Vyakarana

R HARINMMTA VYKARANA
Lesson One
THE ALPHABET:
Sarvevaras:
a
(with line)
ai
au
Viujanas:
gutturals
ka
kha
ga
gha
na (dot over)
palatals
ca
cha
ja
jha
retroflex
ha
ha
dental
ta
tha
da
dha
na
labial
pa
pha
ba
bha
ma
ya
ra
la
va
sa
ha
Davatras:
a
(with line)
ai
au
(with line)
ai
varas:
a
au
as:
a
(with line)
ai
au
Anantas:
a
(with line)
ai
au
(with line)
ai
au
(with line)
(with line)
ai
Catusanas:
a
Caturbhujas:
a
Caturvyuhas:
a
au
Viujanas:
gutturals
ka
kha
ga
gha
na (dot over)
palatals
ca
cha
ja
jha
retroflex
ha
ha
dental
ta
tha
da
dha
na
labial
pa
pha
ba
bha
ma
ya
ra
la
sa
va
ha
Viuvargas:
gutturals
ka
kha
ga
gha
na (dot over)
palatals
ca
cha
ja
jha
retroflex
ha
ha
dental
ta
tha
da
dha
na
labial
pa
pha
ba
bha
ma
Harikamalas, Harikhadgas, Harigadas, Harighosas, Harivenus:

gutturals
ka
kha
ga
gha
na (dot over)
palatals
ca
cha
ja
jha
retroflex
ha
ha
dental
ta
tha
da
dha
na
labial
pa
pha
ba
bha
ma
Viudsas:
gutturals
ka
kha
ga
gha
na (dot over)
palatals
ca
cha
ja
jha
retroflex
ha
ha
dental
ta
tha
da
dha
na
labial
pa
pha
ba
bha
ma
Harimitras:
ya
ra
la
sa
ha
va
Harigotras:
ya
ra
la
sa
ya
ra
la
sa
va
ha
auris:
va
ha
Goplas:
gutturals
ka
kha
ga
gha
na (dot over)
palatals
ca
cha
ja
jha
retroflex
ha
ha
dental
ta
tha
da
dha
na
labial
pa
pha
ba
bha
ma
ya
ra
la
va
sa
ha
Ydavas:
gutturals
ka
kha
ga
gha
na (dot over)
palatals
ca
cha
ja
jha
retroflex
ha
ha
dental
ta
tha
da
dha
na
labial
pa
pha
ba
bha
ma
ya
ra
la
va
sa
ha
Stvatas:
gutturals
ka
kha
ga
gha
na (dot over)
palatals
ca
cha
ja
jha
retroflex
ha
ha
dental
ta
tha
da
dha
na
labial
pa
pha
ba
bha
ma
ya
ra
la
va
sa
ha
Vaiavas:
gutturals
ka
kha
ga
gha
na (dot over)
palatals
ca
cha
ja
jha
retroflex
ha
ha
dental
ta
tha
da
dha
na
labial
pa
pha
ba
bha
ma
ya
ra
la
va
sa
ha
1. The Sanskrit alphabet, with its order, appeared from Lord Nryaa.
2. Sarvevaras First 14 letters (the vowels) called Sarvevaras independent controllers. They dont need
another letter.
a i u ( with line over it) e ai o au.
3. Davataras First 10 Sarvevaras called Davatras (excludes e ai o au).
4. Ektmakas Each pair of Davatras consists of 2 ektmakas (two entities with the same soul).
(Ektmaka means Ka, who expands into many non-different forms in His pastimes, like the rsa dance.)
5. Vmana First vowel of each ektmaka is called a Vmana (short vowels)

6. Trivikrama The second is called a Trivikrama.
8. varas The Sarvevaras, excluding a and are called varas. (So there are 12 varas).
(There are 12 of them, like the number of Deities of the months.)
9. s The Davatras, excluding a and , are called s.
(There are 8, like the number of Deities of the material elements.)
10. Anantas The first 6 Sarvevaras (a i u ) are called anantas.
(There are 6, like the number of first expansions of Baladeva)
11. Catusanas i u called catusanas.
(The 4 Kumras.)
12. Caturbhujas u called caturbhujas
13. Caturvyuhas e ai o au called caturvyuhas.
14. Viucakra called vinucakra.
15. Viucpa Nasalisation of a letter called viucpa.
16. Viusarga Aspirated sound after Sarvevara called viusarga. (Visarga)
17. Viujanas All the consonants called Viujanas.
19. Viuvargas The Viujanas from ka to ma are called Viuvargas. They are arranged in five groups of
five letters.
Therefore there is ka-varga, ca-varga, -varga, ta-varga, pa-varga.
(There are five groups of residents in Vndvana, called the 5 Viuvargas)
20. Viuganas The Viuvargas, excluding , are called Viuganas.
(The associates of Lord Viu)
21. Harikamalas The consonants ka ca a ta pa are called Harikamalas.
(Lord Vius lotus)
22. Harikhagas The consonants kha cha ha tha pha are called Harikhagas.
(The Lords sword.)
23. Harigads The consonants ga ja a da ba are called Harigads.
(The club of the Lord.)
24. Harighoas The consonants gha jha ha dha bha are called Harighoas.
(The conch.)
25. Harivenus The consonants a a a na ma are called Hariveus.
(The flute)
26. Viudsas The Viuvargas excluding the Hariveus are called Viudsas.
(Servant, distinct from Viujanas because of their specific services.)
27. Harimitras The letters ya ra la va are called Harimitras. (The semivowels)
(The friends of the Lord)
28. Harigotras The letters a a sa ha are called Harigotras.
29. auris The letters a a sa are called auris.
30. Vainavas The Viudsas and Harigotras are called Vaiavas.
31. Goplas The Harigadas, Harighoas. Hariveus, Harimitras and the letter ha are called Goplas.
32. Ydavas All other consonants other than Goplas are called Ydavas.
(The Harikamalas, Harikhadgas and auris)
33. Stvatas The Ydavas, excluding the auris, are called Stvatas.
(The Harikamalas and the Harikhagas)
34. Rma To designate a single letter, the word Rma is used.
(Lord Rma accepted only one wife.)
35. Dvaya To designate a pair of consecutive letters, the word Dvaya is used after the first letter of the pair.
Eg. a-dvaya indicates the vowels a and .
E-dvaya indicates the vowels e and ai.
36. Virici A rule in which a letter is replaced by another letter is called Virici.
(He changes all the material elements into different products.)
37. Viu A rule in which a letter is added is called Viu.
38. Har To drop a letter is called Har.
(When a letter is dropped but its presence is still felt it is Har, but when it is dropped and there is no presence
felt it is Mahhar.)
SANDHI RULES
Sarvevara Sandhi
1. When a Davatra is followed by its Ektmaka, the combination is Trivikrama.
Eg: Bhagavad-gt 10.11, 9.13
A. After a/: (6 plus 1)
2. When a/ is followed by i/, the combination is e
Eg: 2.41, 9.11

3. .......... by u/, combination is o
Eg: 2.14, 15.18
43. .......... , ar
43a) When -dvaya or a-dvaya are followed by -Rma, sandhi is optional.
Eg: 4.2, 10.13
44. .............-dvaya al
45. ........... e/ai ai
Eg: 2.12, 2.44
46. ............ o/au au
Eg: 1.6, 6.32
B. Before any Sarvevara: (6)
47. i/ changes to y when followed by a Sarvevara.
Eg: 7.14, 7.1
48. u/ to v when followed by a Sarvevara.
Eg: 2.12, 2.40
49. / changes to r when followed by a Sarvevara.
50. -dvaya changes to l when followed by a Sarvevara.
51. E changes to ay and ai changes to i when followed by a Sarvevara.
52. O to av, au to v .........
Eg: 4.22, 5.2
C. Others: (3 plus 1)
53. After final e or o, the initial a of the following word is Har.
Then avagraha or apostrophe are put in its place.
Eg: 2.13, 2.24
54. The letters y and v of ay, y, av, v are optionally dropped after a Sarvevara.
This appears to be the case in Bhagavad-gt.
Eg: 1.6, 1.33
55. There is no sandhi of an interjection ending in o or if it is one of the Anantas.
55a) There is no sandhi of words ending in , or e when these terminations indicate the dual number,
except the maivdis.
55b) Vmana is called laghu
55c) Trivikrama is called guru
55d) Vmana is also guru when followed by sat-sanga.
56. A conjunction of Viujanas is called sat-sanga.
Viujana Sandhi
A. Five Viudsas
61. At the end of a word, Viudsa changes to Harigada (if the following letter is Sarvevara or Gopla).
The same change also takes place within the same word, if Viudsa is followed by Harighoa.
The change to Harigad is always within the same varga as the Viudsa.
Eg: BG 3.19, 3.37
Internal: 11.30
62. Final Viudsa can be optionally changed to Harivenu, when it is followed by Harivenu. (This is an
alternative to 61)
Eg: vk + mayam
1) vg mayam (By 61)
2) v mayam (By 62)
Option 1 is not used in Bhagavad-gt.
The change to Hariveu is always within the same varga as the Viudsa.
Eg 11.25, 9.34
63. Viudsa changes to Harikamala when followed by Ydava.
Eg. 3.5, 3.21
This rule is also used in internal sandhi in declension and conjugation.
Eg: ved + ti (10.3) vetti loka ....
ved +tha (10.15) vettha tvam
64. After Viudsa, a-rma can optionally change to cha-rma.
This option is usually seen when a-rma is preceded with d or t, in which cases 66 + 67 apply.
65. After Viudsa, ha-rma is optionally changed to Harighoa.
The Harighoa should be of the same varga as the preceding Viujana.
Eg. 2.31, 6.42.
B. Some Others
66. Da-rma or ta-rma always changes to the following letter before la-rma, ca-varga or a-varga.
In other words:
d/t before l changes to l
d/t before c/ch changes to c
d/t before j/jh changes to j
Eg: 8.16, 11.30, 10.9
67. Ta-rma changes to ca-rma before a-rma.
Three possibilities exist:
1. 67 applied, 64 not
2. 67 applied, then 64 applied
3. 64, then 66, then 63
Eg 9.31, 2.7, 7.1
68. Final n before c or ch becomes
before or h becomes
and before t or th becomes s.
Eg 2.14, 4.11
68A. Final n before l changes to l.
Eg: 4.39 (Viucpa is used always)
68B. Final n is changed to before j, jh, or .
Eg: 5.8
69. After final n is changed to before (by 68B), the letter c can optionally be added to .
Does not seem to appear in Bhagavad-gt.
70. Final m changes to Viucakra when it is followed by Viujana.
Eg 2.13, 9.26
71. Viucakra changes to Hariveu when it is followed by Viusarga. But if Viucakra is Viupadanta,
this change is optional.
Viucakra changes to Hariveu of the same varga.
Eg: sam + jaya (70) sa + jaya (71) sajaya
sam + kirtana (70) sa + kirtana (71) sakrtana
puram + jana (70) pura + jana (71) purajana
Harivenu always corresponds to the same varga as the following letter
Eg: ka-varga akha, akara
ca-varga paca. Kicana
The changing of Viucakra at Viupadnta is not used in Bhagavad-gt.
72. Cha-rma is reduplicated if it is preceded by Sarvevara.
Eg: premjana + churita (72) premjana+chchurita (63) premjana-cchurita
72a. If cha-rma is preceded by Viupadanta Trivikrama, the reduplication is optional.
74. Final , or n are reduplicated if they are preceded by Vmana and followed by Sarvevara.
Eg: 2.10, 4.6, 5.7
76. Viujana is optionally reduplicated if it is preceded by ra-rma and followed by another Viujana or
Sarvevara. But if Harigotra is followed by Sarvevara. This rule is not applied.
This rule is not used in Bhagavad-gt.
77. After Viujana, Viudsa is dropped, if it is followed by another Viudsa of the same varga.
Eg: (SB 1.4.2) bhagavn + ukha (68b) bhagav + ukha (69) bhagavac + ukha (64) bhagavac +
chukha (77) bhagav chukha
C. Viusarga-sandhi
79. Viusarga remains unchanged before k, kh, p, ph.
Eg: 2.42, 3.27, 4.11
80. Viusarga changes:
To before c, ch.
To before , h.
To s before t, th.
Eg: 2.13, 2.14, 4.34
81. Viusarga remains unchanged before auris.
Eg: 2.18, 2.20, 7.19

82. Viusarga, preceded by Vmana a and followed by another Vmana a or Gopla, always changes to u.
After Viusarga changes to u, the u makes sandhi with the preceding a: a + u = o. And if this o is followed by
a-rma, the a is elided, by sutra 53.
Eg: 2.13 dehina + asmin (82) dehinau + asmin (42) dehino + asmin (53) dehinosmin yath dehe
2.40 na + asti (82) nau + asti (42) no + asti (53) nehbhikrama-nosti
2.40 mahata + bhayt (82, 42) mahato bhayt
9.29 samoham
83. Viusarga is dropped in the following situations:
After Vmana a and before Trivikrama a or Ivara.
After Trivikrama and before Sarvevara or Gopla.
Eg: After Vmana a 2.61
After Trivikrama a 9.34
Others: 2.41, 2.45, 2.59
83A. Viusarga, in the words ea and sa, is dropped before Viujana.
Eg: 3.10, 4.2, 7.19
84. Viusarga, preceded by vara and followed by Sarvevara or Gopla, changes to r.
Eg: 4.13, 7.4, 9.30
84A. If Viusarga is ra-rma-ja (born from r), even if it is not followed by vara (it will also change to r
before Sarvevara or Gopla.) ** Following no.84
Eg: 6.47. 8.16
85. Viusarga of the word aha also changes to r before Sarvevara or Gopla, except before the words
rtri, rpa and rathntara.
Eg: 8.17 (two examples)
86. R is dropped before another r and the preceding vowel becomes trivikrama.
Eg: hari + rdh-priya (84) harir + rdh-priya (86) har rdh-priya
VIUPDA-PRAKARAAM
1. In Sanskrit, any word which is not a verbal root nor a suffix, and has independent meaning, is called nma.
2. The first part of an inflected word is called prakti.
3. The second part is called pratyaya.

4. Tatra nmna s au jas prathama, am au as dvitiy, bhym bhis ttiy, e bhym bhyas caturthi, nasi
bhym bhyas pacam, as os m ah, i os sup saptam
This looks like:
1. Pratham
2. Dvitiy
3. Ttiy
4. Caturth
5. Pacam
6. ahi
7. Saptam
8. Sambodhana
s
am
e
asi
as
i
s
au
au
bhym
bhym
bhym
os
os
au
jas
as
bhis
bhyas
bhyas
m
sup
jas
1. Pratham subject
2. Dvitiy the end of action (I talk to a friend go to the temple)
3. Ttiy by, with
4. Caturth beneficiary to
5. Pacam from
6. ahi of
7. Saptam the place, in
8. Sambodhana vocative (address)
More details about the use of the different cases will be given in the chapter kraka-prakaraam.
5. In these suffixes, the consonants j, t, , , p and the vowels u of su and i of asi are it (anubandha) they
disappear in the process of inflecting the words, but convey the need to apply certain rules in certain
situations.
As follows:
1. Pra
2. Dvi
3. Tt
4. Cat
5. Panc
6. a
7. Sap
8. Sam
s{u}
am
{}
{}e
{}as{i}
{}as
{}i
s{u}
au
bhym
os
au
{j}as
{}as
bhis
bhyas
m
su{p}
{j}as
6. The nmas are of four classes:

a) Puruottama masculine
b) Lakmi feminine
c) Brahm neuter
d) Avyaya indeclinables
7. The letters s and r change to Viusarga at Viupadnta.
Therefore:
1. Prath
2. Dvit
3. Tt
4. Cat
5. Pac
6. a
7. Sap
8. Sam
am
e
a
a
i
au
a
au
a
bhym bhi
bhya
o
m
o
su
au
a
8. After Davatara the a-rma of the suffixes am and as is Har.

9. Before as Davatara changes to Trivikrama and if the word is masculine the s of as changes to n.
KA-SAJA:
DECLENSION OF KA-SAJA:
Ka
Kau
K
1. (subject)
Kam
Kau
Kn
2. (end of action object, to)
Kena
Kbhym
Kai
3. (by, with)
Kya
Kbhym
Kebhya 4. (to)
Kt
Kbhym
Kebhya 5. (from)
Kasya
Kayo
Knm
6. (of)
Ke
Kayo
Keu
7. (in)
________________________________________
Ka
Kau
K
8. (vocative)
10. Any nma ending in a is called Ka.
11. After Ka-saja, ta is replaced by ina.
Ka + ta (11) Ka + ina (41 s) Kena
12. In Ka-saja the final a becomes Trivikrama before a suffix beginning with a Gopla.
Ka + bhym (12) K + bhym Kbhym
13. After Ka-saja, bhis is replaced by ais
Ka + bhis (13) Ka + ais (45 s) Kais (7) Kai
So Ttiy of Ka-saja is:
Kena Kbhym Kai
14. After Ka-saja, e is replaced by ya.
Caturthi singular:
Ka + e (14) Ka + ya (12) K + ya Kya
15. In plural, the final a of Ka-saja changes to e when it is followed by a suffix beginning with a
Vaiava.
Caturthi and Pancami plural:
Ka + bhyas (15) Ke + bhyas (7) Kebhya
So Caturthi of Ka-saja is:
Kya Kbhym Kebhya
16. After Ka-saja asi is replaced by t.
Pancami singular:
Ka + asi (16) Ka + t (40 s) Kt
Pancami Ka-saja:
Kt Kbhym Kebhya
17. After Ka-saja as is replaced by sya.
Ka + as (17) Ka + sya Kasya
18. The final a of Ka-saja changes to e before os.
athi and Saptami dual:
Ka + os (18) Ke + os (51 s) Kay + os (7) Kayo
*** This is a universal rule. 19. After Vmana, Gop-saja and Rdh-saja, nu is inserted before m.
Eg. In nu, u is it. Any agama or addition having as it is called it, and they are always integrated with the
following suffix. Therefore n{u} + m = nm.
20. Before nm, Vmana becomes Trivikrama, except in tis and catas, and it is optional in n.
athi plural:
Ka + m (19) Ka + n{u} + am Ka + nm (20) Ka + nm Knm
So Ka-saja athi:
Kasya
Kayo
Knm
21. After vara, Harimitra, k and , the letter s changes to , if this s belongs to a pratyaya or virinci, and even
if num or Viusarga interposed; but this does not happen at the beginning or at the end of a word, nor in the
case of sti.
Saptami plural:
Ka + su{p} (5) Ka + su (15) Ke + su (21) Ke + u Keu
Saptami Ka-saja:
Ke Kayo Keu
22. In Sambodhana, su is called Buddha.
23 After Vmana and after e or o, Buddha disappears.

Sambodhana singular:
Ka + su (23) Ka
Examples of Ka-saja nmas:
Rma, viva, bhakta, mra, vka, nara, dhma, putra, ava, sarpa, uka, dsa, vinoda, bhrama, prana,
saya, krodha, jvara, roga, hasta, pda.
24. After r, or -Dvaya, the letter n changes to , even if there is no interposition of any combination of
Sarvevara, h, y, v, ka-varga and pa-varga. This change takes place within the same word but not at
Viupadnta.
Eg: rmea, rmam, rudrm, manuym, karmai, indriyi, pitm
In rmea, the Ttya singular of rma, n is preceded by r, with the interposition of me two sarvevaras
and a pa-varga. Therefore n changes to .
25. All the suffixes from as onwards are called Yadus.
The Sambodhana suffixes are not Yadus, because they are actually prathama.
26. The words pda, danta, msa and ya can optionally be replaced by pad, dat, ms and yan before
Yadu.
27. Final Trivikrama is Har before Yadu-Sarvevaras, but not in feminine words.
Eg: vivap (all-protecting), somap, gop, balad, akhadhin
HARI-SAJA:
Declension of Hari- saja:
hari
hari
haraya
harim
hari
harin
harin
haribhym
haribhi
haraye
haribhym
haribhya
hare
haribhym
haribhya
hare
haryo
harim
harau
haryo
hariu
_____________________________________
hare
hari
haraya
28. Any nma ending in i or u is called Hari.
29. After Hari-saja, the suffix au changes to the preceding vowel.
Prathama and Dvitiya dual:
hari + au (29) hari + i har
viu + au (29) viu + u vi
30. If i-dvaya is replaced by e, u-dvaya is replaced by o, -dvaya is replaced by ar, and -dvaya by al, this is
called Govinda.
Sarvevara
Govinda
, u
e
u,
o
,
ar
(both)
al
31. The nit suffixes are called Vnis ({}, {}as{i}, {}as and {}i)
32. Hari-saja takes Govinda before jas, Vnis and Buddha.
Prathama plural:
hari + {j}as (5) hari + as (32) hare + as (51s) haray + as (7) haraya
viu + {j}as (5) viu + as (32) vio + as (52s) vias + as (7) viava
Dvitya singular:
hari + am (8) hari + m harim
viu + am (8) viu + m vium
Dvitya plural:
hari + {}as (5) hari + as (8) hari + s (9a) har + s (9b) har + n harn
viu + {}as (5) viu + as (8) viu + s (9a) vi + s (9b) vi + n vin
33. After Hari-saja is replaced by n, but not in Lakmi-linga.
Tty singular:
hari + (33) hari + n harin (24) hari
viu + (33) viu + n viun
Caturthi singular:
hari + {}e (5) hari + e (32) hare + e (51s) haray + e haraye
viu + {}e (5) viu + e (32) vio + e (52s) viav + e viave
34. After e or o, the a-Rma of as and as is Har.
Pancami and ati singular:
hari + {n}as{i} (or {}as) (5) hari + as (32) hare + as (34) hare + s (7) hare
viu + {n}as{i} (or {}as) (5) viu + as (32) vio + as (34) vio + s (7) vio
ati and Saptami dual
hari +os (47s) hary + os haryo
viu + os (48s) viv + os (7) vivo
ati plural:
hari + m (19) hari + n{ut} + m (20)hari + nm (24) harim
viu + m (19) viu + n{ut} + m (20) viu + nm viunm
35. After Hari-saja i is replaced by auc.
36. The letter or group of letters at the end of a word, beginning with the last Sarvevara, is called Sasra.
37. The Sasra is Har when it is followed by cit (c-anubandha).
Saptami singular:
hari + i (35) hari + au{c} (37) har + au harau

viu + i (35) viu + au{c} (37) vi +au viau
Saptami plural:
hari + su{p} (5) hari + su (21) hariu
viu + su{p} (5) viu + su (21) viuu
Sambhodana singular:
hari + su (32) hare + su (23) hare
viu + su (32) vio + su (23) vio
Examples of Hari-saja ending in i: kavi, agni, giri, ari, ravi, avi, asi, nidhi, kapi, pi, srathi, muni, vidhi,
bhpati, (a)tithi, rahmi, jaladhi.
viu
viu
viava
vium
viu
vin
viun
viubhym
viubhi
viave
viubhym
viubhya
vio
viubhym
viubhya
vio
vivo
viunm
viau
vivo
viuu
______________________________________
vio
vi
viava
Examples of Hari-saja ending with u: ambhu, bhnu, jnu, snu, vyu, prabhu, jahnu, guru, manyu,
bhu, taru, setu, pau, hetu, bindu, iu, iu, vidhu, iku, sdhu, bandhu, atru, tantu, mtyu.
SAKHI AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH HARI-SAJA

DECLENSION OF SAKHI AND PATI:
sakh
sakhyau
sakhya
sakhyam
sakhyau
sakhn
sakhy
sakhibhym
sakhibhi
sakhye
sakhibhym
sakhibhya
sakhyu
sakhibhym
sakhibhya
sakhyu
sakhyo
sakhnm
sakhyau
sakhyo
sakhiu
_________________________________________
sakhe
sakhyau
sakhya
pati
pat
pataya
patim
pat
patn
paty
patibhym
patibhi
patye
patibhym
patibhya
patyu
patibhym
patibhya
patyu
patyo
patnm
patyau
patyo
patiu
__________________________________________
pate
pat
pataya
When pati is samsa (eg. Prajpati, narapati etc) it is declined like Hari-saja. The only difference then is
and the Vns.
40. Su is replaced by c after -Rma and after the word sakhi, but not in Buddha.
Sakhi + su (40) sakhi + {c} (37) sakh + sakh
41. When a-dvaya is replaced by , l-dvaya by ai, u-dvaya by au, -dvaya by r or -dvaya by l, this is called
Vndra.
Sarvevara
Vnndra
a,
,
ai
u,
au
,
r
(both)
l
42. The first five svdis are called Pavas.

su au
am au
jas
43. Sakhi takes Vndra when it is followed by the Pavas, except su.
sakhi + au (43) sakhai + au (51s) sakhay + au sakhyau
sakhi + {j}as (5) sakhi + as (43) sakhai + as (51s) sakhy + as (7) sakhya
sakhi + am (43) sakhai + am (51s) sakhy + am sakhyam
sakhi + {}as (5) sakhi + as (8) sakhi + s (9a) sakh + s (9b) sakh + n sakhn
44. Sakhi is not Hari-saja from onwards; nor pati, provided it is not in samsa.
sakhi + {} (5) sakhi + (47s) sakhy
pati + {} (5) pati + (47s) paty
sakhi + {}e (5) sakhi + e (47s) sakhye
pati + {}e (5) pati + e (47s) patye
45. After words ending in khi or kh, ti or t, the suffixes asi and as are replaced by us.
Sakhi + asi (or as) (45) sakhi + us (47s) sakhy + us (7) sakhyu
pati + asi (or as) (45) pati + us (47s) paty + us (7) patyu
46. After sakhi and pati, i is replaced by au.
Sakhi + i (46) sakhi + au (47s) sakhyau
pati + i (46) pati + au (47s) patyau
sakhi + su (32) sakhe + su (23) sakhe
pati + su (32) pate + su (23) pate
SOME OTHERS:
47. The or of a dhtu changes to iy or uv before a suffix beginning with Sarvevara. But this rule is bahula
(it has many exceptions).
Eg Kar (Kas opulence)
Kar
Karyau
Karya
Karyam
Karyau
Karya
Kary
Karbhym
Karbhi
Karye
Karbhym
Karbhya
Karya
Karbhym
Karbhya
Karya
Karyo
Karym
Karyi
Karyo
Karu
__________________________________________________
Kar
Karyau
Karya
Eg: sur, yavakr, uddadh, sudh.
Eg Svayambh (self-born)
Svayambh
Svayambhuvau
Svayambhuva
Svayambhuvam
Svayambhvau
Svayambhva
Svayambhuv
Svayambhbhym
Svayambhbhi
Svayambhuve
Svayambhbhym
Svayambhbhya
Svayambhuva
Svayambhbhym
Svayambhbhya
Svayambhuva
Svayambhuvo
Svayambhuvm
Svayambhuvi
Svayambhuvo
Svayambhu
________________________________________________________________
Svayambh
Svayambhuvau
Svayambhuva
Eg: hh, khalap, svabh, vaabh, karabh, sul.
These types of words are quite rare.
(Another exception to rule 47):
48. After a compound ending with the word n, and after Rdh-saja, ni is replaced by m.
For example: vivan (leader of the universe).
-RMA PRAKTIS:
40. Su is replaced by c after -Rma and after the word sakhi, but not in Buddha.
-Rmantas, prathama singular:
pit + su (40) pit + {c} (37) pit + pit
Declension of -Rmantas:
pit:
pit
pitaram
pitr
pitarau
pitarau
pitbhym
pitara
pitn
pitbhi
pitre
pitbhym
pitbhya
pitu
pitbhym
pitbhya
pitu
pitro
pitm
pitari
pitro
pitu
____________________________________
pita
pitarau
pitara
49. -Rma takes Govinda before the Pavas and i.
Prathama singular is an exception to this. 40 takes precedence over 49 where applicable:
pit +su (40, 37) pit
pit + au (49) pitar + au pitarau
pit + {j}as (5, 49) pitar + as (7) pitara
pit + am (49) pitar + am pitaram
pit + {}i (5, 49) pitar + i pitari
Other cases:
pit + {]as (5) pit + as (8) pit + s (9a, b) pit + n pitn
pit + {} (5) pit + (49s normal sandhi) pitr
50. After -Rma, the a of asi and as is replaced by uc (c-it).
Pit + {}as{i} (or as) (5) pit + as (50) pit + u{c}s (37) pit + us (7) pitu
Other cases:
pit + m (19) pit + n{u} + m (20) pit +nm (24) pitm
pit +su{p} (5) pit + su (21) pitsu
51. -Rma takes Govinda in Buddha.
pit + su (51) pitar + su (continued in next sutra)
52. Su is Har after Rdh-saja, Viujana and feminine words ending in trivikrama , formed with the
suffix p. (Feminine of some words is formed by using suffix gopa-gop, deva-dev, dsa-ds etc.)
52 A. Svas and words ending in t take Vnndra before the Pavas, except before su.
(This includes all words ending in t, except family terms pit mt etc.
Eg: dht, napt, tvat, kat, kart, bhart, gopt, vakt, hot
Sutra 52A takes precedence over 49 wherever applicable.
-Rmantas, Sambodhana singular:
continuation of sutra 51 pitar + su (52) pitar (7) pita
NUMERALS:
38. Tri is replaced by traya before nm, if it is used in the direct meaning (in number three).
Except eka (one) and dvi (two), all numerals ae declined in plural.
ahi plural or tri:
tri + m (19) tri + n{ut} + m tri + nm (38) traya + nm (20) traynm (24) traym
In other cases tri is declined as Hari-saja.
Traya (5, 32, 51s, 7)
trn (5, 8, 9a, 9b)
tribhi
tribhya
tribhya
traym
triu
traya
39. After the numerals ending in or n, and after kati, the suffixes jas and as are Mah-har, provided the
numerals are used in their direct meaning.
1 eka, 2 dvi, 3 tri, 4 catur, 5 pacan, 6 a, 7 sapta, 8 aan,
9 navan, 10 daan
In Mah-har the suffix is removed before effecting any transformation in the word, whereas in Har some
effect is felt before the removal of the suffix.
Kati (only in plural):
kati + jas (or as) (39) kati
other cases: katibhi, katibhya, katnm, katiu
THE FOLLOWING ARE GENERAL RULES:

1. In Sanskrit, any word which is not a verbal root nor a suffix, and has independent meaning, is called nma.
2. The first part of an inflected word is called prakti.
3. The second part is called pratyaya.
7. The letters s and r change to Viusarga at Viupadnta.
8. After Davatra the a-rma of the suffixes am and as is Har.
9. Before as Davatra changes to Trivikrama and if the word is masculine the s of as changes to n.
19. After Vmana, Gop-saja and Rdh-saja, nu is inserted before m.
Eg. In nu, u is it. Any agama or addition having as it is called it, and they are always integrated with the
following suffix. Therefore n{u} + m = nm.
20. Before nm, Vmana becomes Trivikrama, except in tis and catas, and it is optional in n.
21. After vara, Harimitra, k and , the letter s changes to , if this s belongs to a pratyaya or virinci, and even
if num or Viusarga interposed; but this does not happen at the beginning or at the end of a word, nor in the
case of sti.
22. In Sambodhana, su is called Buddha.
23 After Vmana and after e or o, Buddha disappears.
After , or -Dvaya, the letter n changes to , even if there is no interposition of any combination of
Sarvevara, h, y, v ,ka-varga and pa-varga. This change takes place within the same word but not at
Viupadnta.
25. All the suffixes from as onwards are called Yadus.
27. Final Trivikrama is Har before Yadu-Sarvevaras, but not in feminine words.
30. If i-dvaya is replaced by e, u-dvaya is replaced by o, -dvaya is replaced by ar, and -dvaya by al, this is
called Govinda.
Sarvevara
Govinda
, u
e
u,
o
,
ar
(both)
al
31. The nit suffixes are called Vnis.

{}e {}as{i} {}as {}i
36. The letter or group of letters at the end of a word, beginning with the last Sarvevara, is called Sasra.
Eg. K{a} (the a is the sasra)
Bhagav{at} (the at is the sasra)
41. When a-dvaya is replaced by , l-dvaya by ai, u-dvaya by au, -dvaya by r or -dvaya by l, this is called
Vndra.
Sarvevara
Vnndra
a,
,
ai
u,
au
,
r
(both)
l
42. The first five svdis are called Pavas.

su au
am au
jas
52. Su is Har after Rdh-saja, Viujana and feminine words ending in trivikrama , formed with the
suffix p. (Feminine of some words is formed by using suffix gopa-gop, deva-dev, dsa-ds etc.)
52 A. Svas and words ending in t take Vnndra before the Pavas, except before su.
(This includes all words ending in t, except family terms pit mt etc.
Sutra 52A takes precedence over 49 wherever applicable.
Hant (one who gives):
hant + su (40, 37) hant
hant + au (52A) hantar + au hantra
hant + {j}as (52A) hantr + as (7) hantra
hant + am (52A) hantr + am hantram

hant + {}as (8, 9) hantn
53. Final ai changes to before s or bh.
Karai (Lord Kas opulences):
Karai + s{u} (53) Kar (7) Kara
Karai + bhym (Kar + bhym) Karbhym
Kar
Karyau
Karya
Karyam
Karyau
Karya
Karya
Karbhym
Karbhi
Karye
Karbhym
Karbhya
Karya
Karbhym
Karbhya
Karya
Karyo
Karym
Karyi
Karyo
Karsu
_____________________________________________________
Kar
Karyau
Karaya
54. Final o changes to au before the Pavas.
Go (cow, bull, senses, earth)
go + su (54) gau + s (7) gau
go + au (54) gau + au (52s) gv + au gavau
go + {j}as (54) gau + as (52s) gv + as (7) gva
54. Final o changes to before am and as; and in as, s does not change to n.
This sutra modifies sutra 9.
Go + am (55) g + am (8) g + m gm
go + {}as (55) g + as (8) g + s (7) g
go + {} (52s) gav + gav
go + {}as{i} (or {}as go + as (34) go + s (7) go
go + os (52s) gav + os (7) gavo
gau
gvau
gva
gm
gvau
g
gav
gobhym
gobhi
gave
gobhym
gobhya
go
gobhym
gobhya
go
gavo
gavm
gavi
gavo
gou
________________________________
gau
gvau
gva
For masculine words ending in au no specific sutras are given only sandhi is applied wherever
necessary.
Eg glau (effulgence):
glau + su (7) glau

glau + au (52s) glv + au glvau
glau + {j}as (52s) glv + as (7) glva
glau
glvau
glva
glvam
glvau
glva
glv
glaubhym
glaubhi
glave
glaubhym
glaubhya
glva
glaubhym
glaubhya
glva
glvo
glvm
glvi
glvo
glauu
___________________________________
glau
glvau
glva
SARVEVARNTA LAKM LING

56. Feminine words ending in -Rma are called Rdh.
Rdh-saja, prathama singular:
Rdh + su (52) Rdh
57. After Rdh-saja and Brahma-linga, the suffix au is replaced by .
Rdh + au (57) Rdh + (41s) Rdhe
Rdh + {j}as (or as) (5) Rdh + as (7,40s) Rdh
Rdh + am (8) Rdh + m Rdhm
58. Final of Rdh-saja changes to e before , os and Buddha.
Rdh + {} (58) Rdhe + (51s) Rdhay + Rdhy
Rdh + os (58) Rdhe + os (51s) Rdhay + os (7) Rdhyo
Rdh + su (58) Rdhe + su (23) Rdhe
59. Yp is applied to Rdh-saja before the Vnis.
Rdh + {n}e (59) Rdh + y{p} + e Rdhy + e (45s) Rdhyai
Rdh + {}as{i} (or as) (59) Rdh + y{p} + as (7) Rdhy +a (40s) Rdhy
Rdh + i (59) Rdh + y{p} + i (48) Rdhy + m (40s) Rdhym
Rdh + m (19) Rdh + n{u} + m Rdhnm
Rdh
Rdhm
Rdhy
Rdhyai
Rdhy
Rdhe
Rdhe
Rdhbhym
Rdhbhym
Rdhbhym
Rdh
Rdh
Rdhbhi
Rdhbhya
Rdhbhya
Rdhy
Rdhyo
Rdhnm
Rdhym
Rdhyo
Rdhsu
_____________________________________________
Rdhe
Rdhe
Rdh
Examples of Rdh-saja: ram, durg, ambik, vidy, day, kp, gang, narmad, indir, candik, amb,
gop (also in masc,!), kany, lajj, chy, kath, t, j, cint, knt, ni, , park, obh, vart,
sandhy.
60. The last letter of Gop-saja and amb etc, becomes Vmana before Buddha.
(In the case of amb, this sutra modifies sutra 58)
amb + su (60) amba + su (23) amba
gop + su (60) gopi + su (23) gopi
61. Jar is optionally replaced by jaras before Sarvevara.
Jar
jare/jarasau
jar/jarasa
jarm/jarasam
jare/jarasau
jar/jarasa
jaray/jaras
jarbhym
jarbhi
jarayai/jarase
jarbhym
jarbhya
jary/jarasa
jarbhym
jarbhya
jary/jarasa
jarayo/jaraso
jarm/jarasm
jarym/jarasi
jarayo/jaraso
jarsu
________________________________________________________________
jare
jare/jaraso
jar/jarasa
62. p is applied before the Vnis to feminine Hari-saja optionally, and to Gop-saja compulsorily.
I. Hari-saja, Lakm-liga (i-Rmnta):
Bhakti (devotional service):
bhakti + s{u} (7) bhakti
bhakti + au (29) bhakti + i bhakti
bhakti + {j}as (32) bhakte + as (51s) bhaktay + as (7) bhaktaya
bhakti + am (8) bhakti + m bhaktim
bhakti + {}as (8) bhakti + s (9) bhakt + s bhakti
bhakti + {} bhakty
II. bhakti + Vnis (2 forms by 62)
a) bhakti + {}e
(32) bhakti + e (51s) bhaktaye
(62) bhakti + {p} + e bhakty + e (44s) bhaktyai
b) bhakti + {}as{i} (or as) bhakti + as
(32) bhakte + as (34) bhakte + s bhakte
(62) bhakti + {p} + as bhakty + s bhakty
c) bhakti + {}i
(35) bhakti + au{c} (37) bhakti + au bhaktau
(62) bhakti + {p} + i bhakty + i bhakty** + m bhaktym
** Bhakty is Rdh-saja, so 48 is applied
III. Sambodhana singular:
bhakti + su (32) bhakte + su (23) bhakte
IV. Hari-saja, Lakm-liga (u-Rmanta)
dhenu (cow):
dhenu + su dhenu
dhenu + au (29) dhenu + u dhen
dhenu + {j}as (32) dheno + as (52s) dhenv + as dhenava
dhenu + am (8) dhenu + m dhenum
dhenu + {}as (8) dhenu + s (9) dhen + s dhen
dhenu + {} (48s) dhenv
V. Dhenu + Vnis (2 forms by 62)
a) dhenu + {}e
(32) dheno + e (52s) dhenv + e dhenave
(62) dhenu + {p} + e dhenv + e dhenvai
b) dhenu + {}as{i}
(32) dheno + as (52s) dhenav + as dhenava ?????
(62) dhenu + {p} + as dhenv + as dhenv
c) dhenu + {}i
(35) dhenu + au{c} (37) dhenu + au dhenau
(62) dhenu + {p} + i dhenv + i (48) dhenv + m dhenvm
VI. Sambodhana singular:
dhenu + su (32) dheno + su (23) dheno
VII. Hari-saja, Lakm-liga (i-Rmantas)
bhakti:
bhakti
bhakt
bhaktaya
bhaktim
bhakt
bhakt
bhakty
bhaktibhym
bhaktibhi
bhaktyai/bhaktaye
bhaktibhym
bhaktibhya
bhakty/bhakte
bhaktibhym
bhaktibhya
bhakty/bhakte
bhaktyo
bhaktnm
bhaktym/bhaktau
bhaktyo
bhaktiu
_________________________________________________________________
bhakte
bhakt
bhaktaya
Hari-saja, Lakm-liga (i-Rmantas): mati, buddhi, mrti, prti, stuti, ruti, dhti, smti, krti, knti, jti,
mukti, rtri, bhmi, akti, rti, kti, sti, vci.
VIII. Hari-saja, Lakm-liga (u-Rmantas)
dhenu:
dhenu
dhen
dhenava
dhenum
dhen
dhen
dhenv
dhenubhym
dhenubhi
dhenvai/dhenave
dhenubhym
dhenubhya
dhenvai/dhenvo
dhenubhym
dhenubhya
dhenv/dhenvo
dhenvo
dhennm
dhenvm
dhenvo
dhenuu
____________________________________________________________________
dheno
dhen
dhenava
63. In feminine gender, tri and catur are replaced by tis and catas before the application of Viubhaktis.
64. Before Sarvevara, of tis and catas changes to r.
I. 64 takes precedence over 9 and 49 whenever applicable, but not over 19.
II. Declension of tri, Lakm-liga (only plural):
a) (63) tis + {j}as (or {}as) (64) tisr + as tisra
b) (63) tis + m (19) tis + n{ut} + m (20) tisnm (24) tism
c) other forms: tisbhi, tisbhya, tisu
65. Feminine words ending in or are called Gop.
I. Gop-saja, -Rmanta:
a) gop + su (52) gop
b) gop + {j}as (47, 7) gopya
c) gop + am (8) gop + m gopm
d) gop + {}as (8) gop + s (7) gop
e) gop + {}e (62) gop + {p} + e gopy + e (45s) gopyai
f) gop + {}as{i} (or as) (62) gop + {p} + as gopy + as (7) gopy
g) gop + {}i (62) gop + {p} + i gopy + i (48) gopy + m gopym
h) Samobodhana singular: gop + su (60) gopi + su (23) gopi
gop
gopyau
gopya
gopm
gopyau
gop
gopy
gopbhym
gopbhi
gopyai
gopbhym
gopbhya
gopy
gopbhym
gopbhya
gopy
gopyo
gopnm
gopym
gopyo
gopu
______________________________________________
gopi
gopyau
gopya
Gop-saja, i-Rmantas: gaur, nad, prvat, bhavn, rudrn, tantr, kumar, nr, janan, ds, nagar,
patr, vall, mahi, pthv, re, maitr, putr, dhtr, vp.
To the following -Rmanata words sutra 52 is not applied, so su is not dropped: av (woman), tar (boat),
lakm, hr (modesty), dh (intelligence), r (opulence).
II. Gop-saja, -Rmantas:
vadh (bride, maiden):
a) vadh + s{u} (7) vadh
b) vadh + {j}as (48s, 7) vadhva
c) vadh + am (8) vadhm
d) vadh + {}as (8, 7) vadh
e) vadh + {}e (62) vadh + {p} + e vadhv + e (7) vadhvai
f) vadh + {}as{i} (or as) (62) vadh + {p} + as vadhv + as (7) vadhv
g) vadh + {}i (62) vadh + {p} + i vadhv + i (48) vadhv + m vadhvm
h)Sambodhana singular: vadh + su (60) vadhu + su vadhu
vadh
vadhvau
vadhva
vadhm
vadhvau
vadh
vadhv
vadhbhym
vadhbhi
vadhvai
vadhbhym
vadhbhya
vadhv
vadhbhym
vadhbhya
vadhv
vadhvo
vadhnm
vadhvm
vadhvo
vadhu
____________________________________________________
vadhu
vadhvau
vadhva
66. Before Sarvevara, the and of str and bhr are changed to iy and uv; but for str this change is
optional before am and as.
I. Str:
a) str + su (52) stri
b) str + au (66) striy + au striyau
c) str + {j}as (66) striy + as (7) striya
d) str + am (2 forms, as per 66):
1) (66) striy + am striyam
2) (8) str + m strm
e) str + {}as (2 forms, as per 66):
1) (66) striy + as (7) striya
2) (8) str + s (7) str
II. Bhr:
a) bhr + s{u} (7) bhr
b) bhr + au (66) bhruv + au bhruvau
c) bhr + am (66) bhruv + am bhruvam
d) bhr + {j}as (66) bhruv + as (7) bhruva
67. By definition the words ending in iy or uv are not gop-saja, but str, even after the replacement iy,
still follow all the rules of gop-saja; and any other word will follow these rules optionally before the
Vnis and am.
I. Str (continued):
a) str + {}e (66) striy + e (67, 62) striy + {p} + e striy + e (45s) striyai
b) str + {}as{i} (or as) (66) striy + as (67, 62) striy + {p} + as striy + as (7) striya
c) str + {}i (66, 67, 62) striy + {p} + {}i striy + i (48) striy + m striym
d) Sambodhana singular: str + su (60) stri + su (23) stri
str
striya
striya
striyam/strm
striyau
striya/str
striy
strbhym
strbhi
striyai
strbhym
strbhya
striy
strbhym
strbhya
striya
striyo
strm
striym
striyo
stru
________________________________________________
str
striyau
striya
II. Bhr (continued):
a) bhr + {}e (2 forms, as per 67):
1) (66, 67, 62) bhruv + {p} + e bhruv + e bhruvai
2) (66, 67) bhruv + e bhruve
b) bhr + {}as{i} (or as) (2 forms as per 67)
1) (66, 67, 62) bhruv + {p} + as bhruv + as bhruva
2) (66, 67) bhruv + as bhruva
c) bhr + {}i (2 forms as per 67):
1) (66, 67, 62) bhruv + {p} + {}i (48) bhruv + m bhruvm
2) (66, 67) bhruv + i bhruvi
d) bhr + m (2 forms as per 67):
1) (66, 67) bhruv + m bhruvm
2) (19) bhr + n{u} + m (24) bhrnm
e) Sambodhana singular: bhr + su (60) bhru + su bhru
bhr
bhruvau
bhruva
bhruvam
bhruvau
bhruva
bhruv
bhrbhym
bhrbhi
bhruvai/bhruve
bhrbhym
bhrbhya
bhruv/bhruva
bhrbhym
bhrbhya
bhruv/bhruva
bhruvo
bhruvm/bhrm
bhruvm/bhruvi
bhruvo
bhruu
___________________________________________________________
bhru
bhruvau
bhruva
III. r:
a) r + s{u} (65 III) r + s (7) r
b) r + au (47) riy + au riyau
c) r + {}e (47) riy + e (2 forms as per 67)

1) (67, 62) riy + {p} + e riy + e riyai
2) (67) riy + e riye
r
riyau
riya
riyam
riyau
riya
riy
rbhym
rbhi
riyai/riye
rbhym
rbhya
riy/riya
rbhym
rbhya
riy/riya
riyo
riym/rm
riym/riyi
riyo
riu
_________________________________________________
r
riyau
riya
SARVEVARNTA BRAHMA-LIG
68. After Neuter nouns ending in Vmana a, su is replaced by am.
I. Ka-saja, Brahma-liga:
Gokula:
a) gokula + su (68) gokula + am (8) gokula + m gokulam
b) gokula + au (57) gokula + gokule
69. In Brahma-liga, jas and as are replaced by i.
70. Before i, num is applied to Brahma-liga ending in Sarvevara or Vaiava.
71. Mit suffixes are applied after the last Sarvevara.
72. The letter next to the last is called Uddhava.
73. The Pava suffixes not used in Brahma-liga, and the suffix i are called Ka-sthna.
I. Ka-sthna is the Pavas:
su
am
au
au
jas
and i
This definition excludes the suffix am (prath and dvit singular) and (prath and dvit dual) of Brahma-liga.
74. In words ending in n, or in sat-sangas (except the dhtus), and in the words mahat and ap, the Uddhava
becomes Trivikrama before Ka-sthna, but not before Buddha.
I. Ka-saja, Brahma-liga:
a)gokula + jas (69) gokula + i (70) gokula n(um) + i gokulan ** + {}i (74) gokuln + i gokulni
** Whenever a mit suffix is used, it is considered part of the prakti.
II. In Brahma-liga:
a) Dvitiya is equal to prathama, and
b) From Ttiya onwards, the declination is like Puruottama-liga.
III. Sambodhana singular: gokula + su (23) gokula
gokulm
gokule
gokulni
gokulam
gokule
gokulni
gokulena
gokulbhym
gokulai
gokulya
gokulbhym
gokulebhya
gokult
gokulbhym
gokulebhya
gokulasya
gokulayo
gokulnm
gokule
gokulayo
gokuleu
__________________________________________________
gokula
gokule
gokulni
Examples of Ka-saja Brahma-linga: jna, anyatama, dhana, phala, vana, pustaka, jala, dvra, mitra,
arra, vastra, padya, gadya, lavaa, chatra, mra (also masc!), gha, anna, satya, amta, rpa, yuddha, bhaya,
udyna, pupa, yantra, bhaa, sukha, dukha, nagara, netra, mukha, rotra, udara, cibuka, nepathya,
keyra.
75. Before the Yadus, hdaya can be changed to hd, and ira to iran
I. Hdaya:
a) hdaya + su (68) hdaya + am (8) hdaya + m hdayam
b) hdaya + au (57) hdaya + hdaye
c) hdaya + jas (69) hdaya + i (70, 71) hdaya n{um} + {}i hdayan + {}i (74) hdayn + i hdayni
d) hdaya + as (2 forms as per 75):
1) same as jas (69) hdayni
2) (75) hd + as (69) hd + i ( 70, 71) h n{um] d + {}i hnd + i hndi
II. From onwards hdaya follows Ka, and hd follows suhd (s 7-11)
III. Hdaya:
hdayam
hdaye
hdayni
hdayam
hdaye
hdayni
hdayena/hd
hdaybhym/hdbhym
hdayai/hdbhi
hdayya/hde
hdaybhym/hdbhym
hdayebhya/hdbhya
hdayt/hda
hdaybhym/hdbhym
hdayebhya/hdbhya
hdayasya/hda
hdayo/hdo
hdaynm/hdm
hdaye/hdi
hdayo/hdo
hdayeu/htsu
____________________________________________________________________
hdaya
hdaye
hdayni
76. Within the same word, n and m change to Viucakra before Vaiava.
I. Rkas:
rkas + jas (69) rkas + i (70, 71) rka n{um}s + i rkans + {}i (74) rkans + I (76) rkmsi
77. Su and am are Maha-har after neuter nouns (other than Ka-saja).
I. For Ka-saja, Brahma-liga see no. 68
II. a) 1) vari (water) + su (77) vari
2) vari + am (77) vari
b) vastu (real thing) + su (77) vastu
c) guna-bhokt (master of the gunas) + su (77) gua-bhokt
78. After Brahma-liga ending in a, nuk is inserted before Sarvevara, but not before m.
I. A) vari
1) vari + au (57) vari + (78) vari n{uk} + variu (24) vari
2) vari + jas (69) vari + {}i (78) vari n{uk} + {}i (74) varn + I (24) vari
3) vari + {} (78) vari n{uk} + (24) vari
4) Similarly varie, varia, varii
5) vari + m ( 78, 19) vari + n{ut) m vari + nm (24) varim
II. A) vastu + au (57) vastu + (78) vastu n{uk} + vastun
b) gua-bhokt + au (same process) gua-bhoktn (24) gua-bhokt
79. From onwards, i-Rma of dadhi, asthi, sakthi and aki changes to an before Sarvevara.
I. Dadhi:
a) dadhi + su (77) dadhi
b) dadhi + au (57) dadhi + (78) dadhi n{uk} + dadhin
c) dadhi + jas (69) dadhi + i (78) dadhi n{uk} + i (74) dadhn + {}i dadhni
d) dadhi + (79) dadhan + (continues in sutra 81)
80. Excluding Ka-sthna, the svdis beginning with Sarvevara, and the taddhitas beginning with y are
called Bhagavat.
I. The suffix is also Bhagavat.
II. The Bhagavat suffixes:
{}
{}e
{}as{}
{]as
{}i
os
os
{}as
The Taddhitas are suffixes applied to a nma to form a derviative word, for example: madhura (sweet) with
application of the Taddhita y becomes madhurya (sweetness).
81. Words ending in an, not preceded by v or m in sat-sanga, drop the a before the Bhagavat suffixes. Before
the Bhagavat and i this rule is optional, and before the Taddhita y it is not applied.
I. Dadhi:
a) dadhi+ (79) dadhan + {} (81) dadhn + dadhn
b) dadhi + e (79) dadhan + {}e (81) dadhn + e dadhne
c) Similarly: dadhna, dadhno, dadhm
d) dadhi + i (79) dadhan + {}i (2 forms as per 81)
1) dadhn + i dadhni
2) dadhan + i dadhani
II. a) This sutra is normally applied to words ending in an, like nman, preman, (nmne gaura tvie nama)
b) But it is not applied towards having m or v in sat-sanga, like karman, tman, brahman, yajvan etc.
82. Brahma-liga optionally takes Govinda before Buddha.
I. Sambodhana singular (two forms):
a) vri + su
1) (23 or 77) vri
2) (82) vre + su (23 or 77) vre
Similarly:
b) vastu + su
1) vastu, or
2) vasto
c) gua-bhokt + su
1) gua-bhokt, or
2) gua-bhoktar (7) gua-bhokta
d) dadhi + su
1) dadhi, or
2) dadhe
II. Vri:
vri
vri
vri
vri
vri
vri
vri
vribhym
vribhi
vrie
vribhym
vribhya
vria
vribhym
vribhya
vria
vrino
vrim
vrii
vrino
vriu
________________________________________________
vri/vre
vri
vri
Brahma-linga, ending in I: asthi, dadhi, sakthi, aki.
III. A) Vastu:
vastu
vastun
vastni
vastu
vastun
vastni
vastun
vastubhym
vastubhi
vastune
vastubhym
vastubhya
vastuna
vastubhym
vastubhya
vastuna
vastuno
vastnm
vastuni
vastuno
vastuu
_________________________________________________
vastu/vasto
vastun
vastni
Also: madhu
b) gua-bhokt:
gua-bhokt/bhokt
gua-bhokt
gua-bhoktni
gua-bhokt
gua-bhokt
gua-bhoktni
gua-bhokt
gua-bhoktbhym
gua-bhoktbhi
gua-bhokte
gua-bhoktbhym
gua-bhoktbhya
gua-bhokta
gua-bhoktbhym
gua-bhoktbhya
gua-bhokta
gua-bhokto
gua-bhoktnm
gua-bhokti
gua-bhokto
gua-bhoktu
__________________________________________________________________
gua-bhokt/bhokta
gua-bhokt
gua-bhokt
IV. Dadhi:
dadhi
dadhin
dadhni
dadhi
dadhin
dadhni
dadhn
dadhibhym
dadhibhi
dadhne
dadhibhym
dadhibhya
dadhna
dadhibhym
dadhibhya
dadhna
dadhno
dadhnm
dadhani/dadhni
dadhno
dadhiu
___________________________________________________
dadhi/dadhe
dadhin
dadhni
Similarly asthi, sakthi and aki.
83. At the end of Brahma-liga, Trivikrama becomes Vmana.
I. Vivan (universal leadership):
a) When vivan is used in the neuter sense it is changed to vivam (by sutra 83): vivam, vivani, vivani,
vivanin etc.
84. For e an ai, the Vmana is i, for o or au it is u.
I. This sutra is related with the previous one (83).
II. Example: Karai (Kas opulence)
In Brahma-liga Karai is declined as Kari (84).
VIUJANNTA
PURUOTTAMA-LIG
EXAMPLE: MARUT (WIND):
marut **
marutau
maruta
marutam
marutau
maruta
marut
marudbhym
marudbhi
marute
marudbhym
marutbhya
maruta
marutbhym
marutbhya
maruta
maruto
marutm
maruti
maruto
marutsu
_________________________________________
marut
marutau
maruta
** marut + su (52) marut
marut + bhym (61s) marudbhym
Also: bhbht, dadat, jakat.
II. All the rules for Viujannta applied to Puruottama-liga are also applied to feminine and neuter nouns.
85. Before Ka-sthna, num is applied to words ending with ac or with catur-bhuja anubandha.
I. Examples of compound nouns with ac: pratyac (backward, westward), nyac (downward), tiryac
(horizontal), udac (upward), vivac (pervading), prc (eastern), avc (southern) etc.
II. Examples of Catur-bhuja anubandha words: bhagavat{u}, (Supreme Personality of Godhead), mahat{u}
(great), hanumat{u}, (Hanuman), dhmat{u} (learned) etc.
86. In contact with ca-varga, ta-varga changes to ca-varga.
a) jagat + cakus (86, 7) jagac-caku
b) jagat-chaya (86) jagac-chya
c) bhagavat + jna (86) bhagavac-jna (61) bhagavaj-jna
d) suhd + carana (86) suhj-carana (63) suhc-carana
e) suhd + jana (86) suhj-jana
f) (BG 5.8) payan + jighran (86) paya jighran
87. The last letter of a sat-sanga is Har at Viupadnta.
87A. In words ending in at{u] or as, except dhtus, the Uddhava becomes Trivikrama in prathama singular.
I. Bhagavat{u}
a) bhagavat + su (87a) bhagavat + su (52) bhagavt (85, 71) bhagav n{um} t bhagavnt (87) bhagavn
b) bhagavat + au (85, 71) bhagavant + au bhagavantau
c) Similarly: bhagavanta, bhagavantam.
d) bhagavat + as bhagavatas (7) bhagavata

e) Similarly: bhagavat, bhagavate etc
f) bhagavat + bhym (61s) bhagavadbhym
g) Sambodhana singular: bhagavat + su (85, 71) bhagavant + su (52) bhagavant (87) bhagavan
bhagavn
bhagavantau
bhagavanta
bhagavantam
bhagavantau
bhagavata
bhagavat
bhagavadbhym
bhagavadbhi
bhagavate
bhagavadbhym
bhagavadbhya
bhagavata
bhagavadbhym
bhagavadbhya
bhagavata
bhagavato
bhagavatm
bhagavati
bhagavato
bhagavasu
_____________________________________________________________
bhagavan
bhagavantau
bhagavanta
II. Mahat{u} (m, f)
a) mahat + su (87a or 74e) maht + su (52) maht (85, 71) maht n{um} t mahnt (87) mahn
b) mahat + au (74c) maht + au (85, 71) mahnt + au mahantau
c) Similarly: mahnta, mahntam
d) The other cases follow the same pattern as bhagavat.
mahn
mahntau
mahnta
mahntam
mahantau
mahanta
mahat
mahadbhym
mahadbhi
mahate
mahadbhym
mahadbhya
mahata
mahadbhym
mahadbhya
mahata
mahato
mahatm
mahati
mahato
mahatsu
______________________________________________________
mahan
mahntau
mahnta
III. Candramas (m) moon:
a) candramas + su (87a) candrams + su (52) candrams (7) candrama
b) candramas + au candramasau
c) candramas + bhym (7) candrama + bhym (82s) candramo + bhym candramobhym
(Note: The suffixes bhym etc are considered separate words, see sutra ??? )
d) Sambodhana singular: candramas + su (52) candramas (7, 87a) candrama
candram
candramasau
candramasa
candramasam
candramasau
candramasa
candramas
candramobhym
candramobhi
candramase
candramobhym
candramobhya
candramasa
candramobhym
candramobhya
candramasa
candramaso
candramasm
candramasi
candramaso
candramasu/ssu
__________________________________________________________________
candrama
candramasau
candramasa
Also: mahanjas, pracetas, durvsas, divaukas, sumanas, mahnjaas, vanaukas
Similar: uanas, anehas, vedhas.

88. Ca-varga changes to ka-varga at Viupadnta, or before a Vainava of different varga.
I. Pratyac (backward, westward):
a) pratyac + su (85, 71) pratya n{um} c + su (52) pratyanc (86) pratyac (87) pratya (88) pratya
b) pratyac + au (85, 71) pratyanc + au (86) pratyacau
c) Similarly: pratyaca, pratyacam
89. The a of ac is Har before Bhagavat suffixes, and the preceding letter becomes Trivikrama.
I. a) Pratyac + {}as (89) pratic ** + as (89) pratcas (7) pratca
** When a-Rma is dropped, the sandhi is dissolved.
b) Similarly: pratc, pratice, pratci etc.
89A. The prakti is treated as Viupada before svdis beginning with Viujana; or before Taddhitas not
beginning with y or Sarvevara.
I. a) pratyac + bhym (89A, 61s) pratyaj + bhym (88) pratyagbhym
b) pratyac + su{p} (89A, 88) pratyaksu (21) pratyaku
pratya
pratyacau
pratyaca
pratyacam
pratyacau
pratca
pratic
pratyagbhym
pratyagbhi
pratce
pratyagbhym
pratyagbhya
pratca
pratyagbhym
pratyagbhya
pratca
pratco
pratcm
pratci
pratco
pratyaku
_____________________________________________________
pratya
pratyacau
pratyaca
90. Before Bhagavat suffixes, tieyac is replaced by tirac, and udac by udc.
I. A) tiryac + {}as (90) tirac + as (7) tiraca
b) Similarly: tiraca, tirace etc.
II. Tiryac:
tirya
tiryacau
tiryaca
tiryacam
tiryacau
tiraca
tirac
tiryagbhym
tiryagbhi
tirace
tiryagbhym
tiryagbhya
tiraca
tiryagbhym
tiryagbhya
tiraca
tirao
tiracm
tiraci
tiraco
tiryaku
_____________________________________________________
tirya
tiryacau
tiryaca
91. Letters ch and , and the last letter of rj. Yaj, bhrj, parivrj, sj, mj, bhrasj and vrac change to at
Viupadnta or before Vainava.
(Examples appeear under sutra 94)

92. At Viupadnta or before Vainava, the initial s or k of sat-sanga is Har.
I. Bhsj (from the word bhrasj):
bhsj + su (91) bhs + su (52) bhs (92) bh ...............
93. changes to at Viupadnta or before Harighoa.
I. Rj:
rj + su (91) r + su (52) r (93) r .....................
94. Viudsa optionally changes to Hari-kamala before Virma.
I. Words ending in ch and :
a) sarvaprcch
1) sarvaprcch + su (52) sarvaprcch ** (91) sarvaprs (93) sarvapr (94) sarvapr/d
** The reduplicaton of ch is explained by 72s.
2) sarvaprcch + au sarvaprcchau
3) sarvaprcch + bhym (91) sarvapr + bhym (93) sarvaprbhy
4) sarvaprcch + su{p} (91, 93) sarvapr + su (63s) sarvaprtsu
b) Kapra (enquiry about Ka):
1. Kapra + su (52) Kapra (91) Kapra (93) Kapra (94)Kapra/
2) Kapra + au Kapraau
3)Kapra + bhym (91, 93) Kapradbhym
4) Kapra + su{p} (91, 93, 63s) Kaprasu
II. Words listed in sutra 91:
a) vivarj (King of the Universe):
1) vivarj + su (52, 91, 93, 94) vivar/
2) vivarj + bhym (91, 93) vivarbhym
3) vivarj + su{p} (91, 93, 63s) vivarsu or (75s) vivartsu
d) rj (vivarj, svarj etc):
r/
rjau
rja
rjam
rjau
rja
rj
rbhym
rbhi
rje
rbhym
rbhya
rja
rbhym
rbhya
rja
rjo
rjnm
rji
rjo
rsu/rtsu
________________________________________________
r/
rjau
rja
Eg: vibhr, parivr
IV. Words listed in 91:

bhsj (from bhrasj one who fries):
1) bhsj + su (52) bhsj (91) bhs (92) bh (93) bh (94) bh/
2) bhsj + au (94d) bhjj + au bhjjau (sj to jj is rule from dhtu section)
3) Similarly bhjja, bhjjam, bhjja, bhjje etc.
4) bhsj + bhym (91, 92, 93) bhd + bhym bhdbhym
5) bhsj + su{p} (89a, 91, 92, 93, 63s) bhtsu
95. At Viupadnta, the final letter of sraj, di, d, tvij, unih, dadh, sp and td changes to k.
I. Sraj:
a) sraj + su (52) sraj (95) srak
b) sraj + au srajau
c) sraj + bhym (95) srak + bhym (61s) sragbhym
d) sraj + su{p} (95) sraksu (21) sraku
II. By the same process:
dr
unih
dadh
sp
td
prath s.
dk
unik
dadhk
spk
tdk
Prath d.
dau
uihau
dadhau
spau
tdau
T d.
dgbhym
unigbhym
dadhgbhym
spgbhym
tdgbhym
Sap. p
dku
uniku
dadhku
spku
tdku
Also: na, ghtasp, yad, md, kd, bhavd, tvd, etd

III. A) di:
dik
diau
dia
diam
diau
dia
di
digbhym
digbhi
die
digbhym
digbhya
dia
digbhym
digbhya
dia
dio
dim
dii
dio
diku
_____________________________________________
dik
diau
dia
b) tvij:
tvik
tvijam
tvij
tvije
tvija
tvija
tvijau
tvijau
tvigbhym
tvigbhym
tvigbhym
tvijo
tvija
tvija
tvigbhi
tvigbhya
tvigbhya
tvijm
tviji
tvijo
tviku
____________________________________________________
tvik
tvijau
tvija
96. Num is applied to yuj before Ka-sthna, except when it is used in samsa or in the sense of samdhi.
I. Yuj:
a) yuj + su (96, 71) yu n{um} j + su (52) yunj (86) yuj (87) yu (88) yu
b) yuj + au (96, 71) yunj + au (86) yujau
c) yuj + {}as (7) yuja
d) yuj + bhym (88) yugbhym
e) yuj + su{p} (88, 63s) yuksu (21) yuku
yu
yujau
yuja
yujam
yujau
yuja
yuj
yugbhym
yugbhi
yuje
yugbhym
yugbhya
yuja
yugbhym
yugbhya
yuja
yujo
yujm
yuji
yujo
yuku
_______________________________________
yu
yujau
yuja
97. In a sat-sanga beginning with r, only s is Har at Viupadnta.
I. Eg. rj (strength):
rj + su (52) rj (88) rg (94) rk
98. If a dhtu has these three characteristics:
1. Begins with Harigad (except j)
2. Has only one Sarvevara
3. Ends with Harighoa
then the initial Harigad changes to Harighoa if the dhtu is followed by s or dhv or is at Viupadnta.
(Here Viupadnta indicates that the dhtu is used as a nma.)
II. Kabudh ( knower of Ka):
a) Kabudh + su (52) Kabudh (98) Kabhudh (61s) Kabudh (94)Kabut/d
b) Kabudh + au Kabudhau
c) Kabudh + bhym (98, 61s) Kabhudbhym
d) Kabudh + su{p} (98, 61s) Kabhud + su (63s) Kabhutsu
Kabhut/d
Kabudham
Kabudh
Kabudhe
Kabudha
Kabudha
Kabudhi
Kabudhau
Kabudhau
Kabhudbhym
Kabhudbhym
Kabhudbhym
Kabudho
Kabudho
Kabudha
Kabudha
Kabhudbhi
Kabhudbhya
Kabhudbhya
Kabudhm
Kabhutsu
________________________________________________________________
Kabhut/d
Kabudhau
Kabudha
99. The final n of a nma is Har at Viupadnta, except in Buddha. (Where n is originally the final letter
of a prakti)
I. Rjan (king):
a) rjan + su (52) rjan (74) rjn (99) rjn
b) rjan + au (74) rjn + au rjnau
c) rjan + {}as (81) rjn + as (86) rjas (7) rja
d) rjan + bhym (89a, 99) rja + bhym rjabhym
e) rjan + {} (two forms by 81):
1. (81) rjn + I (86) rji
2. Rjan + I rjani
f) rjan + su{p} (89a, 99) rja + su rjasu
g) Sambodhana singular: rjan + su (52, 74, 99) rjan
rj
rjnau
rjna
rjnam
rjnau
rja
rj
rjabhym
rjabhi
rje
rjabhym
rjabhya
rja
rjabhym
rjabhya
rja
rjo
rjm
rji/rjani
rjo
rjasu
___________________________________________
rjan
rjnau
rjna
99a. Pus changes to pumas before Ka-sthna. (Pumas has anubandha u pumas{u})
I. Pus:
a) pus + su (99a) pumas{u} + su (85) puma n{um} s + su (52) pumans pumn
b) pus + au (99a) pumas{u} + au (85) puma n{um} s + au (74) pumns + au pumsau
c) pus + {}as pus + as (7) pumsa
d) pus + bhym (89a, 87) pum + bhym pumbhym
e) pus + su{p} (89a, 87) pusu
f) Sambodhana singular: pus + su (99) pumas{u} + su (85) puma n s + su (52) pumans (74, 87) puman
pumn
pumsau
pumsa
pumsam
pumsau
pusa
pus
pumbhym
pumbhi
puse
pumbhym
pumbhya
pusa
pumbhym
pumbhya
pusa
puso
pusm
pusi
puso
pusu
______________________________________________
puman
pumsau
pumsa
100. The syllable va of van, yuvan and maghavan changes to u before the Bhagavat suffixes.
I. van (dog):
a) van + su (52) van (74) vn (99) v
b) van + au (74) vn + au vnau
c) van + {}as (100) un + as (7) una
d) van + bhym (89a, 99) va + bhym vabhym
e) van + su{p} (89a, 99) va + su vasu
va
vnau
vna
vnam
vnau
una
un
vabhym
vabhi
une
vabhym
vabhya
una
vabhym
vabhya
una
uno
unm
uni
uno
vasu
______________________________________
van
vnau
vna
II. Yuvan: (Follows exactly the same declension drop and add yu, so those that are u become y)
101. When a dhtu ending in ir, iv or ur is followed by Viujana, i or u becomes Trivikrama; except kur
and chur, and nma-dhtus, and before Taddhita suffixes beginning with y.
I. Some rules in this section are applicable to dhtus whether they are used as a verb or as a noun.
II. Pratidivan (sun) from dhtu div (shine):
a) pratidivan + su (52, 74) pratidivn (99) pratidiv
b) pratidivan + au (74) pratidivnau
c) pratidivan + {}as (81) pratidivn + as (101) pratidvn + as pratidvna
d) pratidivan + bhym (89a, 99) pratidiva + bhym pratidivabhym
e) pratidivan+ su{p} (89a, 99) pratidiva + su pratidivasu
f) Sambodhana singular: pratidivan + su (52, 74) pratidivan
pratidiv
pratidivnau
pratidivna
pratidivnam
pratidivnau
pratidivna
pratidvn
pratidivabhym
pratidivabhi
pratidvne
pratidivabhym
pratidivabhyh
pratidvna
pratidivabhym
pratidivabhyh
pratidvna
pratidivno
pratidvnm
pratidvni
pratidvno
pratidivasu
______________________________________________________
pratidivan
pratidivnau
pratidivna
102. The letter n of pathin, mathin and bhukin is Hara before su.
103. In Ka-sthna, i-Rma of pathin, mathin and bhukin changes to Trivikrama , and nuk is insrted
before th.
I. Pathin:
a) pathin + su (102) pathi + su (103) path + su (103) pa n{uk} th + su (7) panth

b) pathin + au (103) pathn + au (103) panthn + au panthnau
104. The sasra or pathin, mathin and bhukin is Hara before Bhagavat suffixes.
I. Pathin:
a) pathin + {}as (104) path + as (7) patha
b) pathin + bhym (89a, 99) pathi + bhym pathibhym
c) pathin + su{p} (89a, 99) pathi + su (21) pathiu
panth
panthnau
panthna
panthnam
panthnau
panthna
path
pathibhym
pathibhi
pathe
pathibhym
pathibhya
patha
pathibhym
pathibhya
patha
patho
pathm
pathi
patho
pathiu
_____________________________________________________
panth
panthnau
panthna
104a. Words ending in in, and han, pan and aryaman change their Uddhava to Trivikrama only before su
or i.
II. This modifies sutra 74.
105. Before n or it, the h of han changes to gh.
I. Kasahan (the killer of Kasa):
a) kasahan + su (52) kasahan (104a) kasahn (99) kasah
b) kasahan + au kasahanau
c) kasahan + {}as (81) kasahn + as (105) kamsaghn + as (7) kamsaghna
d) kasahan + bhym (89a, 99) kasahabhym
e) kasahan + {}i (2 forms by 81):
1. (81) kasahn + I (105) kamsaghn + i kamsaghni
2. Kasahani
kasah
kasahanau
kasahana
kasahanam
kasahanau
kamsaghna
kamsaghn
kasahabhym
kasahabhi
kamsaghne
kasahabhym
kasahabhya
kamsaghna
kasahabhym
kasahabhya
kamsaghna
kamsaghno
kamsaghnm
kamsaghni/kasahani kamsaghno
kasahasu
________________________________________________________
kasahan
kasahanau
kasahana
Eg: vtrahan, aryaman
106. After numerals ending in r, or n, nut is applied before m (but only in their primary sense as
numbers).
I. a (six):
a) a + jas (or as) (39) a (93) a (94) a/
b) a + bhis (89a, 93) a + bhis (7) abhi
c) a + m (106) a + n{ut} m a + nm (24) anm (????)
d) a + su{p} (89a, 93) a + su (63) asu
107. The Uddhava of words ending in n becomes Trivikrama before nm.
I. Pacan (five):
a) pacan + jas (or as) (39) pacan (99) paca
b) pacan + bhis (89a, 99) paca + bhis (7) pacabhi
c) pacan + m (106) pacan + n{ut} + m (107) pacan + nm (89a, 99) pac + nm pacnm
d) pacan + su{p} (89a, 99) paca + su pacasu
II. Similarly: saptan (7), navan (9), daan (10), ekdaan (11), dvdaan (12), etc (except aan (8).)
108. Aan optionally changes to a before the Viubhaktis.
109. After that, jas and as are replaced by au (if aan is used in the primary sense.)
I. a) aan + jas (or as) (2 forms by sutra 108):
1. (39) aan (99) aa
2. (108) aa + jas (109) a + au{} (46s) aau
b) aan + bhis (2 forms by 108):
1. (89a, 99) aa + bhis (7) aabhi
2. (108) aa + bhis (7) aabhi
c) aan + m (106) aan + nm (107) an + nm (89a, 99) a + nm anm
110. Arvan is replaced by arvat{} before any suffix except su, (but not if it is preceded by negative prefix
an).
111. N does not change to before t, th, d, dh. (Optional translation: sutra 24 does not apply if n is
followed by t, th, d, dh.)
I. Arvan:
a) arvan + su (52) arvan (74) arvn (99) arv
b) arvan + au (110) arvat{} + au (85, 71) arva.n{um}t + au (111) arvantau
c) arvan + {}as (110) arvat{} + as (7) arvata
d) arvan + bhym (110) arvat{} + bhym (89a, 61s) arvad + bhym arvadbhym
arv
arvantam
arvat
arvate
arvata
arvata
arvantau
arvantau
arvadbhym
arvadbhym
arvadbhym
arvato
arvanta
arvata
arvadbhi
arvadbhya
arvadbhya
arvatm
arvati
arvato
arvatsu
_________________________________________________
arvan
arvantau
arvanta
112. The final m of a dhtu changes to n at Viupadnta or before m or v.
I. Prasm (a peaceful person) from dhtu am (be peaceful):
a) praam + su (52) pram (112) pran
b) praam + au praamau
c) praam + bhym (89a, 112) pran + bhym pranbhym
d) praam + su{p} (89a, 112) pran + su (76) prasu
112a. Dhvas, svas, vas and anadu change their final letter to d at Viupadnta.
112b. Va of vas{u} changes to u before Bhagavat suffixes.
I. Bhat 141.
II. Vidvas{u} (scholar, wise person):
a) vidvas + su (85, 71) vidva.n{um}.s + su (52) vidvans (74) vidvns (87) vidvn
b) vidvas + au (85, 71) vidva.n{um}.s + au vidvans + au (74) vidvns + au (76) vidvsau
c) vidvas + {}as (112b) vidus + as (21, 7) vidua
d) vidvas + bhym (89a, 112a) vidvadbhym
e) vidvas + su{p} (89a, 112a) vidvad + su (63s) vidvatsu
vidvn
vidvsau
vidvsa
vidvsam
vidvsau
vidua
vidu
vidvadbhym
vidvadbhi
vidue
vidvadbhym
vidvadbhya
vidua
vidvadbhym
vidvadbhya
vidua
viduo
vidum
vidua
viduo
vidvatsu
_____________________________________________
vidvam
vidvsau
vidvsa
Eg: tasthivas
113. Before Ka-sthna, m is inserted in catur and anau; however before Buddha m is replaced by am.
113a. And before su, num is also applied to anau.
I. Reference Bhat 148.
II. Anau (ox):
a) anau + su (113, 71) anau.{m}.h + su (48s) anav + su (113a, 71) anav.n{um}. + su (52) anavn
(87) anavn
b) anau + au (113, 71, 48s) anav + au anavhau
c) anau + {}as (7) anaua
d) anau + bhym (89a, 112a) anaudbhym

e) anau + su{p} (89a, 112a) anaud + su (63s) anautsu
f) Sambodhana singular: anau + su (113, 71) anau.a{m}. + su(48s) anava + su (113a, 71)
anava.n{um}. + su (52) anavan (87) anavan
anavn
anavhau
anavha
anavham
anavhau
anavha
anauh
anaudbhym
anaudbhi
anauhe
anaudbhym
anaudbhya
anauha
anaudbhym
anaudbhya
anauha
anauho
anauhm
anauhi
anauho
anautsu
__________________________________________________
anavan
anavhau
anavha
114. Ra-Rma does not change to Viusarga before sup.
I. Catur:
a) catur + {j}as (113, 71) catu.{m}.r + as (48s, 7) catvara
b) catur + {}as (7) catura
c) catur + bhis (89a, 7) catu + bhis (7) catubhi
d) catur + m (106) catur + n{ut}.m (89a, 7) catu + nm (84s) caturnm (24) caturm
e) catur + su{p} (89a, 114) catursu (21) caturu
Saju and i, and dhtus ending in is or us change the last letter to r at Viupadnta, and this r changes
to Viusarga before sup.
I. This sutra modifies sutra 114.
116. When the ending ir or us of a dhtu is Viupadnta, the Uddhava becomes Trivikrama.
I. Saju (f)
a) saju + su (52) saju (115) sajur (116) sajr (7) saj
b) saju + au sajuau
c) saju + bhym (89a, 115) sajur + bhym (116) sajr + bhym sajrbhym
d) saju + su{p} (89a, 115) sajur + su (116) sajr + su (115) saj + su (21) saju
saj
sajuau
sajua
sajuam
sajuau
sajua
saju
sajurbhym
sajurbhi
sajue
sajurbhym
sajurbhya
sajua
sajurbhym
sajurbhym
sajua
sajuo
sajum
sajui
sajuo
sajuu/sajuu
_______________________________________________
saj
sajuau
sajua
II. i (same pattern as saju saj replaced by i)
III. Words ending in ir and ur:

a) gir (f) (voice)
gi (116, 7) girau
gira
giram
girau
gira
gir
girbhym
girbhi
gire
girbhym
girbhya
gira
girbhym
girbhya
gira
giro
girm
giri
giro
gru
_________________________________
g
girau
gira
b) pur (f) (town):
p
purau
pura
puram
purau
pura
pur
prbhym
prbhi
pure
prbhym
prbhya
pura
prbhym
prbhya
pura
puro
purm
puri
puro
pru
____________________________________
p
purau
pura
117. At Viupadnta or before Vainava, h changes to h, but in na, it changes to dh, and in dhtus
beginning with d the final h changes to gh. In druh, muh, na, snuh and snih, the finaol letter optionally
changes to gh.
I. Lih (0ne who likes):
a) lih + su (52) lih (117) lih (61s) li (94) li/
b)lih + au lihau
c) Similarly : liha, liham, lih, lihe, liho etc.
d) lih + bhym (89a, 117) lih + bhym (61s) li + bhy, libhym
e) lih + su{p} (89a, 117) lih + su (61s) li + su (63s) li + su lisu
f) Example: madhulih (m) bee:
madhuli/
madhulihau
madhuliha
madhuliham
madhulihau
madhuliha
madhulih
madhulibhym
madhulibhi
madhulihe
madhulibhym
madhulibhya
madhuliha
madhulibhym
madhulibhya
madhuliha
madhuliho
madhulihm
madhulihi
madhuliho
madhulisu
__________________________________________________
madhulili/
madhulihau
madhuliha
II. Upnah (f) (shoe):
a) upnah + su (52 upnah (117b) upnadh (61s) upnahd (94) upnat/d

b) upnah + au upnahau
c) Similarly: upnaha, upnaham, upnah etc.
d) upnah + bhym (89a, 117) upnadh + bhym (61s) upnad + bhym upnadbhym
e) upnah + su{p} (89a, 117) upnah + su (61s) upnad + su (63s) upnat + su upnatsu
III. Kmaduh (f) (cow):
a) kmaduh + su (52) kmaduh (117) kmadhugh (99) kmadhug (94) kmadhuk/g
b) kmaduh + au kmaduhau
c) Similarly: kmaduha, kmaduham, kmaduh etc
d) kmaduh + bhym (89a, 117) kmadugh + bhym (99) kmadhugh + bhym (61s) kmadhug + bhym
kmadhugbhym
e) kmaduh + su{p} (89a, 117) kmadugh + su (98) kmadhugh + su (61s) kmadhug + su (63s) kmadhuksu
(21) kmadhuku
kmadhuk/g
kmaduhau
kmaduha
kmaduham
kmaduhau
kmaduha
kmaduh
kmadhugbhym
kmadhugbhi
kmaduhe
kmadhugbhym kmadhugbhya
kmaduha
kmadhugbhym kmadhugbhya
kmaduha
kmaduho
kmaduhm
kmaduhi
kmaduho
kmaduku
_________________________________________________
kmadhuk/g
kmaduhau
kmaduha
III. Muh:
a) muh + su (52) muh (117) 2 forms:
1. (117) mugh (61s) mug (94) muk/g
2. (117) muh (61s) mu (94) mu/
Druh
muh
snuh
snih
na
prath sing.
druk/g
muk/g
mu/
snuk/g
snu/
snik/g
sni/
nak/g
na/
Prath dual
druhau
muhau
snuhau
snihau
naau
Catur dual
drugbhym
mugbhym
mubhym
snugbhym
snubhym
snigbhym
snibhym
nagbhym
nabhym
Sap pl.
druku
muku
musu
snuku
snusu
sniku
snisu
naku
nasu
118. In vh, v is replaced by h before Bhagavat suffixes.

119. After a-dvaya, h takes Vnndra.
I. Kavh (the carrier of Ka, Garuda):
a) Kavh + su (52) Kavh (117) Kavh (61s) Kav (94) Kav/
b) Kavh + au Kavhau
c) Similarly: Kavha, Kavham

d) Kavh + {}as (118) Ka.{h}.h + as (119) Ka.au.h + as (46s) Kauh + as (7) Kauha
e) Similarly: Kauh, Kauhe etc.
f) Kavh + bhym (89a, 117) Kavh + bhym (61s) Kav + bhym Kavbhym
g) Kavh +su{p} (89a,117) Kavdh + su (63s) Kavsu
Kav/
Kavhau
Kavha
Kavham
Kavhau
Kavha
Kauh
Kavbhym
Kavbhi
Kauhe
Kavbhym
Kavbhya
Kauha
Kavbhym
Kavbhya
Kauha
Kauho
Kauhm
Kauhi
Kauho
Kavasu
___________________________________________________
Kav/
Kavhau
Kavha
Viujannta
Lakm Lig
120. Before bhis and bhyas, ap changes to ad. (Ap=water)
I. Ap is declined only in bahuvacanam (plural).
a) ap + {j}as (74) p + as (7) pa
b) ap + {}as (7) apa
c) ap + bhis (120) ad + bhis (7) adbhi
pa
apa
adbhi
adbhya
adbhya
apm
apsu
__________
apa
121. Before su, v of div changes to au.
I. A) div + su (121) di.au + s (47s) dyau + s (7) dyau
b) div + au divau
c) Similarly: diva, divam, div, dive etc.
122. V of div changes to u at Viupadnta.
I. A) div + bhym (89a, 122) di.u + bhym (47s) dyu + bhym dyubhym
b) div + su{p} (89a, 122) dyu + su (21) dyuu
dyau
divau
diva
divam
divau
diva
div
dyubhym
dyubhi
dive
dyubhym
dyubhya
diva
dyubhym
dyubhya
diva
divo
divm
divi
divo
dyuu
_____________________________________
dyau
divau
diva
Viujannta
Brahma Lig
123. Final n of Brahma-liga is optionally Hara before Buddha.
I. In Sambodhana singular:
a) brahman or brahma
b) karman or karma
c) nman or nma
124. N of ahau changes to Viusarga at Viupadnta.
I. A) ahan + su (52) aham (124) aha
b) ahan + au (57) ahan + i ahan
c) ahan + jas or as (69) ahan + {}i (74a) ahn + i ahni
d) ahan + {} (81) ahn + ahn
Similarly: ahne, ahno, ahnm
e) ahan + bhym (89a, 124) aha + bhym (82s) aho + bhym ahobhym
f) ahan + {}i (81) 3 forms:
1. Ahn + i ahni
2. Ahani
g) ahan + su{p} (89a, 124) aha + su ahasu or (81s) ahassu
aha
ahan
ahni
aha
ahan
ahni
ahn
ahobhym
ahobhi
ahne
ahobhym
ahobhya
ahna
ahobhym
ahobhya
ahna
ahno
ahnm
ahni/ahani ahno
ahasu/ahassu
______________________________________
aha
ahan
ahni
Ka-nma Prakaraam
125. The word sarva etc., are called Ka-nmas.
I. Ka-nma is a specific category of nmas characterized by its own pattern of declension. All the pronouns
are Ka-nmas.
II. The 41 Ka-nmas are:
1. sarva all
2. viva all, every etc.
3. ubha both
4. ubhaya both
5. anya other
6. anyatra one of the other
7. tatara that one
8. tatama that one (of many)
9. yatara which
10. yatama which (of many)
11. katara who/which (of two)
12. katama who/which (of many)
13. ekatara one (of two)
14. ekatama one (of them)
15. itara another, the rest
16. tvat thou
17. tva thou
18. nema half
19. sama every
20. sima every, all
21. prva first, former
22. para other
23. avara the following, inferior, western
24. dakina south, right
25. utara higher, left
26. apara further, later, following, westerm
27. adhara lower
28. sva ones own, his, hr etc.
29. antara outside
30. tad (3rd person) he, she, it etc.
31. yad (relative) who, what, which etc.
32. etad (demonstrative) this etc.
33. idam (demonstrative) this etc.
34. adas (demonstrative) that etc.
35. eka one, single
36. dvi two, a pair
37. yumad (2nd person) yu etc.
38. Asmad (1st person) I eetc.
39. bhavatu (2nd person, honorific) you, Your Lordship etc.

40 kim who, what, which
126. After a Ka-nma, jas is replaced by i.
I. Sarva:
a) sarva + s{u} sarvas (7) sarva
b) sarva + au (46s) sarvau
c) sarva + jas (126) sarva + {}i (41s) sarve
127. After a Ka-nma-Ka, e is replaced by smai, ai by smt, and ni by smin.
I. A) sarva + e (127) sarva + smai sarvasmai
b) sarva + asi (127 sarva + smt sarvasmt
c) sarva + as (17) sarva + sya sarvasya
d) sarva + {}i (127) sarva + smin sarvasmin
128. After Ka-nma-Ka or Ka-nma-Rdh, su is applied to m.
I. Sarva + m (128) sarva + s{ut}.m (15) sarve + sm (21) sarvem
II. Sarva (m):
sarva
sarvau
sarve
sarva
sarvau
sarve
sarvena
sarvbhym
sarvbhi
sarvasmai
sarvbhym
sarvbhya
sarvasmt
sarvbhym
sarvbhya
sarvasya
sarvayo
sarvem
sarvasmin
sarvayo
sarveu
_________________________________________
sarva
sarvau
sarve
III. Another form of sarvasmt is sarvata, and for sarvasmin is sarvatra.
IV. A) anya (m) other:
anya
anyau
anye
anyam
anyau
anyn
anyena
anybhym anybhi
anyasmai anybhym anybhya
anyasmt anybhym anybhya
anyasya
anyayo
anyem
anyasmin anyayo
anyeu
b) bhavat{u} (like bhagavat{u}):
bhavn
bhavantam
bhavat
bhavantau
bhavantau
bhavadbhym
bhavanta
bhavanta
bhavadbhi
bhavate
bhavadbhym
bhavadbhya
bhavata
bhavadbhym
bhavadbhya
bhavata
bhavato
bhavatm
bhavati
bhavato
bhavatsu
__________________________________________________
bhavan
bhavantau
bhavanta
129. The seven words beginning with prva are Ka-nmas only when they signify direction, place or
time.
130. Sama is Ka-nma when it does not mean tulya (equal).
131. Sva is Ka-nma when it does not mean relative or wealth.
I. Sva as a pronoun means self and is declined like sarva.
132. Antara is Ka-nma when it means outside (except in reference to pur, city) or undergarment.
133. Before jas, the nine words purva etc. are optionally Ka-nmas.
I. Prva:
a) prva + su prvas (7) prva
b) prva + au prvau
c) prva + jas (133) 2 forms:
1. Declined as Ka-nma: (126) prva + {}i purve
2. Declined as Ka: prva + as (7) prv
134. After the nine words beginning with prva, smt and smin are optional.
I. A) prva + asi (2 forms by sutra 134):
1. (127) prva + smt prvasmt
2. (16) prva + t prvt
b) prva + {}i (2 forms by sutra 134):
1. (127) prva + smin prvasmin
2. Prva + i prve
II. Prva:
prva
prvau
prve/prv
prvam
prvau
prve/prv
prvena
prvbhym
prvai
prvasmai
prvbhym
prvebhya
prvasmt/prvt prvbhym
prvebhya
prvasya
prvayo
prvem
prvasmin/prve
prvayo
prveu
____________________________________________________
prva
prvau
prve/prv
135. Prathama, carama, words ending with the suffixes taya and aya, and also alpa, ardha, katipaya, and
nema are optionally declined as Ka-nma before jas.

I. A) prathama + jas (2 forms by sutra 135):
1. (126) prathama + i prathame
2. Prathama + as (7) pratham
Note that ubha (both) is declined only in the dual, yet ubhaya (both or a pair) is declined in singular and
plural only.
A) ubha (dual):
B) ubhaya (singular and plural):
ubhau
ubhaya
ubhaye
ubhau
ubhayam
ubhayan
ubhbhym
ubhayena
ubhayai
ubhbhym
ubhayasmai
ubhayebhya
ubhbhym
ubhayasmt/d
ubhayebhya
ubhayo
ubhayasya
ubhayem
ubhayo
ubhayasmin
ubhayeu
___________________________________________________
ubhau
ubhaya
ubhaye
136. Before the svdis, the sasra of the Taddis change to a, d to m, and before su, t to s.
I. A) step one: the samsara changes to a:
tad, yad, etad, idam, adas, eka, dvi (136) ta, ya, eta, ida, ada, eka, dva.
B) step two: d changes to m (except for dva)
ta, ya, eta, ima, ama, eka, dva
c) step three: t changes to s, before su,
1. Ta + su (136) sa + s{u} (7) sa
2. Eta + su (136) ea + s{u} (7) ea
II. A) tad (m) 3rd person:
sa (he)
tau (they two)
te (they)
tam (him)
tau (two of them)
tn (them)
tena (by him)
tbhym (by the two of them)
tai (by them)
tasmai (to him) tbhym (to the two of them)
tebhya (to them)
tasmt (from him) tbhym (from the two of them) tebhya (from them)
tasya (of him)
tayo ( of the two of them)
tem (of them)
tasmin (in him)
tayo (in the two of them)
teu (in them)
Note: There is no Sambodhana for these pronouns.
B) yad (m): who, which:
ya
yam
yena
yasmai
yau
yau
ybhym
ybhym
ye
yn
yai
yebhya
yasmt
yasya
yasmin
ybhym
yayo
yayo
yebhya
yeam
yeu
136a. Etad and idam are replaced by ena in dvitiy and before and os, when there is repetition of these
pronouns.
Etad (m) this:
ea
etm/enam
etena/enena
etasmai
etasmt
etasya
etasmin
etau
etau/enau
etbhym
etbhym
etbhym
etayo/enayo
etayoenayo
ete
etnenn
etai
etebhya
etebhya
etem
eteu
137. Before su, the masculine form of idam is ayam, and the feminine is iyam.
I. A) idam + su (137) ayam + su (52) ayam
b) idam + au (136) ima + au imau
c) idam + jas (136) ima + jas (126) ima + {}i ime
138. Idam is replaced by ana before a and os (provided the affix ak is not applied).
I. A) idam + a (138) ana + a (11) ana + ina anena
b) idam + os (138) ana + os (18) ane + os (51s) anay + os (7) anayo
139. And before Vainava, idam is replaced by a{} (the anubandha indicates that the whole word is
replaced).
II. A) Idam + bhym (139) a{} + bhym (12) bhym
b) idam + e (136, 127) ima + smai (139) a{} + smai asmai
c) idam + nasi (136, 127) ima + smt (139) a{} + smt asmt
d) idam + as (139) a{} + as (17) a + sya asya
e) idam + i (136, 127) ima + smin (139) a{} + smin asmin
f) idam + m (136) ima + m (128) ima + s{ut}.m (139) a{} + sm (15) em (21) em
g) idam + su{p} (139) a{} + su (15) esu (21) eu
140. In the declension of idam and adas, bhis is not replaced by ais (provided the affix ak is not applied).
I. A) idam + bhis (139) a{} + bhis (140, 15) e + bhis (7) ebhi
b) Idam:
ayam
imam
anena
asmai
asmt
asya
imau
imau
bhym
bhym
bhym
anayo
ime
imn
ebhi
ebhya
ebhya
em
asmin
anayo
eu
141. Before su, d of adas changes to s, and su to auc.

I. A) adas + su (136, 141) asa + au{c} auc
142. The Sarvevara that comes after m in the declension of adas changes to u or , depending on whether
such Sarvevara is Vmana or Trivikrama.
I. Adas + au (136) ama + au amau (The caturvyuha is considered Trivikrama) (142) am
143. When adas is declined in plural, e changes to (but not if k is included).
II. A) adas + jas (136, 126) ama + {}i ame (143) am
b) adas + am (136) ama + am (8) amam (142) amum
c) adas + {}as (136) ama + as (8, 9) amn (142) amn
d) adas + (136) ama = (142) amu ** + (33) amu + n amun
**After , sutra 142 is applied before the application of the suffix, then the rule of Hari-saja has to be
applied.
E) adas + bhym [ (136) ama (12) am (142) am ] + bhym ambhym
f) adas + bhis (136, 140) ama + bhis (15) ame + bhis (143, 7)ambhi
g) adas + e (136, 127) ama + smai (142) amusmai (21) amumai
h) adas + asi (136, 127) ama + smt (142, 21) amumt
I) adas + as (136) ama + as (16) ama + sya (142, 21) amuya
j) adas + os (136) ama + os (18) ame + os (51s) amayos (142 amuyos (7) amuyo
k) adas + m (136) ama + m (128) ama + s{u}.m (15) ame + sm (143) amsm (21) amm
l) adas + {}i (136, 127) ama + smin (142, 21) amumin
m) adas + su{p} [ (136) ama (15) ame (143) am ] + su (21) amu
adas:
asau
amum
amun
amumai
amumat
amuya
amumin
am
am
ambhym
ambhym
ambhym
amuyo
amuyo
am
amn
ambhi
ambhya
ambhya
amm
amu
Note: Another form of amusmt is amuta, and of amumin is amutra.

144. D of dvi does not change to m.
II. Declension of eka (singular) and dvi (dual):
a) eka:
eka
ekam
ekena
ekasmai
ekasmt
ekasya
ekasmin
b) div
dvau
dvau
dvbhym
dvbhym
dvbhym
dvayo
dvayo
145. The declension of yumad and asmad begins with tvam and aham respectively (as shown in the
following charts).
I. A) yumad:
tvam
tvm
tvay
tubhyam
tvat
taya
tvayi
yuvm
yuvm
yuvbhym
yuvbhym
yuvbhym
yuvayo
yuvayo
yyam
yumn
yumabhi
yumbhym
yumt
yumkam
yumsu
vm
vm
vbhym
vbhym
vbhym
vayo
vayo
vayam
asmn
asmbhi
asmabhy
asmat
asmkam
asmsu
b) asmad:
aham
mm
may
mahyam
mat
mama
mayi
146. If ak is applied in the declension of yumad and asmad, it is inserted just before the samsara.
I. A) tvam + ak (146) tv.ak.am tvakam
b) aham + ak (146) ah.ak.am ahakam
c) Similarly: yuvakm, yuyakam, vkam, vayakam.
146a. If a declension has three Sarvevaras, ak is inserted before the second one.
I. A) yuvbhym + ak (146a) yuv.ak.bhym yuvakbhym

b) vabhym + ak (146a) av.ak.bhym vakbhym
c) Similarly: yumakabhi, yumakkam, yumaksu, asmakbhi, asmakbhym, asmakkam, asmaksu.
147. Yumad, yumbhym and yumakam can be replaced by vas, and asmn, asmabhym and asmakam
can be replaced by nas.
I. This replacement is not used in the beginning of a sentence. It can come in the middle of a sentence, and it is
compulsory when the pronoun is used more than once.
148. Tubhyam and tava can be replaced by te, and mahyam and mama can be replaced by me.
149. Tvm can be replaced by tv and mm by m.
150. Yumad and asmad in dvitiya, caturthi and ati can be replaced by vm and nau respectively, but not
in samsa.
I. Declension of yumad and asmad with the optional forms:
a) yumad:
tvam
tvm/tv
tvay
tubhyam/te
tvat
taya/te
tvayi
yuvm
yuvm/vm
yuvbhym
yuvbhym/vm
yuvbhym
yuvayo/vm
yuvayo
yyam
yumn/vas
yumabhi
yumbhym/vas
yumt
yumkam/vas
yumsu
b) asmad:
aham
mm/m
may
mahyam/me
mat
mama/me
mayi
vm
vm/nau
vbhym
vbhym/nau
vbhym
vayo/nau
vayo
vayam
asmn/nas
asmbhi
asmabhy/nas
asmat
asmkam/nas
asmsu
151. Kim is replaced by ka before the Viubhaktis, even if the particle ak is present.
I. Once the interrogative pronoun kim is replaced by ka, it is declined like sarva.
ka
kam
kena
kasmai
kasmt
kasya
kasmin
kau
kau
kbhym
kbhym
kbhym
kayo
kayo
ke
kn
kai
kebhya
kebhya
kem
keu
III. Another form of kasmt is kuta, and for kasmin is kutra.
Lakm-liga Ka-nma
151a. Ka-saja forms the feminine by changing its final a to Trivikrama.
I. This section is taken from the Taddhita sectin of this grammar, sutra 7.
II. Sarva (m) sarv (f):
a) sarv + su (52) sarv
b) sarv + au (57) sarv + (41s) sarve
c) sarv + jas or as sarv + as sarvs (7) sarv
d) sarv + am (8) sarv + m sarvm
e) sarv + (58) sarve + {} sarvay
f) sarv + os (58) sarve + os sarvayos (7) sarvayo
g) sarv + m (128) sarv + s{u}.m sarvsm
h) Sambodhana singular: sarv + su (58) sarve + su (23) sarve
152. After a Ka-nma-Rdh, syp is inserted before the Vnis and the preceding letter becomes
Vmana.
I. A) sarv + e (152a) sarv + sy{p} + {}e (152) sarva + sy + e sarvasya + e (45s) sarvasyai
b) sarv + {}as{i} or nas (152a) sarv + sya{p} + as (152) sarva + sy + as sarvasy + as (7) sarvasy
c) sarv + {}i (152a) sarv + sy{p} + i (152) sarva + sy + i (48) sarvasy + m sarvasym
d) sarv (f)
sarv
sarvm
sarvay
sarvasyai
sarvasy
sarvasy
sarvasym
sarve
sarve
sarve
sarvbhym
sarvbhym
sarvbhym
sarvayo
sarvayo
sarve
sarv
sarv
sarvbhi
sarvbhya
sarvbhya
sarvsm
sarvsu
sarv
anye
any
anybhym
anybhym
anybhym
anyayo
anyayo
any
any
anybhi
anybhya
anybhya
anysm
anysu
III. Similarly:
a) anyat(f):
any
anym
anyay
anyasyai
anyasy
anyasy
anyasym
b) sva (f):
sv
svm
svay
svasyai
svasy
svasy
svasym
sve
sve
svbhym
svbhym
svbhym
svayo
svayo
sv
sv
svbhi
svbhya
svbhya
svsm
svsu
c) prv (f):
prv
prvm
prvay
prvay
prvasyai
prvasy
prvasym
d) ubh (f)
dual
ubhe
ubhe
ubhbhym
ubhbhym
ubhbhym
ubhayo
ubhayo
prve
prve
prvbhym
prvbhym
prvbhym
prvayo
prvayo
prv
prv
prvbhi
prvbhya
prvbhya
prvsm
prvsu
e) ubhay (f)
singular
ubhay
ubhaym
ubhayay
ubhayasyai
ubhayasy
ubhayasy
ubhayasym
plural
ubhay
ubhay
ubhaybhi
ubhaybhya
ubhaybhya
ubhayasm
ubhaysu
f) tad (f):
sa
tam
taya
tasyai
tasy
tasy
tasym
te
te
tbhym
tbhym
tbhym
tayo
tayo
t
t
tabhi
tbhya
tbhya
tsm
tsu
g) yad (f)
y
ym
yay
yasyai
yasy
yasy
ye
ye
ybhym
ybhym
ybhym
yayo
y
y
ybhi
ybhya
ybhya
ysm
yasym
yayo
ysu
ete
ete/ene
etbhym
etbhym
etbhym
etayo/enayo
etayo/enayo
et
et/en
etbhi
etbhya
etbhya
etsm
etsu
h) etad (f):
e
etm/enm
etay/enay
etasyai
etasy
etasy
etasym
I) idam (f):
iyam
imm
anay
asyai
asy
asy
asym
ime
ime
bhym
bhym
bhym
anayo
anayo
im
im
bhi
bhya
bhya
sm
su
amu
am
ambhym
ambhym
ambhym
amuyo
amuyo
am
am
ambhi
ambhya
ambhya
amsm
amu
j) adas (f):
asau
amm
amuy
amusyai
amusya
amusya
amusym
k) kim(f):
k
km
kay
kasyai
kasy
kasy
kasym
ke
ke
kbhym
kbhym
kbhym
kayo
kayo
l) eka (f):
m) dvi (f):
ek
ekm
ekay
ekasyai
ekasy
ekasy
ekasym
dve
dve
dvbhym
dvbhym
dvbhym
dvayo
dvayo
k
k
kbhi
kbhya
kbhya
ksm
ksu
Brahma-liga Ka-nma
Note I: The declension of Brahma-liga Ka-nma is the same as Puruottam-liga, except in pratham and
dvitiy. The Ka-nma Ka is declined like gokula.
A) sarva (n):
1) sarva + su (68) sarva + am (8) sarva + m sarvam
2) sarva + au (57) sarva + i sarve
3) sarva + jas (69) sarva + i (70, 71) sarva.n{um} + i sarvan + {}i (74) sarvn + I (24) sarvni
Pr and dv:
sarvam
sarve
sarvni
prvam
prve
prvni
b) prva (n):
pr and dv
c) ubha (n):
d) ubhaya (n):
dual
ubhe
singular
ubhayam
plural
ubhayni
Note II: For Ka-nma ending in Viujana, sutra 77 is applied, which makes sutra 136 unapplicable.
E)tad (n):
tat
te
tni
ye
yni
ete
etni
ime
imni
am
amni
f) yad (n):
yat
g) etad (n)
etat
h) idam (n):
idam
I) adas (n):
adas
j) kim (n):
kim
ke
k) eka (n):
kni
l) div (n)
ekam
dve
1) tad + su (77) tad (94) tat

2) tad + au (136) ta + au (57) ta + te
3) tad + jas (136) ta + jas (69) ta + i (70) tam + {}i (74) tm + i tni
153. In Brahma-liga, after anya etc., tuk is applied before su and am.
I. This sutra applies to the eleven pronouns after anya, as given under sutra 125, with the exception of ekatara.
This pronouns are: anya, anyatra, tatara, tatama, yatara, yatama, katara, katama, ekatama, and itara.
II. Anya (n):
a) anya + su (153) anya.t{uk} + su anyat + su (77) anyat
b) anya + au (57) anya + anye
c) anya + jas (69) anya + i (70, 71) anya.n{um} + i anyan + i (74) anyn + i anyni
pr and dvi: anyat
anye
anyni
154. After the avyayas, all the svdis are Mah-Hara.

List of Avyayas:
aga
ajas
adhun
anu
antar
anyatas
anyatra
anyath
abhitas
amutra
ata
ati
ativa
atra
atha
aho
ahobata
itas
iti
ittham
idnm
atho
adya
ubhayatas
rddhvam
ayi
kad
kadcana
kadcit
kahicit
kim punar
kim v
kica
kicana
kicit
kintu
kim
kila
kutas
kutra
iva
iha
uccais
uta
khalu
ciram
cet
jtu
tat
tatas
tatra
tath
tath
tad
tahri
tvat
tu
tm
ekad
eva
evam
kaccit
katham
ca
na
naktam
namas
nahi
nn
adhas
apari
pact
pthak
div
m
yat
yath
mitha *
mithy
muhu*
m
yat
yata *
yatra
yath
yathrham
yad
yadi
yvat
nnam
bahi *
v
vin
anai *
avat
sakd
sad
sadya
samanta *
cirena
cirt
puna pun
prk
bhuyas
mithas
yatas
samantt
samam
samyak
pretya
sahas
skt
suhu
sthne
yugapat
bata
varam
sma
svayam
sva *
svasti
svh
hant
sarvata
sarvat
sarvad
saha
he
The Acyuta suffixes:

a) Acyuta-parapada
ti{p}
si{p}
mi{p}
tas
thas
vas
anti
tha
mas
b) Acyuta-tmapada
te
se
e
te
the
vahe
ante
dhve
mahe
The Vidhi suffixes:

a) Vidhi-parapada
yt
ytm
yus
kutracit
kva
pur
prtan
bhri
muhus
yatn
ys
ym
ytam
yva
yta
yma
b) Vidhi-tmapada
ta
thas
ya
ytm
ythm
vahi
ran
dhvam
mahi
The Vidht suffixes:

a) Vidht-parapada
tu{p}
hi
ni{p}
tm
tam
va{p}
antu
ta
ma{p}
b) Vidht-tmapada
tm
sva
ai{p}
tm
thm
va{p}
antm
dhvam
ma{p}
The Bhtevara suffixes:

Bhtevara parapada
d{ip}
s{ip}
{p}am
tm
tam
va
an
ta
ma
Bhtevara tmapada
ta
ths
i
tm
thm
vahi
anta
dhvam
mahi
The Adhokaja suffixes:

Adhokaja-parapada
{}a{l}
thal
{}a{l}
atus
athus
va
us
a
ma
Adhokaja-tmapada
e
se
e
te
the
vahe
ire
dhve
mahe
The Kmapla suffixes:

Kmapla-parapada
yt
ys
ysam
ystm
ystam
ysva
ysus
ysta
ysma
Kmapla-tmapada
sa
shs
sya
systm
systhm
svahi
sran
sdhvam
smahi
The Blakalki suffixes:

Blakalki-parapada
t
tsi
tsmi
trau
tsthas
tsvas
tras
tstha
tsmas
Blakalki-tmapada
t
tse
the
trau
tsthe
tsvahe
tras
tdhve
tsmahe
The Kalki suffixes:

Kalki-parapada
syati
syasi
symi
syatas
syathas
syvas
syanti
syatha
symas
Kalki-tmapada
syate
syase
sye
syete
syethe
syvahe
syante
syadhve
symahe
The Ajita suffixes:

Ajita parapada
syat
syas
syam
syatm
syatam
syva
syan
syata
syma
Ajita tmapada
syata
syathas
sye
syetm
syethm
syvahi
syanta
syadhvam
symahi
253. All the suffixes that have p as it are called Pthu.

254. The suffixes the have as it are called Nsiha.
255. If k is it the suffixes are called Kapila.
256. If is it they are called Nirgua.
257. The Kapila and Nirgua suffixes are also called Kasri.
258. The suffixes that have as it are called iva.
262. The first 5 groups of Tibdis Acyuta etc. and the iva suffixes are called Ka-dhtukas.
263. All other pratyayas are called Rma-dhtukas.
Kart-vcya
parapada dhtus | parapada vbs
tmapada dhtus | tmapada vbs
ubhayapada dhtus | para/tma vbs
Karma-vcya
tmapada vbs
tmapada vbs
tmapada vbs
Bhva-vcya
tmapada vbs
tmapada vbs
atmapada vbs
KHYTA-PRAKARAAM
(Verbs)
241. The verbal roots, beginning with bh, and the sanntdis, are called dhtus.
I. According to the Dhtu-ptha (the original list of all dhtus) there are 2000 primary dhtus, divided in ten
classes, namely:
1. Bhvdis
2. Addis
3. Hvdis
4. Divdis
5. Svdis
6. Tuddis
7. Rudhdis
8. Tandis
9. Krydis
10. Curdis
These are the roots, beginning with bh.

II. The sanantdis are secondary dhtus which are derived either from original dhtus or from nmas by
applying certain suffixes like san, i, ya, ya etc.
242. Of a dhtu.
I. This is an adhikra stra (see 39), which means that the word dhto is implied throughout the whole
chapter.
243. Generally in the present tense the eighteen suffixes beginning with tip are applied, and they are called
Acyuta.
I. Some preliminary information about conjugation:
a) Tibdi is a general term for the 180 verbal suffixes which are classified in ten groups, the first of which is
Acyuta.
b) The eighteen suffixes of each group are divided in two categories parapada and tmapada, which will be
explained later ( 264-268).
c) The following chart will be used in this chapter for presenting the groups of the tibdis and the conjugation
of verbs:
prathama-purua
(English third person)
madhyama-purua
(English second person)
uttama-purua
(English first person)
eka-vacana
(singular)
dvi-vacana
(dual)
bahu-vacana
(plural)
II. The Acyuta suffixes:

a) Acyuta-parapada
ti{p}
si{p}
mi{p}
tas
thas
vas
anti
tha
mas
b) Acyuta-tmapada
te
se
e
te
the
vahe
ante
dhve
mahe
III. Example: bhaj{a} (worship) in Acyuta-parapada (active voice):

bhajati
bhajasi
bhajmi
bhajata
bhajatha
bhajva
bhajanti
bhajatha
bhajma
The exact procedure by which the prefix and the suffix combine will be explained later.
* govindam bhakta bhajati A devotee worships Govinda
* govindam sa bhajati He worships Govinda
* govindam bhaktau bhajata Two devotees worship Govinda
* govindam tau bhajata The two of them worship Govinda
* govindam bhakt bhajanti The devotees worship Govinda
* govindam te bhajanti They worship Govinda
IV. Example: bhaj{a} Acyuta-tmapada (passive voice):
bhajyate
bhajyase
bhajye
bhajyete
bhajyethe
bhajyvahe
bhajyante
bhajyadhve
bhajymahe
* Ka vainavena bhajyate Ka is worshipped by the Vainava

* Ka-prabhupdau vainavena bhajyete Ka and rla Prabhupda are worshipped by the Vainava.
* Ka-rma-nsihdaya vainavena bhajyante Ka, Rma and Nsihadeva are worshipped by the
Vainava.
244. The suffixes beginning with yat are applied mainly in the sense of vidhi (imperative) or sambhvana
(conditional), and they are called vidhi.
I. The Vidhi suffixes:
a) Vidhi-parapada
yt
ys
ym
ytm
ytam
yva
yus
yta
yma
b) Vidhi-tmapada
ta
thas
ya
ytm
ythm
vahi
ran
dhvam
mahi
II. Examples:
* bhakta rmad-bhagavatam vidyt the devotee must know rmad Bhgavatam (in the sense of vidhi
must)
* Vainav Ka-prasadam adyu the Vainavas must eat Ka-prasdam (vidhi)
* udha-bhakt na pateyu the pure devotee cannot fall down (sambhvana)
* vo yamunm aha vrajeyam tomorrow I must go to the Yamuna (vidhi)
* vo yamunm aha vrajeyam tomorrow I may go to the Yamuna (sambhvana)
* (BG 6.5) uddhared tmantmnan ntmnam avasdayet one must deliver himself with the help of his
mind, not degrade himself (vidhi)
* (BG 3.24) utsideyur ime lok ma kurym karma ced aham if I would not perform prescribed duties, all
the worlds would become ruined (sambhvana)
sakarasya ca kart sym upahanym im praj I would be the creator of unwanted population, and I
would destroy the peace of all living beings (sambhvana)
245. The prefixes beginning with tup are called Vidht, and they are used for (blessings) and preraa
(advising/ordering) etc.
I. The Vidht suffixes:
a) Vidht-parapada
tu{p}
hi
ni{p}
tm
tam
va{p}
antu
ta
ma{p}
b) Vidht-tmapada
tm
sva
ai{p}
tm
thm
va{p}
antm
dhvam
ma{p}
I. Examples:
* cirat jva may you live a long life ()
* antim labhasva may you obtain peace ()
* bhaja govinda mha-mate worship Govinda, O fool! (Preraa)
* sarva-manava Kam bhajantu all men must worship Ka (preraa)
* Ka sarva-ibhi bhajyat Ka must be worshiped by all is (preraa)
* (BG 4.34) tad viddhi praniptena just try to learn the truth by approaching a spiritual master (preraa)
* (BG 3.43) jahi atrum mah-bho Kill the enemy, O mighty-armed one (preraa)
246. In past tense which does not include the same day, dip, etc., are used, and they are called Bhtevaras.
I. The Bhtevara suffixes:
Bhtevara parapada
d{ip}
s{ip}
{p}am
tm
tam
va
an
ta
ma
Bhtevara tmapada
ta
ths
i
tm
thm
vahi
anta
dhvam
mahi
II. Examples:
* govardhana-samipe gopl akran the cowherd boys played near Govardhana
* prabhupdo Vainava-mantram ajapat rla Prabhupda chanted the Vainava mantra
* sandipi-muny-rame Ka-Balarma sarvam apathatm Ka and Barma learned everything in the
rama of Sandipni Muni
* Vndvane Ka-Balarmau vrajavsinorakatm In Vndvana Ka and Balarma protected the
vrajavasis
* (BG 1.13) sa abdas tumulobhavat the sound became tumultuous
* (BG 1.46) rathopastha upviat he sat down again on the chariot
* (BG 11.14) ktnjalir abhata with folded hands he began to speak
247. The same suffixes dip etc. are also called Bhtea when they are used to indicate any past tense (even
for the same day).
I. Examples:
* (BG 18.74) savdam imm arausam I have heard this discussion
* (SB 3.2.4) sa muhrtam tnm abht for a moment he became silent
* (SB 4.20.2) indra haya-medha-atasya bhagam akrit Indra created a disturbance at the one
hundredth vamedha sacrifice
* (SB 6.2.42) dvija purun adrkit the brahmana saw the puruas (the Viudutas)
* (SB 6.12.20) bhavn jana-mohin mym atrit you have crossed my, which deludes the people
* (SB 8.6.1) rajan evam stuta sura-ganair bhagavn virbht O king, being thus praised by the demigods,
the Lord appeared
248. al etc., are called Adhokaja, and they are used in the past tense for an activity that was not witnessed
by the speaker.
I. The Adhokaja suffixes:
Adhokaja-parapada
{}a{l}
thal
{}a{l}
atus
athus
va
us
a
ma
Adhokaja-tmapada
e
se
e
te
the
vahe
ire
dhve
mahe
II. Examples:
* r bhagavn uvca the Supreme Personality of Godhead said
* (BG 1.18) akn dadmu pthak pthak each conchshell blew separately
* (BG 2.9) na yotsye iti govindam uktv gudkea tim babhuva I will not fight. After saying this to
Govinda, Arjuna fell silent
* (BG 10.13) ahus tvm aya sarve all is spoke about You
* (SB 6.2.42) dvija purun vavande The brahmana offered obeisances to the puruas (the Viudutas)
* (SB 8.7.43) jala-kalmaa ivasya gale nla cakra the poison from the water made a blue mark on Lord
ivas neck
249. The group of suffixes beginning with yat, ystm etc. are called Kmapla, and they are used to offer
blessings.
I. The Kmapla suffixes:
Kmapla-parapada
yt
ys
ysam
ystm
ystam
ysva
ysus
ysta
ysma
Kmapla-tmapada
sa
shs
sya
systm
systhm
svahi
sran
sdhvam
smahi
II. Examples:
* (SB 1.19.16) anante bhagavati ratir bhyt Let there be attraction towards the unlimited Lord
* (SB 4.1.57) bhagavn na sura-gann adabhra-karunena vilokanena dyt May the Supreme Lord look at
us demigods with a merciful glance
250. T etc. are called Blakalki, and they are used in the sense of qualifying and to form a future tense
which does not include the same day.
I. The Blakalki suffixes:
Blakalki-parapada
t
tsi
tsmi
trau
tsthas
tsvas
tras
tstha
tsmas
Blakalki-tmapada
t
tse
the
trau
tsthe
tsvahe
tras
tdhve
tsmahe
II. Examples:
* (BG 2.52) yad te moha-kalila buddhir vyatitariyati
tad rotavyasya rutasya ca nirvedam gant asi
When your intelligence has crossed the moha-kalila, the confused mass of illustion, at that time you will reach
the point of nirvedam, complete indifference, to what has been heard and what is to be heard
* (SB 1.13.59) viduras tad ascaryam niamya gant Vidura, after seeing that wonderful incident, will leave
that place
* (SB 10.2.22) ya atyanta-nsansitena varteta sa gat tamondham He who lives by very cruel mischief will
go to the hell known as Andhatama
251. Syati etc., are called Kalki, and they are used to form the future tense.
I. The Kalki suffixes:
Kalki-parapada
syati
syasi
symi
syatas
syathas
syvas
syanti
syatha
symas
Kalki-tmapada
syate
syase
sye
syete
syethe
syvahe
syante
syadhve
symahe
II. Examples:
* (BG 4.32) evam jtv vimokyase Thus knowing this you will be liberated
* (BG 4.34) tattva-darina jnam te upadekyanti They will initiate you into knowledge
* (BG 10.19) hanta te kathayiymi Yes, I shall speak to you
* (BG 18.66) aham tvm sarva-ppebhyo mokayiymi I will deliver you from all sinful reactions
* (BG 18.73) tava vacana kariye I shall execute your order
252. When there is kaka and kriytikrama in a relationship of cause and effect, then the suffixes syat
etc., are used, either in past or future tenses, and they are called Ajita.
I. Akaka and kriytikrama are explained as follows: In the example: If he would go to Vndvana, he would
see Ka
kaka What would happen if he would go to Vndvana (expectation)
kriytikrama He would see Ka (fulfills the expectation)
II. The Ajita suffixes:
Ajita parapada
syat
syas
syam
syatm
syatam
syva
syan
syata
syma
Ajita tmapada
syata
syathas
sye
syetm
syethm
syvahi
syanta
syadhvam
symahi
III. Examples:
* r Vndvana ced agamiyat Kam adrakyat If he had gone to Vndvana he would have seen Ka
(past)
If he would go to Vndvana he would see Ka (future)
* yadi r Ka-avataro nbhaviyat, daitya mukt nbhaviyan if r Ka avatara had not come, the
demons would not have become liberated
* (CC Adi 4.118) hari rdhik ca mathurym na cet avtariyat iyam viti vth abhaviyat If Lord
Hari had not descended in Mathura with rmati Rdhrni this entire creation would have been useless
253. All the suffixes that have p as it are called Pthu.

I. Some examples of Pthu suffixes: ti{p}, si{p}, ni{p}, {}a{p} etc.
II. In this and the next five sutras, the suffixes are classified according to their anubandhas. This classification,
which includes the tibdis and others, is important for the application of certain rules.
254. The suffixes the have as it are called Nsiha.
I. Example: {}a{l} of Adhokaja.
255. If k is it the suffixes are called Kapila.
I. Example: ya{k}.
256. If is it they are called Nirgua.
257. The Kapila and Nirgua suffixes are also called Kasri.
258. The suffixes that have as it are called iva.
I. Examples: {}a{p}, {}ya, {}nu, {}a, {}nam, {}n.
259. The first 9 suffixes of each group of Tibdis are called parapada.
260. The last ones are called tmapada.
261. Each group of nine suffixes is divided into three persons prathama-purua, madhyama-purua and
uttama purua (he, you, I).
262. The first 5 groups of Tibdis Acyuta etc. and the iva suffixes are called Ka-dhtukas.
I. The Ka-dhtukas are: Acyuta, Vidhi, Vidht, Bhtevara and Bhtea, plus all the iva suffixes.
263. All other pratyayas are called Rma-dhtukas.
I. Pratyaya is a general term for suffix. There are specifically four types of pratyayas: svdis, tibdis, kdantas
and tadhitas. Of these the svdis and tibdis are also called Viubhaktis. The kdanta and tadhita pratyayas
will be explained in the 5th and 7th chapter.
There are also other suffixes called vikaranas which are sometimes counted as pratyayas. These vikaranas
come between the dhtu and the tibdis.
II. The Rma-dhtukas are: Adhokaja, Kmapala, Balakalki, Kalki, Ajita, the kdantas and any vikarana which
is not iva.
264. The parapada Viubhaktis are used in kart-vcya.
I. Examples:
* Ka gopai vanam gacchati Ka goes to the forest with the gopas
* Ka-bhakta param siddhim pnoti The Ka-bhakta attains the supreme perfection
* (BG 4.8) sambhavmi yuge yuge I myself appear in each yuga

* (BG 18.54) brahma-bhuta prasanntm na ocati na kkati one who is Brahman realized and whose
mind is pacified does not lament nor desire anything
265. But if the dhtu is tmapada, or the pratyaya has in it, the kart-vcya is made with tmapada
Viubhaktis.
I. The dhtus are of three kinds: parapada, tmapada and ubhayapada. One can know to which category a
particular dhtus belongs by referring to a dictionary.
II. The parapada dhtus are those that take only parapada Viubhaktis for kart-vcya. The tmapada dhtus
never use the parapada Viubhaktis.
III. Examples:
* prabhupda Ke modate Prabhupada rejoices in Ka
* pandav kuruketre sva-bandhun kante In Kuruketra the Pandavas see their kinsmen
* (BG 1.29) gva srasate hastt Arjunas bow is slipping from his hand
* (BG 14.26) brahma-bhyya kalpate He becomes fit for Brahman realization
266. And the ubhayapada dhtus and those that have as it can take either parapada or tmapada
Viubhaktis for their kart-vcya.
I. Examples:
* (BS) govindam di-purua tam aham bhajmi I worship Govinda the primeval Lord
* (BS 5.56) bhaje vetadvpam tam aham I worship vetadvpa
* (BG 15.19) sa sarva-vid bhajati mm He, the knower of everything, renders devotional service to Me
* (BG 7.28) te bhajante m dha-vrat They render devotional service unto Me with determination
267. In karma-vcya only tmapada pratyayas are used.
I. Examples:
* (BG 3.38) vahnir dhmena vriyate Fire is covered by smoke
* (BG 4.14) sa karmabhir na badhyate He is not bound by karma
* (BG 6.35) abhysena vairgyena ca ghyate It is controlled by practice and renunciation
* (BG 9.1) yaj jtv aubht moyase Knowing which you will be released from inauspiciousness
268. In bhva-vcya, only prathama-purua eka-vacana of tmapada is used.
I. Explanation of kart, karma and bhva vcyas:
kart is the doer. The subject of the sentence.
Karma is the object of the sentence
In bhva-vcya the kriy itself is the subject of the sentence
II. Examples:
a) kart-vcya
kart
karma
kriy
________________________________________________
prabhupda
Kam
bhajati
________________________________________________
Translation: Prabhupda worships Ka

b) karma-vcya
karma
kart
kriy
________________________________________________
Ka
prabhupdena
bhajyate
__________________________________________________
Translation: Ka is worshiped by rla Prabhupda
c) bhva-vcya
kart
kriy
_______________________________________
prabhupdena
bhajyate
_______________________________________
Translation: The act of worshipping is done by rla Prabhupda
* Bhva-vcya can also have a relation with the object of the verb, but this is not common:
eg. Bhajyate Kam prabhupdena the act of worshipping Ka is done by rla Prabhupda.
* Bhva-vcya can also be used in Vidhi, Vidhat etc.
Example: bhaktai japyeta the act of chanting japa should be done by the bhaktas.
III. Summary of the last five sutras:
* The Parapada Viubhaktis are only used with parapada dhtus to form the kart-vcya, never for the
karma-vcya.
* For karma-vcya and bhva-vcya only tmapada Viubhaktis can be used.
* The tmapada dhtus only take tmapada Viubhaktis for both their kart amd karma vcyas.
* The ubhayapada dhtus can take either parapada or tmapada Viubhaktis for their kart-vcya. But their
karma and bhva vcya can only be made with tmapada Viubhaktis.
Kart-vcya
parapada dhtus | parapada Vbs
tmapada dhtus | tmapada vbs
ubhayapada dhtus | para/tma vbs
Karma-vcya
tmapada Vbs
tmapada vbs
tmapada vbs
Bhva-vcya
tmapada vbs
tmapada vbs
atmapada vbs
The Bhvdis
(The First Class of Verbs)
I. In Sanskrit there are 10 classes of dhtus according to the peculiarities of their conjugation. The first
class is called bhvdis, because it begins with the dhtu bh.
II. A dhtu is a verbal root, from which the different verbal forms are developed, including the infinitive.
Therefore the infinitive should not be equated with the dhtu. The dhtu cannot be used in a sentence as an
independent word it has to be inflected. The dhtu vid, for example, from which the word veda is formed,
converys the idea of knowing or having knowledge. But to express the infinitive to know vid becomes
veditum (BG 18.1).
III. The meaning of a dhtu is given in Sanskrit in saptami. The English translation will be the infinitive minus
to.
First part: Bvdi-parapada-prakriy

Most of the sutras of this section are general rules, also applicable to tmapada, ubhayapada, and to other
classes as well.
269. When a dhtu is followed by a Ka-dhtuka pratyaya, ap is inserted.
270. The last letter of a dhtu takes Govinda before the pratyayas.
I. A-dvaya does not take Govinda. Only the as take Govindas (116).
II. Bh, sattym be, become, exist etc.
Bh, Acyuta (1P) kart-vcya:
bh + tip (269) bh + {}a{p} + ti{p} (270) bho + a + ti (52) bhavati (he is)
bh + tas (269) bh + {}a{p} + tas (270) bho + a + tas (52, 93) bhavata (they two are)
III. Other examples of Acyuta kart-vcya:
a) ji, jaye (1P) conquer
ji + tip (269) ji + {}a{p} + ti{p} (270) je + a + ti (51)jayati (he conquers)
b) rak{a}, plane (1P) protect
rak + tip (269) rak + {}a{p} + ti{p} rak + a + ti rakati (he protects)
c) gai, abde (1P) sing
gai + tip (269) gai + {}a{p} + ti{p} (51) gyati
d) sm, cintayan (1P) remember
sm + tip (269) sm + {}a{p} + ti{p} (270) smarati
270a. Any Ka-dhtuka which is not Pthu must be considered Nirgua.
I. According to 262 {}a{p} is Ka-dhtuka, because it is also Pthu it is not Nirgua.
271. A-Rma is Hara before e or a, but not at Viupadnta.
I. Bh + anti (269) bh + {}a{p} + anti (270) bho + a + anti (271) bho + anti (52) bhavanti (they are)
II. Other cases:
bh + sip bh + {}a{p} + si{p} bho + a +si bhavasi (you are)
Similarly bhavatha (you two are), bhavatha (you all are)
III. Ji + anti jayanti (they conquer)

rak + anti rakanti (they protect)
gai + anti gayanti (they sing)
sm + anti smaranti (they remember)
272. Vmana a becomes trivikrama before v or m.
I. Bh, Acyuta (kart-vcya):
bhu + mip (269) bh + {}a{p} + mi{p} (270) bho + a + mi (272) bho + + mi (52) bhavmi ( I am)
bh + vas (269) bh + {}a{p} + vas (270) bho + a + vas (272) bho + + vas (52, 93) bhavva (we two are)
bh + mas bhavma (we are)
bhavati
bhavasi
bhavmi
bhavata
bhavatha
bhavva
bhavanti
bhavatha
bhavma
II. Arc, pujyam (1P) worship

arcati
arcasi
arcmi
arcata
arcatha
arcva
arcanti
arcatha
arcma
273. In bhva and karma-vcya, yak is inserted before the Ka-dhtuka pratyayas.
I. This sutra modifies 269. Ya{k} is apavada (an exception) of ap (s17)
II. Ya{k} is Kapila and therefore also Kasri.
274. There is no Govinda or Vindra of a when the dhtu is followed by Kasari.
I. This sutra modifies 270.
II. The dhatu bh, sattym (1P) be, exist, become etc., used in the examples until now is an akarmaka dhtu
(intransitive verb), therefore it cannot be used in karma-vcya, or passive voice. The example in karma-vcya
given here correspond to another dhtu (bh, prptau (1U) obtain) which is transitive (sakarmaka), and
belongs to the tenth class.
II. Bh, prptau Acyuta (karma-vcya)
bh + te (273) bh + ya{k} + te (274) bh + ya + te bhyate (it is obtained)
Similarly: bh + se bhyase
275. changes to if it comes after Vmana a and before t or th.
I. Bh, praptau Acyuta (karma-vcya):
bh + te (273) bh + ya[k] + te (274) bh + ya + te (275) bh + ya + te (41) bhyete (the two are obtained)
Similarly bh + the bhyethe
bh + ante (273) bh + ya[k] + ante (274,271) bh + y + ante bhyante
Similarly bh + e bhye
bh + vahe (273, 274, 272) bhyvahe
bhyate
bhyase
bhye
bhyete
bhyethe
bhyvahe
bhyante
bhyadhve
bhymahe
II. Jap[a], vyaktym vci mnase ca (1p) mutter, meditate

jap[a], Acyuta (karma-vcya):
japyate
japyase
japye
japyete
japyethe
japyvahe
japyante
japyadhve
japymahe
276. After a the syllable y changes to .

I. Bh, vidhi (kart-vcya):
bh + yt (269) bh + []a[p] + yt (270) bho+ a + yt (276) bho + a + t (41) bho + et (52) bhavet (he should
be)
Similarly: bh + ytam bhavetm
bh + ys bhave
bh + yva bhaveva
277. All dhtus can replace tup and hi with tat if they are used in the sense of i.
I. Bh, vidht (kart-vcya):
bh + tu[p] (269) bh + []a[p] + tu[p] (270) bho + a + tu bhavatu (may he be)
or: (279) bh + tat (269) bh + []a[p] + tt[a] (270) bho + a + tt (52) bhavatt
280. After a there is Hara of hi.
I. Bh, vidhat (kart-vcya):
bh + hi (269) bh + []a[p] (270) bho + a + hi (2 forms):
a) (280) bho + a (52) bhava (may you be)
b) (279) bho + a tt[a] (52) bhavatt
bhavatu/bhavatt
bhava/bhavatt
bhavni
bhavatm
bhavatam
bhavva
bhavantu
bhavata
bhavma
II. Khd[a], bhakane (1p) eat

khd[a], vidht (kart-vcya):
khdatu/khdatt
khda/khdatt
khdni
khdatm
khdatam
khdva
khdantu
khdata
khdma
IV. Bh, prptau vidht (karma-vcya):

There are no special rules for this tense.
Bh + tm (273) bh + ya[k] + tm (274) bhyatm (it should be obtained)
bhyatm
bhyetm
bhyantm
bhyasva
bhuyai
bhyethm
bhyvahai
bhyadhvam
bhymahai
V. Bhaj[a], sevym (1P) worship

bhaj[a], vidht, (karma-vcya):
bhajyatm
bhajyasva
bhajyai
bhajyetm
bhajyethm
bhajyvahai
bhajyantm
bhajyadhvam
bhajymahai
281. Pra etc are called Upendra when they are used as prefixes to the dhtus.

Vyakarana

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R HARINMMTA VYKARANA

Harikamalas, Harikhadgas, Harigadas, Harighosas, Harivenus:

5. Vmana First vowel of each ektmaka is called a Vmana (short vowels)

Eg: 2.41, 9.11

Eg: 2.18, 2.20, 7.19

3. The second part is called pratyaya.

6. The nmas are of four classes:

8. After Davatara the a-rma of the suffixes am and as is Har.

23 After Vmana and after e or o, Buddha disappears.

hari + i (35) hari + au{c} (37) har + au harau

SAKHI AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH HARI-SAJA

42. The first five svdis are called Pavas.

THE FOLLOWING ARE GENERAL RULES:

31. The nit suffixes are called Vnis.

42. The first five svdis are called Pavas.

hant + am (52A) hantr + am hantram

glau + su (7) glau

SARVEVARNTA LAKM LING

c) r + {}e (47) riy + e (2 forms as per 67)

d) bhagavat + as bhagavatas (7) bhagavata

Similar: uanas, anehas, vedhas.

(Examples appeear under sutra 94)

IV. Words listed in 91:

Also: na, ghtasp, yad, md, kd, bhavd, tvd, etd

a) pathin + su (102) pathi + su (103) path + su (103) pa n{uk} th + su (7) panth

d) anau + bhym (89a, 112a) anaudbhym

III. Words ending in ir and ur:

a) upnah + su (52 upnah (117b) upnadh (61s) upnahd (94) upnat/d

118. In vh, v is replaced by h before Bhagavat suffixes.

c) Similarly: Kavha, Kavham

39. bhavatu (2nd person, honorific) you, Your Lordship etc.

nema are optionally declined as Ka-nma before jas.

B) ubhaya (singular and plural):

141. Before su, d of adas changes to s, and su to auc.

Note: Another form of amusmt is amuta, and of amumin is amutra.

I. A) yuvbhym + ak (146a) yuv.ak.bhym yuvakbhym

III. Another form of kasmt is kuta, and for kasmin is kutra.

1) tad + su (77) tad (94) tat

154. After the avyayas, all the svdis are Mah-Hara.

The Acyuta suffixes:

The Vidhi suffixes:

The Vidht suffixes:

The Bhtevara suffixes:

The Adhokaja suffixes:

The Kmapla suffixes:

The Blakalki suffixes:

The Kalki suffixes:

The Ajita suffixes:

253. All the suffixes that have p as it are called Pthu.

These are the roots, beginning with bh.

II. The Acyuta suffixes:

III. Example: bhaj{a} (worship) in Acyuta-parapada (active voice):

* Ka vainavena bhajyate Ka is worshipped by the Vainava

253. All the suffixes that have p as it are called Pthu.

* (BG 4.8) sambhavmi yuge yuge I myself appear in each yuga

Translation: Prabhupda worships Ka

First part: Bvdi-parapada-prakriy

III. Ji + anti jayanti (they conquer)

II. Arc, pujyam (1P) worship

II. Jap[a], vyaktym vci mnase ca (1p) mutter, meditate

276. After a the syllable y changes to .

II. Khd[a], bhakane (1p) eat

IV. Bh, prptau vidht (karma-vcya):

V. Bhaj[a], sevym (1P) worship