Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dr. T. Ibnu Alferraly, Sppa
Dr. T. Ibnu Alferraly, Sppa
Fakultas Kedokteran
Inflamasi
suatu reaksi karakteristik dari mamalia terhadap suatu agen
cedera sebagai upaya untuk
menahan,
membatasi,
meng-eliminasi
menghancurkan
Agen cedera
organik, :
Bakteri, Virus, dll
non-organik, :
panas, trauma, dingin,
radiasi, elektrik, dll.
Kerusakan
Jaringan
Degenerasi &
Nekrosis Jaringan
Respon Imun
(spesifik)
Inflamasi
Kronik
Acute Inflammation
PROTECTIVERE
SPONSE
NON-specific
Series of
reactions of
vascularized
tissue to injury
What is its purpose?
Defend against foreign substances
(infection)
Dispose of dead / dying tissue
Immobilize injured area
Compartmentalize area
Neurologic
Events
Initial Vasoconstriction
Transatory & reflexive
usually lasts up to 30 seconds
Gradual Vasodilation
Relaxation of reflexive spasm
Causes bleeding to start
Hemodynamic
Events
Vasodilation
From relaxation of reflex & chemical mediators
Slowing of bloodflow
Relationship of flow to diameter
Margination of Leukocytes
???? Nobel prize for Medicine
Hemostasis
Permeability Changes
Permeability Changes
Mostly from inflammatory chemicals
Occurs in capillaries & small venules
Junctions between epithelial cells loosen
Fluid leaks (transudate
exudate)
Leads to hemoconcentration
Makes margination easier
Cellular
Events
Mast Cells
Already present in connective tissue
Damage to connective tissue leads to
activation & degranulation
Release histamine (increases vasodilation &
permeability)
Release heparin
(anticoagulant)
Circulating Leukocytes
Marginated cells emmigrate from vasculature (diapedesis) smaller
first, larger later
Basophils release anti-coagulants
Neutrophils vicious phagocytes
Release many chemical mediators chemotaxis
Primary job is to phagocytize bacteria
Magnifies inflammation above required level in musculoskeletal injury
Monocytes
Macrophages
Arrive ~ 5h post-injury
Remove dead tissue debris (clean up the mess)
Chemical
events
Inflammatory Process
First Hour
Gradual vasodilation
Hemostasis begins
Mast Cell degranulation
Margination of WBCs
Large scale neutrophil
response begins
ACUTE
INFLAMMATION
Neutrophil
Polymorphonuclear
Leukocyte, PMN, PML
Leukocyte
Granulocyte,
Neutrophilic
granulocyte
Poly-
Polymorph
HISTORICAL
HIGHLIGHTS
(Egypt, 3000 BC)
Rubor
Calor
Tumor
Dolor
5th (functio
1.
Rubor ( kemerahan )
2.
3.
Tumor ( pembengkakan )
4.
5.
Tumor
: ok akumulasi cairan
Dolor
Functio Laesa
: ok kombinasi ke 5 faktor
Neutrophil
Polymorphonuclear
Leukocyte, PMN, PML
Leukocyte
Granulocyte, Neutrophilic
granulocyte
Poly-
Polymorph
Peningkatan permeabilitas.
Permeabilitas dari kapiler dan venule merupakan suatu fungsi
hubungan antar sel antara sel-sel endothelial vaskuler.
Pori-pori yang ada ini dapat dilalui oleh molekul-molekul yang kecil
( MW < 40.000 )
Eksudasi Cairan
Mengalirnya cairan dalam jumlah yang besar dari sirkulasi
kedalam jaringan interstisial menyebabkan timbulnya
pembekakan
salah satu tanda utama inflamasi akut.
Meningkatnya jumlah cairan yang keluar yang disebabkan oleh
karena meningkatnya permebilitas vaskuler dikenal sebagai
eksudasi.
Komposisi eksudat mendekati plasma darah, dimana kaya akan
plasma protein termasuk imunoglobin, complement dan
fibrinogen.
Pada inflamasi akut fibrinogen secara cepat akan di ubah
menjadi Fibrin dan Tromboplastin jaringan
Exudate
Transudate
Peningkatan aliran cairan ke jaringan melalui pembuluh
dengan permeabilitas normal
2. Marginasi Neutrofil
Aliran darah yang normal benda-benda darah akan berada
di tengah-tengah dari aliran darah dan terpisah dari permukaan
endotel oleh zona plasma darah.
Pemisahan ini sangat tergantung dari normalnya aliran darah
dimana dibutuhkan suatu kekuatan untuk mempertahankan
partikel-partikel sel yang lebih berat untuk tetap berada di tengah
-tengah aliran darah.
3. Emigrasi Neutrofil
Neutrofil secara aktif akan meninggalkan pembuluh darah
melewati batas - batas antar sel
OUTCOMES OF
ACUTE
INFLAMMATION
1) 100% complete
RESOLUTION
2) SCAR
3)CHRONIC inflammation
Infiltration of fibroblasts
Collagen laid down in random pattern
Structure can be manipulated!!!!!
Scar remodels
Collagen fibers re-align with stress (SAID)
Less tensile strength than tissue it replaces
Chronic
Inflammation
Perubahan mukosa
bronchus pada
penderita Asthma
Bronchial menunjukkan
Inflamasi Kronik
PHAGOCYTOSIS
RECOGNITION
ENGULFMENT
KILLING
(DEGRADATION
/DIGESTION)
FIBRINOUS
PUS
=
PURULENT
ABSCESS
=
POCKET
OF
PUS
PURULENT, FIBRINOPURULENT
ULCERATIVE
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
NORMAL HISTOLOGY
VASODILATATION
INCREASED VASCULAR PERMEABILITY
LEAKAGE OF EXUDATE
MARGINATION, ROLLING, ADHESION
TRANSMIGRATION (DIAPEDESIS)
CHEMOTAXIS
PMN ACTIVATION
PHAGOCYTOSIS: Recognition, Attachment,
Engulfment, Killing (degradation or
digestion)
TERMINATION
100% RESOLUTION, SCAR, or CHRONIC
inflammation
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
(MONOS)
LYMPHOCYTE
MONOCYTE
MACROPHAGE
CAUSES of CHRONIC IN
FLAMMATION
1) PERSISTENCE of Infection
2) PROLONGED EXPOSURE to insult
3) AUTO-IMMUNITY
MORPHOLOG
Y
INFILTRATION
TISSUE
DESTRUCTION
HEALING
GRANULOMAS
GRANULOMATOUS INFLAMMATION
4 COMPONENTS
FIBROBLASTS
LYMPHS
HISTIOS
GIANT CELLS
GRANULOMAS
GRANULOMATOUS INFLAMMATION
CASEATING (TB)
NON-CASEATING