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H. M. Kupcanos BUCAUME WM BAHTOBbIE ROHCTPYKLIMUM BBK 3854 Ka YAK s24.071.200758) Peueuseurs: nagexpa werananyecenx eguetpyxunl MockoncKoro ‘opaeua Tpyaonoro Kpactoro Suanein nuxelepuo-erpoxrenssioro 1 Cintyta whe B.D, KyhGuumena (rans, texe, nays T.-C. Deaeumnon), 2-P ‘rexs, #ayk H.C. Mockanes (opxetia Tpysonoro “Kpacuoto Suawent Llenrpansuedi sayano-necneadearemscana micriTyr crpoHeabaslk KOH: capynuudl x, B.A. Rysepenno). Kupcanos H. M. K 4) Bucauue 1 BanToBtie KOHeTpyKUNH: Yue. nocobue gas sysop. —M.: Crpoiiuaaar, 1981.— 158. c., 1 Npeacrasacms xoncrpyaramaie pemesna suetex ¥ sauTomLi 20- spurtuh odccroenstx x fiporovoserseuhasy ozawa, 8 tate XOMerDy aiGonee saxcwite yonon 4 afeweuron. Tpnrexeia! cncaeiin no. pacxoay atepasoe, tpymoiarpavan, erocodsn wourasa w pactery Konerpyxinhe “Hea eya@hece ciporensiat eexrasuaoeret #508 dp kypeoun 38 BBK 38.54 i 6c405 © Crpoiwsrar, 1984 NPEQUCAOBKE Oxno m2 naxuicium wanpasteni TexuysecKoro nporpecca uw ctpowrenscTue — aasmuefusee paculpesnte pnvenecinn cradel puiconol npowmocra, _wexammecroe NapakTepuetitin KOTOpEX B HeCKO.tEKO P&B BWIe COOT- seTeTAyIONUX noxasateneh oLANOH craMK, @ No cTOK- oct OlaMigmieH Heat LEH. He’ nocteauee suavere 5 310% npoGreme ment ‘TaKA‘e TaKWe cbaxTOpHl, Kale cumtaeHUe TpYAosaTpaT Bua poawon xosuicise na ipoussysciso NeTauuta sa CMF SKOUOMMH pH HeHOMSOBINN BuCOKONpONAX crane, YMeveulenme cronsioct# Tpancnopraux pacxoaos, oGuer~ oume KEpRUCOR SAHA HT. ‘OxwaKo np oveapenm woBUX crazeR p crpouten- erB0 neoGxoaio yanrtusar ux ocoOeumocrs, aK, 34 Genruanocre HcuodbgoRaHmi BlicoKonpoNMX crageh y CHATHX GMEMENTIX NeBMCOXA 3-28 NPOAOANOTO MOTH a, KoTopuil, ococentio Ana KOWnaKTHBX ceveMHt ua cra ait BucoKO ‘NpouHocn, Meet cyulecTBerHoe aHaveHte Tlostowy px BuGope Konerpyxriisio cxemi coopy xe: ua ¢ pHMewenweM TaKHX case mpeanotrnrensee che crewia ¢ pactailyrun sieneuTaNn, THM" OOLACHAETER, B ¥acruocTH, ¥TO B Tlocacauce spews yBeausUBdeTER HNC £0 coopyscenil, sosnesenisx ¢ criombsonattieN BKER- ‘tnx W sanTOBBIX KONCTpYeuIH, OcwOBHNE sTeweHTA KOTO- pHIX veaerteipaior pacraxcente Bropas ocoGeitocTs. nuicoKonpotsx craeA — nenea- ccroile BHCOKEX ManpRACexML, BOSHIKSIOULAR pH AeReTEI BpeNeNHX viarpYSOK, sxeMHTHL M3 Taku cTaseh MeML ‘TunajoT cpapmiTensHo Ooabulie AepopHaiun B cooTBeT- cron c saxonow Tyxa, Stor wegocrarox Mower Ours mpeosonen nyrex copwectioro npeasapirea¥oro HeipmACckNR OrpaKia‘o- WH MeCYWUIX KOHETPYKIUAR, coSMAHHEN npocTperteTBeH: HX NMOTOCERSKUX cHOTEN, 10 TaKAe xAPAKTEpHO AI ‘BMCSUX 1 pallTopEX HoKpErTH. ispecruo, fo Tekutoaonia wsroTosaenin .wecyuunx neworos skcaisx nonerpsKunl enous epsana © ps: oll w Mexamiwecxoll o6p2G0rxoh eragaa, Nex S10 the Gyeren “uaa ‘tpaauunouasix xcecTKHX epi, O2n0K, o> STOMY pI HSToTOBAAKtAH sHERGAN KOMETPYKNUIT HS ‘BliCO- Konpowsix crasel we TpeSyeTeR xonosmiiTeaGiex sarpaT Ha saMeuy” Texllodlormieckoro. peayuiero OGopya0s:> ue ap. 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Biicaune snementiz HenocpeacrBettno Bocmpl- Humaior monepetyio Rarpyaky oT HacrHAA 17 HOABECOK' H Mepenaior YeuaANA Ha auKepss. Tlo- aTOMY OWN HMeioT KpHsostHeHHOe Ouepraiue — 970 THOXKe uiTH (TpOCHI, KAHATSI, KPYTAbLH Mpo- kat), MeMOpani, HTH xKOReaHOR HarHGHOf ALCTRVEI (OKECTRHL HHTHD), BHEANME, KpKBU- aiimelino ovepuemuste epme us 2ecTKUX ome MenroR 1. a. Banrst— sto npaMomuielinute ruOKne pacrs- RYTBe CTepaKHI, MepestaoMHe YousTHe OT OAHOTO yaaa K Apyromy’m He BocmpuiMMaioue Ha cBoci Rane lomepeduo uarpyaKi. Bneppue once noKparHa Grin mpenao- 2kel BbigaiomuMes pycckimt nKexepom Baa- munupo Ppnrapsernsien Tlyxonsin, B_ 1896 r. MO ero npoeKtam ta HuxxeroponcKoa BacTaBKe Guia nocrpoeist YeTHIpe aBHLAbOHA pasMepamH B runante 6898 M (CM. PHC. 94, cxeMtET5.6—D. 8.) Octoswame Hecymuia smeMeHTOM KarKAOTO ROK- purus apaanea ruGuult marep Ho mepeceraio- IMUXcH CTasBHEIX: MOTOC, ONNpaIoUUies B cepe- guile ananua wa crofix [27]. 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Yaeanuenie MaCcH MOKpuITER MpHBOAUT x yBeauYeHHIO pac- lopa or noctosiuoil narpy3ku, inmiouleroes BOC- cranasauBaiomelt cHnoi py YaNeneHin opwet papnosecua nox xelicranem spemennoll warpys- wi (em. pc. 1,6). Taxiw o6pasom, ¢ TO¥KH ApeHHS yhrentAmeHHa KHNeMaTHMecKHX mepeMme- WRECTKOCTS sTerKHX menufl ypemnventte Macc aBaaeten GxaronpiaT- Hui —jysensmarrea m yapyrne acopsantn npu sarpyxxexnn spesenoi zarpysxofi scero npoaera (eM. puc. 1,a). Tak Kak ¢ yaemNUéHMeN Macctx Mporerito KoHcTpyKuM BoapacTaioT ce- NeHHA HecyuMIX HiTel, YeteHbuaIoTeR BANpAK Hig OT BPeweHHO HarpyaKn, a cTenoRaTeAbHO, no aaxony Tyka, ymensuaiorca mepopwanua Onnako okonowuiieskn 97a mepa cama To cee neabdexruona, Tak KaK C yaeauvendem Maccet HacTHla PacryT aaTparkt He To.AbKO Ha HecyutHe HUTH, HOM Ha KOHeTpYKutHit, BocrpHaHMaroue pacnop. 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Tipu Henomb- a0BaKHH B KayeCTBe aanOaHHTesA WIBOB eMeHT- Horo pacrnopa Gasaacr cuuntaerea mocae mpHo6- pete sanoamurenes mpoextuoli mpoanoctn. 3a caer ynpyrux csoficrs ymreubmaerca crpena nposeca ttureit munret HacTHaa momyYa¥T 06- 2xatHe Topuos. TIpH mocaenyiouux sarpyxemnax Bpenenuoh ualpyskoli, wendure GaviacTHol, n0- Kpuitne paGoraeT Kak MoNOaHTHgA OCoAONKA. 2. Onuonoscnne noKpMrHs, R KOTOPMIE R Ka NecTBe MecyINX adleMeHTOR ficnoabsyIoTeR 2KeCT- Kwe HATH Han Gepmbt, Yeiensuienite MecTHbix Repopmaumi (KheMaTHuecKHX mepemeutexuil) B TaKHX TOKPBITHRX ZOCTHTaeTeR 3a cueT HSNO: Holl AccTsOCTH pacTAIYTEAX aAemcHTOB 1 9a cHeT Séuswero RaTAKeHNE HX OT MOCTORHHELX HArpy- 30K — KORCTPYKINAN M3 _MpOKaTa MoryT GxITD 3aqans MeHBUIHe cTpemst mposeca: */s9 — "/sy nponera. Jaa Tpocossix noKpsiTHit pexomenayer- ca mposec ‘fis mposeta. 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Ha TOCE — noAGobuNKH naw na yanamentss, Tlepeaaza pacnopos ua sasKuyriil xouryp BHOBBAeT HeOOXoAUMOCTS cOsRaHitR OKpyrJOH opmsi coopyxkeruli 8 mane, Takum o6pasom, CenAODUAUBS HOKPUTIA NaNGONee Wexecoobpae HO Henombsosarb Asx GomsuenponeTHEx oGuecT- eftitiex sant 6. Banroswe a suca¥He KONGHHMpoBaHHEtE cueTembl cocTosT 3 pacraHyTiix saeNeHToR — sanr ‘(nan mureit) m saementos, nocnpmitunax Hux cKATHE H paGoraoMNX Ha’ H9rH6 — GanoK, XeCTKHX ep, apoK, par, mer, aboxowen. Tipor6xr Barrosux (crepaneseix) xonerpyxunti BOSHHKaIOT BeAeACTBIE, 8 OCHOBHOM, YIpYTHX e- opmaniti npanoaunenmEx crepynél-BanT, 10- STOMY TaKHe KONCTPYKWIN HMeIOoT oMpexeTeH- mie npensymecrda mepea Dies, KOTOPLC, Wak OTMeYaAOCE, HeMBITHBAIOT TaKKE KuHeMa- TiniecxHe mepenententa. Honore santa nox aelicrsnen coScrsenttoli accu mposncaror, 1 XKecrKOCTb HX YMeNbillaeTes, TAK Kak MpK HaTA- 2keHuH BHAGANE B OCHOBHOM «BHONPAeTes cTpe. 2a NpOBHCAUT H TMM saTem Batra HawMHaer P Gomsuiel sepe paGorars Kak ynpyruf crep xerh. Tlostowy we peKowonnyeres npiuenerh CXEMBL C LAMKITSING FOpHSOHTanbeBINE HAN cTa- 60 maxnoHuBMH BanTamy. Cnenyer o6patiTs BHMaNHe Ha ReKOTOpyIO MHOTOReRbHOCTS Haro- TOBAeHHA BAHTOBEX KONeTpyKUNH Mm TPyAOeM- xoct peryauposaitin mpegnapirensuoro. Mars. XeHWA BaHr Np MOHTaXKe, Ha HeoGXomHMOcT HalexXHoll sauUNTs OT KOpposHH caMUX Balt 1 ysnos. KonGunuposannse piiewive cutrexs tina smtp — GaaKa> aysme, vem rHOKMe muTH, BoC npuitnmaror —cocpexorovenmtue —Boszelicrsiia, RanpuMep, o7 notrecnwx KpanoR, nostowy 7A- Kile KOHCTPYKUMH, KaK WM BaHTTOBBie, cTeRyeT He- MOMs30BATS AIK NOKPHTHA MPOMEIUIACHEX 3na- HM c¢ MOASecHUM KPaHosbiM OOopyToBamiteM. Terxwe uesune u BanTOBKe mocTs!— TpyGo- Mposoamue 1 neucxontisic nepexoats — no. Kon CTPYKTHBHEIM pelleRHsM saeMeHTOB Ht Y3.zT0B, TO cnocoGam cra6uausanun nporetioro cTpoeHna GawaKH K KONCTPYKUNAM BHCRINX M BaaTOBBIX KOMOMHMPOBAMHHX MOKPHTHH W OCOGeHHO K TO- KDBITIIN, MPOMEILITEHHEIX 3naHHH ¢ COMUNE mpoaerasnn. Pasgent CAHONOSCHbIE BACSUME NOKPBITHA, CTABMNM3ZALMA KOTOPbIX JOCTHMIAETCA 3A CHET MACCHI HACTMIA M ETO OMOHOSIMYMBAHMA Pacemorpnm crenyiouttie pasnonnawocti Ta itX MOKBITHR. Litanmapusecrne noxpurus ¢ pacnonoxe- Hnem rHOKUx Imre Baoas KpHRomMHeHNEX O6- pasyiomux, B kavecrse pacveTuoii exes coopy- XkeHtM Ha cTaRHM MOHTaxKa H MpH paGoTe NO- KPLITHR 8 mpenembio cocToRHHH MoxeT ObiTb Npmuara naockas ruGKaa aut. HeGomsutan KpH- BHSHa MOKpHtiin, KOIUPAN COsMALIEA 8 Mapas eH, HepmetiaNKyaRpHOM HeCyUANM HHTAM, MO- ker We yaUTHIRATIER, TAK KAK R aTOM aNpAR seuHy paGora sneMeHToR NOKDHTHS, KAK Npast- 20, He OGecexnsaeres. 2. TapaGoaonautte nuxps7ua B opwte me- pesepayroro Kynowta ¢ paqwansibim pacronoxKe- ities Recymus anirel aan ¢ mpHMeneiites coToK. Pacuettan cxema paawamsubix noxpsiril mpi paBvloMepubix noaselicranax no mpoaeTy B nep- BOM MPHOAMKCHNM TaKKE MOET CBT MpHHATA B Bie NAOCKHX HHTeh, HOC pacnpereneHieM Ha- TpySOK No amie npomera B BARE AByX TpaueUNA HAWRBYX TPeYTOABHKOB. 3. Toxpsitia marposore Tuna ¢ onupanvem Ha weHTpameHyio cTOAKY Han Ha AMATOHAABAEe saementii, HecMorpa Wa To, 40 TaKHe TOKpB- THs Melo opmy THnepomMecKoro TapaGo- mouna, pacueTHas cXeMa HX MOXKET OTE TAKKE Rpegciabacua B D’ge NAOCKOA HTH, TAK KaK B opToroameitx sneMenrax ie cosazerea ped: Rapirreabiioe nanpsrKenne. KOMNOHOBOYHBIA PACHET TMBKMX HECYLMX SEMEHTOB Tipu npoekruposaitun aenunx KonerpyKiNA, kak if gaa s0O8X Apyrux cTpouTeaBAx KoHCT- pyxwiH, caenyer pasnusars aBe cramM pacie- ros: 1) KomMOnOROWHEe pacteTb, caxaanube ¢ siGupOm reHepanblbix passepos Copy Kenn H Ceuenuit ero Hecymux szeMeHTOB, a TaKXe ¢ onenkoli napuanron. Seu pacers, KaK ApaRte 10, ocHopuisaioTes a ynpomenuBix pacHeTHBX cxeMax mM MoryT BBINOTHRTOCH MpHGADKEHHENA enocoGamu; 2) nponepounue pacueTsi, KoTOpHe Mpoussoqaten TOWBIMA MeTORAMH crpouTesb- cTBHs pacteTHON cxesu coopywenns ero neficT- auTeasioll paGore. Meronam tox¥oro pacueTa BHCHYHX KOHCTPYKUMH noceAIeHa cneuHatsHaR autepatypa, Paccworpus cnoco6t: KOMMoHOBON- HBX pacueToB BACHYX KONCTPYKA p BHLAe rHO- Kom HHT, Hecyutwe anemenrst B HacTositce BpeMs BEL RomHsioTes na BCOKOMPOUINX craaeli,: rosTOMY B KawecTBe pacteTioro npemenbHOTO cocromNNA pH moxGope cevenua wnTH caeRyeT MpHnATb PacuerHoe coctoanHe sTopok rpynmst — pacuer no nedopmannau, Vipyrne nouosMireneHMe upoBecel (porn bi) muti B cepenttme npoxera npit AeficrsiH paB- xomepio pacnpeneneniny arpyaox onpenens- TCA MO, HaBeCTHOH MpHG.UUKeHHOH —opmy.ie [22, 37] M3 ROL oo & f 1 8 EF, PF ng re p!—wopwarupiian spenestan warpyaxa aa I opose- a nara; I—nposer Hurt; Ey — wos yapyroctis wisi (eagem 16-10" ubljent, “nponar 24-108 ubl/ewt): ar Fe —wexonian naowaxt cevenwa wus; —~ — npesemintt Aonominreabaul nponee AAR HeOMOROANTeHHOrO NOKPETHA, ‘coropeifi momo aonyeruT> "yo—'/am api rocnesyioureM omonoananbanitn Kowetpykusn,, L—npwnesenmas Anna urri¢ Yuetow Mana OTTaMeK (ecam pacton nepedaeTe? 1a BHeWIRWe aHKepH); pats \ } tach wepumny mitnona ec attkepoxt, 0 yroa Hanon. oT- ‘TaKKH K ropHsoNTy; f —cTpena npoBucaniua necyutell #iTH. Crpema npoBicamiia waanaiaerem 10 apy ‘excrypntin, KOHCYPYKTIBHEIME 1 SKOROMTSeCSHAS coospantertusne. Hanoomeusan expena, exons 13 papencTsa ynpyrux nporu6os B cepeaune mpo- feta i kitnencariaeckins nepeveuueitnit 3 wersep- Th np sarpyemn Nogosimte panera pitt Maetea ama KaGean Y/isi, a8 mpoKata —'/aol. (Zlaa cucTeM moBEIIeHHOR 2KeCTKOCTH, HMeIOUNX MporiGsl B YerBepTH Mponera menpine, yeM y oGerinuix eneren, atu mpexents scoryr Guin yac auuertst 20 #/rol it */2ol. Tloayserttioe ceventue ui TH 2OTKHO GbITb NPOBepeHO Ha MpotHocTb HB Cayttze Henunonmentin yedoDiia EpoBepRN ceve- He 20A:KHO OMIT yBeaICHO. WERE (8) oP (1435) <0 @ Ba Uniram Re porscrwoe "cooprrennesee mare La tpousra™= sro pacwtnoe Conpotmorente Cran tan eae: puna Re $B sec? O, @ (0,5—0,6) op, ® Tocty. fi Tip pacuere Kpyrawx u samumTauecKHx B nate noxpsiTi ¢ pagnamsusy pacnoro%emt- eM HuTeH Mpwuisaetea, wT pasHoMepHam Ha- Tpyaka Ha noxpstrite gefictayer Ha Kaxayio miITD D DIXe ADyE cuMMeTpHTMO pacnomOsKenIEHE #2 Rposere. TpeyroabinKos ¢ HaNGoanua opat- Haram Ha offopax H HYmeM B cepenmie Mpozera. Zlas rakoi narpysxu npapas vacts hopmyasr (1) OTAHA ObiTh yMUORKeHA Ha Ys, 2B hopriyae (3) Bmecro unppst 8 B sHameuarene mpitmiwactcn 24, me q, p— narpysxu Ha onope. Tipa6amxennssi pacaer witeli ¢ onopawn wa PASHEIX ypoaHAX BOIMODeH MO AaHMKM GopMy- Ban, eciin erpeny f oTcuTiBaTs mo sepTHKaaH or Jui, Coeauitaiomeh onopbi HuTH, 2 apomer uitTH— no ropHaoHTaam, 7. €. KaK paccrosHite MCKAY NpoekuusasN onop a ropHootrast, 1a TDYSKH p, g caestyeT mpuIMMaTs Ha ropHsoHTanb- Yio MpoeKUMKO HATH, T. e. ecnH aagana HarpyaKa Py Mo Jamie HakMOHROf Mpawol, coeguAROMeE onopt, a @— yron Makaoua atoll amin x Fo- pusoary, To p=p,/cos a. Youre cnoco6st pacueta ew. [17, 31] xaGeas paspusy 10 ruGxux HuTeft KOHCTPYKTHBHBIE PELUEHKS. OAHONOSCHEIX BACAYHX NOKPEITHA, CTABUNHZALMG KOTODEIX AOCTHFAETCA 3A CHET MACCBI W OMOHONMUWBAHKS HACTHNA 441 KPBITBIA PBIHOK B KMEBE (PHC. 2—5} Konerpyxtupnas cxewa noKpsiTis pBItKa 10 ya. Bepxnuii Baa B Kuese npenctasnaet co6of Bueayyio WIRHAAPHIecKyIO OOOTONKY, KeAKABH Hecylitaa, HHT KOTOpOH BENOMHeHA 3 BYX ‘eramuitiix cropoiief anamerpox 40 yee. Har ne- cymurx nite 2 m, on neperaior pacnop ta 6op- TOBWe sueMeNTE, HANGOABINKH woMeHT HRepuH KOTOPBX CoBTagaeT ¢ Hanpannenvem yenmi OT nutef. Crpexa nposeca autelt MenmeTén no xu he SAMIR ga cHeT HOMeHeMIA ylda_ AaKaowa Kontos nite 8 GoprosEx saemenrax. Sate pac- Top Mepenaeres Wa RaKNOANKIE TinONH RED THKARSHEE OTTAMKH, BEMONMeUHHE M3 MOTOC epcanpuoti cram. TIpokarHan crab gna Hecymx HUTeM H OT- ‘THK NPHHATa BMeCTO TPOCOB C WeNIMO YMeHE- LleHHA MpOXOTbHUX yaatiNoHn KecyuLNX 9:16 MeHTOB, a cHeORATeAEHO, LAH yNeHbITeHIE 10- HonnwteasMbx nponecos (nporiGos) B cepent- He mpoaera MpH sarpyxXeHin BpeMennol wa Sage Wade awofanaisr wunppaw (Lt, 12 6x a) eGosuaveny Nopaakonsle Hotiepa exeM, YRASGMHIG 1 Pl ymax. 8 rpysxo#i scero npoxera. Janam cxewa onopHBx RORCTpyRUAA noGasmioi 01 paste tioumlie Haxaomiax orrakex, @ enexonarene- Ho, OF HepaNMONasKAOTO enOAKORARIE nnoMTa$ ait sactpoiixi. Ha waxnonnbix misonax pacno- ‘OAEHB! AHTPCcO.H, cosRa‘oMItte NpoTHBOREC Pa. nopy Bropas ocoSenocts noxpstis — yerpol po KoNMeDHx SaKpenaciiTi necyuNX HITE, KO- Topbic SaKTaLuBAlOTeR B BHAKOOGPasHytO MANITY, W Yeuars oT WX Ha MANTY MepenaioTes “epes alkepuste KopoTsiuH, MpHBapenune K NHTSA. Peryamponawlie Autti BETH MOET GHTE 0- crnrayTo © nowombio saKnazHEX miali6, Takan KOHCTPYKUMR KOnIeBOrO KPenTeHHA BeCEMA 3KO- nomunia — crponrenbnsti Kospeuunent aim AaHHol KoneTpyKtuH cocraBaser | a 1, tor- Aa Max nas tpoooa— L416 [20]. Pacron craat Ha ss? moxpsinia’ 42,3 xr, Gerona 18,5 cm. T[pockr xpsroro psa abinonieH KnesS3HHHOTI. 41.2. MOHUEPTHBIA 3A/1 B ATEPE ACHYTHHIG B COMM (PHC, 6, 7) B Cown nocrpoeno neckonbKo snanili ¢ BuCR- wunbH TOKpBITHANH, B KOTOPHX B KAeCTBE He- cyuunx HNTe! TIcOMDaOBaHH YacTo pacrozOxKeH- nue apmarypmue creprin meonuttoro aMaxter pa (12-16 wm). Ha aura ynoxens xenes06e- ‘TOHHBIe HATS, OMOHOMHTeHHTEE MDH sarpyAeHIT HoxpuTus Gaanactuoh narpysKon [5]. B Mloxpbitim KouUepTHOrO 3ama woromextHO- ro nareps «CnyTHik» pacniop oT WecynuHx iHTet Nepegaeres ¢ omHoH cropons ia MoHomuTHyIO axencao6eromnyio nary, ac apyroh—Ha Top. uoRbie Monepewe GaarkH, nepearomtue yumi Wa KoHrpdopensie KOTONHL, Heloultte MaKTOH wapyxy. Pacxoa wa 1 M? Meranaa 35,8 Kr, 6e- ‘ona 15,4 cm. Tipoekr kunuepruoro saa setnoaner BMH erunyre IOxxrunpoxommynerpofi (Coun). 1.3, BAYMAHCHHA PBIHOK 'B MOCKEE (PHC. 8—14) B 1977 r. B Mockse 3aKon¥eHo crpotrenser- 80 KpsiToro pbtKa xa 560 sect. Toxpsirie ocy- mecTBxcHo B BiiAe BuCHIel oatonoRctOt KpyT- Jol B Make OGonoIKK MoOAHTeABHOM Taycco- Boi KDHBHSHBt ¢ PanHanENEIN pacrosoxKeniteN. ‘Tpocoa, cGopHio-monosiTasiM — WemesOGeTORN Hapy ABM H MeTATAMTeCKHM BAYZpeHHUM KOM. ua. B saanun npwstenenu néxzonmue nappy a, Hakston KoARH nospoaseT paarpysuTs 91e- MeuTH, ROCHpUAaLoULe pactiop, —MpHMeRUTD Pactaytnle baxwepxonble ToABéeKu pMecTo exarx croek, Tosomnrennibine apnaeTes ee oe ua, KOTOpoe 30, BPeNH MOHTa:Ka: NOKDETHS BOC nipiauntaer yeuaia or mOcTomHOR xarpy3KH, a saTem apMupyerea i aamoauaerca GeToHOM DHYTpeaHsia MONOCTD Koabua. SKenayarannon- HbIe HALYSKH BOCLPHMUMALEX AETAMM KUSH UM moatioro ceveuus. Omouoauyusaiores TaK- 2xe IMApHpAE me AAA eONPAKENUA KO-KA © Ke aoniavn. Lassanoanenia cTskoa Mexay nti ‘amu ucionssonan pacuntpsiouniiics Gero. Ye- Tepe TPYOH, OTSoAAUIMe RORY c cepenHats no- KpHTHS, HeMOBSyiOTeS Aaa PAsMeuleHtin Ha HX ocaerurenanoh apaarypui. Tipoext xpsiroro piiika paspaGoran uniera- xytom Mocnpoext, taanuuiit umoxenep mpockra H.B. Kanweam [14]. 14, ARTORYCHLIA rapaMe B HOBTOPORE [PHC. 15-19) Tlarponoe nitesuee noxputHe asroOyeHoro rapaxa ua 300 Maumn uaeet cpeniioio crofi- Ky, Ha KoTOpylo onupaeres snyrpennee meraa- allueckoe KoWtbiO K 3aKPemLAMOTeH HecyuIKe HH- TH ig MpoxaTHok craay ANaMeTpoM 40 stx. Breeniic mappa s cpeauce cexcuite’ croh Ku XoT H MoTpeGoBano Combumx saTpat auToh cram, HO MO3s0mNAO Ms6aBHTHeH OT H3THGAI0- LUX Momentos B cTOlKe H COaraHcupoRars ycu- JIMA B HMTAX MPH NeCHMMeTpHWHOM sarpy>KeUMT TOKpEITHS, Palworratbiko peuieHo COopHO-woHO- auTHOe HApy2KHOg KOAbUO, Me B KauecTBE o”e- MenToB Koabua Henoxbaonaitu cGopiiie nauTH TOKpbITHs KOABLCROTO MOMellLeHH LunIpHAOH 9M. B mpoekre yaeauyena 2ecTKOeTh apmatypauix KPIOKOB, BAINYCKAeMBIX H3 TINHT AIA HaBECKH Ha HenoabsoBanie HHT, Lax “ero K KPIOKY MpHBapens BEITYCKH Bepxtel apmany pot nuinris Tipoext asvo6ycuoro rapaxa paspa6orax uueratyrow Jlexnpowerpaiinpoexr. 4.5. YHHBEPCAMBHBIA CTIOPTHBHBIA 2AN HA 5 ThiC. MECT 8 HOMARNOBE, MOCKBA [PHC. 20-23} Saanne cuoprisuoro suas Ha 5 va, apnre- acl (65X72 m) nepexputo memOpanoll romui- noi 2 axe, Bumosnennol 9 Wepsxanciomelt cra- an, Mem6pata sarpyxena yrenguresem 1 Kpo- Reabubi KoBpOM. Ola nogBeuieNa K aNaroMaab- HBIM CTAMbHBIM MOTOCaM, KOTOPHe KPeTATCA B yenax K oGaazo4noi pame. Harpyska or memO- paubi Ha oGzasouHBe saemenTst nepenaetca TONBKO B yrwax, HosTOMY MpAMoyrompiian pana nemarinarr sinh, XATHE Ged TODHAONTAMKHATO uarn6a. Mowrax nokpwTus ocyiuecTanen nyTeN NOABeMa AONKDATANH KOUNOB AMaronanbuUBX Toade HO HaMpaBaRionNM, KOTOPHE pacrozOZKe- mbt fa yraoasts Koaonnax [14]. C moxpunig oprannsonan fraay. pkicoT OF yraos K WeHtTpY ToKpiitia u OT MeHTpa K cepemHite KaxKAOH cTopoH, Pacxog metasna cocrasna 58 xr na 1m? mo- pita. Tipuesr cuprapsore sasia apinoameit B HLCLa- ayrax Cowsenoprnpoext n LHHMHCK im. B. A. Kyuepenxo sox pyxovoncrnom KH. Masenko B.H. Tpopumosa. 1.61.14, OBSOP KOMMOHOBONHBIX CKEM OAHONOSCHEIX NOKPLITHA, CTABHAWSALLMS KOTOPLIX OCTHTAETCA 3A CUET MACCHL HACTHNA H ETO OMOHOMMMHBAHKA (PMc. 24) 1.6. Bucayee noxpoirne wan anro6ycumin rapaxom.s Kpachospeke. Lutniapisieesoe noK- PHTHe mporeTom 78 M H AaUtOM 84m uMceT CTpe- ay mposeca 68 x. JKeseso6eronnwit actus onupaeren Ka HTH H8 Kpystoro Mpokara, pac. noaoxenuste ¢ uiatom 1,5 a. Hactua omowoauver Tipu sarpyaxetun noKpiiTHA Gaaaactom. Jaa yMenbuuictina yapyrux xeopwanni Goxosie or TwKKN BEINOAMeHE M3 MpemBapHTervHO HaNpA- axenusx reaesoGeTOHNEX sneMeHTOS. Pacxua cram Ha 1 a anauusi cocranin 36 Kr, npasegeH- Hag ronmna Gerona 23 cm [20] 1.7, Bucavaa oGoaouKa Ha 9aannrieckom xoutype. Bo BaaansoctoKe ana ioxpuran nas kuoreaTpos npuneiieza Biicaas 060- souKa Ha osatenom mane, Hecymne cransune Kalarbl paciionoxenbi ¢ nocTomMMMN yrnODENN marom 9 5°. [laa o6ecnevens naapiof nopepx: noeTH ofiaaoWKN HienomAORAMN TpeyrosNHNE nat, B ueurpe noxpuiria umeercs crambioe pactanytoe KonBuo, Hapyxkutii KouTyp BEITOA- _cS0p noxaencis Hei 3 NoWOmMTHOTO. xKemesoGeTOHA, I1MeeTcA Hlossecuoli noTOTOK. Pacxog cram ma lm? noxpurun 14,8 ur, Gerona 4,2 em [35]. 1.8, Bucavee noxpuitue,c necyutumn sneme- amu 3 npoxatuoil craw. Iipumexeiie oaoco- Boil cTam B MOKPBITHAX MamBIX MpoaeToR 0380- JneT YBRANIHTS OOULYO 2KECTKOCTS COOpYAKEHIA HW YNPOCTHTE KOKCTPYKUAO 3708 onMpanua nacti1a Ha HUTIL, MeHomLaoReTE ¢ profi uestuio cranaaprTinie mxeneso6erounue nanre. Boabuian Macca maT oGecnesmsaer craOumHsaWIO OK PHTHA MDH HecHMMeTpHUSHX cHerOBEX 1 ReTPO- BEX Harpyskax. To pesyabraram oxcmepunen- ‘TabHOTO HecACAOBalliiA TAKOTO MOKPHITHR OO Fe HyAaaeTCA B MpeaBApHTeABHOM HanpALKeNtH Tip mpoaere 36 M Dacxon Meranna cocrasia 21,8 xr/x? [21]. 1.9, Ceriatoe noxpsiTHe Ham BeicranouNIM aaron. B r. Oxaaxowa-Curn (CIA) soaneneno nOKpHITHE B opMe snutMTHMYecKOrO: napaGoao- 9 mia pasmepon 122X97.5 uc ceTkofl uecyumnx fcassosannfereon tates |namaNreliacot AIO YMEHBAMNIT eTPeAY MpoBeca OGoAOGKH 20 ifso—Yox Mponera. Tpensapurensioe nanpaxe- wile CHCTeNH+ BUIMOAHeHO B HecKOAbKO 9TAnO8. Buawauie Tpochl u sewn xouryp svcupmavna maccy aut. Tocae oMonoaniasatnt cTKOB B pabory Ghina RkmoweHA mMpexRapwrenDHO Ka- psixenitan oGos1o4xa — wenesoGeTouMuTl HacTHA, noctoxtiHo cxxaTetit no Topuan [44] 1.10. Kpyrage mpoussogcrientoe snanue c hoasecusima Kpanamy, CraGuausauna noxptsTia D Dinte eraauHol Kommeckoh MeNOpants TOA nofi 4 mai, octpocusoro 8 Ascrpun, nocruraeten © Nomouteio cnetamsHoro Gerooro Ganaacra B ueLtpe O60n0NR Pannanbiwe Kpauti, moasemennye onnum KOMUOM i KEATpE MUSpsTHH, & apyrnn — onNpae lolliecs Ha KOmBUeBY!O TOAKpatosyio CamKy, nmeior rpy2onoxnenuocrn 10 r. C6opKa, suimepKa Webapka MeMOpadii Gkisn BHInOAHEHB 8 npoexT- HOM TosoxenMH, MPHYEM B KaveCTBE TORTEpAH- Balouleli KoueTPYKUNK enom30SaHa cucteMa MONTaRHEX Bait, OGonowKa yeunena pantiaab: bnem peOpamn, climsy na nee naneceMt C noMomtbiO Ha6puisra yrerinnreth— acGecTosaa Kpouxa, a eBepxy.—atruxopposnounas —sauinta Pacxon werasiaa —48,2 xr ua 1 x? ona [34, 58]. LIL. Mem@pannbie noxpsrtas 3 nepenaerex bX weNT. BuCAIKE OOOTOKH ABOMHION KHBHOND Moryr 61uT» nouytents nyTeM nteTeHHA HS ATOM nmeaax sens [58]. [laerenue- sumomaaeres na sexae c NocaezyiouNM nonBéMOM MeMOpamu Ha npoextauft Yposens, [ox aelicrsnem coersen- voli Maccti deur, yrenaiTeas, apnuposasHof uenenTHof cTAKKN H PYOROTO Kospa nOKPH- THe UpMaimaer sauamayio crpeay uposucanin. C nowouio Hecnomubix TeXHomorHMecKiEX nDHe- Moc MOOKKO TOayaHTH MpaKTHverkH —smoByI0 crpeay nposeca MewGpanu. Jas yeeayenns 2e- CTKOCTH MOKPHITIIA BOSMOXKHO TAKA OMONO.THTH- saiive nantHoro YrenmreaR weNeHTHEIM pacTBo- POM. Pexonensyeren yaenuuntsats coOctBeHtyi0 Macey MOKpuTHA go Taxol caMUINH, TOU OHA Gbiaa He Meee muTeHCusHOcTH BpeMeHABX Ha- rpyaox. B 9ToM eavuae Kitiemariiveckie mepesre- nies MMeIoT MuNEMaabHOe SuaKeHHe He BE atspaior pacerpoficrsa xponau, Cronwocrs 1 wt 1.12. Bucawee noxpbitie wax npovanozcraen- Mbim MOMeMLeHHEM WeXA cyxXOTO MosoKa. B pate caydaes silenHe HOKPHITIIN UMeIoT RpeUMywtecT- ba eped TpaqUIWOHHUMK GanouNbiNin KOHCTPYK- LUANE H ups HeGombuNHx Hpozeran. Ha mpumepe uexa, rae Ouyin Sanenents Thno- nue GaxOuHWe KOHCTPYRMHH Ha BiICAMeE HOKPHI- Tue, NoKasaua skoHOMNNeCKAa H MPOKSBOACTHEH- nat sdextupuocth Tako © samens as coopyateliia, 8 KoTOpoM pacnop nepezabrem Ha uentpanwuud waccus u siemnee Kombo. Hec- MOTpA ila saxpaTu No yaeawicmto 2KeCrKoe HapyaHoro KOablla HoryYeHa sKoHOMtIA B pac xe MaTepraaon Ha ApOmeTHWe KOHCTPYAUII W cytieeTaenHo OGzerseHo MponssoneTBO MoHTaX- ubx pador [29] 1.13, Warposve nyxporrme rapwasa o Knee, Henompaosatiie axcoxoit onops 8 uerpe Kpyr- oro avesuero nOKpNTHA MoxRonser cyuLecTRER Ho YaeTGHTY RHaMeTP COOPYrKeHHA, YMeHELHITD. pachopy. CraGunusaiua xaHHoro noKpuTHA BO MUOTOM 3apHCHT OT -CoGeTREHHON waocti 1 weCT- KocrH oGon04Ku. Tapas Kuese anamerpom 160 w mepexpa- saerca 84 pantadbibimu KanaramM saxpsiToro ‘ima H pe6puereiMn xKxeaeno6eranmeatn manrant BH MexAY KOTOPEINH BanosRIOTes pAcTBopoN a pacumpaiomencs ueserire [35]. Pacxoa Ha hw? craau 21 xr, etona 10,3 ew 1.14, Bucsuwe watposive noxpsttus Ha nox- pa6artinaeire (npocagommux) octionanunx. 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KOMMOHOBOYHIA PACHET ECTKMX HATER Tipu KownowoBxe NoKpsiTuii © aceTRUMH Hi ‘TAMH KDOMe CTPeABL- MPoBeCA KA OcHOBHOTO Hapamerpa HHTH LOM ONT HasKateHb! BHI cota HM THN ceveHHa pactsHyTo-HsorHyTorO saemeuTa. Ten cambim peulaeres Bompoc 0 cooT- HOWeHHM OCeBBIX H HSTHONDIX HanpAeNui HitTH. Tlepaute nonynaor HanGoxsmee suaieiite npr Sarpy2Xewnn Beer Mposera BpemenHol (it HOcTO- siHof) Harpy3KOl, HX BeaHYHHA O6paTHO Mpo- NopunowasNa crpene nposeca unTH. Bropwe NposBanioTeA MaKcHMaNGiO B YeTBepTH MposeTa pu sarpyrseHun BpemenHoR Harpy3KOl 1OAUBH- HBL mpoaera 4 cBasanBI NpaMof nportopusouadts- Holt anucuMocTnio co erpetof mporeca, oli TAK- 2Ke SABNCAT OT BbIcoTH ceveHHS. TouuEIh pacier 2KecTKUX HHTeH MpuBereH B paGotax [7, 17, 22, 61]. Kownoxionowmsit pacior mpeiaaracres’ Bst- nomusts no Ta6a, 1 u rpabuKxas (pic. 25) aaa auyX sarpyakeuuli, Pacueritble napawetpol HF onpeneanioren nyrew Owerpo exommuUNeR MPH 6minxennth. 6 © rae B—Koahduuwenr, saseamuii or THA ce- senna axcetxoft muti. Jaa aeyrappos u umseaaepos B=0,34; ars xpyraoro mpoxara A=0,5; naw npavayramHnx coueunl B=0,083. B o6utent carysae re FJ nmaxb n nowent sep eee amcerxoh intra, E—stoaya ynpyrocri Marepiaas win f—estcora Ceuelitn mecrKOl Bitk, Po—erpesa mponeca, Monet OMFS pina Govbuie, New pexowelizonano xan rHOKiE Teh reno f= (fioHialee 1 mpaser ssvits L,—cM. ODM By @); He, Hp —pacopar 0? Mocrosto! apeNexHOn narpysox. JLaa win, npexpapirenoso n3orsiyTof 10 Coa- Denno cwavazwoR xpusezeinocTso. 8 ° re q, p—noctomtime m npemenmse narpyanne wa 1 MHI TH, a — Kosdibmment, npyanibacnh 10 Ta6a. 1 VisrnGaiomue momeuts # mporu6u onpese- aswores mo @opayraM ee ay mad a M= ppeg?-10-8, ay rae wy w — kosher ns raGa. 1, nazennve » san%- Siudth or mateerurs aacpyaceta"apoaera. apewelion ucnervot wai nopuevaDio harpysnol, Hopkin Rarpyonat nce nosppuuventas onpezeasene 10. 7p Ta6suya 1. Koxpbmunentis xan paccera aeeruux wureli m kowfmmponauniie enereM "NpM Sarpyaeunn paanouepno pacnpexeneutoh warpyaKoR oo 20 [von [eam | vom [| vam | 1,000 | 0,00 | oo | oar | t5e oer | oe | tor | oi | ie orgs | Stee [oe | Onde | tate ose | O'om | cass | ose | tae due | Ore | Gee | Os | ieee 34 guey (pte, 25) m sanwennocrm or xospouunenra ebop- TlocaexosarenHocr» paciera. 1. 3anzapascs ‘semuumtioh ctpems mponeca f K BBICOTOM ceueNNA h, a TAKIKE KAKHAM-AHOO Ha: 4abHHN SHANHHEN MH 7, HaNpHMep 0 (np r—0, =—=e,—1), onpexexmior 1 Garou MomexT pH sarpyaenm nonoBiHK npomera pacterolt HarpysKol p, a sareM Npo- THOb MpH TaKON 7%Ke SarpyxeKHn HopMaTHBHO HarpysKof, Moment muepiuim Hira B mepsox lpHOwwKehHn Mower Garb Halen upH sarpy- 2eHHH Moons npoweTa BpeMeHHO Harpy9KOR KaK WanGonbitee 12 Aayx swaueiuli: 3 pacers Ha mposkocts (WarpysKa pacueTHas) Eee “ no pacuera no nporu6ase (arpyska wopwaruD- was) same, L fo ptee E w 10°, as) a sae R— pacertoe conporuacune marepnaa winHs —) crvoorressait npexesbnsit mpere6, pexowenayenth a8 Sowpusri careers eat Hogln,- ono. Sanne Buco rpeGosanu mecrtocra Steweivon, Sew na ta. onc aimed vax rok a 3amnun noxputanx yoesaete Meet “em # noxparranx € CHORIN mnt Tlaomans cevenns HuTH onpereaserer mpH sarpy:keiimx Beero Mpo.teta nocToREHOl H spe: MewHoit warpysKawt (@top)t {) , 8/2) Pow ar \'t"e)- Na Barem onpeneaaiores nr no Gopaynam (5) 1 (6), 7. ¢. Basneaxetes nepaoe npuGuirxenne He- KoMIx napanetpon 2. Tlombaysch walinenmunn suagennaMn m1 7, npoxeninaior noetopisili pacer no wx yTou- Soe Heumo, Tp stow @opayau (12) u (14) onan ™| T << Grrr» saMenenn Ha Goce TouIBIe, cooTaeTeTEYIO- | WHE cAOKHOMY HaNpsX— aa F poate fein Gopinyay Tloetarouno mporerath pacuer 10 RToporo WH TpeTBero MpHGAMXeHE MO yrouHeHIIO nH 1, Kak 3xavetna Gyayt mpaxtuueckn mo3To- PATCH. Oxonvatensias mpozepka mpnunroro coue- Him AKCCTROH MHTH SaKMOTAeTEN B ONpEACACHTTA MpornGos H wanpsxxeniti KaK B teTBepTH npose- 7 NDH 3arpyAeMHH ero MONOBHHBL, TAK HB ce penuite Npoxera mp mosom ero’ sarpyaentt bpemennof warpysxoh [opmyast (10) 1 (11)] 8 SasCHMOCTH OT waikeHHBX mapameTpos 1 nr KOHCTPYKTMBHBIE PELUEHHS OMHONORCHEIX BHCAYMX NOKPLITHA KECTKMMM HATAMH 2.4, MMABATENBHBIA BACCERH B XAPLKOBE (PHC. 26—29} Husuzapmieckoe noxpsrtHe Han Mpsmoyrosiy- HWNeR Mane 2xaimest ocymecranieHo ¢ NOMONTHO XecTKHX HHTeH, KOTOPHe npecTABAAIOT coo! waornyrie caapune GaaKH BucoToi 72 cx. C UerDio OGnerueius MoHTaxa H OGecnesicHHs On pexestenHoctu paGoTst B pacrauyTsle Gankn BBe- Rete Tpit wapmapa. B noxpstiit HcnomBsonana aJioMHHHeBan He- cyulas Men6paua, HaMpsraemas ¢ NOMOMIBIO Ha- ‘WHKHOTO YerpolicTBa, PACHOTOXeHHOTO Ha HH Hem Kowite mposera. [Iputats cnenwarbine Mepui MpOTHB KOpposi KOKCTpYKUHA B MecTax KOHTAKTa aloMutHlin H CTadJH — BEILEHM. H3OAH- pyiontie nporsazku. TIpx Kouterpynpopanut YOUOB Kpenilenus BCHOMOPATEABHBIX S:IEMEHTOB K “ DactRHVTHM GastkaM aBTOpAM MpoeKTa ynastocy H3OeKATs NAOKeHHA NonepewHBX WOR Ha raabnwe Gaakn. Tlonepese usb, KaK s06Ie CHAPHBE IISM, HCMBITEIBAIOT MPOAO.NDHYWO yeunKy H, CieLOBATeNBHO, PactaHyTs BIO cBOeH OCH, TO NpHROAHT K MlocKoMy NanpswxEHHOMY Co: CTORHINO OcHOBINX vIeMEHTOB H MOHMKAeT ux Hecyutyio cnoco6xoct. Hokpsitue nan Gaccefiiom cnpoextupoBaxo Xapprosexna nnerutyrom TMpoxctpokHHHnpo- ext n IHHHCK um. B, A, Kyxepenxo. Pacxox MatepHasios Ha MpoeTHYIO YACTS NOKPHTHA CO- craan— 61.5 Ke/w®, amoxunnus 4,7 xr)? (PHC, 30-35), OpnruuassHoe wHANHApHYECKOe BUCAYee MO- KpbiTHe coopyxexo no npoexry I. J]. Monosa 36 (HMMM poexterarsxouetpyxmns). Heeymunen PACTHHYTHIMH SueMeHTAMH SBARIOTCR GepMbs-Ia- Hen ¢ ReyXCropoiiNel TOHKo.tHIcTOBOfi OGuHBKOF. Baaroapa npexsapireauromy nanpsaxenmo ma neneli OOmHBKa BKAMOVeHA B padoTy Ka oceBE Yellus Hapaane c KapKacoM MaHestn [43]. Pacnop ot navexeh neperaetea ta cietemy GoproBux nonepewnx s.temeHToD, pacrostorKen- HBIX NO GoKOBBIM CropoHam HOKpHTHA, a saTes Ha HakaoHHue MHJOHM-nORKOcKL, saKpenstentinte Beprikaabuuiau ornsDkKaMMt K dpysnawenrane. Bo BpeMs MotTa‘Ka GBUIO OcyMecTBIeHO MpenBapH- ‘Teabhoe HANpsLKeHHe MOKpHTHA NyTeM MomDeNa KavkOh MATS HAKTONNIX nHTOHOB Ha 90 MM. Tloxvem nponssoauica Garapeswn AomKpaToB ‘oGuielt rpysumuxvennoersio 600 1. TIph stom yec- Auwisloc Verte B OTTEXKAX, npomeritast KOH erpyrnna nonyaniaa nonozmTémpioe NanpsKe- ie, oecnennBaiomtee 2kecrKocrs HOKpHTHR MIDI nefictann BepikasuBx, ceficmuueckHX H BeT- pobsix HarpyaoK. TIpwpencunnit pacxox cram wa 1 w? moxpbitus 100 xr. Onsirioe npoextupoa- nue nokasazo, tro enoxaonanne THUKeIOrO Ha- eritaa ¢ wembio CTaGHAHsAlUI NOKpHTHR BETO mpeaBapnresbiio HanpsoxeHHoit serKofl KoHCTPYK: MH MpHBOANT K YBenHIeHHIO Pacxoxa cTamH na 27%. 23. SPHTENBHBIA 3AN TMOHEPCKOrO MATER B ORECCE (PHC, 35—37) B noxpsrrun atramerpow 30 s¢ necymust a10- MelTaMit sBasioTeA pasttiatbHo pacnomoxkeunere xxectisre with —enapenune mBenrepnt Ne 22, pacnop of KoTopux nepefaetcs wa Hapyxxnoe Merasamyeckoe Koubito. lux oGecnesentin wa pymtoro orgoza Boab H YerTpolicrua onaps wa HTH yeraltosseHa Hagcrpollka 8 BAe cTOCK KombueoM Gepyl, KOTOpAN He Te.AKeres Necyutelt KONCTpYRUHel, I" TOKPHTHe JloANO paccMaTpr- natees Kak omuonoscuoe. FIpH HeGombunHX SMe HOHHAX HOLOOHAH KONCTPYKWNE MoreT OBIT npespamexa apyxnoscuy. TIpeactapasiot hirepec Mpuextk KoHeTpynposannsl youd a 97c- MelTOB, KOTOPHe MOryT OMIT HicHloxSs0BaKb MPH paspadorke Gomce CAO:KUBL BAPHANTOR HECTRHX pactany7nx epm. Tloxpsrre sputeabuoro sata enpoexTuponano » Jlemnirpancxow soHasibHoM Hay4tto-necxeZ0Ba- TeaKCKON HUCTHTYTE 9KCHePHMCHTAMsHOTO. MpO- extupopania (JlenSHMHOH). B BHNLHIOCE (PHC. 38—40) Synnuu Hecymm saeMerToD B zanHOM BrICA- Hem WHAHHApHMeCKOM TOKPHITH BUITOTHAOT KOM- GwimpoBanniie KONeTpYKINHN, KOTOpELe COCTORT Ha

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