Dubiin-Rasushkevish parameters the values of energy of adsorption for both pewdere were leas than & kKumot""(Teble 1). This supported our absewvation thet admium)remouel by the two Maringa powers was phyccal in raiure. Generaly the adsorption data also Supported the obesrvation that ME. stenopetale fe mors Gtiectve. than Mf olatara, that is, goon and Ky fom Langmuir plcta, the adcorpion energy. and. maximum adsorption capacty from the Dubinn Radushkovich plots ‘were greater than those of M. clellera. Locking at the FF Values, the serpion teacfon for the M. Glefera coud best be modeled by the Freundich isotherm (FF = 0.971 for Froundich and 0.036 for Langmuk) whereas Langue model is sight beter than Freundlich in the case of M. Stenopetela (RF = 0947 Yor Langmuit and 0.945 fr Freundih) 75 85 10 11 2 13 4 AS Figure, Dubhinadusthedch othr to lava: Mt steeper 150°C 95 105 * 1oleifera = _2stenopetala 0.9728 9 cadmion)sexpton dala using 1.010 nM Teble 1. Pareto em he dara of eaeien eotoune fr the soypn of cadmium on Moving esd soudete a1 39. ue ee a a rt Ms o2es cow? 0.95 Freunaticn parameters , Kiloko) re Mo te vee oa us 437 2.08 0.98 Radushiovi Dubinin parameters Kon nol kg) Eqsma) fe no ‘unz29 368 ow Ms 0808 re ba Conclusion ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In conclusion the study hes shown thet _ Moringa nopetala and Moringa olafera seed powder can be Lsed for cadmium in remeval rom agqumous soliton ‘The percent womoval of eadmium) ie increased vith increase in the Moringa powder dosage up to 2.5 g of powder per 100 ml. Tho equllrium etirrg timo for Bie fbdsoeption of cadmium) 2 h. The increase in intial ccadiumi|) concentration results in a docteaco of percent removal of the cad unl) As the lon stangth Of the solution incroasee the cadmium) tomoval peroont decreases while inciease in pH resuls in increase of the rmotal uptake. The data for M. Olefora ft wol with Freundlen isotherm model whereas M, Stenopetala can boo modelled by both Freundlich and Langmil Ieotherme fand the sdeorption energy et SDC © consistent of physisoration, The authors acknowledge support from the Intemational Scloneo Program (ISP) through International Programme in Chemical Scencas ((PICS) at the Universty of Uppeala, Sweden (project code MAW.02) for a arant that povided MS scholarship for Lyad Mataka to study in the ‘Chomisty Department of the Unvereiy of Malawi APL (1589, Siders matode fo he exarnatanof mstet, 17 econ Westingon OO. po 182.45, ‘yr MO, Dna AP, tin UP (19), Paso han matt tom Wheoamaar Erghacing Wecwaran Coe Fepart Unvety ot Mana: pp 12 camel By Bis FW. Main L198), Tosalagy ad logical Nortna f as Harare Nem Yn. Lew Pushes na Boos Ceyran 0, seyeas © 12000) Adsatton of Sure Todo Dyes vy eecneveareonn Seton, Tuan Chm. 103 Chestons Pl Pack M Hemon MO 206) Cadriun aan ence “Sturn ho atest seem Modal chem, 3) 27-35. tang 8 (2008 Ear cf hater metals on lt ar earce (eshenove &-suicabheat reper! wih sped reece 0 Fears prsttea m Choose formes Ena Sa Pol Pes. to, 2-208 Cceota Berongne ©, Sowa 1007). The detbuton, use snd sor’ Rocard Wor. rows Povouch ici Man, rare OV LZ 200), Removal of avy mots wd rasonseee ‘or ak aang cure sufi tng Urey of Wee Wet Rescues situ. 118. Fett C8, Ogurtonshan AO 2002) Efecto ong! testact on theta cgmpotien ota west. ater SA 28) 250288 Ccusencctat Uy dary Be. "Tovater Ni 11984 ‘eoaon ond Cocraten of 9 focauatng pan rm Morrga ate Lar Bluremoa st sopryace ta ose 47740 Gcfetomorse #2000) Monga ed ano sumee 28 atoms esta annus cosets TO More. 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Taman Kl eraaViea J "Armand ptcoe 2003, finang swan ote 37 ea Somaen iedbego sabe Beh ane, Tonge, on on betty Spi iba, SSee aro oteot of go 08 Po ‘rete o Banc cae tom aqueous toda ty Casdure Sar wed ceteran) Bonass’ Bosra’ J Sacco) ai ‘nie fom rare ip atch sore aT asada ie mean or sa both ort gor 2009, Ereca & treaneue one comton et Poe tna Ca tam aes eaten tat Bc id icojam) Geom, Ene), tea, rie] Ba Ave Ipwa pigeon cntrvatanaarsia lowe JC, Open ON, Asi AA 2005, Conpetive dso ch Zrii GA avs Pollo. for agp and onsen Eston oy rece oh td hut eS Bomchno. 0) 41 wie Teale H, Naaten © 2005, Caan amoral tor anew ttn ‘acon sna onan neon amos Era ATE Jahn SA 9923), Tasten wat partes wopea! ar ceva coutige Easing noose and pol teplcten Pub TP Eiitrte Gentes x Todwaste Zocenaonwto (2) Groi Exdiom. 9 6 e150) ar aA aa conga saat ‘arptes: Resewch nt Sushy ard 8 gue raw pees SBsche “Geasacat tr Teanssre. Eioenmewtek WOI2) Jom Sa 11) The Tedteral Donseaton ot a mutpuooss tee ‘econ gape te 1) te Ropar Be Vay. iuinan" A, Bitain TS (2009, Reno exdriary tor cinta yea cra utd cle Spe Work 26 tare Lege RH (880) Eneyres and enema Faplmenastoioom ed Faron mortaracolcon 291208 pw ea ier Yonah oUeno Hanwen 8, Zayed A. Tor N aoty (1600, Fedoeton of 0) 2 Cub wets lan: Pot orsts Teeny metal entacioaton. cron oo. Teste 323087 393 wel Cen ie Scent ope ak wastha"tt Hoy EMT, Mananés WEL, Sau SME G08) Lent Temedetion ef frtorinend we sn Ung senopetia ord Memge obra ted power Ervon 2 Techno inn Wate (2009, Sartre Cty Enitormert Pete Peper. Unis ‘bra Dowesrene Meperre! Gone oar (es), Tio Hows veo, Manga Praygopams Writs” hbon in ere Bay 38 Néhbgongeere A alt KS Talbot GB (1695), Aci agert at tachren of congusion ! Wid wats ashy Moros oman, Nomanohay i, PakrisanyK (208). Ramarao heany mea rom ‘ta nacowete vr Sea coala a pan sel hace Erviererelbsectnobgy 654" 0717 68 Nopetg Gr Haver Anse LE) 1002, Cas nthe Toran equrannant Tey an ‘ssterogncy. Merson ‘ood er Rosson Gant: jn. op. 1a ‘cia 7, baoy AU, Nina, Srada Mt (2001, Cougaton fussed Wate mes a0) enaag ee Mee Pgs 16 (1985) Toon of scehar Aon. Cok Pblcars Py ‘Curtoun Prasae MN, Fetes, Ht (209), Metal hyperaceuraltn in lars [oavort) prospec or chvvaredazontekrooay, Casters J Seiernal rine) 99) Avaebe fon Feet siguatieenaeg rtcerarh ee eat AR. fale, anh Gi, Anshan TS (187, Removal ef hea real ons eh ig Steed eae cater Was ay AS, Ray 1 (200), Hoary eal in uptake rpaton of Tevsrere-simpares cheat oye’ rears Pcsse inn ese 6 Chore Scare Te Te

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