Dien Tu Tuong Tu

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
BI TP IN T TNG T
Ti liu dng cho h i hc - Cao ng ngnh
in - in t v in t - Vin thng
Bin son: Ths. L C TON
H NI 2009
2
Li ni u
Cun ny c dng gip sinh vin hc mn in t tng t. y l cun
ti liu tham kho b ch cho sinh vin ngnh in t - Vin thng v in - in t.
Trong qu trnh bin son tc gi trnh by ni dung theo trnh t cc chng ca
cun bi ging in t tng t.
Ni dung cun sch c chia lm 3 phn:
Phn 1 Tm tt ngn gn l thuyt theo th t cc chng.
Phn 2 Bi tp c li gii gip sinh vin lm quen vi cch gii.
Phn 3 Bi tp cho sinh vin t gii.
Trong qu trnh bin son mc d c nhiu c gng, nhng khng th trnh
c sai st, tc gi mong nhn c s gp ca bn c sa cha v b sung
thm.
Tc gi
PHN I
Chng I
TM TT L THUYT
KHUCH I V CC KHI NIM C BN TRONG

KHUCH I
I. Cc tham s c bn ca mt tng khuch i

Khuch i l qu trnh bin i nng lng c iu khin, nng lng mt
chiu ca ngun cung cp (khng cha thng tin) c bin i thnh nng lng
xoay chiu theo tn hiu iu khin u vo (cha thng tin) lm cho tn hiu ra ln
ln nhiu ln v khng mo.
1. H s khuch i
K=
i lng u ra
i lng tng ng u vo
Khuch i in p ta c KU.
Khuch i dng in ta c KI.
Khuch i cng sut ta c KP.
V tng khuch i c cha cc phn t in khng nn K l mt s phc.

K = K exp(j.k)
Phn m un |K| th hin quan h v cng (bin ) gia cc i lng u ra

v u vo, phn gc k th hin dch pha gia chng. Nhn chung ln ca |K| v
k ph thuc vo tn s ca tn hiu vo.
th hmK| = f() gi l c tuyn bin - tn s ca tng khuch i.
th hm k=f() gi l c tuyn pha - tn s ca tng khuch i.
C th tnh K| theo n v dB theo cng thc:
K| (dB) = 20lgK|
Nu c n tng khuch i mc lin tip th h s khuch i s l:
KTP = K1.K2..Kn
Vi n v dB s l:
KTP(dB) = K1(dB) + K2(dB) +.+ Kn(dB)
2. Tr khng li vo v li ra
Tr khng li vo, li ra ca tng khuch i c nh ngha:
ZV =
UV
.
IV
Zr =
Ur
.
Ir
3. Mo tn s
Mo tn s l mo do khuch i ca mch khuch i b gim vng hai u
gii tn. vng tn s thp c mo thp M t, vng tn s cao c mo tn s cao M C.
Chng c xc nh theo biu thc:
Mt =
Trong :
K0
;
Kt
MC =
K0
KC
K0 l h s khuch i vng tn s trung bnh.

KC l h s khuch i vng tn s cao.
Kt l h s khuch i vng tn s thp.
4. mo phi tuyn
Mo phi tuyn l khi UV ch c thnh phn tn s m u ra ngoi thnh phn hi co
bn cn xut hin cc thnh phn hi bc cao n (n = 2, 3, 4...) vi bin tng
^
ng U 2 , U 3 ,......U n gim dn. Mo phi tuyn l do tnh cht phi tuyn ca cc phn t
nh tranzito gy ra.
H s mo phi tuyn c tnh:
)
)
)
U 2 2 + U 32 + ... + U n 2
=
%
)
U1
5. Hiu sut ca tng khuch i

Hiu sut ca mt tng khuch i l i lng c tnh bng t s gia cng
sut tn hiu xoay chiu a ra ti Pr vi cng sut mt chiu ca ngun cung cp P0.
=
Pr
%
P0
II. Phn cc v ch lm vic mt chiu ca Tranzito lng cc

1. Nguyn tc chung phn cc tranzito lng cc
C hai cch phn p cho Tranzito l phng php nh dng v nh p Baz nh
hnh v:
+Ucc
RB
Rc
+Ucc
IP
Cr
+
Cv
+
Uv
R1
IB0
Cv
Rc
Cr
+
Ur
Ur
Uv
R2
Hnh 1-1: nh dng Baz
Hnh 1-2: nh p Baz
Hnh 1.1 l phng php nh dng Baz, t s ta c:

I B0 =
U CC U BE 0 U CC
(v UBE0 nh).
RB
RB
Hnh 1.2 l phng php nh p Baz, thc t th IB0 << IP nn ta c:

U BE 0
U CC
.R2
R1 + R2
2. Hin tng tri im lm vic v cc phng php n nh

Trong qu tnh lm vic ca Tranzito im lm vic tnh c th b dch chuyn do
nhit hay tp tn ca n. gi im lm vic ca Tranzito n nh ngi ta dng cc
phng php n nh im lm vic.
C hai phng php n nh:
+12V
a. n nh tuyn tnh: dng hi tip m mt

chiu lm thay i thin p mch vo ca
Tranzito hn ch s di chuyn ca im lm
vic.
Hnh 1-3 l s n nh im lm vic
bng hi tip m in p. y RB va lm
nhim v a in p vo cc gc bng phng
php nh dng Baz, va dn in p hi tip
v mch vo. Nu c mt nguyn nhn mt n
nh no lm cho dng mt chiu I C0 tng ln
th in th UCE0 gim (do UCE UCC IC0.RC)
lm UBE0 gim, ko theo dng IB0 gim lm cho
IC0 gim (v IC0 = . I B 0 ), ngha l dng IC0 ban
u c gi n nh tng i.
Hnh 1-4 l s n nh im lm vic
bng hi tip m dng in. Trong s ny R E
lm nhim v hi tip m dng in mt chiu.
Khi IC0 tng do nhit tng hay do tp tn
tham s ca tranzito th in p h trn RE (UE0
= IE0.RE) tng. V in p UR2 ly trn in tr
R2 hu nh khng i nn in p
U BE0 =
UR2 - UE0 gim, lm cho IB0 gim, do IC0
khng tng ln c, tc l IC0 c gi n nh
tng i.
b. n nh phi tuyn: dng phng php b
nhit nh cc phn t c tham s ph thuc vo
nhit nh tranzito, it, in tr nhit.
Rc
Cr
+
RB
Cv
+
Ur
Uv
Hnh 1-3
+12V
R1
Cv
Cr
+
Uv
Rc
Ur
R2
RE
Hnh 1-4
III. Phn cc v ch lm vic mt chiu ca Tranzito trng

V nguyn tc, vic cung cp v n nh im lm vic ca Tranzito trng cng
ging nh vi Tranzito lng cc. i vi Tranzito trng xc nh im lm vic
thng qua ID, UGS, v UDS. JFET lm vic trong min khuch i phi c cc iu
kin sau:
1. 0 < |ID| < |IDSS|
2. in p cc ca cc ngun: UP < UGS vi knh n
UP > UGS vi knh p
+UD
+UD
RD
R1
Cr
Uv
+
Q1
RG
Ur
Rs
Q1
+
Uv
Cr
Cv
Ur
Cv
RD
Cs
R2
Rs
Cs
b.
Hnh 1-5. S cung cp v n nh im lm vic cho JFET
Phng trnh hm truyn t ca JFET:
I D = I DSS (1
U GS 2
)
UP
(1)
V dng qua RG gn nh bng khng nn ta c:

UGS = - ID.RS
(2)
im lm vic tnh l giao im ca phng trnh (1) v (2).

Mch n nh im lm vic dng hi tip m thng qua R S. Nu khng mun hi
tip m xoay chiu ta thm CS nh trn mch in. Vi mt s mch c th thm R 1 (it
dng).
u im ln nht ca Tranzito trng l tr khng vo rt ln, nn R G t nh
hng ti tr khng vo ca mch ngi ta chn RG rt ln (c M).
IV. Hi tip trong mch khuch i
Hi tip l ghp mt phn tn hiu ra (in p hoc dng in) ca b khuch i v
u vo thng qua mch hi tip.
Phn loi hi tip:
- Hi tip dng: tn hiu hi tip cng pha vi tn vo, hi tip dng s lm b
khuch i mt n nh, do n khng c s dng trong mch khuch i, hi tip
dng c s dng trong mch to dao ng.
7
- Hi tip m: tn hiu hi tip ngc pha vi tn hiu vo, hi tip m ng vai tr rt

quan trng trong mch khuch i. N ci thin cc tnh cht ca mch khuch i.
XV
XR
K
Xht
K ht
Hnh 1-6: S khi b khuch i c hi tip.

- Trong hi tip m c hi tip m mt chiu v hi tip m xoay chiu.
+ Hi tip m mt chiu c dng n nh im lm vic tnh.
+ Hi tip m xoay chiu c dng n nh cc tham s ca b khuch i.
- Mch in b khuch i c hi tip c phn lm 4 loi:
+ Hi tip ni tip in p: Tn hiu a v u vo ni tip vi ngun tn hiu
vo v t l vi in p u ra.
+ Hi tip ni tip dng in: Tn hiu a v u vo ni tip vi ngun tn
hiu vo v t l vi dng in ra.
+ Hi tip song song in p: Tn hiu a v u vo song song vi ngun tn
hiu vo v t l vi in p u ra.
+ Hi tip song song dng in: Tn hiu a v u vo song song vi ngun
tn hiu vo v t l vi dng in ra.
1. Cc phng trnh ca mng 4 cc khuch i c hi tip
XV
K
Xh
Xht
XR
K ht
Hnh 1-7: S khi b khuch i c hi tip.

T s ta c:
XR = K.Xh; Xht = Kht.XR; Xh = Xv Xht.
T 3 phng trnh trn ta rt ra c:
K'=
K
(*)
1 + K .K ht
Trong :
K l h s khuch i ca mng 4 cc khuch i c hi tip m.
KV = K.Kht gi l h s khuch i vng.
g = 1 + K.Kht gi l su hi tip.
Khi K.Kht>>1 theo biu thc (*) ta c:
K'=
1
.K ht
T biu thc ny ta c nhn xt: mt b khuch i c hi tip c h s khuch i

vng rt ln th hm truyn t ca n (K) hu nh khng ph thuc vo tnh cht ca
b khuch i m ch ph thuc vo tnh cht ca mch hi tip. Tc l cc tham s
ca b khuch i khng nh hng n hm truyn t ca b khuch i c hi tip
m ch ph thuc vo cc tham s ca mch hi tip.
2. nh hng ca hi tip m n tng khuch i
2.1. Lm gim h s khuch i.
Hi tip m lm h s khuch i ca tng khuch i c hi tip gim g ln
K'=
K
g
g = 1 + K.Kht l su hi tip.
2.2. Lm thay i tr khng vo, tr khng ra ca mch.
- Hi tip m song song lm gim tr khng vo ca tng khuch i c hi tip g ln.
ZV = Zv/g
- Hi tip m ni tip lm tng tr khng vo ca tng khuch i c hi tip g ln.
ZV = ZV.g
- Hi tip m in p lm gim tr khng ra ca tng khuch i c hi tip g ln.
ZR = ZR/g
- Hi tip m dng in lm tng tr khng ra ca tng khuch i c hi tip g ln.
ZR = ZR.g
Trong Zv, ZR l tr khng vo ra ca tng khuch i. Zv, ZR l tr khng vo
ra ca tng khuch i c hi tip m.
2.3. Tng rng di thng
Trn hnh 1-8 ng nt lin l c tuyn bin tn s ca b khuch i khng
c hi tip m. Nt t l c tuyn bin tn s ca b khuch i c hi tip m.
Ta c th nhn thy khi c hi tip m h s khuch i ca ton tng gim nhng gii
thng ca n c tng ln (f > f).
K / 2
K'/ 2
f
f
Hnh 1-8. c tuyn bin tn s ca b khuch i

Ngoi ra hi tip m cn c tc dng quan trng trong khuch i nh:
- Gim nhiu.
- Gim mo phi tuyn.
- Gim mo tn s.
- Lm n nh h s khuch i.
Chng II CC S C BN CA TNG KHUCH I

10
TN HIU NH
I. S dng Tranzito lng cc
1. S Emit chung (EC)
+12V
+UCC
R1
IB
Rc
+
Cv
Cr
+
Uv
Ur
+
R2 RE
rBE I
B
Uv
rCE
Rc
Ur
CE
Hnh 2-1. S Emit chung
Hnh 2-2. S tng ng Emit chung

cung
Tr khng vo ca mch
ZV = rBE
Tr khng ra
ZR = rCE//RC RC
H s khuch i dng
Ki =
H s khuch i in p
KU = - S.RC = -
.R
rBE C
Gc pha
Tn hiu ra ngc pha tn hiu vo.
2. S Colect chung (CC)
Tr khng vo ca mch
ZV = rBE + (+1)RE.
Tr khng ra
ZR = RE// (
rBE
).
+1
H s khuch i dng
11
Ki = + 1
H s khuch i in p
KU = 1.
Gc pha
Tn hiu ra cng pha tn hiu vo.
+Ucc
R1
IB
rBE
Cv
RCE
Uv
Cr
RE
Uv
R2
RE
Ur
Ur
Hnh 2-3. S Colect chung
Hnh 2-4. S tng ng Colect chung
3. Baz chung (BC)

+Ucc
R1
Rc
Cv
rCE
+
Cr
RE
U Ur v
+
Uv
CB
R2
Hnh 2-5. S Baz chung
RE
rBE
IB
Ur
Rc
Hnh 2-6. S tng ng Baz chung
Tr khng vo ca mch
ZV = RE //
rBE
Tr khng ra
ZR = rCE//RC RC
H s khuch i dng
12
Ki = 1
H s khuch i in p
.R
rBE C
KU = S.RC =
Gc pha

II. S dng Tranzito trng
1. S cc ngun chung (SC)
+UD
RD
Cr
gmUGS
Ur
Cv
Uv
UV
+
Q1
Rs
RG
RG
Rgs
Rds
RD
UR
Cs
Hnh 2-7.S cc ngun chung (SC)
Hnh 2-8. S tng ng SC
Tr khng vo ca mch
ZV = RG//RGS = RG
Tr khng ra
ZR = RD//RDS
H s khuch i in p
KU = -gm.(RD//RDS)
Gc pha
Tn hiu ra ngc pha tn hiu vo.
2. S cc mng chung (DC)
Tr khng vo ca mch
ZV = RG.
Tr khng ra
Z R = RS //
1
.
gm
13
+UD
gmUGS
Rgs
Cv
Uv
Q1 Cr
Rds
RG
Uv
Ur
RG
Rs
Rs
Ur
H s khuch i in p
KU = 1
Gc pha
3. S cc cng chung (GC)
+UD
gmUGS
Rds
RD
Cv
Cr
Q1
Uv
Ur
Ur
Uv
Rs
Rgs
RD
Rs
Tr khng vo ca mch
ZV = RS //
1
gm
Tr khng ra
Z R = RD
H s khuch i in p
KU = g m R D
Gc pha
III. nh hng ca ni tr ngun tn hiu v in tr ti n mch khuch i
14
Iv
Rn
Ir
Zr
Un Uv
Ur
Zv
Rt
K.Uv
Hnh 2-13. S tng ng mng 4 cc khuch i

Gi s ta c tng khuch i hnh 2-13. Trong K l h s khuch i, Z V v ZR l
tr khng vo ra ca tng khuch i.
T s ta c h s khuch i ton phn ca mch l:
KUtp =
Ta c:
UR =
UR
Un
(1)
K .UV
U ( Z + Rn )
.Rt v U n = V V
Z R + Rt
ZV
Thay vo biu thc (1) ta c:

KUtp = K .
ZV
Rt
.
ZV + Rn Rt + Z R
(2)
Nh vy khi c ni tr ngun v in tr ti th h s khuch i in p b gim.

T biu thc (2) ta cng c nhn xt tr khng vo ca mch cng ln cng tt, tr
khng ra ca mch cng nh cng tt.
Chng III TNG KHUCH I CNG SUT

15
I. Ch cng tc v im lm vic ca tng khuch i cng sut (KCS)

Tng khuch i cng sut l tng khuch i cui cng ca b khuch i, c tn
hiu vo ln. N c nhim v khuch i cho ra ti mt cng sut ln nht c th
c, vi mo cho php vo bo m hiu sut cao.
Cc tham s c bn ca tng khuch i cng sut l:
- H s khuch i cng sut Kp l t s gia cng sut ra v cng sut vo.
Kp =
Pr
PV
- Hiu sut l t s cng sut ra v cng sut cung cp mt chiu P0.

=
Pr
.%
P0
Hiu sut cng ln th cng sut tn hao trn cc gp ca tranzito cng nh.
Tu thuc vo im l vic tnh ca tranzito m tng khuch i cng sut c th
lm vic cc ch A, AB, B v C.
IC
PCma
Cmax
x
Khu vc
bo ha
A
AB
B
0
IB=0
UCC
Khu vc tt
UCE
b)
Hnh 3-1. im lm vic ca cc ch khuch i
Ch A l ch m im lm vic tnh ca Tranzito nm gia ng ti mt
chiu, ch ny tn hiu c khuch i c hai bn chu k. ch ny dng
tnh lun ln hn bin dng in ra nn mo nh nhng hiu sut rt thp (<50%),
ch ny ch dng khi yu cu cng sut ra nh.
Ch B l ch m im lm vic tnh ca Tranzito l im chuyn tip gia
vng tt v vng khuch i ca n. ch ny tn hiu c khuch i mt na
chu k. Nh vy ch B c dng tnh bng khng nn hiu sut cao (trn di 78%).
16
Ch AB l ch m im lm vic tnh ca Tranzito l im gia ch A v

ch B. ch ny tn hiu c khuch i hn mt na chu k. Lc ny dng
tnh b hn ch A nn hiu sut cao hn (<70%). Ch AB v B c hiu sut
cao nhng mo ln. gim mo ngi ta dng mch khuch i kiu y ko.
Ch C l ch m im lm vic tnh ca Tranzito nm trong vng tt. ch
d ny tn hiu c khuch i nh hn mt na chu k. N c dng trong cc
mch khuch i cao tn c ti l khung cng hng chn lc sng hi mong mun
v c hiu sut cao.
IC
IC
(A)
IC
IC
(AB)
IC0
(C)
(B)
IC0
0
c)
Hnh 3-2. Dng dng in ra ng vi cc ch cng tc ca Tranzito.
II. Tng khuch i cng sut ch A
1. S E chung
+Ucc
RB
Rc
Cr
+
Cv
+
Ur
Uv
Hnh 3-3.Tng cng sut mc E chung

^
PR ~ =
U R .I R
2 2
Nu b qua vng tt v vng bo ha ca Tranzito t th hnh 3.4 ta thy:

^
U Rmax U CE 0 =
U CC
2
I Rmax I C 0
17
Cng sut ra ln nht:

PR ~ max =
U CC .I C 0
4
Cng sut ngun cung cp cho mch:

P0 = U CC .I C 0
Ta c hiu sut cc i ca mch l:

=
PR ~ max
1
.100% = .100% = 25%.
P0
4
IC
EC
RC
IC0
O
Q
IB0
IB= 0
0
UCE0
UCC
UCE
UCE
U
C
t
Hnh 3-4. Dng tn hiu trn c tuyn ra

Hiu sut ny l b qua vng tt v vng bo ha, trn thc t hiu sut cc i
ca mch nh hn 25%.
Nu u ra ghp in dung vi ti th hiu sut ra cn nh hn na v tn hiu b tn
hao trn RC.
tng hiu sut cho mch ngi ta thng ghp bin p vi ti. Khi va phi
hp c tr khng vi ti va khng b tn hao cng sut ngun trn RC.
2. S E chung ghp bin p vi ti
C th nhn thy ng ti 1 (hnh 3-6) chiu gn nh song song vi trc tung do
in tr thun ca cun W1 l rt b.
18
+Ucc
R1
Uv
W1
W2
Rt
C
Q
Hnh 3-5. Tng cng sut ghp bin p

IC
ng ti 1 chiu
IBmax
B
Q
IC0
IC
IB0
IBmin
U 0 U CEmaxA
U CE minCEU
CC
UCE
UC

B qua vng tt v vng bo ha ca Tranzito ta c cng sut ra:
^
PR ~ =
U R .I R
2. 2
T th ta thy:
^
U Rmax U CE 0 = U CC
^
I Rmax I C 0
19
Cng sut ra ln nht:

PR ~ max =
U CC .I C 0
2

P0 = U CC .I C 0

=
PR ~ max
1
.100% = .100% = 50%.
P0
2
IE
3. S C chung
IBmax
+Ucc
B
RB
Cv
IE0
IE
IB0
IBmin
Rt
Uv
Ur
U
U CE minCE 0 U CEmaxA
Hnh 3-7. Tng cng sut mc

Colector chung
^
PR ~ =
UCE
UR
U R .I R
2 2
Nu b qua vng tt v vng

bo ha ca Tranzito t th ta
thy:
^
U Rmax U CE 0 =
U CC
2
I Rmax I E 0
Cng sut ra ln nht:

PR ~ max =
U CC .I E 0
4

P0 = U CC .I E 0
20

=
PR ~ max
1
.100% = .100% = 25%.
P0
4
Nu u ra ghp in dung vi ti th hiu sut ra cn nh hn na v tn hiu b tn

hao trn RE.
+Ucc
+Ucc
RB
Cv
RB
Cv
+
+
Uv
T1
Cr
Cr
+
+
RE
R1
Uv
Rt
Hnh 3-9. Tng cng sut mc Colector
T2
D
Rt
Hnh 3-10. Thay RE bng ngun dng
chung ghp in dung vi ti

tng hiu sut cho mch ngi ta thay R E bng mt ngun dng (hnh 3-10) khi
dng tn hiu s hon ton i qua Rt, do s t c hiu sut gn 25%. T 2, R1, D
to thnh ngun dng.
III. Tng khuch i cng sut y ko
Khi mun tng hiu sut v cng sut ra ngi ta dng tng khuch i y ko.
Tng khuch i y ko gm t nht l hai Tranzito mc chung ti, chng s thay
nhau khuch i hai na chu k tn hiu.
Tng y ko c hai cch mc l y ko ni tip v y ko song song. y ko
song song phi ghp bin p vi ti.
y ko c th dng Tranzito cng loi hoc khc loi (mt Tranzito thun mt
tranzito ngc). Nu dng Tranzito khc loi th tn hiu a vo hai tranzito l cng
pha, nu dng Tranzito cng loi th tn hiu a vo hai tranzito l ngc pha, do
trc tng y ko dng Tranzito cng loi phi c tng o pha tn hiu.
Tng y ko thng lm vic ch B hoc AB cng c th lm vic ch A
nhng t gp. Ch B cho cng sut v hiu sut ra ln hn nhng mo ln hn ch
AB. Hiu sut v Cng sut ra ca hai ch ny l gn bng nhau, do khi tnh
ton n gin ngi ta tnh cc thng s ny ch B.
1. Tng khuch i cng sut y ko ghp bin p
Mch gm hai Tranzito Q1 v Q2 thay nhau khuch i hai na chu k tn hiu.
BA2 l bin p ghp 2 na chu k tn hiu a ra ti. Cun s cp ca BA2 bao
gm hai cun c s vng l W1 qun cng chiu, cun s cp c s vng l W2.
21
+Ucc
R1
Q1
BA1
BA2
R2
Uv
W1
W1
W2
Ur
Rt
Q2
Hnh 3-11. Tng y ko ghp bin p

BA1 l bin p o pha a hai na chu k tn hiu vo Q1 v Q2, cun th cp
bao gm hai cun c s vng bng nhau v qun cng chiu.
Mch c th lm vic ch B hoc AB. Nu chn R 1 v R2 gi tr in p
mt chiu trn cc Baz ca Q1 v Q2 tha mn th mch lm vic ch AB. Nu
mun mch lm vic ch B tc l in p mt chiu trn cc Baz ca Q 1 v Q2
bng khng, khi ch vic b R1 v ni tt R2.
Nguyn l lm vic ca mch:
+ Vi na chu k dng ca tn hiu qua BA1 cc Baz ca Q1 dng nn Q1 s
khuch i, cc Baz ca Q2 m nn Q2 tt . Trn cun W 1 ni vi cc Collect ca
Q1 s c dng IC1 = 1.IB1, dng ny s qua BA2 a ra ti, cn trn cun W 1 ni vi
cc Collect ca Q2 khng c dng do Q2 tt.
+ Vi na chu k m ca tn hiu qua BA1 cc Baz ca Q 2 dng nn Q2 s
khuch i, cc Baz ca Q1 m nn Q1 tt . Trn cun W1 ni vi cc Collect ca Q2
s c dng IC2 = 2.IB2, dng ny s qua BA2 a ra ti, cn trn cun W 1 ni vi cc
Collect ca Q1 khng c dng do Q1 tt.
Nh vy trn ti s c hai na chu k tn hiu c khuch i.
tnh cng sut v hiu sut ca mch th ch cn tnh trong mt na chu k tn
hiu. V hiu sut v cng sut ca hai ch AB v B l gn bng nhau nn n
gin ta tnh cng sut v hiu sut ra ch B.
Khi c tn hiu trn Collect ca Q 1 v Q2 s c in tr ti Rt' do Rt phn nh qua
BA2. Rt' c tnh nh sau:
Rt' = n2.Rt
Trong :
n=
w1
l t s BA2.
w2
Ta c phng trnh ng ti xoay chiu cho Q1:

U CE ~ = U CC I C ~ .Rt'
22
ng ti xoay chiu c v trn hnh 3-12. ng ti 1 chiu gn nh thng

ng do in tr thun ca cun W1 rt b.
ng ti xoay chiu
ng ti 1 chiu
IC
I
C
IC0
0
UCEmin
UCEmax UCC
UCE
UC
Hnh 3-12. ng ti 1 chiu, xoay chiu v
dng tn hiu ra.
Cng sut ra ca mch c tnh:
^
U R .I R
PR ~ =
2
Cng sut ra cc i:
^
PR ~ max
U R ~ max . I R ~ max
=
2
Cn c vo th ta thy:
^
U R ~ max = U CEmax U CE min U CC

^
I R ~ max = I C ~ max
U CC
Rt'
Nh vy cng sut ra cc i ca mch l:

PR ~ max =
2
U CC
2.Rt'
Cng sut ca ngun cung cp:
23
P0 = iTB .U CC
^
iTB
1 ^
2. I C ~ max
= I C ~ max sin( t ).d ( t ) =
0
2
2.U CC
2. I C ~ max
P0 =
.U CC =
.Rt'
Hiu sut ln nht ca mch:

=
PR ~ max
.100% = .100% = 78,5%

P0
4
2. Tng khuch i cng sut y ko ni tip

2.1. Tng khuch i cng sut y ko ni tip dng Tranzito cng loi
+Ucc
R1
RC
T1
Cv
T3
Uv
T2
R2
RE
Rt
UR
-Ucc
Hnh 3-13. Tng y ko dng Tranzito cng loi

V tng ra l y ko dng Tranzito cng loi nn trc n l tng o pha, tng
o pha l T3 n c nhim v o pha tn hiu a ti u vo T 1 v T2. Phi chn
RC v RE tha mn tn hiu ta khng b mo, ng thi phi nh thin sao cho khi
khng c tn hiu vo in p mt chiu trn collet ca T 2 v emit ca T1 bng
khng khng c dng mt chiu qua ti.
Vi na chu k dng tn hiu ti collect ca T 3 ngc pha tn hiu vo nn tr
thnh na chu k m do T 1 tt cn tn hiu trn emit ng pha tn hiu vo nn
vn l na chu k dng do T 2 thng, lc ny trn ti c dng in t l vi na
chu k dng ca tn hiu. Dng in chy t t, qua Rt, qua T2 v -UCC.
Vi na chu k m tn hiu ti collect ca T 3 ngc pha tn hiu vo nn tr
thnh na chu k dng do T 1 thng cn tn hiu trn emit ng pha tn hiu vo
nn vn l na chu k m do T 2 tt, lc ny trn ti c dng in t l vi na chu
k m ca tn hiu. Dng in chy t +UCC, qua T1, qua Rt v t.
24
ng ti xoay chiu
IC
IR
IC0
0
UCEmax UCC UCE
UCEmin
UR
Hnh 3-14. ng ti xoay chiu v dng tn hiu ra.
Ta c th tnh
v hiu sut ln nht ca mch nh sau:
cng sut ra
Cng sut ra ca mch:

^
U R .I R
PR ~ =
2
Cng sut ra cc i:
^
PR ~ max
U R ~ max . I R ~ max
=
2
Cn c vo th ta thy:
^
U R ~ max = U CEmax U CE min U CC

^
I R ~ max = I C ~ max
U CC
Rt
Nh vy cng sut ra cc i ca mch l:

PR ~ max =
2
U CC
2.Rt
Cng sut ca ngun cung cp:
25
P0 = iTB .U CC
^
iTB
1 ^
2. I C ~ max
= I C ~ max sin( t ).d ( t ) =
0
2
2.U CC
2. I C ~ max
P0 =
.U CC =
.Rt
Hiu sut ln nht ca mch:

=
PR ~ max
.100% = .100% = 78,5%

P0
4
2.2. Tng khuch i cng sut y ko ni tip dng Tranzito khc loi
+Ucc
T1
Cv
+
Uv
UR
Rt
T2
-Ucc
Hnh 3-15. Tng y ko dng

tranzito khc loi
IB
IB
T1
T1
UBE0
IB1
IB0
IB0
0
UBE
IB2
IB1
UBE0
t
IB2
T2
T2
b.
Hnh 3-16. Dng tn hiu khi tng y ko lm vic ch

B(a) v ch AB(b)
26
T1 v T2 lm vic ch B v thay nhau khuch i hai na chu k tn hiu nh

mch dy ko dng tranzito cng loi. Vi mch ny s xy ra mo tn hiu ra (hnh
3-16.a) vng chuyn tip ca na chu k dng v m do tnh phi tuyn ca c tuyn
vo, gn gc to khng thng. trnh vng mo ngi ta a tn hiu vo vng
tuyn tnh ca c tuyn, bng cch dch na chu k dng sang phi mt on l
UBE0, v dich na chu k m sang tri mt on l U BE0 (tc l cung cp cho UBE0 ca
T1 v T2 in p ban u). Hay l dch c tuyn vo ca T 1 sang tri mt on l UBE0,
v dch c tuyn ca T2 sang phi mt on l UBE0 nu gi c nh tn hiu vo (hnh
3-16.b). Khi mch s lm vic ch AB.
+Ucc
+Ucc
Rc
Rc
T1
T1
R1
D2
R1
D2
D1
D1
Cv
+
Uv
Cv
T2
T3
R2
Rt
CR
+
Uv
T2
T3
R2
Rt
-Ucc
a.
b.
Hnh 3-17. Tng y ko lm vic ch AB
tng khuch i lm vic ch AB mch in s nh hnh 3-17.a, theo

mch in ta c 2UDT = UBE01 + UEB02, tc l UBE mi tranzito c cp in p ban
u l UDT. Mch c th dng ngun n nh hnh 3-17.b, khi u ra phi c C R
ngn dng mt chiu qua ti ng thi np in na chu k dng cp cho T 2
na chu k m.
C th tng cng sut ra ca mch bng cch thay T 1 v T2 bng cc cp Darlington
nh hnh 3-18, khi phi c 4 it mc ni tip nhau v lc ny c 4UBE0.
+Ucc
Rc
T1
D4
R1
D3
D2
D1
Cv
Rt
+
Uv
R2
T3
T2
-Ucc
Hnh 3-18. Tng cng sut y ko dng Darlington

27
Chng IV B KHUCH I THUT TON

I. Tnh cht v tham s c bn
1. Cc tnh cht c bn
B khuch i thut ton (KTT) l IC khuch i c h s khuch i rt ln, tr
khng vo ln, tr khng ra nh. B khuch i thut ton ng vai tr quan trng v
c dng rng ri trong khuch i, to tn hiu sin, xung, trong mch n p, b lc
tch cc
K hiu ca b khuch i thut ton nh hnh 2.1.
+E
UP
UN
UR
Ud
-E
Hnh 4-1. K hiu ca b KTT

+ UN in p vo ca o
+ UP in p vo ca thun
+ UR in p li ra
+ B khuch i thut ton c cp ngun i xng E.
+ Ud l in p vo hiu:
Ud = U P - U N
Khi a tn vo ca thun th tn hiu ra ng pha vi tn hiu vo. Khi a tn

hiu vo ca o th tn hiu ra ngc pha tn hiu vo.
- B khuch i thut ton l tng c cc tnh cht sau:
+ Tr khng vo ZV = .
+ Tr khng ra ZR = 0.
+ H s khuch i K0 = .
2. H s khuch i hiu
K0 l h s khuch i khng ti
K0 =
UR
UR
=
Ud UP U N
Thc t tn s thp K0 thng c gi tr t 103 106.

c tuyn truyn t ca b khuch i thut ton hnh 4-2.
28
Hnh 4.2. c tuyn truyn t ca b KTT

T c tuyn truyn t ca b KTT thy rng trong min tuyn tnh khi U d tng
th UR tng v ngc li, cn hai min bo ha khi U d thay i th UR lun khng i
v bng cc tr s -URmax (gi l in p bo ha m), +U Rmax (gi l in p bo ha
dng). Cc gi tr ny khng ph thuc in p vo v nh hn in p ngun t 1V
n 3V.
Thc t th min tuyn tnh rt hp, tc l U d ch bin i trong khong t -vi mV
n +vi mV. Trong qu trnh tnh ton vi b KTT l tng th U d coi nh bng
khng.
3. c tuyn bin tn s v c tuyn pha
Hnh 4-3. c tuyn bin tn s v c tuyn pha
ca b KTT
29
Hnh 4-3 l c tuyn bin tn s v c tuyn pha ca b KTT. Tn s gii

hn di fd = 0, tc l khuch i c in p mt chiu, tn s gii hn trn l f t l t
tn s m h s khuch i gim 2 ln (3dB). Ti tn s f 0 h s khuch i bt u
gim v xut hin gc lch pha gia Ud v UR. Nu tn s tip tc tng th h s
khuch i cng gim v gc lch pha cng ln.
4. H s nn ng pha
Nu t vo ca thun v ca o ca b KTT mt in p ng pha tc l:
UP = UN = UCM 0 (UCM gi l in p ng pha), theo l thuyt th lc U R = 0V,
nhng thc t th khng nh vy: UR = KCM. UCM.
KCM gi l h s khuch i ng pha. Nu l tng th K CM = 0. nh gi b
KTT thc t vi l tng ngi ta a ra h s nn ng pha:
K0
K CM
G=
Gi tr ny cng ln th b KTT cng gn vi l tng, thng G = 103 105.

II. Cc mch khuch i
1. Mch khuch i o
Iht
I1
Hnh 4-4. Mch khuch i o

V tr khng vo ca b KTT bng v cng nn dng vo ca o ca n bng
khng.
Ti nt N ta c:
I1 + Iht = 0
(1)
Ta li c:
Ud = UP - UN = 0V.
M UP = 0V nn UN = 0V.
I1 =
UV U N UV
=
R1
R1
I ht =
UR UN UR
=
Rht
Rht
(2)
(3)
Thay (2), (3) vo (1) ta c:
30
UV U R
R
+
= 0 U R = ht UV
R1 Rht
R1
Kd =
Rht
R1
Nh vy khi c hi tip m h s khuch i ca mch nh hn K 0 v ch ph

thuc vo linh kin ngoi. Nu chn R 1 bng Rht th UR = UV mch c tnh cht o
in p.
Tr khng vo ca mch:
ZV =
UV
UV
=
= R1 .
I1
(UV U d ) / R1
2. Mch khuch i khng o
Rht
Uv
Ur
R1
Hnh 4-5. Mch khuch i thun

V dng vo ca b khuch i thut ton rt nh v Ud =0V nn:
UV = U N =
Kt =
UR
R1
R1 + Rht
R
UR
= 1 + ht
UV
R1
Tr khng vo ca mch:
ZV = rd + ( R1 // Rht ) = . (rd l tr khng vo ca b KTT).
3. Hin tng tri v b in p lch khng

Khi s dng b KTT lm mch khuch i th phi mc thm cc in tr ngoi.
Dng tnh trn cc ca vo s gy st p trn cc in tr, do in tr cc ca vo l
khc nhau nn cc st p ny s khc nhau, hiu in th ny l in p lch khng.
in p lch khng ny s c khuch i a ti u ra.
kh in p lch khng th ngi ta s mc sao cho in tr trn cc ca l bng
nhau khi in p lch khng s bng khng.
Nh vy trong mch khuch i o (hnh 4-6) ca thun khng ni trc tip xung
t m thng qua mt in tr R c tr s:
R = R1//Rht.
31
i vi mch khuch i thun (hnh 4-7) in p vo khng a trc tip ti ca

thun m thng qua mt in tr R c tr s:
R = R1//Rht.
R
Rht
R1
Rht
Uv
Uv
Ur
Ur
R1
Hnh 4-6. Mch kh in p lch khng
Hnh 4-7. Mch kh in p lch khng
III. Cc mch in ng dng b KTT

1. Mch cng
1.1. Mch cng o
U1
U2
I1
R1
I2
R2
Rht
Iht
In
Rn
Un
P
Ur
Hnh 4-8. Mch cng o.

V UN = UP = 0V nn p dng quy tc dng in nt ti N:
I1 + I 2 + ...... + I n + I ht = 0
U
U1 U 2
U
+
+ ..... + n + R = 0
R1 R2
Rn Rht
U R = (
Rht
R
R
.U1 + ht .U 2 + ..... + ht .U n )
R1
R2
Rn
Nu chn R1 = R2 = .....= Rn = Rht/

U R = (U1 + U 2 + ..... + U n ) .
32
1.2. Mch cng khng o
U1
U2
I1
I2
In
Un
P
Ur
N
Rht
R1
Hnh 4-9. Mch cng thun

V dng vo ca b KTT xp x bng khng nn ta c th tnh in p ti N nh
sau:
UN =
UR
R1
Rht + R1
(1)
p dng quy tc dng in nt ti P ta c:

I1 + I 2 + .... + I n = 0
Un U p
U1 U P U 2 U p
+
+ ..... +
=0
R
R
R
(2)
Do UN = UP thay (1) vo (2):

U1 + U 2 + .... + U n = n
UR =
UR
.R1
R1 + Rht
R1 + Rht
(U1 + U 2 + .... + U n )
nR1
2. Mch tr
I1
R1
R2
U1
U2
R3
I2
Ur
P
R4
Hnh 4-10. Mch tr

33
Ti nt P:
UP =
U2
R4
R3 + R4
(1)
Ti nt N:
I1 + I 2 = 0
U1 U N U R U N
+
=0
R1
R2
(2)
V UN = UP nn thay (1) vo (2) ta c:

U1
UR =
U2
U2
R4 U R
R4
R3 + R4
R3 + R4
+
=0
R1
R2
R4 ( R1 + R2 )
R
U 2 2 U1
R1 ( R3 + R4 )
R1
Nu chn R2 = R1, R4 = R3 ta c:
UR = (U2 U1)
3. Mch tch phn
Mch tch phn l mch c tn hiu ra t l vi tch phn tn hiu vo.
t
U R = K U v dt
0
Iv
Uv
Ic
Ur
Hnh 4-11. Mch tch phn

V UN = UP = 0V nn UR = UC
Ti ca N:
IV + I C = 0
UV
dU C
+C
=0
R
dt
UV
dU R
+C
=0
R
dt
t
1
UR =
UV dt + U R 0
RC 0
34
Ti thi im t = 0 thng UR0 = 0 nn:

t
UR =
1
1
UV dt = UV dt
RC 0
0
= RC gi l hng s tch phn.

4. Mch vi phn
Mch vi phn l mch c tn hiu ra t l vi vi phn tn hiu vo.
UR = K
dUV
dt
R
C
Ic
Uv
IR
Ur
Hnh 4-12. Mch vi phn

Ti ca N:
IC + I R = 0
C
dU C U R
+
=0
dt
R
M UC = UV (do UN = Up = 0V) nn:

dUV U R
+
=0
dt
R
dUV
dUV
U R = RC
=
dt
dt
C
Trong = RC gi l hng s vi phn.

5. Mch to hm logarit
D
IR
Uv
ID
Ur
Hnh 4-13. Mch to hm logarit

Biu thc dng trn it:
35
I D = I S (e
U AK
mUT
1)
Trong :
ID
Dng thn trn it
IS
Dng ngc bo ha
UT
in p nhit (26mV/250C)
UAK
in p thun trn it
H s hiu chnh gia l thuyt v thc t
Trong min lm vic ID >>IS nn ta c th vit

I D = I S .e
U AK
mU T
Ti ca o ca b KTT:
ID = IR
ID =
I S .e
UV
R
U AK
mU T
UV
R
y UAK = -UR
U R = U AK = mU T ln(
UV
)
IS R
6. Mch to hm i logarit
R
ID
Uv
IR
Ur
Hnh 4-14. Mch to hm i logarit

Tng t nh trn (mc 5) ta c:
I D = I S .e
U AK
mU T
Do Ud = 0V nn UV = UAK
Ti ca o ca b KTT:
36
IR = ID
U
AK
U
R = I D = I S .e mUT
R
U R = R.I S .e
U AK
mU T
7. Mch nhn
Hnh 4-15. Mch nhn

T s tng qut ta c:
U Z = exp(ln U X + ln U Y )
U Z = U X .U Y
Trong thc t qua mi mch s c mt h s truyn t no nn tng qut :

U Z = K .U X .U Y
Nu chp hai u vo vi nhau (UX = UY) ta c mch bnh phng:

U Z = K .U X2
8. Mch chia
Hnh 4-16. Mch chia

37
T s ta c:
U Z = exp(ln U X - ln U Y )
UZ =
UX
UY
UZ = K.
UX
UY
Tng qut :
9. Mch so snh
Mch so snh li dng h s khuch i K 0 rt ln ca b KTT. c tuyn truyn
t ca b KTT gm hai min bo ha v mt min tuyn tnh. V K 0 rt ln nn c
tuyn trong min tuyn tnh gn nh thng ng, nu l tng th c tuyn trng vi
trc UR.
Hnh 4-17. c tuyn truyn t ca b KTT

Ta c UR = K0(UP UN), v K0 = (l tng) nn khi UP > UN th UR bo ha
dng v khi UP < UN th UR bo ha m.
Mch so snh s dng b KTT a U ch (in p chun) vo mt ca, ca kia a
in p cn so snh. Ty thuc vo gi tr in p cn so snh ln hay nh hn U ch m
UR s bo ha dng hay bo ha m.
Vi mch hnh 4-18 ta c:
Khi UV < Uch (hay UN < UP) th UR = +URmax (bo ha dng).
Khi UV > Uch (hay UN > UP) th UR = -URmax (bo ha m).
38
Uv
Ur
Uch
Hnh 4-18. Mch so snh
Hnh 4-19. c tuyn truyn t
Vi mch hnh 4-20 ta c:

Khi UV < Uch (hay UN > UP) th UR = -URmax (bo ha m).
Khi UV > Uch (hay UN < UP) th UR = +URmax (bo ha dng).
Uv
Ur
Uch
Hnh 4-20. Mch so snh
Hnh 4-21. c tuyn truyn t
39
Chng V
MCH TO DAO NG IU HA
I. Khi nim chung v dao ng

Mch to dao ng c s dng rng ri trong cc thit b in t. mch to dao
ng l mch khi c cp ngun th n s to ra tn hiu. Tn hiu y c th l dao
ng sin hay cc dng xung vung, tam gic, rng caTrong chng ny ch nghin
cu dao ng iu ha (tn hiu sin).
S khi ca mt mch dao ng iu ha theo nguyn l hi tip trn hnh 5-1
gm hai khi l khi khuch i c h s khuch i K v khi hi tip c h s truyn
t Kht. Hi tip trong mch dao ng iu ha l hi tip dng.
c dao ng th phi tha mn iu kin:
+ K.Kht = 1 gi l iu kin cn bng bin .
+ K + ht = 2n gi l iu kin cn bng pha
(y l iu kin hi tip dng).
Thc t mch c th pht sinh dao ng
th K.Kht > 1, do bin ra s b mo dng
do b gii hn bi ngun nui. c bin ra
n nh v khng mo th trong mach dao ng
phi c mt khu iu chnh sau khi pht
sinh dao ng n s iu chnh cho K.K ht = 1
bin dao ng l khng i.
Hnh 5-1.S khi mch to

dao ng iu ha
II. Mch dao ng LC

Mch to dao ng LC s dng khung cng hng LC to dao ng, tn s dao
ng ca mch chnh l tn s ca khung cng hng.
1. Mch dao ng ghp bin p
+Ucc
*
R1
L1
L
*
Cr
C1
Ur
R2
RE
CE
Hnh 5-2. Mch dao ng ghp bin p

Mch s dng bin p a tn hiu hi tip tr v. Mch khuch i mc Emiter
chung nn K = , tha mn iu kin cn bng pha th ht = , do cun s cp
40
v cun th cp phi qun ngc chiu. Khi tha mn c iu kin cn bng bin
(tc l K.Kht =1) th mch s pht sinh dao ng ti tn s: fdd =
1
2 LC
2. Mch to dao ng ba im
S khi mch to dao dao ng ba im hnh 5-3.
Z3
Z2
Z1
Hnh 5-3. S khi mch to

dao dao ng ba im
tha mn iu kin cn bng pha phi c iu kin:
+ X1, X2 > 0 v X3 < 0. Ta c mch dao ng ba im in cm.
+ X1, X2 < 0 v X3 > 0. Ta c mch dao ng ba im in dung.
Khi tha mn thm iu kin cn bng bin (tc l K.K ht =1) th mch s pht
sinh dao ng, v tn s dao ng ca mch l nghim ca phng trnh:
X1 + X 2 + X 3 = 0
VD: Mch dao ng ba im in cm hnh 5-4 v mch dao ng ba im in dung
hnh 5-5.
Mch in hnh 5-4 cho tn s dao ng fdd =
Mch in hnh 5-5 cho tn s dao ng fdd =
1
2 ( L1 + L2 )C
1
2 LC
Do chn C << C1, C2 nn C Ctd.
41
+Ucc
+Ucc
R1
Rc
C2
R1
+
C1
Rc
Cv
C1
CE
RE
R2
L1
R2
L2
Hinh 5-4. Mch dao ng ba im

in cm.
CE
C2
RE
Hinh 5-5. Mch dao ng ba im

in dung.
III. Mch dao ng RC

Mch to dao ng RC thng c s dng to dao ng tn s thp. Mch
s dng RC trong khu hi tip.
1. Mch dao ng dng 3 mt RC trong khu hi tip
Mch s dng ba mt RC trong khu hi tip, phn t khuch i c th dng
Tranzito hoc b KTT nh hnh 5-6.
+Ucc
R1
Rc
Cr
Ur
a.
R2
RE
CE
Hnh 5-6. Mch dao ng 3 mt RC dng b KTT (a), dng Tranzito (b)
Khu hi tip gm 3 mt RC c tch ra nh hnh 5-7.
C
Ur
Hnh 5-7. Khu 3 mt RC
Uht
42
K ht =
Vi =
U ht
UR
1
.
1 5 j (6 2 ) 2
2
1
.
RC
Vi ht = khi 2 = 6 v K ht =
1
29
mch c th dao ng th phi tha mn iu kin cn bng pha v cn bng

bin , nn mch khuch i phi c:
K = 29 v K = .
Khi tn s dao ng ca mch l:
= 6
f dd =
1
= 6 =
RC
1
6 RC
1
2 6 RC
Vi mch s dng b KTT K = th tn hiu hi tip phi a v ca o.

Mch dng b KTT R1 va tham gia trong khu hi tip va tham gia trong khu
khuch i do :
R1 = R v K = 29 =
Rht
Rht = 29 R1 .
R1
Mch dng tranzito phi chn sao cho R = R 1//R2//rbe v phi c K =29 cn K
bng v mch khuch i mc Emiter chung.
2. Mch dao ng dng mch cu Vin trong khu hi tip
R2
R1
+E
Ur
+
-E
C
R
Hnh 5-8. Mch dao ng cu Vin

K ht =
U ht
UR
UP
UR
1
1
3 + j ( RC
)
RC
43
Khi RC
1
1
= 0 th ht = 0 v K ht =
RC
3
mch c th dao ng th phi tha mn iu kin cn bng pha v cn bng bin

, nn mch khuch i phi c:
K = 0 tc l tn hiu hi tip c a v ca thun.
v K = 3 = 1 +
R2
R2 = 2 R1 .
R1
IV. Mch dao ng dng thch anh

Khi yu cu mch dao ng c tn s n nh cao th dng mch dao ng thch
anh. Thch anh c nhng tnh cht tt nh: bn c hc cao, t chu nh hng bi
nhit , m v tc dng ha hc.
Thch anh c tnh cht p in, tc l di tc dng ca in trngth sinh ra dao
ng c hc v ngc li khi c dao ng c hc th sinh ra in tch, do c th
dng thch anh nh mt khung cng hng. S tng ng ca thch anh nh
hnh 5-10.
Hnh 5-9. K hiu ca Thch anh
Hnh 5-10. S tng ng ca Thch

anh
Trong : Cp l in dung gi .
Lq, Cq, rq ph thuc vo kch thc thch anh v cch ct n. Thch anh c kch
thc cng nh th Lq, Cq, rq cng nh v tn s dao ng cng cao.
thay i tn s cng hng ring ca thch anh ngi ta mc ni tip n vi
mt t in nh hnh 5-11.
Hnh 5-11.
Thch anh c hai tn s cng hng: Mt tn s cng hng song song f p v mt
tn s cng hng ni tip f q. Ty theo cch mc m mch s cho tn s dao ng l f p
hay fq.
kch thch phn t thch anh hot ng trong mch cng hng ni tip (hnh
5-12), ngi ta mc n ni tip vi phn t hi tip. Ti tn s cng hng ni tip tr
khng ca thch anh l nh nht v khi hi tip dng l ln nht.
44
Khi thch anh cng hng song song (hnh 5-13) th tr khng ca n l ln nht.
Ti tn s cng hng song song thch anh c coi nh mt phn t in khng ln
nht. V mch in lc ny l mch dao ng 3 im in dung.
Mt s mch dao ng dng thch anh:
Hnh 5-12. Mch cho tn s dao

ng ni tip (fq)
Hnh 5-13. Mch cho tn s dao

ng song song (fp)
45
Chng VI
MCH XUNG
I. Khi nim chung

Tn hiu xung l tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian. Tn hiu xung thng c gi theo
hnh dng ca n: xung vung, xung tam gic, xung rng ca, xung nhn
U
tx
0
t
T
tq
tqn
T
tx
t
T
Hnh 6-1. Cc dng tn hiu xung

Cc tham s ca tn hiu xung
Cc tham s c bn ca tn hiu. xung l bin , rng xung, rng sn
trc, sn sau, st nh (hnh 6-2).
-
Bin xung xc nh bng gi tr ln nht ca tn hiu xung , k hiu .
rng sn trc v sn sau xc nh khong thi gian tng, gim ca bin

xung trong khong 0,1 n 0,9 .
rng xung tx l khong thi gian tn ti ca tn hiu xung.
st nh xung U th hin mc gim bin on nh xung.

Vi dy xung tun hon c cc tham s c trng sau:
Chu k lp li T, tn s xung f = 1/T.
H s lp y = tx/T.
Trong mch to xung Tranzito v b KTT lm vic ch kha.

- Ch kha ca tranzito gm hai trng thi tt v thng bo ha do in p t u
vo iu khin.
- Vi b KTT im lm vic nm trong vng bo ha, in p ra ch hai mc bo
ha m hoc bo ha dng.
46
U
U
ttr
tx
ts
Hnh 6-2. Cc tham s ca tn hiu xung

II. Trig
Trig l mch c hai trng thi n nh. Khi c ngun mch mt trng thi n
nh no . Khi c mt xung vo mch chuyn i trng thi mt ln .
1. Trig o
Uv
Ur
UP(+)
R1
UP(-)
R2
Tra
Hnh 6-3. Trig o
Hnh 6-4. Dng tn hiu vo v ra
T dng sng ta thy khi Uv c gi tr m ln , mch trng thi bo ho dng

Ur = +Urmax , trn li vo thun c:
U P(+) =
+U r max
.R2 .
R1 + R2
Uv tng dn, trng thi ny vn khng i cho ti khi Uv > U P(+) in p vo

hai u IC i du nn u ra t bin sang trng thi bo ho
m, Ura = -Urmax lp tc qua mch phn p a v ca thun in
p:
U P () =
U r max
.R2 .
R1 + R2
47
in p vo tng ln ri gim xung. Khi UV < UP(-), in p u vo IC i du lm

u ra IC lt trng thi sang bo ho dng Ur = +Urmax. V c nh vy, khi tc dng
in p sin vo ca o, u ra ta nhn c dy xung vung c rng xung:
tx=Txvo/2.
Txra = Txvo.
2. Trig thun
R2
R1
Uv
Ur
Hnh 6-5. Trig thun
Hnh 6-6. Dng tn hiu vo ra
Ti ca thun ca b KTT ta c:
UV U P U R U P
+
=0
R1
R2
UP =
UV .R2 + U R .R1
R1 + R2
UP > 0 khi UV >
R1
.U R
R2
(1)
R1
.U R
R2
(2)
UP < 0 khi UV <

U ng =
R1
U Rmax
R2
Khi Uv c gi tr m ln , mch trng thi bo ho m UR = -URmax, lc ny

R1
U Rmax ,Uv tng dn, trng thi ny vn khng i cho ti khi Uv > U ng, t (1) ta
R2
thy UP > 0 nn u ra lt trng thi sang bo ho dng U R =
R1
+URmax, lc ny U ng = U Rmax .
R2
U ng =
48
in p vo tng ln ri gim xung. Khi UV < Ung, t (2) ta thy UP < 0 nn u ra

lt trng thi sang bo ho m Ur = -Urmax. V c nh vy, khi tc dng in p sin vo
ca thun, u ra ta nhn c dy xung vung.
III. Mch dao ng a hi
1. Mch dao ng a hi dng tranzito
- Nguyn l hot ng:
Coi nh mch bnh thng, xung ra c bin n nh, xt ti
thi im mch ang trng thi T1 tt, T2 thng (bo ho). Lc
ny t C2 (trc np in) ang phng in t +C2 qua T2,
ngun nui, qua in tr R3 n -C2 t in p m ln cc gc T1
lm cho UB1 < 0 gi T1 tt trong mt khong thi gian. ng thi vi
qu trnh , t C1 np in t +UCC qua R1 n +C1, -C1 qua rBET2 n t nhanh chng

n in p bng UCC (do trong mch c R1<<R3) lm cho Ura1 nhanh chng tng ln
bng UCC (Ura1 = UCC).
+Ucc
R1
C1
R2
T1
Ura1
R3C
R4
T2
Ura2
Hnh 6-7. Mch dao ng da hi dng Tranzito

Do C2 phng lm cho UB1 tng dn,
khi UB1> 0 T1 thng xut hin dng
IB1, IC1 v tng ln lm cho Ura1 gim,
qua t C1 dn n UB2 gim, dng T2
gim v Ura2 tng. Qua C2 lng tng
a vo cc gc T1 lm cho UB1 tip
tc tng, dng qua T1 tip tc tng. Hi
tip dng xy ra nhanh chng (xem
nh tc thi) lm cho T1 thng (bo
ho), T2 tt.
Tip theo t C1 li phng in qua T1,
ngun nui v in tr R2 gi cho T2
tt
trong mt khong thi gian. T C2 np
in t ngun +UCC qua R4 v in tr
rBET1, nhanh chng n in p bng
UCC do c R4<<R2 lm cho Ura2 tng
nhanh ln mc Ura2 = UCC.
Hnh 6-8. Dng xung ra

49
Dng phng gim lm cho UB2 tng ln . Khi UB2 > 0 T2 thng tr li, T1 tt mch
chuyn sang trng thi ban u.
Cc tham s xung ra:
Bin xung ra:
U r U CC
rng xung tx1 l thi gian T1 tt, t C2 phng in qua R 3 nn tx1 c tnh:
tx1 = R3.C2ln2 0,7 R3.C2.
Tng t tx2 l thi gian T2 tt, t C1 phng in qua R2 nn tx2 c tnh:
tx2 = R2.C1ln2 0,7R2.C1
Chu k dao ng ca mch:
T = tx1+ tx2 = 0,7(R3.C2+R2.C1)
Tn s dao ng ca mch:
f =
1
1
=
T 0, 7( R3 .C2 + R2 .C1 )
Vi mch i xng ta c:
R1 = R4 = RC; R2 = R3 = RB; C1 = C2 = C; cc tranzito T1, T2 cng loi:
tx1 = tx2 = 0,7.RB.C
T = 2tx = 1,4.RB.C
f =
1
1
=
T 1, 4.RB .C
2. Mch dao ng a hi dng b KTT

Mch a hi t dao ng dng b KTT hnh 6-9 v dng xung cc cc theo thi
gian nh hnh 6-10.
Phn tch nguyn l lm vic ca mch bt u ti thi im mch ang trng
thi bo ho dng Ura = +Urmax. Lp tc qua mch phn p R1 R2 a v ca thun
mt in p:
R
Ur
P
R2
R1
Hnh 6-9. Mch dao ng a hi dng b KTT

50
U P (+) =
+U R max
R1
R1 + R2
T C trc np in p m, phng in qua u ra IC, in tr R, khi phng ht

in p m ri np tip lm cho UC tng ln. Khi UC > UP(+) th u ra lp tc t bin
v -URmax, mch chuyn sang trng thi bo ho m.
Qua mch phn p R1 R2 a v ca thun mt in p:
U P ( ) =
U R max
R1 .
R1 + R2
T C ang np th phng in (do in p ra i cc tnh) qua in tr R lm cho

UC gim xung khng, ri np tip v pha URmax. Khi UC < UP(-) th u ra t bin t
-Urmax v +Urmax, mch chuyn sang trng thi bo ho dng. C nh vy mch t
lm vic chuyn t trng thi ny sang trng thi khc cho dy xung vung u ra.
Hnh 6-10. Dng tn hiu trn cc ca b KTT

Khi ngun nui i xng c +Urmax= |-Urmax| th rng xung tx c xc nh:
t X = RC.ln(1 +
2R 1
)
R2
Nu chn R1 = R2 th:
tx = R.C.ln3 1,1R.C
Chu k dao ng:
51
T = 2tx 2,2 R.C

Tn s dao ng:
f=
1
1
=
T 2,2R.C
IV. Mch hn bin

Mch hn ch bin cn gi l mch xn bin, trong tn hiu ra ur lun t l
vi tn hiu vo (uV) nu uV cha vt qu mt gi tr ngng cho trc, cn khi uV
vt qu mc ngng th tn hiu ra ur lun gi mt gi tr khng i. Cc linh kin
tch cc c s dng trong mch hn ch thng l it, tranzito hay IC.
Phn loi: Hn ch trn.
Hn ch di.
Hn ch hai pha.
C ba loi trn u c th mc mch song song hoc ni tip ty vo cch mc ti
song song hay ni tip vi it. Sau y ta s xt cc mch hn ch dng it l tng.
Cc mch hn ch bin ch cho kt qu l tng khi h mch u ra (Z R = ) v
it l tng
1. Hn ch trn
Hn ch trn l mch m khi UV < Ung th UR = UV, khi UV > Ung th UR = Ung.
VD: Mch in hnh 6-11.
U
R
D
Uv
Ur
Hnh 6-11. Mch hn ch trn
UV
UR
2. Hn ch di
Hn ch trn l mch m khi UV < Ung th UR = UV, khi UV > Ung th UR = Ung.
52
UU
RR
R
D
Uv
+
Ur
E
UV
Hnh 6-13. Mch hn ch di
3. Hn ch hai pha
Hn ch trn l mch m khi Ung1 < UV < Ung2 th UR = UV, khi UV > Ung2 th
UR = Ung2 v khiUV < Ung1 th UR = Ung1.
D1
Uv
+
E1
D2
+
Ur
E2
Hnh 6-15. Mch hn ch hai pha
U
E2
UV
UR
t
0
E1
53
V. Mch to xung rng ca

1. Cc tham s ca xung rng ca
Tn hiu xung rng ca c s dng rng ri trong cc thit b in t, chng hn
lm tn hiu qut trong cc my hin sng, lm tn hiu so snh bin i in p hay
thi gian.v.v...
U
tqt
tqn
T
Hnh 6-17: Tn hiu xung rng ca
Trn hnh 6-17 l mt tn hiu xung rng ca thng thng. N bao gm hai phn,
phn bin thin tuyn tnh theo thi gian gi l thi gian qut thun t qt v phn cn li
l thi gian qut ngc tqn. Cc mch to tn hiu rng ca phi bo m sao cho thi
gian qut thun ln hn rt nhiu thi gian qut ngc. Bin ca xung rng ca l
^
U . Tn hiu rng ca c th dng hay m, thc hin qut ln hoc qut xung v
mch to xung rng ca c th hot ng ch i hay t dao ng.
Trong thc t, phn qut thun ca xung rng ca khng hon ton tuyn tnh. Do
nh gi cht lng ng qut ca xung rng ca, ta a ra h s phi tuyn , nh
ngha nh sau:
=
trong :
'
U (0)
U ('tqt )
'
U (0)
'
U (0)
l dc im bt u ng qut thun.
U ('tqt ) l dc im kt thc ng qut thun.
Ngoi ra mch qut cn c nh gi theo hiu sut s dng ngun cung cp.
^
U
=
EC
^
Vi U l bin , EC l in p ngun. Ni chung tn hiu rng ca c to ra da

trn qu trnh np v phng ca t. Cc mch to xung rng ca u da theo mt
trong ba nguyn l c bn sau:
54
- Np, phng cho t bng mch RC n gin.

- Np hoc phng cho t qua ngun dng n nh.
- Dng hi tip n nh dng np cho t.
2. Mch to xung rng ca dng RC n gin
Trn hnh 6-18 l s nguyn l to xung rng ca dng mch RC n gin.
Trong mch tranzito hot ng ch kho. Bnh thng, khi khng c xung kch
Uv
+Ec
RB
t
0
Rc
Cv
Uv
UR
Ur
EC
Ur
t
0
Hnh 6-18. Mch to xung rng ca
Ubh
tqt
tqn
thch, tranzito thng bo ho do c cung cp dng I B kh ln qua, do tn hiu ra

U r 0 . Khi
UV
mch c kch thch xung m, tranzito tt, t C np in t ngun E C qua R. in p

trn t tng dn theo biu thc:
U R = EC (1 e t / RC )
Khi xung vo kt thc tranzito thng v bo ho tr li, t C phng in nhanh qua

tranzito ti gi tr gn bng khng. Thi gian qut thun ca mch bng thi gian tn
ti ca xung vo, cn thi gian qut ngc l thi gian phng in ca t C.
Nhc im ca loi mch ny l cht lng tuyn tnh ca phn qut thun
khng cao, do cui dng np cho t gim dn. khc phc nhc im trn, ngi
ta s dng ngun dng n nh np cho t.
2. Mch to xung rng ca dng ngun dng
Nguyn l hot ng ca mch ging mch RC n gin ch khc ch trong
mch ny RC ca T1 c thay bi ngun dng n nh (gm T2, RE, RB2, Dz).
Vi mch RC n gin (hnh 6-18) ta thy:
I nap =
EC U C
RC
55
Do UR = UC cng ln th dng np cho t C cng nh do U C khng tuyn tnh.

Vi mch dng ngun dng hnh 6-20 ta thy khi c xung m vo T 1 tt, C c np
in, dng np by gi l khng i do ngun dng n nh.
+Ec
RE
RB2
T2
RB1
Dz
Uv
T1
Cv
Ur
Hnh 6-20. Mch to xung rng ca dng ngun dng
56
Chng VII CHUYN I TNG T S V S TNG T

I. Nguyn tc chuyn i tng t - s (ADC)
Hnh 7-1 l s khi ca b chuyn i AD.
UA
Mch ly
mu
ADC
UM
UD
Lng t M ha
ha
fm
fh
Hnh 7-1. S khi ca b chuyn i AD

1. Mch Ly mu
Tn hiu tng t (UA) c a n mch ly mu.
- Ti cc thi im cch u nhau (T m) mch ly mu s ly mu bin ca tn hiu
tng t (UA).
fm =
1
c gi l tn s ly mu.
Tm
c th khi phc li tn hiu mt cch trung thc th tn s ly mu phi tha

mn iu kin:
f m 2. fthmax 2 B
Trong :
f thmax l tn s ln nht ca tn hiu.
B l di tn ca tn hiu.
- Mu tn hiu ny c gi trong qu trnh chuyn i n thnh tn hiu s.
2. Mch lng t - M ha
- Tn hiu ra ca mch ly mu c a n mch lng t lm trn vi chnh
xc
Q
.
2
Nu tn hiu s c N bt th mc lng t Q c gi tr
Q=
Trong :
U Amax
2N 1
Q l mc lng t
UAmax l gi tr in p tng t ln nht m b chuyn i c th chuyn
i c.
57
Q
gi l sai s lng t. Sai s ny cng nh khi s bt cng ln.
2
- Tn hiu UM sau khi c lm trn s c mch lng t ri rc vi nguyn ln

mc lng t.
- Sau mch lng t l mch m ha. Kt qu lng t c sp xp theo mt quy lut
m theo yu cu. Qu trnh lng t ha v m ha xy ra ng thi khng th tch ri
hai qu trnh ny.
3. Cc phng php chuyn i tng t - s
3.1. Bin i song song
Trong phng php chuyn i song song, tn hiu c so snh cng mt lc vi
nhiu gi tr chun. Do tt c cc bit c xc nh ng thi v a n u ra.
3.2. Bin i ni tip theo m m
y qu trnh so snh c thc hin ln lt tng bc theo quy lut ca m
m. Kt qu chuyn i c xc nh bng cch m s lng gi tr chun c th
cha c trong gi tr tn hiu tng t cn chuyn i.
3.3. Bin i ni tip theo m nh phn
Qu trnh so snh c thc hin ln lt tng bc theo quy lut m nh phn.
Cc n v chun dng so snh ly cc gi tr gim dn theo quy lut m nh phn,
do cc bit c xc nh ln lt t bit c ngha ln nht (MSB) n bit c ngha
nh nht (LSB)
4. Bin i song song - ni tip kt hp
Trong phng php ny, qua mi bc so snh c th xc nh c ti thiu l 2
bit ng thi.
II. Mt s phng php chuyn i AD
1. Chuyn i AD theo phng php song song
S ca phng php ny nh hnh 7-2. Tn hiu tng t ly mu U M c
ng thi a n cc b so snh S1 Sm.
in p chun Uch c a n u vo th 2 ca b so snh qua thang in tr R.
Do cc in p chun t vo cc b so snh ln cn khc nhau mt lng khng i
v gim dn t S1 n Sm. u ra cc b so snh c in p vo ln hn in p chun
ly trn thang in tr, c mc logic "1", cc u ra cn li c mc logic "0". Tt c
cc u ra c ni n mch "V", mt u mch "V" ni ti mch to xung nhp.
Ch khi c xung nhp a ti u vo "V" th cc xung u ra b so snh mi a ra
mch nh FF (Flip-Flop). Nh vy c sau 1 thi gian bng 1 chu k xung nhp li c 1
tn hiu c bin i v a n u ra. Xung nhp bo m cho qu trnh so snh kt
thc mi a tn hiu vo b nh. B m ho c nhim v bin i tn hiu vo di
dng m m thnh m nh phn.
Mch ny c u im l tc bin i nhanh, v qu trnh so snh thc hin song
song. Nhng nhc im l kt cu mch phc tp vi s linh kin qu ln.
58
+Uch
_
UM
S1
+
FF
_
S2
+
UD
FF
Mch
m
ha
_
S3
+
FF
_
Sm
+
R
2
FF
Nhp
Hnh 7-2. S chuyn i AD theo phng php song song

2. Chuyn i AD ni tip dng vng hi tip
UA
K U
h
SS
+A
Logic
Nhp
-A
m
UD
UM
DAC
Hnh 7-3. S khi A/D ni tip dng vng hi tip

in p tng t UA c so snh vi mt gi tr c lng cho trc UM.
Khi: UA > UM th Uh > 0;
UA < UM th Uh < 0;
Trong Uh l in p sai s gia U A v UM. in p hiu dng U h c khuych
i ri a n mch so snh SS. Nu Uh > 0 th u ra SS c +A = 1. Nu Uh < 0 th
u ra SS c A = 1
Kt qu so snh c a vo mt mch logic ng thi vi tn hiu nhp. Tu
thuc vo tn hiu ra SS, ti nhng thi im c xung nhp mch logic s iu khin b
m sao cho ng vi +A th b m s m thun v -A th b m s m ngc.
59
Nu b m c kt cu theo quy lut m nh phn th trn u ra A/D s c tn

hiu s di dng m . Tn hiu i c mt vng ng vi mt chu k ca xung
nhp.
Tn hiu s xc nh c trong bc so snh th nht qua D/A s dn ra c gi tr
c lng mi so snh vi UA trong bc tip theo. Qu trnh ny c lp li cho
n khi | U h |<
Q
; lc +A = -A = 0, do mch m gi nguyn trng thi v ta
2
nhn c kt qu chuyn i chnh xc ca UA vi N bit yu cu.

So snh vi cc phng php xt, y mch n gin, cc linh kin s dng
lp li nhiu ln. Mch lm vic vi tc khng cao lm nhng chnh xc.
3. Chuyn i AD theo phng php m n gin
+
-
UA
UC
SS1
USS1
To in p
rng ca
+
-
SS2
USS2
UG
UD
Tonhp
Hnh 7-4. S nguyn tc ca A/D lm vic theo

phng php m n gin
in p vo UA c so snh vi
in p chun dng rng ca UC nh
b so snh SS1. Khi UA > UC th
SS1 = 1, khi UA < UC th SS1 = 0.
B so snh SS2 so snh in p rng
ca vi mc 0V (t). USS1 v USS2
c a n mt mch "V". Xung ra
UG c rng t l vi ln ca in
p vo tng t UA, vi gi thit xung
chun dng rng ca c dc khng
i.
Mch "V" th 2 ch cho ra cc xung
nhp khi tn ti UG, ngha l trong
khong thi gian t1 n t2(0 < UC <
UA). Mch m u ra s m s xung
nhp . ng nhin, s xung ny t
l vi ln ca UA.
III. Chuyn i DA
Hnh 7-5. Tn hiu ti cc cng

60
S khi chuyn i DA nh hnh 7-6.

Tn hiu s
UM
B chuyn i
DA
B lc thng
thp
Tn hiu
tng t
Hnh 7-6. S khi chuyn i DA

Tn hiu s c a vo b chuyn i DA, u ra b chuyn i DA l U M. UM
sau khi qua b lc thng thp s cho tn hiu tng t tng ng.
1. Chuyn i DA bng phng php thang in tr
Rht
20
I0
R
21
I1
R
2
2N-1
IN-1
_
+
2 N 1
UM
= U Tn hiu iu khin s
ch
Hnh 7-7. S nguyn l b chuyn i

D/A theo phng php thang in tr
u vo b khuych i thut ton l mt thang in tr, tr s ca chng phn b
theo m nh phn, cc in tr ln cn nhau hn km nhau 2 ln. Tn hiu iu khin l
tn hiu s cn chuyn i. Bt c ngha nh nht (LSB) c a n iu khin kha
ni vi in tr ln nht R, bit c ngha ln hn tip c a n iu khin kha
ni vi in tr nh hn R/2... v MSB iu khin kha ni vi in tr nh nht
R
2 N 1
. Nu mt bt c gi tr "0" th kha tng ng ni t v nu mt bt c gi tr "1" th

kha K tng ng ni vi ngun in p chun U ch to nn mt dng in t l
nghch vi tr s in tr ca nhnh , ngha l I o c gi tr b nht, IN-1 c gi tr ln
61
nht. Dng sinh ra trong cc nhnh in tr c a n u vo b khuych i, u

ra b khuych i thut ton c in p:
U M = Rht.(b0.I0 + b1.I1 + + bN-2.IN-2 + bN-1.IN-1)
Trong bi (i = 0,1, 2..N-1) s bng khng nu bt c gi tr l 0v s bng mt

nu bt c gi tr l 1.
2. Chuyn i DA bng phng php mng in tr
I0 . . .
I0
I0
I0
Tn hiu K
iu khin
i0
R
2R
iN-2
i1
R
2R
iN-1
2R
2R
Rht
_
+
UM
Hnh 7-8. S nguyn l b chuyn i D/A

theo phng php mng in tr
Tn hiu cn chuyn i c a n chuyn mch K. Khi mt bt no ca tn
hiu iu khin l "0" th I0 tng ng vi bt b ngn mch qua kha xung t.
Ngc li, nu tn hiu iu khin l "1" th I 0 ng vi bt c dn ti u vo b
khuych i qua mng in tr.
Trong s ny mng in tr lm nhim v phn dng. V in tr nhnh ngang
bng mt na in tr nhnh dc, nn dng i qua mi khu in tr th gim i mt
na. Dng in ng vi LSB i qua N-1 khu in tr, dng in ng vi bit c ngha
ln hn i qua N-2 khu.....v dng ng vi MSB c a trc tip n u b
khuych i. Kt qu l cc dng in ca vo b khuych i c tr s tng ng
vi bit m n i din. Chng c tr s gim dn t MSB n LSB theo m nh phn.
in tr nhnh ngang cui cng c gi tr s l 2R bng in tr nhnh dc m
bo s phn dng cho iN 2 =
I0
khu cui cng cng ging nh cc khu trc.
2
Ging nh mch chuyn i DA bng phng php thang in tr ta cng c:

U M = Rht.(b0.i0 + b1.i1 + + bN-2.iN-2 + bN-1.iN-1)
Trong bi (i = 0,1, 2..N-1) s bng khng nu bt c gi tr l 0v s bng mt

nu bt c gi tr l 1.
Chng 8 MCH CUNG CP NGUN MT CHIU
62
I. Khi nim chung

Mch ngun cung cp c nhim v cung cp nng lng mt chiu cho cc mch
in v thit b in t hot ng. Nng lng mt chiu ca n c ly t ngun
xoay chiu ca li in thng qua qu trnh bin i thc hin trong b ngun mt
chiu. Hnh 8-1 biu din s khi ca mt b ngun mt chiu hon chnh vi chc
nng cc khi nh sau:
- Bin p bin i in p xoay chiu U 1 thnh in p xoay chiu U 2 c gi tr
thch hp vi yu cu. Trong mt s trng hp c th dng trc tip U 1 khng cn
bin p.
- Mch chnh lu c nhim v chuyn in p xoay chiu U 2 thnh in p mt chiu
khng bng phng U3. S khng bng phng ny ph thuc c th vo tng dng mch
chnh lu.
- Mch lc c nhim v san bng in p mt chiu p mch U 3 thnh in p mt
chiu U4 t nhp nh hn.
- Mch n p mt chiu (n dng) c nhim v n nh in p (dng in) u ra
ca n U5 (It). Khi U4 thay i theo s mt n nh ca U 1 hay It. Trong nhng trng
hp nu khng c yu cu cao th khng cn mch n p hay n dng mt chiu.
Hnh 8-1. S khi ca mt b ngun mt chiu

II. Bin p ngun v mch chnh lu
Bin p ngun c nhim v bin i in p xoay chiu t vo cun s cp thnh
in p xoay chiu theo yu cu trn cun th cp. a s cc bin p dng trong thit
b in t l bin th h p.
1. Chnh lu na chu k
Hnh 8-2 l mch in chnh lu na chu k.
Gi s na chu k u U2 dng, it D phn cc thun, D thng nn c dng qua
it, qua Rt khp kn mch.
Na chu k m ca U 2 it D phn cc ngc nn kho, khng c dng qua ti.
Nu b qua st p thun trn it th dng sng in p ngun, dng sng in p ra,
nh hnh 8-3. Nh vy trn ti ch c dng vi na chu k dng.
63
U2
^
U2
t
Hnh 8-2. Mch in chnh lu
na chu k
URt
^
2. Chnh lu hai na chu k
U2
2.1. Chnh lu hai na dng bin p

th cp c im gia
Hnh 8-3. Dng in p vo, ra
D1
U21
Rt
U1
U22
U2
U21
U22
D2
Hnh 8-4. Mch chnh lu hai

na chu k
Mch chnh lu hai na chu k l trong
c hai na chu k ca in p xoay
chiu u c dng in qua ti. in p
vo v in p ra c m t trn th
hnh 8-5.
URt
Hnh 8-5. Dng tn hiu vo, ra
2.2. Chnh lu hai na dng mch

chnh lu cu
Ging nh mch chnh lu hai na
chu k dng bin p c im gia, mch
chnh lu hai na chu k dng mch cu
it (hnh 8-6) cng c dng trn ti lin
tc trong hai na chu k in p vo.
in p vo v in p ra c minh ha
trn th hnh 8-7.
2.3. Mch chnh lu bi p
U2
U1
U2
Rt
Hnh 8-6. Mch chnh lu cu
Mch chnh lu bi p thng c s dng khi yu cu in p ra ln nhng dng

nh. Mch nhn i in p nh hnh 8-8.
^
U R 2U 2 .
64
- Gi s na chu k dng D1 thng
U2
C1 np y ti gi tr U 2 , na chu k
m D2 thng C2 c np y ti gi
U21
U22
tr U 2 nh vy trn ti s c in p
bng hai ln U 2 .
Mch nhn in p c n tng nh
hnh 8-9.
- Gi s na chu k m D1 thng C1
URt
U2
np y ti gi tr U 2 , na chu k
dng D2 thng C2 c np y vi
^
gi tr UC2 = UC1 + U 2 = 2 U 2 , nh vy
nu c n tng th trn ti s c in p
Hnh 8-7. Dng in p vo, ra
bng n U 2 .
U2
U1
C1
D1
Rt
Ur
D2
C2
Hnh 8-8. Mch nhn i in p

Cn-1
C1
+
U1
U2
D1
D2
U2
Cn+1
C2
+
Ur
Hnh 8-9. Mch nhn in p c n tng

III. B lc ngun
u ra ca b chnh lu ta thu c in p mt chiu, tuy nhin in p ny
khng n nh do c cn cc thnh phn xoay chiu. V vy c in p mt chiu
n nh hn phi cho qua b lc.
Tn hiu sau khi qua b lc gm thnh phn mt chiu c gi tr U DC v thnh phn
thay i c gi tr Ur , thnh phn thay i ny c gi tr nh.
65
Ta xc nh gn sng theo cng thc:

r=
Ur
.100%
U DC
- in p ra ca ngun khi khng ti v khi c ti l khc nhau (khi c ti s nh hn).

Lng chnh lch ny c gi l h s n nh in p UR:
U R =
U kt U ct
.100%
U ct
H s ny cng tin ti gn khng th b ngun cng l tng.

VD:
- Mch chnh lu na chu k c in p ra nh sau:
^
U DC = 0,318U 2
^
U r = 0,385U 2
Ta c gn sng ca mch l:
^
U
0,385U 2
r = r .100% =
.100% = 121%
^
U DC
0,318U 2
- Mch chnh lu hai na chu k c in p ra nh sau:

^
U DC = 0, 636U 2
^
U r = 0,308U 2
Ta c gn sng ca mch l:
^
U
0, 608U 2
r = r .100% =
.100% = 48%
^
U DC
0, 636 U 2
1. B lc dng t in
Mch lc thng dng hin nay l dng t in nh hnh 8-12. T s ngn mch
thnh phn xoay chiu lm gn sng trn ti t nh hn nhng vn cn nhp nh.
Hnh 8-11 l dng in p sau nn, in p c mp m ln.
D1
U21
U22
URt
Rt
D2
Hnh 8-10. Mch chnh lu

khng c lc ngun
Hnh 8-11. Dng in p ra khi cha

c b lc ngun
66
D1
U2
U2
UC
D2
+
U1
UC
U2
Rt
t
Hnh 8-12. Mch chnh lu c
t lc ngun
Hnh 8-13. Dng in p ra khi

c t lc ngun
Hnh 8-13 l in p khi c t lc ngun. Khi in p tng t np, khi in p gim

t phng qua Rt. Nu Rt th UC s lun bng
U2 .
- in p gn sng UAC sau lc c tnh theo cng thc:

Ur =
I DC
4 3. f .C
- in p UDC sau lc c tnh theo cng thc:

^
U DC = U 2
Trong :
I DC
4. f .C
U 2 - Bin in p sau chnh lu.

IDC Dng trn ti, n v mA.
C in dung b lc, n v F.
F Tn s ca mng in, n v kHz.
2. B lc RC
gim nh gn sng, u ra b lc t in ta mc thm khu lc RC nh
hnh 8-14.Vi mch ny gn sng sau R l kh nh, tuy nhin mch ny
D1
U2
D2
C1
U2
R
+
U1
C2
Rt
Hnh 8-14. Mch chnh lu c khu lc RC

67
'
in p mt chiu trc v sau in tr R l U DC v U DC
c tnh nh sau:
'
U DC
=
Rt
.U DC
R + Rt
Vi mch lc RC, gn sng sau R l kh nh, tuy nhin mch ny ch dng khi
dng ti nh, khi dng ti ln cng sut tn hao trn R l ln, trnh iu ny ngi
ta thay in tr R bng cun cm (hnh 8-15). in tr thun cun cm l rt nh nn
tn hao cng sut trn n l nh, cn in p xoay chiu s b chn li khng cho ra
ti.
D1
L
U2
D2
C1
U2
U1
C2
Rt
IV. Mch n p
Mch n p c nhim v n nh in p ra khi in p trn U 2 thay i hoc khi ti
thay i.
Hnh 8-15. Mch chnh lu c khu lc LC
I
1. n p dng it Zener
S mch n p dng it Zener
trn hnh 8-16.
UZ
UZMax
UZMin
U
Uv
A
Z
IZTB
Rt
Hnh 8-16. S mch

n p dng it Zener
IZmin
Vng n p
IZMax
Hnh 8-17. c tuyn V-A ca it Zener
it zener khi c phn cc ngc v lm vic vng nh thng c im l

dng ngc qua it thay i ln nhng in p ngc hai u it thay i rt t. Nu
it c c tuyn ngc cng dc hay c tuyn cng gn song song vi trc tung th
n nh in p cng tt.
T mch in ta c:
U Rt = U Z = U V R.( I Z + I Rt )
T cng thc trn ta thy khi U V tng hoc gim th dng qua it s tng hay
gim theo nn st p trn R cung tng hoc gim lm cho in p ra n nh. n
68
nh in p cn bng v hai pha (tng v gim) ta phi chn R sao cho im lm vic
nm gia c tuyn vng nh thng ca it.
2. n p dng tranzito
C hai loi n p dng tranzito l n p ni tip v n p song song. n p ni tip
l tranzito c mc ni tip vi ti, n p song song l tranzito c mc song song
vi ti.
2.1. n p ni tip
S khi mch n p ni tip hnh 8-18.
UV
Ur
PTHC
Khuch i
Ngun
chun
Ti
Ly mu
So snh
Hnh 8-18. S khi mch n p ni tip

- Mch ly mu: Ly mu in p ra.
- Ngun chun: L in p c gi tr chun.
- Mch so snh: So snh in p ly mu v in p chun.
- Khu khuch i: Khuch i in p sai lch gia ngun chun v in p mu.
- PTHC: L Tranzito cng sut lm vic ch khuch i. Khi in p vo hay ti
thay i, in p mu s thay i do in p sai lch do mch so snh a ra s thay
i lm cho Tranzito s thng nhiu hay thng t nn in p ra s c n nh.
2.1.1. n p vng khuch i
Mch cho in p ra:
UR = UZ - UBE
Gi s UR tng tc l UE tng nn UBE gim (do in p UB c gi c nh bi Z)
lm cho Tranzito thng yu hn lm cho UR gim, do UR c duy tr n nh.
T
Ngc li nu UR gim tc l UE gim nn UBE tng (do in p UB c gi c

nh bi Z) lm cho Tranzito thng mnh hn lm cho U R tng, do UR c duy tr
n nh.
R
Uv
Ur
Rt
69
Hnh 8-19. n p vng khuch i
2.1.2. n p c khuch i
n p c khuch i hnh 8-20.
T1
R
R1
T2
Uv
Ur
R2
Hnh 8-20. n p c khuch i

Nguyn l n p nh sau:
Gi s UR tng ln UB2 tng ln, do UBE2 = UB2 - UZ tng ln T2 thng
mnh hn lm cho UCE2 gim tc l UB1 gim lm cho T1 gim thng, do UR gim
xung nn duy tr n nh UR. Nu UR gim chng ta gii thch ngc li.
V dng IB2 nh nn t mch in ta c:
UR
.R2 = U BE 2 + U Z
R1 + R2
UR =
R1 + R2
.(U BE 2 + U Z )
R2
2.1.3. Mch n p dng b KTT

Hnh 8-21 l mch n p dng b KTT.
Ta c th tnh in p ra theo cng thc :
UR = (
R3 + R2
).U Z
R3
R1
R2
Uv
Ur
Z
R3
Hnh 8-21. Mch n p dng b KTT
70
Gi s U R tng lm cho in p ti ca o ca b KTT tng theo nn in p ra

s gim xung, do duy tr n nh in p ra. Nu UR gim ta gii thch ngc li.
2.1.4. Mch hn ch dng
bo v mch n p khi b qu ti hoc ngn mch ta dng s hnh 8-22.
Khi dng ti tng qu gii hn th st p trn R 4 tng ln, lm cho T2 thng, lm gim
dng IB1 do gim dng qua T1 trng qu dng trn ti.
T1
R4
R1
T2
Ur
R2
Uv
Z
R3
Hnh 8-22. Mch n p c hn dng

2.2. n p song song
Hnh 8-23 l s khi mch n p song song. Cc khi chc nng ca n cng
ging vi s khi mch n p ni tip. Mch n p song song ch khc vi mch n
p ni tip ch phn t hiu chnh c mc song song vi ti, n c tc dng tng
hoc gim dng khi in p vo tng hoc gim do lm cho st p trn R tng hoc
gim theo nn UR c n nh .
UV
R
U
r
Ly mu
Ngun
chun
So snh
Khuch
i
PTHC
Rt
Hnh 8-23. S khi mch n p song

song
2.2.1. n p vng khuch i
in p ra ca mch hnh 8-24 c tnh theo cng thc :
U R = U Z + U BE
Gi s UR tng ln s lm cho
71
UBE = UR-UZ tng ln, do T s thng mnh hn, dng qua T s tng lm cho st p
trn R tng, ko UR gim xung, nn UR c duy tr n nh. Nu U R gim ta gii
thch ngc li.
R
Uv
Rt
Ur
Hnh 8-24. n p song song vng khuch i

2.2.2. n p c khuch i
R1
T2
T1
Uv
Rt
Ur
R2
Hnh 8-25. n p song song c khuch i

in p ra ca mch c tnh theo cng thc :
U R = U Z + U BE1 + U BE 2
Gi s UR tng ln s lm cho UB2 tng ln, do T2 s thng mnh hn, dng qua
T2 s tngtc l dng IB1 tng, lm cho dng qua T 1 tng, do st p trn T tng, ko
UR gim xung, nn UR c duy tr n nh. Nu UR gim ta gii thch ngc li.
2.2.3. n p dng KTT
in p U Z n nh c so snh vi in p hi tip t b phn p R 3 v R4
iu khin Tranzito.
Gi s UR tng lm cho in p ti ca thun ca b KTT tng theo nn in p ra
ca b KTT tng ln, do Tranzito thng mnh hn lm cho st p trn R 2 tng
R2 in p ra. Nu UR gim ta gii thch ngc li.
UR gim xung, do duy tr n nh
R1
R3
Ur
Uv
Z
R4
72
Hnh 8-26. Mch n p dng b KTT
3. n p dng IC
Cc mch n p ni tip hay song song hin nay c tch hp thnh IC n p, mc
d cu to bn trong IC c th khc nhau nhng tc dng ca chng l nh nhau. in
p ra n nh c th thay i c bng cch ni thm linh kin bn ngoi.
3.1. IC n p c nh
H IC 78xx cung cp in p ra t +5V n +24V. k hiu xx ch in p ra.
VD: 7805 cho in p ra l 5V, 7812 cho in p ra 12V. H IC 78xx cung cp dng
cho ti ti a l 1A.
H 78xx c 3 chn mt chn vo, mt chn ra v mt chn ni t (hnh 8-27)
Uv
78xx
C1
Ur
C2
Hnh 8-27. H IC n p 78xx

H IC 79xx tng t h 78xx ch khc l n cung cp in p ra c nh t -5V
n -24V.
tng dng v p ra cho loi IC ny ngi ta ni mch nh hnh 8-28 v hnh 8-29.
T
78xx
Uv
Ur
Dz
Hnh 8-28. Tng in p ra cho h 78xx
Uv
78xx
Ur
Hnh 8-29. Tng dng ra cho h 78xx
Vi mch in hnh 8-28 ta c:

UR = UZ + UR78xx.
Mch hnh 8-29, in p ra bng in p ca 78xx nhng dng ra c tng ln do
c Tranzito T.
3.2. IC n p c th iu chnh in p ra
73
Mt s loi IC n p c th iu chnh c in p ra theo yu cu nh IC LM317,

n c th iu chnh in p ra t 1,2V n 37V ty theo cc linh kin u bn ngoi
(hnh 8-30). Khi iu chnh chit p VR th in p ra thay i theo cng thc:
U R = 1, 25.(1 +
VR
) + I adj .(VR )
R
LM317
R
Uv
Ur
Iadj
VR
Hnh 8-30. n p dng LM317
PHN II BI TP C LI GII
Bi 1.1 Cho mch in hnh 1. UCC = +12V; Rc = 3,3k; RE = 1k; R1 = 22k;
R2 = 5,6k; Rt = 8k; = 99. Bit UBE0 ch d A l 0,6V.
74
a. Xc nh ch dng in v in p mt chiu trn cc cc ca Tranzito. V

ng ti mt chiu v xc nh im lm vic QA.
b. Xc nh ti mt chiu v xoay chiu ca tng khuch i.
c. Xc nh cc tham s ZV, ZR, KU, KI ca mch.
+U
+12V
CC
Rc
R1
Cr
+
Cv
Uv
+
Rt
R2 RRE
E
C
CE
E
Hnh 1
Bi gii:
a. Tnh cc gi tr dng v p trn cc cc ca tranzito
- Chn chiu dng in nh hnh 2
+U
+12V
cc
IR1
IC0
Rc
R1
IB0
+
IR2
IE0
R2 RRE
E
Rt
+
Cv
Uv
Cr
+
C
CE
E
Hnh 2
- V IB0 rt nh so vi IR1v IR2 nn IR1 IR2 do ta c:
U B0 =
U cc
12V
.R2 =
.5, 6k = 2, 43V
R1 + R2
22k + 5, 6k
Do :
75
U E 0 = U B 0 U BE 0 = 2, 43V 0, 6V = 1,83V
Suy ra:
Dng in mt chiu trn cc cc ca tranzito
IE0 =
U E 0 1,83V
=
= 1,83.103 A = 1,83mA
RE
1k
I B0 =
IE0
1,83mA
=
= 0, 0183mA = 18,3 A
1+
1 + 99
I C 0 = I B 0 = 99.0, 0183mA = 1,81mA
Suy ra:
U C 0 = U CC I C 0 .RC = 12V 1,81mA.3,3k = 6, 03V
- Phng trnh ng ti mt chiu:

U CE = U CC I C ( RC + RE )
U CE = 12V I C (3,3k + 1k )
- Khi IC0 = 0 th UCE0 =UCC = +12V.

- Khi UCE0 = 0 th I C 0 =
U CC
12V
=
= 2, 79mA.
RC + RE 3,3k + 1k
Phng trnh ng ti c v nh sau:

IC
2,79mA
QA
1,81mA
IB0 = 18,3A
UCE
4,22V
+12V
Hnh 3
- Ti im lm vic:
I C 0 = 1,81mA, U CE 0 = U cc I C 0 ( RC + RE ) = 12V 1,81mA(3,3k + 1k ) = 4, 22V
- im lm vic c to QA(4,22V; 1,81mA).

b. Ti mt chiu l ti c dng mt chiu u ra i qua, nh vy n bao gm RC v RE:
Rt = RC + RE = 1k + 3,3k = 4,3k
Ti xoay chiu l ti c dng xoay chiu u ra i qua, nh vy n bao gm R C//Rt:
76
Rt ~ = RC // Rt =
RC .Rt
3,3k .8k
=
= 2,34k
RC + Rt 3,3k + 8k
c. Tnh cc tham s ZV, ZR, KU, KI ca mch.

Ta c:
ZV = R1 // R2 // rbe = 22k // 5, 6k //( .
= 22k // 5, 6k //(99.
UT
)
IC 0
26mV
) = 1,08k
1,81mA
Z R = RC // RCE RC = 3,3k
KU =
I C 0. ( Rc // Rt )
1,81mA.(3,3k // 8k )
=
= 162, 64 ln
UT
26mV
- Du tr th hin s ngc pha gia tn hiu ra v tn hiu vo.

.( RC // Rt ) 99.(3,3k // 8k )
=
= 28,91 ln.
Rt
8k
KI =
Bi 1.2. Cho mch in hnh 4. Bit UCC = +12V; RB = 220k; RE = 2,7k;

Rt = 2,7k; cho UBE0 ch A l 0,6V; = 99.
a. Xc nh cc gi tr dng in v in p mt chiu trn cc cc ca Tranzito. V
b. Xc nh ti mt chiu v xoay chiu ca tng khuch i.
c. Xc nh cc tham s ZV, ZR, KU, KI ca mch.
+12V
Cv
Hnh 4
Uv
Cr
+
RE
Rt
+12V
IB0
R
IC0
Cv
Bi gii
a. Chn chiu dng in nh hnh 5
Uv
+
IE0
Cr
+
RE
Rt
77
Hnh 5
U CC = I B 0 .RB + U BE 0 + U E 0
U CC = I B 0 .RB + U BE 0 + I E 0 .RE
Ta c:
U CC = I B 0 .RB + U BE 0 + I B 0 ( + 1).RE
I B0 =
=
U CC U BE 0
RB + ( + 1) RE
12V 0, 6V
= 23 A
220k + (99 + 1).2, 7 k
T y ta c:
I C 0 = .I B 0 = 99.23 = 2, 28mA
I E 0 = ( + 1).I B 0 = (99 + 1).23 = 2,3mA
U E 0 = I E 0 .RE = 2,3mA.2, 7k = 6, 21V
U B 0 = U E 0 + U BE 0 = 6, 21V + 0, 6V = 6,81V
- Phng trnh ng ti mt chiu:

U CE = U CC I E .RE
U CE = 12V I E .2, 7 k
- Khi IE = 0 th UCE =UCC = +12V.

- Khi UCE = 0 th I E 0 =
U CC
12V
=
= 4, 44mA.
RE
2, 7 k
Phng trnh ng ti c v hnh 6.

- Ti im lm vic:
I E 0 = 2,3mA, U CE 0 = U CC I E 0 RE = 12V 2,3mA.2, 7 k = 5, 79V .
im lm vic c to QA(5,79V; 2,3mA).

b. Ti mt chiu l ti c dng mt chiu u ra i qua, nh vy n chnh l R E:
Rt = RE = 2, 7 k
Ti xoay chiu l ti c dng xoay chiu u ra i qua, nh vy n bao gm R E//Rt:

Rt ~ = RE // Rt =
RE .Rt
2, 7 k .2, 7 k
=
= 1,35k
RE + Rt 2, 7 k + 2, 7 k
c. Xc nh cc tham s ZV, ZR, KU, KI

U
2, 7 k .2, 7 k
ZV = RB // [ rbe + ( + 1)( RE // Rt ) ] = 220k // T + (99 + 1)(
)
2, 7 k + 2, 7 k
IC
26mV
2, 7k .2, 7k
= 220k // 99
+ (99 + 1)(
) = 84 k
2, 7k + 2, 7k
2, 28mA
Z R = RE //
rbe
U
26mV
RE // T = 2, 7 k //
= 11,35
( + 1)
IC 0
2, 28mA
78
KU 1
2, 7 k .2, 7 k
R // Rt
2, 7 k + 2, 7 k
K I = ( + 1) E
= (99 + 1)(
) = 50 ln
Rt
2, 7 k
IE
4,44mA
QA
IB0 = 23A
2,3mA
UCE
0
5,79V
+12V
Hnh 6
Bi 1.3. Cho mch in nh hnh 7. Cho UCC = +12V; RC = 3,3k; RE = 1k;
= 99; UBE0 ch d A l 0,6V.
Xc nh gi tr R1 v R2 in p mt chiu ti cc C ca Tranzito l 6V.
Bi gii
+U
+12V
cc
V UC0 = 6V nn ta c:
Rc
R1
Uv
Cv
Cr
+
+
R2
RE
U CC U C 0 12V 6V
=
= 1,82mA
RC
3,3k
( + 1)
(99 + 1)
IE0 =
.I C 0 =
.1,82mA
99
= 1,84mA
IC 0 =
CE
Ta tnh c UB0:
Hnh 7
U B 0 = U E 0 + U BE 0 = I E 0 .RE + 0, 6V
= 1,84mA.1k + 0, 6V = 2, 44V
Do IB0 rt nh hn IR1 v IR2 nn:
79
U B0 =
U CC
12
.R2 =
.R2 = 2, 44V
R1 + R2
R1 + R2
Chn mt gi tr in tr v s tnh c gi tr cn li:

Ta chn R2 = 5,6k R1 = 21,94k.
Bi 1.4. Cho mch in nh hnh 8. Cho UD = +12V; RD = 1,5k; RS = 1k,
RG = 1M, UP = - 4V, IDSS = 8mA. Xc nh im lm vic tnh ca mch.
UD
RD
Cr
Ur
Cv
Hnh 8
RG
RS
Uv
Cs
Bi gii
V dng qua RG rt nh(coi nh bng 0) nn:
U GS = I D .RS
(1)
Ta c phng trnh ca c tuyn truyn t nh sau:

I D = I DSS .(1
U GS 2
)
UP
(2)
Thay (1) vo (2) v thay s ta c phng trnh:

106.I D2 104 I D + 16 = 0
Nghim ca phng trnh chnh l dng tnh I D0. Gii phng trnh ta c 2 nghim: I D
bng 2mA v 8mA. V nghim phi nh hn I DSS nn ch c nghim ID = 2mA l tho
mn.
Nh vy:
I D 0 = 2mA.
U GS 0 = I D 0 .RS = 2mA.1k = 2V .
U DS 0 = U D I D 0 ( RD + RS ) = 12 2.103 (1,5.103 + 1.103 ) = 7V .
Phng trnh ng ti 1 chiu:

U DS = U D I D ( RD + RS )
80
- Khi ID = 0, UDS = UD = 12V.

- Khi UDS = 0, ID = 4,8mA.
Vy im lm vic ca mch l (UDS0 = 7V; ID0 = 2mA).
ID
4,8mA
Q
UGSQ = -2V
2mA
UDS
0
7V
12V
Hnh 9
Bi 1.5. Cho mch in nh hnh 10. Cho UD = +12V; RD = 1,5k; RS = 1k, RG1 =
50k, RG2 = 10k, Up = - 4V, IDSS = 8mA. Xc nh im lm vic tnh ca mch.
UD
RG1
RD
Cr
Ur
Cv
RG2
RS
Uv
Cs
Hnh 10
Bi gii
Do IG 0 nn:
UG =
UD
12V
RG 2 =
10k = 2V
RG1 + RG 2
50k + 10k
U S = I D RS
3
U GS = U G U S = 2V I D .10
(1)
Ta c phng trnh ca c tuyn truyn t nh sau:

I D = I DSS .(1
U GS 2
)
UP
(2)
Thay (1) vo (2) ta c phng trnh bc 2 i vi ID:

81
I D = 8.103 (1
2 I D 103 2
)
4
103 I D2 14 I D + 36.103 = 0
Gii phng trnh ta thu c 2 nghim l 3,39mA v 10,6mA, nhn thy ch c gi tr

3,39mA l thch hp nn:
I D 0 = 3,39mA
U GS 0 = U G 0 I D 0 .RS = 2 3,39mA.103 = 1,39V
U DS 0 = U D I D 0 ( Rs + RD ) = 12 3,39mA(103 + 1,5.103 ) = 3,5V
Phng trnh ng ti 1 chiu:

U DS = U D I D ( Rs + RD )
- Khi ID = 0, UDS = UD = 12V.

- Khi UDS = 0, ID = 4,8mA.
Vy im lm vic ca mch l (UDS0 = 3,5V; ID0 = 3,39mA).
ID
4,8mA
UGSQ = -1,39V
3,39mA
UDS
0
12V
3,5V
+Ucc
Hnh 11
Bi 1.6. Cho mch in hnh 12.
Bit UCC = +24V, Rt = 4, h s bin p l
R1
n = W2/W1 = 0,2.
Uv
a. Tnh cng sut xoay chiu ln nht ra trn ti

v hiu sut ca mch.
W1
W2
Rt
C
+
b. Cho = 50, tnh R1 c cng sut xoay

chiu ra ln nht.
Hnh 12
Bi gii
a. Tnh cng sut xoay chiu
^
PR ~ max =
U C . IC
2
^ 2
U
= C'
2 2.Rt
(*)
T hnh 1.13 ta c:
82
U CEmax U CE min
U CC = 24V .
2
R
4
Rt' = 2t =
= 100
n
0, 22
^
UC
Thay vo (*) ta c:
^ 2
PR ~ max
U
242
= C' =
= 2,88W
2.Rt 200
- Tnh cng sut ngun cung cp v hiu sut ca mch

^
P0 = I C 0 .U CC = I ~ .U CC =
U CC
242
.
U
=
= 5, 76W
CC
100
Rt'
PR ~ max 2,88
=
= 50%
P0
5, 76
IC
ng ti 1 chiu
IBmax
M
IC0
IC
IB0
IBmin
U 0 U CEmaxN
U CE minCEU
CC
UCE
UC
Hnh 13
b. Cng sut
^
IC 0 = IC =
I B0 =
ra ln nht khi
U CC
24V
=
= 0, 24 A
'
100
Rt
I C 0 0, 24
=
= 4,8mA
50
T y ta c:
83
R1 =
U CC U BE 0 24V 0, 6V
=
= 4,8k .
I B0
4,8mA
Bi 1.7. Cho mch in hnh 14. Bit +UCC = +12V, -UCC = -12V;
UD = UBE0 = 0,4V. Coi Tranzito l l tng. Dng phn cc bng 1mA. Tnh R 1, R2,
PRmax v hiu sut ca tng khuch i, bit Rt = 8.
Bi gii
+Ucc
R1
Q1
Uv
D1
D2
Rt
Q2
R2
-Ucc
Hnh 14
y l tng khuch i cng sut y ko ch AB khng bin p. Ta coi dng I B0
ca Q1 v Q2 l rt nh hn dng phn cc Ip, nn mch lm vic i xng ta c:
R1 = R2 =
U CC U D 12V 0,5V
=
= 11,5k .
IP
1mA
- Do Tranzito l l tng nn bin in p ra bng UCC do ta c:

PR ~ max = U hd .I hd =
2
hd
U
=
Rt
12
2
8
)2
= 9W.
- B qua dng IC0 ta c cng sut ca ngun cung cp:

P0 = U CC .ITB
(1)
- Dng trung bnh trong mt na chu k c tnh theo cng thc sau
ITB =
2I
1
I Cmax .sin(t )d (t ) = Cmax
(2)
Ta li c:
84
I Cmax =
U CC 12
=
= 1,5 A.
Rt
8
(3)
Thay (2), (3) vo (1) ta c:

P0 = 11,46W.
=
PR ~ max
9
%=
% = 78,5%.
P0
11, 46
Bi 1.8. Cho mch in hnh 15

+Ucc
R1
Q1
R2
Uv
W1
W1
W2
Ur
Rt
Q2
Hnh 15
Bit UCC = +48V, R2 = 100, Rt = 4, h s bin p l n = W2/W1 = 0,2.
a. Xc nh R1 mch lm vic ch AB.
b. Tnh cng sut ra ln nht trn ti v hiu sut ca mch.
c. mch lm vic ch B th phi ni mch nh th no?
Bi gii
a. mch lm vic ch AB th UBE0 = 0,4V ta c:
U CC
.R2 = 0, 4V
R1 + R2
R1 = 11,9k .
b. tnh cng sut ra ln nht v hiu sut ca mch ta ch cn tnh na chu k

dng (Q1 thng). Ta c th ng ti nh hnh 16.
- Ti Rt phn nh trn cc C ca Tranzito:
Rt' =
Rt
4
=
= 100.
2
n
0, 22
- Cng sut ra ln nht:
85
2
U CE I C U CC
482
=
.
=
= 11,52W
'
2.100
2 2 2 Rt
P~ max
- Cng sut ca ngun cung cp:

P0 = U CC .ITB
IC =
U CC
48
=
= 0, 48 A
'
100
Rt
P0 =
96.0, 48
= 14, 67W.
P~ max
.100% = 78,5%.
P0
1 ^
96 I C
= U CC . I C .sin(t )d ( t ) =
0
ng ti 1 chiu
IC
I
C
IC0
0
UCEmax VCC UCE
VCEmin
UC
Hnh 16
c. mch
ch B
UBE0 = 0V, do phi ngn mch R2 v on mch R1.
lm vic
yu
cu
VR
R2
Bi 1.9. Cho mch in hnh 17. Bit

URmax = 12V; R1 = 2,2k; R2 = 3,3k;
VR = 200k.
a. Xc nh biu thc tnh U R theo UV, R1,
R2 v VR.
R1
+
Uv
+E
-E
Hnh 17
Ur
86
b. Cho UV = - 0,2V, tnh gii in p UR khi VR thay i t 0 200k. Xc nh gi

tr VR ln nht m b KTT vn lm vic trong min tuyn tnh.
Bi gii
R2
a. Chn dng in chy nh hnh 18.

Ta c:
U UN
I1 = V
R1
U UN
I ht = R
R2 + VR
R1
Uv
I1
N
Vi b KTT l tng th dng vo l bng 0

nn:
I1 + I ht =
Iht V R
+E
-E
Ur
Hnh 18
UV U N U R U N
+
=0
R1
R2 + VR
Ta li c UN = UP = 0 (b KTT l tng) do :
UV
UR
+
=0
R1 R2 + VR
UR =
( R2 + VR )
.UV
R1
b. Khi VR = 0 thay s ta c:
UR =
(3,3k + 0)
.( 0, 2V ) = 0,3V
2, 2k
Khi VR = 200k ta c:
UR =
(3,3k + 200k )
.(0, 2V ) = 18, 48V
2, 2k
V URmax = 12V nn khi VR thay i di in p UR t 0,3V n 12V.

- b KTT vn lm vic trong min tuyn tnh th UR 12V, tc l:
UR =
(3,3k + VR )
.(0, 2V ) 12V
2, 2k
VR 128, 7 k
Bi 1.10. Cho mch in hnh 19. Bit URmax = 12V; R1 = 2,7k; R2 = 5,6k;
VR = 200k.
a. Xc nh biu thc tnh UR theo UV, R1, R2 v VR.
b. Cho UV = - 0,2V, tnh gii in p UR khi VR thay i t 0 200k. Xc nh gi
tr VR ln nht m BKTT vn lm vic trong min tuyn tnh.
87
+E
Uv
Ur
-E
R2
VR
R1
Hnh 19
Bi gii
V dng vo b KTT bng 0 nn ta c:
U R1 =
UR
.R1
(VR+R1 +R 2 )
UR =
(VR+R1 +R 2 )
.U R1
R1
Ta li c UV = UP = UN = UR1 (b KTT l tng) do :

UR =
(VR+R1 +R 2 )
VR+R 2
.UV = (1 +
).UV
R1
R1
b. Khi VR = 0 thay s ta c:
U R = (1 +
5, 6k + 0
).(0, 2V ) = 0, 61V
2, 7k
Khi VR = 200k ta c:
U R = (1 +
5, 6k + 200k )
.(0, 2V ) = 15, 43V
2, 7 k
V URmax = 12V nn khi VR thay i di in p UR t -0,61V n -12V.

- b KTT vn lm vic trong min tuyn tnh th UR 12V, tc l:
U R = (1 +
5, 6k + VR
).(0, 2V ) 12V
2, 7 k
VR 153, 7 k
U1
U2
R1
+E
R2
Ur
-E

Bit URmax = 12V;
R4
R3
88
Hnh 20
a Xc nh biu thc tnh UR theo U1, U2, R1, R2, R3 v R4.

b. Bit R1 = R2 = R; R3 = 30k; R4 = 90k.
Tnh UR trong cc trng hp sau:
+ U1 = 0,4v; U2 = 0,2V.
+ U1 = 3V; U2 = 4V.
+ U1 = -3V; U2 = -4V.
Bi gii
Chn chiu dng in nh hnh 21.
Ta c:
I1 =
U1 U p
R1
U 2 I2
R2
U1
R1
P +
N
+E
Ur
-E
U UP
I2 = 2
R2
R4
V dng vo b KTT l rt nh nn:
R3
I1 + I 2 = 0
U1 U P U 2 U P
+
=0
R1
R2
(1)
UR
.R3
R3 + R4
(2)
UN =
Hnh 21
Do UN = UP nn thay (2) vo (1) ta c:

U1
UR
UR
.R3 U 2
.R3
R3 + R4
R3 + R4
+
=0
R1
R2
UR = (
R3 + R4
R .U
R .U
).( 2 1 + 1 2 )
R3
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
(3)
b. Thay s vo (3) ta c:
U R = (1 +
90 U1 U 2
)( + ) = 2(U1 + U 2 )
30 2
2
+ Trng hp U1 = 0,4v; U2 = 0,2V.

U R = 2(0, 4V + 0, 2V ) = 1, 6V
+ Trng hp U1 = 3V; U2 = 4V.

U R = 2(3V + 4V ) = 14V
V URmax = 12V nn ta ly UR = 12V.

89
+ Trng hp U1 = -3V; U2 = -4V.

U R = 2(3V 4V ) = 14V
V URmax = 12V nn ta ly UR = -12V.

U1
R1
U2
R2
Bit URmax = 12V;

a Xc nh biu thc tnh UR theo U1, U2, R1, R2,
R3.
b. Cho bit tc dng ca R4 v tm gi tr ti u
ca R4, bit R1 = 25k; R2 = 15k;
R3
+E
+
Ur
-E
R4
R3 = 150k;
Hnh 22
Bi gii
Do dng vo b KTT l bng 0 nn ti nt P ta c:
I1 + I 2 + I ht = 0
U1 U P U 2 U P U R U P
+
+
=0
R1
R2
R3
hay
V UN = UP = 0V
U R = R3 (
U1 U 2
+
)
R1 R2
b. R4 l in tr b lch 0 ca in p u ra, b lch 0 tt nht th gi tr R 4 l:

R4 = R1 // R2 // R3 = 8,82k .
U1
U2 I2
R3
R1
ht
+E
R2 P
Ur
-E
R4
Hnh 23
90
U1
Bit E = 15V;
U2
R1
+E
R2
a. Xc nh biu thc tnh U R theo U1, U2, R1,

R2, R3, R4.
Ur
-E
b. Tm R4 in p lch khng u ra bng

khng, bit R1 = 5k; R2 = 5k; R3 = 3k.
R4
R3
Hnh 24
Bi gii
a. Chn chiu dng in nh hnh 25.
I
R1
U 2 I2
R2
U1
+E
Ur
-E
R4
R3
Hnh 25
Ta c:
I1 =
I2 =
U1 U p
R1
U2 UP
R2
V dng vo b KTT l rt nh nn:

I1 + I 2 = 0
U1 U P U 2 U P
+
=0
R1
R2
(1)
V dng vo b KTT l rt nh nn ta li c:
91
UN =
UR
.R3
R3 + R4
(2)
Do UN = UP nn thay (2) vo (1) ta c:

U1
UR
UR
.R3 U 2
.R3
R3 + R4
R3 + R4
+
=0
R1
R2
UR = (
R3 + R4
R .U
R .U
).( 2 1 + 1 2 )
R3
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
b. in p lch khng u ra bng khng th phi c:

R3 // R4 = R1 // R2
1
1
1
1
+
=
+
R3 R4 R1 R2
1
1
1
1
=
+
R4 5k 5k 3k
R4 = 15k
U1
Bit E = 12V;
a. Xc nh biu thc tnh U R theo U1, U2, U3,
R1, R2, R3, R4, R5.
b. Gi s b KTT c dng d, cho
U2
R2
+E
Ur
U3
-E
R3
R1 = 10k, R2 = 10k, R3 = 20k,
R5
R1
R4
R5 = 100k, Tm R4 in p lch khng

u ra bng khng. Tnh UR vi R4 va tm
c; bit U1 = 0,1V, U2 = 0,2V, U3 = 0,3V .
Hnh 26
Bi gii
Ti N ta c: I1 + I 2 + I ht = I 0 = 0
U1 U N U 2 U N U R U N
+
+
=0
R1
R2
R5
(1)
92
U1
U2
R1
R2 I
2
I
U3
R3
R5
1
ht
+E
Ur
P
I
-E
R4
Hnh 27
UP =
Ti P:
U3
.R4
R3 + R4
(2)
Ta li c UN = UP (B KTT l l tng) nn thay (2) vo (1) ta c:
U R = U3 .
R4 .R5 1
R
R
1
1
( +
+ ) U 2 . 5 U1 . 5
R3 + R4 R1 R2 R5
R2
R1
b. in p lch khng u ra bng khng th phi c:

R3 // R4 = R1 // R2 // R5
1
1
1
1
1
+
=
+
+
R3 R4 R1 R2 R5
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
R4 10k 10k 100k 20k
R4 = 6, 25k .
Thay s ta c:
93
R1
Uv1
R2
Uv2
R3
Uv3
+E
Ur
-E
Hnh 28
6, 25.100 1
1
1
100
100
( + +
) 0, 2.
0,1.
20 + 6, 25 10 10 100
10
10
U R = 1,5V .
U R = 0,3.

Bit E = 12V, C = 2,2F, R1 = 10k,
R2 = 15k, R3 = 20k. Ban u in p trn t bng 0V.
a. Xc nh biu thc tnh UR(t) theo UV1, UV2, UV3.
b. Cho
U1 = 1cos2 .50.t V;
U 2 = 2cos2 .50.t V ;
U 3 = 3cos2 .50t V ;
Tnh UR(t) ti thi im t = 5ms.

Bi gii
I
R1
R2
Uv1
Uv2
I
R3
Uv3
ht
+E
Ur
-E
Hnh 29
94
Ti ca o ca b KTT ta c:
I1 + I 2 + I 3 + I ht = 0
UV 1 U N U V 2 U N UV 3 U N
d (U C )
+
+
+C
= 0;
R1
R2
R3
dt
UV 1 U N UV 2 U N UV 3 U N
d (U R U N )
+
+
+C
= 0;
R1
R2
R3
dt
V b KTT l l tng nn UN = UP = 0V ,do ta c:

UV 1 UV 2 U V 3
d (U R )
+
+
+C
= 0;
R1
R2
R3
dt
t
1
1
1
U R (t ) =
UV 1 dt
UV 2 dt
UV 3 dt
R1C 0
R2 C 0
R3C 0
UR =
1
2
3
sin100 t
sin100 t
sin100 t (*)
100 R1C.
100 R2 C
100 R3C
b. Thay s cc gi tr cho vo (*) ta c

U R (t ) = 0,14sin 2 .50t 0,19sin 2 .50t 0, 21sin 2 .50t ( V )
Ti thi im t = 5ms thay vo ta c:

U R (t = 5ms ) = 0,54V .

URmax = 12V, C = 2,2F, R = 10k.
Ban u in p trn t bng 0V.
a. Xc nh biu thc tnh UR(t) theo UV1,
UV2.
Uv1
+E
Ur
Uv2
-E
b. Cho UV2 = 0,5, UV1 = - 0,5V; Tnh UR(t)

ti thi im t = 1ms.
c. Tinh v v UR(t) khi t?

Hnh 30
Bi gii
a. Chn chiu dng in nh hnh 31.
Ti ca P ta c:
I 2 IC = 0
UV 2 U P
dU P
C
=0
R
dt
(1)
Ti ca N ta c:
95
I1 + I ht = 0
UV 1 U N
d (U R U N )
+C
=0
R
dt
(2)
Ly phng trnh (2) tr i phng trnh (1) v ch UN = UP ta c:

UV 1 UV 2
dU R
+C
=0
R
dt
t
1
U R (t ) =
(UV 2 UV 1 ).dt (*)
RC 0
Uv1
C Iht
+E
Ur
Uv2
I
-E
Hnh 31
b. Thay cc gi tr cho vo (*) ta c:
t
U R (t ) =
1
(0,5 + 0,5)dt
10k .2, 2 F 0
U R (t ) = 45, 45.t (V )
(*)
- Ti thi im t = 1ms ta c:
U R (t = 1ms ) = 45, 45.103 = 0, 04545 (V )
c. Cn c vo biu thc (*) ta thy khi t th UR cng +. Nhng in p ra ln

nht ch l +URmax = +12V. Sau thi im (t = t1) UR = +URmax th UR khng tng na.
Ta tm t1 bng cch gii phng trnh sau:
U R (t1 ) = +U Rmax
45, 45.t1 = 12
U
th
t1 = 0.26s.
in p ra:
+12V
t
0
0,26s
96
Hnh 32
Bi 1.17. Cho mch in dao ng 3 mt

RC hnh 33. R = 1k, C = 104. Khi mch
hot ng ch xc lp:
RN
C
R1
a.V dng in p ra.

b. Tnh R1, RN, tn s ca in p UR.
+E
Ur
-E
Hnh 33
Bi gii
a. Mch dao ng 3 mt RC cho ra tn hiu sin, dng in p nh sau
UR(t)
t
0
Hnh 34
b. V ca o ca BKTT l im t o nn R 1 l in tr th 3 ca ba mt RC do
:
R1 = R = 1k.
Ngoi ra R1 cn tham gia vo mch khuch i.
V mch dao ng khi 3 mt RC c Kht = 1/29, mch c th dao ng ch
xc lp phi tho mn iu kin cn bng bin :
K K ht = 1
97
RN 1
. =1
R1 29
RN = 29R1 = 29k.
Tnh tn s:
f dd =
1
2 6 RC
1
2 6.103.10 7
= 650 Hz.
Bi 1.18. Cho mch in hnh 35. R = 10k, RN = 580k, C = 10nF 100nF. Khi
mch hot ng ch xc lp:
a.V dng in p ra.
b. Tnh R1, Di tn ca in p UR khi t C thay i trong khong cho.
c. Gii thch tc dng ca b KTT ni gia khu hi tip v khu khuch i.
RN
C
+E
R1
+
+
R
-E
+E
Ur
-E
Hnh 35
Bi gii
a. Mch in l mch dao ng iu ho nn dng in p ra l hnh sin (hnh 36).

b. V mch dao ng 3 mt RC c h s hi tip K ht = 1/29, nn mch dao ng
ch xc lp th khu khuch i phi c h s khuch i K = 29 (V yu cu
mch dao ng ch xc lp phi c K.Kht = 1)
UR(t)
t
0
Hnh 36
K =
RN
R
580k
= 29 R1 = N =
= 20k .
R1
29
29
98
- Mch c tn s dao ng c tnh theo cng thc:

f =
(*)
2 6 RC
Thay cc gi tr cho vo (*) ta c:

f min =
f max =
1
2 6.10.103.100.109
1
2 6.10.103.10.109
= 65Hz.
= 650 Hz.
- Vy khi C thay i trong khong cho th di tn ca U R thay i trong khong t

65Hz n 650Hz.
c. H s truyn t v gc dch pha ca 3 mt RC c tnh khi h mch ti. Khi ni
trc tip 3 mt RC vo khu khuch i tc l khu hi tip c ti l tr khng vo ca
khu khuch i, do n s lm cho K ht v ht b sai lch. khc phc hai iu ny
ngi ta mc thm b m vo gia hai khu li dng tr khng vo (Z V = ) v
tr khng ra (ZR =0) l tng ca b KTT, do khu khuch i v khu hi tip
khng nh hng ln nhau.
Bi 1.19. Cho mch in hnh 37. R = 10k, R2 = 100k, C = 10nF 100nF. Khi
mch hot ng ch xc lp:
a. Tnh di tn ca in p UR khi t C thay i trong khong cho.
b. Tnh R1.
R2
R1
+E
Ur
+
-E
C
R
Hnh 37
Bi gii
a. y l mch dao ng cu Vin, khi ch xc lp mch cho ra in p c tn s:
f =
1
2 RC
(*)
Thay cc gi tr cho vo (*) ta c:
99
1
= 159 Hz.
2 .10.103.100.109
1
=
= 1592 Hz.
2 .10.103.10.109
f min =
f max
b. Mch dao ng cu Vin c h s hi tip K ht = 1/3, do iu kin ca mch dao

ng ch xc lp l K.Kht = 1, nn K = 3. y khu khuch i l khuch i
K = 1+
thun nn ta c:
R2
R
= 3 R1 = 2 = 50k .
R1
2
Bi 1.20. Cho mch dao ng iu ho hnh 38. R1 = R2 = R3 = 1,2k. H s phm

cht ca khung cng hng Q = 100. Tn s cng hng fch = 100kHz.
a. Tm iu kin Rt ca khung cng hng L, C mch dao ng ch xc lp.
b. Tnh gi tr L, C v in tr thun r ca cun cm.
R3
+E
Ur
-E
R2
C
R1
Hnh 38
Bi gii
a. Mch dao ng gm hai khu
Khu khuch i bao gm R1, R2 v b KTT.
Khu hi tip dng gm R3 v khung L, C.
Khu khuch i c h s khuch i:
K = 1+
R2
= 2.
R1
Khu hi tip dng c h s hi tip:

K ht =
Rtd
.
R3 + Rtd
y Rt l tr khng ca khung L, C ti tn s cng hng.

mch dao ng xc lp th iu kin K.Kht = 1 phi tho mn nn ta c:
K .K ht = (1 +
Rtd
R2
).(
) =1
R1 R3 + Rtd
100
Rtd
1
=
R3 + Rtd 2
Rtd = R3 = 1, 2k .
b. Ta c tr khng ca khung LC:

Z L // C
1
j C
=
1
r + j L +
jC
Z L // C
1
L
jC
C
=
1
1
r + j ( L
) r + j ( L
)
C
C
(r + j L).
(r l in tr thun ca cun cm)
V r rt nh nn:
j L.
Ti tn s cng hng fch =
1
2 LC
, tc l L
1
= 0 ngi ta gi tr khng ca
C
khung L//C l Rt:

L
Rtd = Z ch = C
r
(1)
H s phm cht Q c nh ngha bi cng thc:

L
C
Q=
r
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c:
Rtd = Q.
L
C
(a)
V c:
f ch =
1
2 LC
(b)
Thay s v gii h hai phng trnh (a) v (b) c kt qu

C = 0,13F.
L = 19H.
- Thay cc gi tr tnh c vo (2) tm c r:
L
C
r=
=
Q
19 H
.
0,13 F
= 0,12
100
101
Bi 1.21. Cho mch in dao ng iu ho ghp LC hnh 39. Bit L = 15H,

C = 0,22F, h s phm cht ca mch cng hng Q = 100. Cho R B >> rbe =2,5k,
h s khuch i dng = 100.
a. Xc nh t s bin p n = W2/W1 mch c th dao ng c.
b. Tnh tn s dao ng ca mch.
Ucc
W1
W2
RB
CB
RE
CE
Hnh 39
Bi gii
a. y l mch dao ng ghp bin p, c th dao ng c mch phi tho mn
iu kin cn bng pha ( K + K = 2n , n = 1, 2, 3..... ) v cn bng bin (
K .K ht = 1 ).
ht
- V mch khuch i mc EC nn in p ra quay pha 180 0 so vi in p vo. in p

ra cm ng qua bin p a tn hiu qua v du vo. Do hai cun ca bin p qun
ngc chiu nn in p hi tip quay pha 180 0 so vi in p ra, do tng dch pha
ca mch khuch i v mch hi tip tho mn iu kin pha.
- mch c th dao ng c ta xt iu kin cn bng bin .
Tr khng vo ca tng khuch i c phn nh qua bin p l Zpa:
Z pa =
1
1
.(rbe // RB ) ; 2 .rbe
2
n
n
- Ti tn s dao ng khung cng hng c tr khng:

L
15.106
Rtd = Q
= 100
= 825.
C
0, 22.106
H s khuch i:
K = S ( Rtd // Z pa )
H s h tip:
102
K ht = n
mch c th dao ng ch xc lp ta c phng trnh:

K .K ht = 1
n.S ( Rtd // Z pa ) = 1
rbe
n2 ) = 1
n. (
r
rbe
825 + be2
n
2
825n 825.102 n + 25.102 = 0
825.
Hay
Gii phng trnh ta c 2 nghim: n1 = 0,03, n2 = 100. Ch c n1 = 0,03 l tho mn.

V vi mch dao ng ghp bin p thng bin p c ghp lng, tc l n < 1.
Vy vi h s bin p l n = 0,03 th mch c th dao ng ch xc lp.
b. Mch pht sinh dao ng ti tn s cng hng ca khung LC
f dd =
1
2 LC
1
2 15 H.0,22 F
= 87, 656kHz.
Bi 1.22. Cho mch in a hi t dao ng hnh 40. Bit URmax = 12V,

R1 = R2 = 50k, R = 10k, VR = 10k,
C = 2,2F;
a. V dng in p UR v in p ti P, N.
b. Tnh gii tn ca UR khi VR thay i.
C
-E
VR
Ur
+
+E
P
R1
R2
Hnh 40
Bi gii
a. Dng in p trn hnh 41.
b. V R1 = R2 nn ta c:
f dd =
1
2, 2( R + VR ).C
Thay s vo ta c di tn ca tn hiu ra thay i trong khong:

103
1
= 103Hz.
2, 2.(10.10 + 10.103 ).0, 22.106
1
=
= 206 Hz.
3
2, 2(10.10 + 0).0, 22.106
f min =
f max
UN
+Urmax
+6V
0
- 6V
-Urmax
UP
+6V
0
U-6V
ra
+12V
-12V
+E C
Hnh 41
Bi 1.23. Cho mch in a hi t
dao ng hnh 42.
Cho +E = 12V, R3 = 10k, R2 thay
i t 5k n 15k;
C1 = C2 = C = 2F.
R1
C1
R2
T1
R3
C2
R4
T2
Ura1
Ura2
Bit R2, R3 >>R1, R4.

a. Tnh tx1.
b. Tnh khong thay i tx2 v tn s
f ca mch.
Hnh 42
Bi gii
a. Theo cng thc ta c:
t x1 = R3 C2 ln 2 = 0, 7 R3 C = 0, 7.10.103.2.106 = 1, 4.10 2 s.
b. Khi R2 thay i th tx2 s thay i trong khong:

104
t x 2 min = R2 min .C ln 2 = 5.103.2.106.0, 7 = 0, 7.102 s.

t x 2 max = R2 max .C ln 2 = 15.103.2.106.0, 7 = 2,1.10 2 s.
Khi R2 thay i ta c tn s ca mch thay i trong khong:

f min =
f max =
Tmax
1
1
=
= 28,5 Hz.
2
t x1 + t x 2 max 1, 4.10 + 2,1.102
1
1
1
=
=
= 47, 6 Hz.
2
Tmin t x1 + t x 2min 1, 4.10 + 0, 7.102
+

URmax = 12V; cho R1 = R2, uv = 6 2 sin100 t .
a. V dng in p vo v ra trn cng mt th.
+E
-E
Uv
R1
b. Tm thi gian t mch lt trng thi ln u

tin.
R2
Ur
Hnh 43
Bi gii
a. Dng dng in p vo v ra hnh 44.
b. tm khong thi gian lt trng thi ln u tin t mc to ta gii phng
trnh sau:
6 2 sin100 t = 6
1
sin100 t =
= sin
4
2
t = 2,5ms.
U
+12V
Uvo
Ura
+6V
0
-6V
-12V
Tra
Hnh 44
105
Bi 1.25. Cho mch hn bin hnh 45. Cho E1 = E2 = 6V, Dit l l tng.
a. Gii thch hot ng ca mch.
b. Cho uv = 6 2 sin t , V dng UV, UR. V c tuyn truyn t ca mch.
R
D1
Uv
+
E1
D2
+
Ur
E2
Hnh 45
Bi gii
a. Nguyn l hot ng ca mch:
- Khi UV < E1 th D1 thng, D2 tt nn UR = E1.
- Khi UV > E2 th D2 thng, D1 tt nn UR = E2.
- Khi E1 UV E2 th D1 v D2 u tt nn UR = UV.
b. Dng in p vo v ra hnh 46.
UV
+6V
UR
t
0
-6V
UR
Hnh 46
- c tuyn truyn t ca mch:
+6V
-6V
UV
0 +6V
-6V
106
Hnh 47
Bi 1.26. Cho tn hiu iu bin c h s iu ch m = 50%, tn s tin tc f s = 10kHz,

sng mang c bin 10mV v tn s ft = 1MHz.
a. Vit biu thc tn hiu iu bin.
b. Tnh v v ph ca tn hiu iu bin.
c. Tn hiu trn c trn tn v khuch i vi h s khuch i 500 ln, tn s ngoi
sai l fns = 1455kHz. Vit biu thc sau trn tn ( ly tn s hiu ) .
Bi gii
a. Biu thc iu bin
^
U db = U t (1 + m.coss t ).cost t
Thay s ta c:
U db = 10.103 (1 + 0,5cos2 .10 4 t )cos2 106 t
(*)
b. Tnh v v ph
Ta trin khai biu thc (*):
U db
10.103.0,5
10.103.0,5
6
4
= 10.10 cos2 10 t +
cos2 (10 -10 )t +
cos2 (106 +104 )t
2
2
3
Nh vy ta thy ph ca tn hiu iu bin trn c 3 thnh phn (hnh 1.49)

+ Thng phn sng mang ft = 1MHz c bin l 10mV.
+ Bin tn di c tn s fd = 990kHz, bin l 2,5mV.
+ Bin tn trn c tn s ftr = 1010kHz, bin l 2,5mV.
mV
10
f(kHz)
2,5
0
990 1000 1010
107
Hnh 48
c. Biu thc sau trn tn

U tt = 500.10.103 (1 + 0,5.cos2 104t ).cos2 (1455.103 -106 )t
U tt = 5(1 + 0,5.cos2 104t ).cos2 .455.103 t (V )
Bi 1.27. Tc ly mu ca a CD l 44,1kHz. S bt dng cho mi mu l 8 bt.

a. Xc nh tn s cao nht ca tn hiu m thanh c th khi phc trung thc.
b. Xc nh s mc cc i c th c m ho.
c. Xc nh thi gian chuyn i ti a ca b chuyn i A/D v tn s xung ng h.
d. Xc nh rng ca mt bt trong trng hp u ra l ni tip.
Bi gii
a. Tn s ly mu theo l thuyt c th khi phc trung thc:
f m 2. f thmax
f thmax
f m 44,1kHz
=
= 22, 05kHz
2
2
- Thc t th tn s ln nht ca m thanh m con ngi c th nghe l 20kHz.

b. S mc cc i c th c m ho
S mc = 2N = 28 = 256 (mc).
- Trong N l s bt ca tn hiu s
c. Thi gian chuyn i ti a ca b A/D
tcd = T =
1
1
=
= 22, 67 s.
f m 44,1kHz
Tn s xung ng h
+ Nu u ra l ni tip:
f dh = N . f m = 8.44,1kHz = 352,8kHz.
+ Nu u ra l song song:
f dh = f m = 44,1kHz.
d. Trong thi gian chuyn i xung ng h phi to ra c 8 bt nn rng ca

mt bt s l:
t xbit =
T 22, 67 s
=
= 2,83 s.
8
8
108
Bi 1.28. B Chuyn i A/D 8 bt c in p vo ln nht cho php(in p ton

thang) l 10V. Hy xc nh s mc cc i c th c m ho v gi tr mc lng
t Q.
Bi gii
S mc cc i c th m ho = 2N = 28 =256(bc).
Gi tr mc lng t:
Q=
U Amax U Amax 10V

=
=
= 0, 039V .
2 N 1 255
255
Iht
21
I0
R
2N
22
I1
IN-1
R
2
RN
UM
2 N 1
Hnh 49
+
Tn hiu s iu khin
Uch
Bi 1.29. Mch in bin i D/A theo phng php thang in tr hnh 49.
Cho R = 80k, RN = 10k, Uch = 5V. S bt ca tn hiu s l 4 bt (N=4).
a. Xc nh in p ra ln nht (in p ton thang).
b. Tnh in p ra tng ng cho cc tn hiu s: 0001; 0010; 1000; 1001.
Bi gii
a. T mch in ta c:
U M = RN .I ht = RN .[I 3 + I 2 + I1 + I 0 ]
U M = RN .(b3
UM =
U ch
U
U
U
+ b2 ch + b1 ch + b1 ch )
R /8
R/4
R/2
R
RN .U ch
(8b3 + 4b2 + 2b1 + b0 )
R
- in p ra ln nht khi tt c cc bt u bng 1, thay s ta c:

109
U Mmax =
10.103.5V
(8 + 4 + 2 + 1) = 9,375V .
80.103
b. - in p ra tng ng tn hiu s: 0001 (b3, b2, b1 = 0; b0 = 1)

U M 0001 =
10.103.5V
(0 + 0 + 0 + 1) = 0, 62V .
80.103
- Vi tn hiu 0010(b3 = 0, b2 = 0, b1 = 1; b0 = 0)
U M 0010 =
10.103.5V
(0 + 0 + 2 + 0) = 1, 25V .
80.103
- Vi tn hiu 1000 (b3 = 1, b2 = 0, b1 = 0; b0 = 0)

U M 1000 =
10.103.5V
(8 + 0 + 0 + 0) = 5V .
80.103
- Vi tn hiu 1001 (b3 = 1, b2 = 0, b1 = 0; b0 = 1)

RN
Uch
b0
R0
b1
R1
UM
Rc
b2
R2
b3
R3
Hnh 50
U M 1001 =
10.103.5V
(8 + 0 + 0 + 1) = 5, 62V .
80.103
Bi 1.30. Cho Mch in bin i s tng t 4 bt nh hnh 50. Bit

R0 = 2R1 = 4R2 = 8R3 = 80k, Uch = 5V;
a. Xc nh RN UM ln nht(in p ton thang) l 10V.
b.Vi gi tr RN va tm c hy tnh UM tng ng vi cc tn hiu s sau: 0001,
0010, 0101, 1000.
Bi gii
a. T mch in ta c:
110
U M = RN (b3 .
U ch
U
U
U
+ b2 . ch + b1. ch + b0 . ch )
R3
R2
R1
R0
U M = RNU ch (8.b3 .
UM =
1
1
1
1
+ 4.b2 . + 2.b1
+ b0 . )
R0
R0
R0
R0
RNU ch
(8b3 + 4b2 + 2b1 + b0 )
R0
(*)
UM ln nht khi tt c 4 bt u bng 1:

U Mmax =
RNU ch
(8.1 + 4.1 + 2.1 + 1)
R0
Thay s ta c:
RN 5V
(8.1 + 4.1 + 2.1 + 1)
80k
5 RN
10 =
(15)
80k
80.10
RN =
= 10, 67 k .
5.15
10V =
b. T (*) ta c:
10, 67 k .5V
(0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 1.1)
80k
U M 0001 = 0, 67V .
U M 0001 =
- Vi 0001:
10, 67 k .5V
(8.0 + 4.0 + 2.1 + 1.0)
80k
U M 0010 = 1,33V .
U M 0010 =
- Vi 0010:
10, 67 k .5V
(8.0 + 4.1 + 2.0 + 1.1)
80k
U M 0101 = 3,33V .
U M 0101 =
- Vi 0101:
10, 67 k .5V
(8.1 + 4.0 + 2.0 + 1.0)
80k
U M 1000 = 5,33V .
U M 1000 =
- Vi 1000:
I0 . . .
I0
I0
I0
Bi 1.31. Cho mch in bin i D/A theo phng php mng in tr nh hnh 51.
Tn hiu K
Tn hiu s l 4bt, ngun dng c gi tr I0 = 1mA, RN = 5k. Xc nh gi tr UM ln
iu khin
nht v ULSB.
i0
R
R
iN-2
i1
R
2R
2R
2R
Hnh 51
iN-1
Rht
_
+
UM
111
Bi gii
+ Xc nh UMmax:
T mch in ta thy rng: I0 = i3 = 2i2 = 4i1 = 8i0.
Ta c:
U M = RN .I ht
U M = RN .(b3i3 + b2i2 + b1i1 + b0i0 )
UM l ln nht khi tt c cc bt u bng 1:

U Mmax = RN .(i3 + i2 + i1 + i0 ) = RN .I 0 (1 +
U Mmax = 5k .1mA(
1 1 1
+ + )
2 4 8
15
) = 9,375V .
8
+ Gi tr ULSB ng vi tn hiu s 0001:

U LSB = RN .(0.i3 + 0.i2 + 0.i1 + 1.i0 )
U LSB = 5k .
1mA.
= 0, 625V .
8
Bi 1.32. Cho mch n p nh hnh 52. R1 = 330, IDmin = 5mA, IDmax = 15mA,
UDZ = 5V.
a. Tnh khong bin i ca UV UR vn n nh, tnh tn hao cng sut ln nht trn
R1 khi h ti (Rt = ) vi UVmax.
b. Tnh khong bin i ca UV UR vn n nh v tnh tn hao cng sut ln nht
trn R1 khi Rt = 1k
vi UVmax.
R1
IR
It
R
ID
Uv
DZ
Ur
Rt
112
Hnh 52
Bi gii
a. Khi h ti (Rt = ) ta c:
UV = U R + I D .R1
UV = 5V + 330.I D
- Khi ID = IDmin = 5mA

UV min = 5V + 330.5.103 = 6, 65V .
- Khi ID = IDmax = 15mA

UVmax = 5V + 330.15.103 = 9,95V .
- Nh vy khi h mch 6,65V UV 9,95V th UR vn n nh.

- Cng sut tn hao ln nht trn R1 l:
PRmax = U R max .I Rmax = (9,95V 5V ).I Dmax = 4.95V .15mA = 0, 07W.
b. Khi Rt = 1k ta c:
UV = U R + ( I t + I D ).R1
UV = 5V + 330.(
UR
+ ID )
Rt
UV = 5V + 330.(
5V
+ ID )
1k
- Khi ID = IDmin = 5mA

UV = 5V + 330.(
5V
+ 5mA) = 8,3V .
1k
- Khi ID = IDmax = 15mA

UV = 5V + 330.(
5V
+ 15mA) = 11, 6V .
1k
- Nh vy khi Rt = 1k th 8,3V UV 11,6V th UR vn n nh.

- Cng sut tn hao ln nht trn R1 l:
PRmax = U R max .I Rmax = (11, 6V 5V ).( I Dmax + I t ) = 6, 6V .(15mA +
5V
)=0,13W.
1k
Bi 1.33. Cho mch in n p song song hnh 53. Bit R 1 = 10, UD = 4,4V,
Tranzitor Q c = 40, Rt = 100, dng IDmax = 10mA.
a. Xc nh in p UR.
b.Tnh UVmax, cng sut chu ng ln nht ca R1.
113
R1
Dz
Uv
Ur
Rt
Hnh 53
Bi gii
IR1
It
R1
ID
Ic
Dz
Uv
Ur
Rt
Hnh 54
T s mch in ta c:
U R = U D + U BE = 4, 4V + 0, 6V = 5V .
b.
I R1max = I t + I Dmax + I Cmax =
UR
+ I Dmax + I Dmax
Rt
5V
+ 10mA + 40.10mA
100
= 0, 46 A.
=
UVmax = U R + R1 .I R1max = 5V + 10.0, 46V = 9, 6V .
Cng sut chu ng ln nht ca R1

PRmax = U R1 .I R1max = 4, 6V .0, 46 A = 2,11W.
Bi 1.34. Cho mch in n p hnh 55. Bit U V = 16V, R1 + R2 = 2k, UR bin thin
t 8V n 12V, UD = 5V, UBE1 = UBE2 = 0,6V.
114
a. Tnh R2 khi UR = 8V v khi UR = 12V.

b. Tnh R3 dng qua ti l 200mA, khi UR = 12V, bit khi IDZ = 3mA v Q1 c
= 99.
c. Tnh cng sut tn hao trn Q1 trong cu b.
Q1
It
R3
R1
Q2
Uv
Ur
Rt
R2
Dz
Hnh 55
Bi gii
a. V dng IB2 rt nh nn ta coi IR1 = IR2 t mch in ta c:
U R2 =
UR
.R2 = U D + U BE 2 = 5V + 0, 6V = 5, 6V
R1 + R2
R2 =
5, 6V .( R1 + R2 )
UR
R2 =
5, 6V .2k
= 1, 4k .
8V
R2 =
5, 6V .2k
= 933 .
12V
I B1 =
I
I E1
200mA
= t =
= 2mA.
+ 1 + 1 99 + 1
- Khi UR = 8V:
- Khi UR = 12V:
b. Tnh R3
Ta c IC2 IE2 =IDZ = 3mA.

IR3 = IB1 + IC2 = 3mA + 2mA =5mA.
R3 =
UV U B1 UV (U BE1 + U R ) 16V (0, 6V + 12V )

=
=
= 680 .
I R3
I R3
5mA
c. Cng sut tn hao trn Q1:

115
PQ = (UV U R ).I t = (16V 12V ).200mA = 0,8W.
Bi 1.35. Cho mch in n p nh hnh 56. Cho UV = 12V, R1 = 1k, R2 = 500, UD

= 5V, dng ra cc i ca b KTT l 5mA, Q1 c = 99.
a. Tnh in p ra trn ti.
b. Tnh dng cc i qua ti v cng sut tiu tn trn Q.
Uv
R2
R3
R1
IB1
Q1
IE
Dz
Rt
Ur
Hnh 56
Bi gii
a. Tnh in p ra trn ti
UR
.R1 = U N = U P = U D .
R1 + R2
UR = (
R1 + R2
1k + 500
).U D =
.5V = 7,5V .
R1
1k
b. Tnh dng cc i qua ti v cng sut tiu tn trn Q.

- Dng IBQ1max chnh bng dng ra cc i ca b KTT
Do dng cc i qua ti s l:
I tmax = I EQ1 = ( + 1).I BQ1 = (99 + 1).5mA = 0,5 A .
- Cng sut tiu hao trn Q1 l:

PQ1 = I t .(U V U R ) = 0,5 A.(12V 7,5V ) = 2, 25W .
116
PHN III BI TP T GII

Bi 2.1. Cho mch in hnh 57. UCC = +12V; Rc = 2,7k; RE = 1,2k;
R1 = 20k; R2 = 6k; Rt = 8k; = 99. Bit UBE0 ch d A l 0,6V;
a. V s tng ng xoay chiu ca mch in.
b. Xc nh ch dng in v in p mt chiu trn cc cc ca Tranzito. V
c. Xc nh ti mt chiu v xoay chiu ca tng khuch i.
d. Xc nh cc tham s ZV, ZR, KU, KI ca mch.
e. Nu tc dng ca t CE? Nu b t CE th h s khuch i KU s thay nh th
no?
+U
+12V
cc
Rc
R1
Cv
Cr
+
Uv
+
R2 RRE
E
Rt
C
CE
E
Hnh 57
+12V
Cv
Uv
Cr
+
RE
Rt
Hnh 58
117
Bi 2.2. Cho mch in hnh 58. Bit UCC = +12V; RB = 200k; RE = 2,2k;
Rt = 5,6k; cho UBE0 ch A l 0,6V; = 99.
a.V s tng ng xoay chiu ca mch in.
b. Xc nh cc gi tr dng in v in p mt chiu trn cc cc ca Tranzito. V
c. Xc nh ti mt chiu v xoay chiu ca tng khuch i.
d. Xc nh cc tham s ZV, ZR, KU, KI ca mch.
Bi 2.3. Cho mch in hnh 59. UCC = +12V; Rc = 2k; R1 = 100k; = 99. Bit
UBE0 ch d A l 0,6V;
b. Xc nh ch dng in v in p mt chiu trn cc cc ca Tranzito. V
d. Xc nh cc tham s ZV, ZR, KU, KI.
+Ucc
Rc
R1
Cr
+
Ur
Cv
Uv
+
R2
Hnh 59
Bi 2.4. Cho mch in hnh 60. UCC = +12V; Rc1 = 2k; RE1 = 1k; RB = 250k; RC2
= 2,7k; RE2 = 1,2k; R1 = 20k; R2 = 6k; Rt = 8k; 1 = 2 = 99. Bit UBE0 ch
d A l 0,6V;
b. Xc nh cc gi tr dng in v in p mt chiu trn cc cc ca Q 1 v Q2.
c. Xc nh cc tham s ZV, ZR, KU ca mch.
d. Nu R2 b t th h s khuch i KU s thay nh th no?
118
+Ucc
Rc2
Rc1
RB
Cn
+
Cr
+
Q2
Q1
R2
RE2
RE1
Rt
Uv
R1
CE2
CE1
Hnh 60
Bi 2.5. Cho mch in hnh 61. UCC = +12V; Rc1 = 2k; RE1 = 1k; RE2 = 1,2k; RC2
= 1,5k; RB = 250k; Rt = 4k; 1 = 2 = 99. Bit UBE0 ch d A l 0,6V;
a. Xc nh cc gi tr dng in v in p mt chiu trn cc cc ca Q 1 v Q2.
b. Xc nh cc tham s ZV, ZR, KU ca mch.
+Ucc
Rc2
RB
Rc1
Cr
+
Q2
+
Q1
Rt
RE1
Uv
RE2
CE2
CE1
Hnh 61
UD
Bi 2.6. Cho mch in nh hnh 62. Bit

UD = +12V; RD = 2,2k; RS = 1,2k, RG = 1M,
UP = - 5V, IDSS = 8mA.
b. Tnh gm ti cc im c UGS = -1V; UGS = - 3V;
UGS = - 4V;
Cr
Ur
Cv
Uv
RG
RS
a. Xc nh im lm vic tnh ca mch.
RD
Cs
Hnh 62
119
Bi 2.7. Cho mch in nh hnh 63. Cho UD = +12V; RD = 1,2k; RS = 1k,

RG1 = 100k, RG2 = 20k, Up = - 4V, IDSS = 8mA.
a. Xc nh im lm vic tnh ca mch.
b. Tnh gm ti cc im c UGS = -1V; UGS = - 3V; UGS = -3,5V;
UD
RD
RG1
Cr
Ur
Cv
RG2
RS
Uv
Cs
Hnh 63
Bi 2.8. Cho mch in hnh 64. Bit UCC = +24V, Rt = 16, h s bin p l
n = W2/W1 = 0,3.
a. Tnh cng sut xoay chiu ln nht ra trn ti v hiu sut ca mch.
b. Cho = 60, tnh R1 c cng sut xoay chiu ra ln nht.
+Ucc
R1
Uv
W1
W2
Rt
C
+
Hnh 64
Bi 2.9. Cho mch in hnh 65. Bit UCC = +12V, UD = UBE0 = 0,5V. Coi Tranzito l
l tng. Dng phn cc bng 1mA.
120

b. Tnh R1, R2, PRmax v hiu sut ca tng khuch i, bit Rt = 8.
+12V
R1
Q1
Cv
Uv
Cr
D1
+
Ur
D2
Q2
Rt
R2
Hnh 65
Bi 2.10. Cho mch in hnh 66. Bit U CC = +24V, R1 = 5,6k, Rt = 8, h s bin
p l n = W2/W1 = 0,1.
a. Xc nh R2 mch lm vic ch AB. mch lm vic ch B th phi
ni mch nh th no?
b. Tnh cng sut ra ln nht trn ti v hiu sut ca mch.
+Ucc
R1
Uv
Q1
R2
W1
W1
W2
Ur
Rt
Q2
Hnh 66
121
Bi 2.11. Cho mch in hnh 67. Bit URmax = 12V;

a Xc nh biu thc tnh UR theo U1, U2, R1, R2, R3 v R4.
b. Tnh UR, bit R1 = R2 = 15k; R3 = 10k; R4 = 80k.
+ U1 =1V; U2 = 0,5V.
+ U1 = 4V; U2 = 3V.
+ U1 = - 3V; U2 = - 4V.
U1
U2
R1
+E
R2
Ur
-E
R4
R3
Hnh 67
Bi 2. 12. Cho mch in hnh 68. Bit E = 12V;
a Xc nh biu thc tnh UR theo U1, U2, R1, R2, R3.
b. Tnh UR, bit R1 = 15k; R2 = 20k; R3 = 200k; U1 = 0,1v; U2 = 0,2V.
c. Cho bit tc dng ca R4 v tm gi tr ti u ca R4.
U1
R1
U2
R2
R3
+E
+
Ur
-E
R4
U1
U2
R5
R1
R2
+E
Hnh 68
U3
Ur
-E
R3
R4
122
Hnh 69
Bi 2. 13. Cho mch in hnh 69. Bit URmax = 12V;

a. Xc nh biu thc tnh UR theo U1, U2, U3, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5.
b. Cho R1 = 10k, R2 = 10k, R3 = 20k, R4 = 50k, R5 = 100k.
Tnh UR, bit U1 = 0,1V, U2 = 0,2V, U3 = 0,3V.
Bi 2.14. Cho mch in hnh 70. Bit E = 15V, R1 = 10K, R2 =15K,
R3 = 45K, R6 = 20K, R7 =60K.
a. Tm Ur theo cc Uv?
b. Nu tc dng ca R4, R5. Tm gi tr ca chng?
c. Tm Ur khi:
U1 = 0,2V; U2 = - 0,3V.
U1 = - 0,3V; U2 = 0,4V.
U1
R2
U2
R1
R3
R5
R4
R6
R7
Hnh 70
123
Bi 2.15. Cho mch in hnh 71. Bit E = 15V, R1 = 15K, R2 =30K,

R3 = 60K, R5 = 10K, R6 = 20K, R7 = 30K.
a, Tm Ur theo cc Ua, Ub, Uc?
b, Nu tc dng ca R4, R8. Tm gi tr ca chng?
c, Tm Ur khi:
Ua = 0,1V, Ub = - 0,2V, Uc = 0,2V.

Ua = - 0,2V, Ub = - 0.3V, Uc = 0,3V.
Bi 2.16. Cho mch in hnh 72. Bit E = 12V. k v tho mn iu kin k 2, 0

1; R1 = R0, R2 = (1-)R0, R3 = (1 -
1
)R4, R5 = (k - 1)R4.
k
a. Tm biu thc tnh UR theo UV v cc tham s ca mch.

b.Cho UV = 0,2V, k = 45; xc nh khong bin i ca UR khi 0 1.
Ua
R2
Ub
R1
R3
R7
R5
Uc
R6
R4
R8
Hnh 71
R4
Bi 2.17. Cho mch in hnh 73.Bit URmax = 9V;

R1 = 10k, R2 = 110k, R3 = 15k, R4 = 1k,
VR = 2k,
a. Xc nh biu thc tnh K U theo cc tham s ca
R2
R3
mch.
R5
R3
Uv
R2
b. Tm khong KU khi VR bin i t 0 2k.
R1
c. Tm khong VR mch lm vic trong

min
VR
tuyn tnh khi cho UV = 0,07V.
R1
+E
Ur
-E
R4
Uv
+E
Hnh 72
Ur
-E
124
Hnh 73
Bi 2.18. Cho mch tch phn hnh 74.

a. Xc nh biu thc UR theo UV1, UV2, R v C.
b. Cho UV1= -0,2V; UV2 = -0,3 + 0,5.cos250t (V); R =50k; C = 2F. Tnh UR?
Uv1
Uv2
Ur
C
Hnh 74

Bit E = 12V, C = 0,1F, R1 = 1k,
R2 = 5k, R3 = 2k. Ban u in p trn
bng 0V.
a. Xc nh biu thc tnh U R(t) theo UV1,
UV2, UV3.
R1
Uv1
R2
Uv2
R3
Uv3
+E
Ur
-E
b. Cho
U1 = 1cos2 .50.t V;
Hnh 75
U 2 = 2cos2 .50.t V ;
U 3 = 3cos2 .50t V ;
Tnh UR?
125
Bi 2.20. Cho mch in hnh 76. C = 4,7F, R = 10k, IC l tng. Ti thi im t =

0 in p trn t bng 0,5V.
a. Xc nh biu thc tnh UR(t) theo UV1, UV2, UV3.
b. Cho UV1, UV2, UV3 l xung in c bin +5V xut hin trong khong
0 t t1 = 5ms, xc nh bin in p ra ti thi im t1?
C
Uv1
Uv2
R
Uv3
+E
Ur
-E
Hnh 76
Bi 2.21. Cho mch in hnh 77. Bit R3 = 8,25k, R6 = 4,7 k, E = 12V
a. Xc nh UR theo Ux, Uy, Uz v cc tham s ca mch?
b. Xc nh R1, R2, R3 v R5 mch thc hin hm s:
UR = 2,5Ux 4,7Uy + 4,1Uz.
R1
R3
R6
Ux
R2
R4
Uz
Uy
R5
Ur
Hnh 77
a. Tm Rx, Ry, Rz mch in thc hin hm s:
UR = aUx + bUy + cUz,
126
trong a, b, c l cc s thc; RN, RP l cc in tr bit.

b. Tnh RX, Ry, RZ khi: UR = -Ux + -4Uy + (1/2)Uz. Cho RN = 2RP = 16 k.
c. Xc nh biu thc tnh U R trong trng hp RX = RY = RN/; RZ = RP vi , l
cc h s thc dng.
RN
Rx
Ux
Ry
Uy
Ur
Rz
Uz
Rp
Hnh 78.
Bi 2.23. Cho mch in dao ng 3 mt RC hnh 79. Bit tn s dao ng ca mch
l fdd = 1kHz, C = 0,2F
a.V dng in p ra.
b. Tnh gi tr cc linh kin cn li ca mch.
RN
C
R1
+E
Ur
-E
Hnh 79
Bi 2.24. Cho mch in dao ng 3 mt RC hnh 80. Cho R = 1k; C = 0,1F.
a. Phn t no tham gia vo khu khuch i, khu hi tip (di pha)?
b. Tnh cc linh kin cn li trong mch?
c. Tnh tn s dao ng ca mch?
127
d. Nu tc dng ca R3 v tnh gi tr ca n?
RN
R1
R3
Ur
R2
Hnh 80
C
a. V dng Ur theo thi gian?

b. Tm khong bin i ca bin tr R
mch to ra gii tn t 150Hz - 1500Hz , khi
t C = 250nF.
R2
Ur
c. Tnh gi tr R2 khi R1 = 31K.

C
R1
Hnh 81
Bi 2.26. Cho mch dao ng iu ho hnh 82. R1 = R2 = 1,2k. H s phm cht ca

khung cng hng Q = 100, L =20H, C = 0,2F.
a. Gii thch hot ng ca mch v tnh tn s dao ng ca mch.
b. Tm iu kin R3 mch c th dao ng ch xc lp.
c. Tnh gi tr tr thun r ca cun cm.
R3
+E
Ur
-E
R2
C
R1
128
Hnh 82
Bi 2.27. Cho mch in a hi t dao ng

hnh 83. Bit URmax = 12V; R1 = R2 = 50k,
VR
-E
Ur
R = 10k, VR = 10k, C = 2,2F;

+
a. Tnh bin ca xung in p ra.
+E
b. V dng in p UR v in p ti cc im P,
N.
R2
R1
c. Tnh gii tn ca UR khi VR thay i.

Hnh 83
Bit URmax = 9V, R1 = 40 k, R2 = 20k,
VR
-E
R = 1k, VR = 10k, C = 1F;
Ur
+E
b. V in p UR v in p ti cc im P, N.
c. Tnh gii tn ca UR khi VR thay i.
R1
R2
Hnh 84
Bit URmax = 12V, R1 = R2 = 20k, R3 = 1k,

R4 = 2k, C = 1F; Coi it l l tng

C
R3
D1
R4
D2

Ur
b. Tnh gii tn ca UR.

c. V dng in p UR v in p ti cc im P, N.
R2
R1
Bit URmax = 9V, R1 = R2 = 20k, R = 15k,

VR = 5k, C1 = 0,1F, C2 = 0,01F.
Hnh 85

129
b. V dng in p UR v in p ti cc im P, N.
c. Tnh gii tn ca UR khi VR thay i trong 2 trng hp kho K v tr 1 v kho K
v tr 2.
K
2
C2
1
C1
VR
+E
Ur
-E
R2
R1
Hnh 86
Bi 2.31. Cho mch in a hi t dao ng hnh 87. Cho +E C = 5V, R3 = 10k, R2
thay i t 10k n 15k; C1 = C2 = C = 0,02F. Bit R2, R3 >>R1, R4.
a. Tnh bin xung ra (coi tranzito l l tng)
b. Tnh tx1.
c. Tnh khong thay i tx2 v tn s fdd ca mch.
Bi 2.32. Cho mch in a hi t dao ng hnh 87. Cho +E C = 9V, R2 v R3 cng
thay i t 10k n 15k; C1 = C2 = C = 0,02F. Bit R2, R3 >>R1, R4.
a. Tnh bin xung ra (coi tranzito l l tng)
b. Tnh khong thay i tx1, tx2 v tn s fdd ca mch.
+E C
R1
C1
R2
T1
R3
C2
R4
T2
Ura1
Ura2
R2
Hnh 87
+E
R1
Bi 2. 33. Cho mch in hnh 88.
Uv
-E
Hnh 88
Ur
130
Bit URmax = 12V; R2 = 2R1, uv = 6 2 sin100 t .

a. V dng in p vo v ra trn cng mt th.
b. Tm thi gian t mch lt trng thi ln u tin.
Bi 2.34. Gii thch nguyn l v v dng in p vo, ra ca cc mch hnh 89, hnh
90, hnh 91. Bit UV = 12sint (V).
D1
D1
R
10k
Uv
Ur
Uv
D1
R
10k
+
5V
Hnh 89
R1
1k
Uv
Ur
D2
5V
R2
22k
+
UrR
10v
5V
Hnh 90
Hnh 91
Bi 2.35. Cho tn hiu iu bin c h s iu ch m = 50%, tn s tin tc l f s = 1kHz,

sng mang c bin 10mV v tn s ft = 500kHz.
b. V ph ca tn hiu iu bin.
Bi 2.36. Cho tn hiu iu bin c h s iu ch m = 75%, tn s tin tc l f s, sng
mang c bin 10mV v tn s ti tin l ft.
b. Tnh v v ph ca tn hiu iu bin khi f t = 1MHz v rng bng tn ca tin tc
l t 0 15kHz.
Bi 2.37. Tc ly mu ca a CD l 44,1kHz. S bt dng cho mi mu l 16 bt.
a. Xc nh tn s cao nht ca tn hiu m thanh c th khi phc trung thc.
b. Xc nh s mc cc i c th c m ho.
c. Xc nh thi gian chuyn i ti a ca b chuyn i A/D v tn s xung ng h.
d. Xc nh rng ca mt bt trong trng hp u ra l ni tip.
Bi 2.38. Mch in bin i A/D theo phng php thang in tr hnh 92.
Cho R = 160k, RN = 20k, Uch = 5V. S bt ca tn hiu s l 4 bt (N=4).
a. Xc nh in p ra ln nht (in p ton thang).
b. Tnh in p ra tng ng cho cc tn hiu s: 0001; 0010; 1000; 1001.
131
Iht
21
I0
2N
22
I1
IN-1
R
2
RN
UM
2 N 1
Hnh 92
+
Tn hiu s iu khin
Uch
RN
Bi 2.39. Cho Mch in bin i s

tng t 4 bt hnh 93.
Uch
b0
R0
b1
R1
UM
Rc
Bit R0 = 2R1 = 4R2 = 8R3 = 8R = 80k,

Uch = 5V;
b2
R2
b3
R3
a. Cho RN = 2k. Xc nh UM ln nht

(in p ton thang).
b. Tnh UM tng ng vi cc tn hiu s
sau: 0001, 0010, 0101, 1000, 1110.
Hnh 93
Bi 2.40. Cho mch in bin i D/A theo phng php mng in tr hnh 94. Tn
hiu s l 4bt, ngun dng c gi tr I0 = 3mA, RN = 2,2k.
a. Xc nh gi tr UM ln nht v ULSB.
b. Xc nh UM tng ng vi cc tn hiu s: 0011, 0100, 1000, 1101.
I0 . . .
I0
I0
I0
Tn hiu K
iu khin
i0
R
2R
iN-2
i1
R
2R
2R
2R
Hnh 94.
iN-1
Rht
_
+
UM
132
Bi 2.41. Tnh ton bi 2.40 vi tn hiu s l 8bt, I0 = 1mA, RN =1K.

Bi 2.42. Cho mch n p nh hnh 95. Bit R = 470, IDmin = 5mA, IDmax = 10mA,
UDZ = 9V.
a. Gii thch hot ng ca mch khi UV thay i.
b. Tnh khong bin i ca UV UR vn n nh v tnh tn hao cng sut ln nht
trn R khi h ti (Rt = ).
c. Tnh khong bin i ca U V UR vn n nh v tnh tn hao cng sut ln nht
trn R khi Rt = 1,2k.
IR
It
ID
Uv
Ur
DZ
Rt
Hnh 95
Bi 2.43. Cho mch in n p hnh 96.

Bit UDz = 6,6V, Rt = 100,
IDmax = 10mA, R1 = 470, = 59.
R1
Q
Uv

b.Tnh UVmax.
Dz
Ur
Rt
c. Tnh cng sut tn hao trn Q.

Hnh 96
Bi 2.44. Cho mch in n p hnh 97. Bit U V = 17V, R1 + R2 = 2,2k, UR bin
thin t 9V n 12V, UDz = 5V, UBE1 = UBE2 = 0,6V.
a. Gii thch hot ng ca mch khi UV thay i.
b. Tnh R2 khi UR = 9V v khi UR = 12V.
133
c. Tnh R3 dng qua ti l 0.3A, khi UR = 12V, bit khi IZ = 3mA v Q1 c

= 60.
d. Tnh cng sut tn hao trn Q1 trong cu b.
Q1
It
R3
R1
Q2
Uv
Ur
Rt
R2
Dz
Hnh 97
Ti liu tham kho

1. Xun Th
K thut in t
NXB GD
1997
2. Xun Th - Nguyn Vit Nguyn

Bi tp K thut in t
NXB GD
2000
3. Phm Minh H
K thut mch in t
134
NXB Khoa hc k thut
1997
3. L Phi Yn
K thut mch in t
NXB i hc Bch khoa Tp H Ch Minh
1996
4. William D.Stanley
B Khuch i v x l IC tuyn tnh
NXB Khoa hc k thut
1994
5. Donald L. Schilling Charles Belove Tuvia Apelewicz Raymond J.

Saccardi.
ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
DISCRETE AND INTEGRATED
1989
MC LC
Li ni u
PHN I
TM TT L THUYT.....4
Chng 1
KHUCH I V CC KHI NIM C BN TRONG

KHUCH I
I. Cc tham s c bn ca mt tng khuch i.4

II. Phn cc v ch lm vic mt chiu ca Tranzito lng cc5
135
III. Phn cc v ch lm vic mt chiu ca Tranzito trng....7

IV. Hi tip trong mch khuch i..8
Chng II CC S C BN CA TNG KHUCH I
TN HIU NH
I. S dng Tranzito lng cc...11
II. S dng Tranzito trng...13
III. nh hng ca ni tr ngun tn hiu v in tr ti n mch khuch i15
Chng III TNG KHUCH I CNG SUT
I. Ch cng tc v im lm vic ca tng khuch i cng sut......16
II. Tng khuch i cng sut ch A.17
III. Tng khuch i cng sut y ko..21
Chng IV B KHUCH I THUT TON
I. Tnh cht v tham s c bn....28
II. Cc mch khuch i.30
III. Cc mch in ng dng b KTT .................................................................32
Chng V
MCH TO DAO NG IU HA
I. Khi nim chung v dao ng.....40

II. Mch dao ng LC40
III. Mch dao ng RC...42
IV. Mch dao ng dng thch anh....44
Chng VI
MCH XUNG
I. Khi nim chung..46

II. Trig...47
III. Mch dao ng a hi...49
IV. Mch hn bin......52
V. Mch to xung rng ca....54
Chng VII CHUYN I TNG T S V S TNG T
I. Nguyn tc chuyn i tng t - s (ADC)..57
II. Mt s phng php chuyn i AD.....58
136
III. Chuyn i DA.61

Chng 8 MCH CUNG CP NGUN MT CHIU
I. Khi nim chung..63
II. Bin p v chnh lu...63
III. B lc ngun.65
IV. Mch n p...68
PHN II
BI TP C LI GII.....75
PHN III
BI TP T GII............................................................116
137

Dien Tu Tuong Tu

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dien Tu Tuong Tu

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

Bin son: Ths. L C TON

KHUCH I V CC KHI NIM C BN TRONG

I. Cc tham s c bn ca mt tng khuch i

Khuch i dng in ta c KI.

Khuch i cng sut ta c KP.

V tng khuch i c cha cc phn t in khng nn K l mt s phc.

Phn m un |K| th hin quan h v cng (bin ) gia cc i lng u ra

K0 l h s khuch i vng tn s trung bnh.

5. Hiu sut ca tng khuch i

II. Phn cc v ch lm vic mt chiu ca Tranzito lng cc

Hnh 1-1: nh dng Baz

Hnh 1-2: nh p Baz

Hnh 1.1 l phng php nh dng Baz, t s ta c:

Hnh 1.2 l phng php nh p Baz, thc t th IB0 << IP nn ta c:

2. Hin tng tri im lm vic v cc phng php n nh

a. n nh tuyn tnh: dng hi tip m mt

III. Phn cc v ch lm vic mt chiu ca Tranzito trng

V dng qua RG gn nh bng khng nn ta c:

im lm vic tnh l giao im ca phng trnh (1) v (2).

- Hi tip m: tn hiu hi tip ngc pha vi tn hiu vo, hi tip m ng vai tr rt

Hnh 1-6: S khi b khuch i c hi tip.

Hnh 1-7: S khi b khuch i c hi tip.

T biu thc ny ta c nhn xt: mt b khuch i c hi tip c h s khuch i

Hnh 1-8. c tuyn bin tn s ca b khuch i

Chng II CC S C BN CA TNG KHUCH I

Hnh 2-1. S Emit chung

Hnh 2-2. S tng ng Emit chung

Hnh 2-3. S Colect chung

Hnh 2-4. S tng ng Colect chung

3. Baz chung (BC)

Hnh 2-5. S Baz chung

Hnh 2-6. S tng ng Baz chung

Tn hiu ra cng pha tn hiu vo.

Hnh 2-7.S cc ngun chung (SC)

Hnh 2-8. S tng ng SC

Hnh 2-9.S cc ngun chung (SC)

Hnh 2-10. S tng ng SC

Hnh 2-11.S cc ngun chung (SC)

Hnh 2-12. S tng ng SC

Hnh 2-13. S tng ng mng 4 cc khuch i

Thay vo biu thc (1) ta c:

Nh vy khi c ni tr ngun v in tr ti th h s khuch i in p b gim.

Chng III TNG KHUCH I CNG SUT

I. Ch cng tc v im lm vic ca tng khuch i cng sut (KCS)

- Hiu sut l t s cng sut ra v cng sut cung cp mt chiu P0.

Ch AB l ch m im lm vic tnh ca Tranzito l im gia ch A v

Hnh 3-3.Tng cng sut mc E chung

Nu b qua vng tt v vng bo ha ca Tranzito t th hnh 3.4 ta thy:

Cng sut ra ln nht:

Cng sut ngun cung cp cho mch:

Ta c hiu sut cc i ca mch l:

Hnh 3-4. Dng tn hiu trn c tuyn ra

Hnh 3-5. Tng cng sut ghp bin p

Hnh 3-6. Dng tn hiu trn c tuyn ra

Cng sut ra ln nht:

Cng sut ngun cung cp cho mch:

Ta c hiu sut cc i ca mch l:

Hnh 3-7. Tng cng sut mc

Nu b qua vng tt v vng

Hnh 3-8. Dng tn hiu trn c tuyn ra

Cng sut ra ln nht:

Cng sut ngun cung cp cho mch: