Advanced Trigonometry C.V. Durell and A. RobsonCONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE os - : - - - 1 {Methods of solution, p.1; circumcentre, incentre, orthocentre, nine-point centre, polar circle, pp. 4-6; centroid, p. 10; distance between special points, pp. 15-17; errors, p. 20. TI. Properties OF THE QUADRILATERAL . . : 24 clic quadrilateral, p. 24; general quadrilateral, p. 27 ; ee ora quadniate 1) De aT) p Ill. Equations, Sus-munripie Anois, Inverse Func- {General solutions, Dots sub-multiplo angles, p. 41; inverse functions, p. 46.) i (Area-function for rect. hyperbola, p. 52; differentiation, p. 57; addition theorem, p. 60; properties of log z and e, pp. 03, 64; useful inequalities, p.67; Euler's con- stant, pp. 69, 70.) - - - = = - V7 (Convergence, p. 77; expansions of sinz and_cosz, p. 79; expansion of log (I+2), p. 84; expansion of tan—z, p.88; evaluation of «, 89; expansion of e*, p. 90; lim (Definitions, shz, ch, the, p. 104; formulae, p. 105; calculus applications, p. 107; sh", ch—'z, th~'z, p. 110.) Projections and general angles, p.118; cos(A+B ee p. 123; Loose += js], ates tae difference series, p. 130.) (Definitions, p. 138; notation and manipulation, p. 140; modulus and amplitude, p. 145; use o! and Disgram. BS: products and quotienta, pp. 150, 151; principal values, p: 155.) vilviii CONTENTS *, . (De Moivre’s theorem, p. 162; principal values, p, 164 ; BR values of 2’, P- 165; powers and roots in Argand 1agram, p. 3 @xpansions of cos"d, sin"J, p. i expansions of cos ni, sinnd, tan né,p.172; =z" cos rv, ate., p. 174; cos nd, sn ne as polynomials in cos @, etc., —<—<——— rr p- 178.) (Absolute convergence, p. 189; series of complex terms, p.150; exponential series and exponential function, p. 191; modulus and amplitude of exp (=), p. 194; sin z, cosz, tanz, p. IS7; shz, chz, the, p. ) XI. Roors or Equations : * = = = = 204 (Formation of equations, p. 204; symmetric functions of the roots, p. 206; essontially distinct roots, p. 212.) MIL_Facrors - = (Algebraic functions, p. 219; trigonometric functions, Bin nd, ete,, p. 222; 22" —Datcosnatl, p, 226; com- parison of series and products, p. 228; partial fractions, ‘p. 231) SUL Many-Vatvep Foxcrions or 4 COMPLEX VARIABLE - 24] (og w, p. 241; oxpansion of log (1 +w), p. 245; circle of convergence, p. 247; 2”, p. 2535 inomial series, p- 253 ; logarithms to any base, p. 263 ; inverse functions, p. 256.) (General identities, p. 263 ; conditional identities, p. 265; miscellaneous transformations . 208 ; elimination pe O70; inequalities, P- O74.)CHAPTER I PROPERTIES OF THE TRIANGLE A ist of the fundamental formulae connecting the elements of a triangle, proofs of which have been given in Durell and Wright's Trigonometry, will be found in Section D of the formulae at the beginning of that book ; references to these proofs will be indi- cated by the prefix E.7. For geometrical proofs of theorems on the triangle, the reader is referred to some geometrical text-book. When these theorems are quoted or illustrated in this chapter, references, indicated by the Prefix M.@., are given to Durell’s Modern Geometry. Revision. Examples for the revision of ordinary methods of solving a triangle are given in Exercise I. a, below. It is sometimes convenient to modify the process of solution. If, for example, the numerical values of 6, c, A aro given and if the value of a only is required, we may proceed as follows: a? =b* +c" — 2be cos A; 2. a? =(6 +c)? - 260(1 +cos A) =(6 +0)* — 4bc cos*4A ; dbe cos* 4A * gt= 2 2 eos? 29 — _: “. a =(b +c)? -(b+c)?cos*@, where cos?@ rer wh B=(BECSIN BD, ...cceecnsensrecreenerceren( 1) where 08 Oa COCO RA sansnessnsee( 2) ~ b4+e 6 is first found from (2) and then a is obtained from (1), both equa- tions being adapted to logarithmic work. An angle @, used in this way, is called a subsidiary angle. For other examples of the use of subsidiary angles, see Ex. I. a, Noa, 31 to 25. EXERCISE I, a. [Solution of Triangles) 1. What are the comparative merits of the formulae for cos A, 008 5 : sin 5 : tan 5, when finding the angles of a triangle from given numerical values of a, b, ¢ ? 2. Given a=100, b=80, c=50, find A. 12 ADVANCED TRIGONOMETRY 3. Given a=37, b=61, c=37, find B. 4, Given a =11-42, 6 =13-75, c= 18-43, find A, B, C. 5. Given A=17° 55’, B=$2° 60’, c=251, find a from the formula a=esin AcosecC. 6. Given B=86°, C=17° 42’, b=23, solve the triangle, 7. Given 6=16-9, c=24-3, A=154° 18’, find 3(B -C) from the formula tan }(B —C) E52 cot * and complete the solution of the triangle. 8. Given b =27, c=36, A=—62° 35’, finda, Solve the triangles in Nos. 9-13: 9. A=39° 42’, B=81° 12’, e=47-6, 10. 6=6-32, ¢e=8-47, B=43°. 11, a=110, b=188, e=1652. 12. a=6-81, ¢=9-06, B=119° 45’. 13. 6=16-9, ¢=12-3, C=51°. (Lhe Ambiguous Case] 14. Given A=20° 36’, c=14-5, find the range of values of a such that the number of possible triangles is 0, 1, 2. Complete the solu- tion if @ equals (i) 8-3, (ii) 16-2, (iii) 3-2, (iv) 5-1. 15. Given 6, c, and B, write down the quadratic for a, and the sum and product of its roots, a, and a,. Verify the results geo- metrically. A 8 g & if A,, G, and A,, C, are the remaining angles of the two triangles which satisfy the data, find C,+C, and A, +A,. 16. With the data of No. 15, prove that (i) a, ~a,=42-y/(b* ~o* sin®B); (ii) sin (A, - Ay) = 55", 17. With the data of No, 15, prove that (Gy ~ Gg)? + (a, +ay)* tan? B= 457, 18. (i) With the data of No. 15, if a, =3a,, prove that 2b =cy(1 +3 sin?B), (ii) With the data of No. 15, if C,=2C,, prove that 2e sin B=b4/3,PROPERTIES OF THE TRIANGLE 3 19. If the two triangles derived from given values of c, 6,B have areas in the ratio 3: 2, prove that 25(c? ~6%) =24c* cos?B. 20. ‘With the data of No. 15, if A, =2A,, prove that 4c sin' B =b?(b + 3c). [Subsidiary Angles] 21. Given b =16-9, ¢=24-3, A=154° 18’, find a from formulae (1) and (2), p. 1. 22. Show that the formula c=bcosA+ +/(a?-6*sin7A) may be written in the form c=a sin (@+A) cosec A, where sin 9 =; sin A. 23. Show how to apply the method of the subsidiary angle to a3 =(b ~c)* + 2be(1 —cos A). 24, In any triangle, prove that tan 4(B -C) =tan (46° —@) cot 4A, ¢ where tan 6 =3- Hence find 4(B -C) if b=321, c=436, A=119° 16°. 36. Express acosé@-—6sin@ in a form suitable for logarithmic work. [Miscellaneous Relations] 26. Ifa=4, '=5, ¢=6, prove that C=2A. 27. Express in a symmetrical form nto A 28. Prove that b?(cot A +cot B) =c*(cot A +cot C). 29. Simplify -cosec (A ~B) . (a cos B —8 cos A). 30, Prove that a* sin (B —-C) =(5" —c?) sin A. 31. Prove that bsecB+csecC csecC +asecA . tanB+tanG ‘tanCG+tanA 32. If b cos B =e cos C, prove that either b=c or A=90°. 3 33, Prove that sin?A +sinB sin cos A==S ER Fe), 34. Prove that 1+cos(A -B)cosC_a* +" I+cos(A—C)cosB a*+c** 35, Prove that acosB cosC +bcosC cosA +ccosAcosB= 2AsinA — 36. Express cos 3(A ~B). cosee ¢ in terms of a, 5, ¢. 37. If b+c=2a, prove that 4A =Satton.4 ADVANCED TRIGONOMETRY 38. If a? =b(5 +c), prove that A=2B. 39. Prove that c? =a* cos 2B +b" cos 2A + 2ab cos {A —B). b-c A bt+e, A 40. Prove that Bape Ot gt Hae Bg =2cosec (B-C). 41, Prove that a(1+2 cos 2A) cos 3B +6 (1 +2cos 2B) cos 8A =c (1 +2.cos 2C), 42. Tf cosAcosB +sinAsinBsinC=1, prove that A=45° =B. The Circumcentre. The centre O of the circle through A, B, C is found by bisecting the sides of the triangle at right angles, and the radius is given by the formulae A a <1) _- B=BX coseeBOX =p as essen (3) a . p___abe abe oT we Bg age creccerneeecenenneel) The reader should prove that these formulae Fa, 1. hold also when LBAC is obtuse. The in-centre and e-centres. The centres |, |,, ly, 1, of the circles which touch the sides are found by bisecting the angles of the triangle, internally and externally. FIG. 2 rasi "=> Obs srerennenneaees eeeedeuese (5) ~A.B.¢ ,,.,A BC r=4Rsin 5 sing sing; 1, =4Rsin 5 cos 5 cos 5, etc. ......(6)PROPERTIES OF THE TRIANGLE 5 Also in Fig. 3, we have AR =s-a; AR, =8; BPL=8— C5 cesesescseseceeeeeT) “ r=(s-a)tan $; r,matan >. sreneeeeners weeeee(B) For proofs of these formulae and further details, see £.T'., pp. 184-186, 277, 278 and M.G., pp. 11, 24, 26. The Orthocentre and Pedal Triangle. ‘The perpendiculars AD, BE, CF from the vertices of a triangle to the opposite sides meet at a point H, called the orthocentre ; the triangle DEF is called the pedal triangle (M.G., p. 20). Fra, 4, If AABC is acute-angled, (Fig. 4), H lies inside the triangle. Since BFEC is a cyclic quadrilateral, AFE and ACB are similar triangles ; ‘ EF aE cosa: BC AC , J. EP Sac0s A. cicccescscesessesesesnsssereee(D) Since HECD is a cyclic quadrilateral, LHDE=LHCE=90°-A; similarly AHDF =90° -A; oy LEDF =180° -2A. ...ceeesseeeeneeeeeee 1C) Further, HD bisects LEDF and similarly HE bisects DEF; .. His the in-centre of ADEF, Also since BC is perpendicular to AC, it is the external bisector of 4EDF ; hence A, B, C are the e-centres of the pedal triangle. We have also AH =AE cosec AHE =c cos A cosee C=2R cos A, -(11) and DH =BH cos BHD =2E cos Bos ©. .......ccsseeeseeeseeeeee(12) The reader should work out the corresponding results for Fig. £, where the triangle is obtuse-angled.6 ADVANCED TRIGONOMETRY If 2BAC is obtuse, 2 EDF =2A — 180° and other results are modified by writing -cosA for cosA. [See Ex. I. b, No. 27 and note the difference of form in No. 36. See also Example 3.] The Nine-Point Circle. The circle which passes through the mid- points X, Y, Z of the sides BC, CA, AB passes also through D, E, F and 8 x oc Fia, 6, through the mid-points of HA, HB, HC ; it is therefore called the nine- point circle and its centre N is the mid-point of OH (M.G., p. 27). Since AXYZ is similar to AABC and of half its linear dimensions, the radius of the nine-point circle is JR. Since each of the points H, A, B, C is the orthocentre of the triangle formed by the other three, the circumcircle of ADEF is the common nine-point circle of the four triangles ABC, BCH, CHA, HAB. Also, since AABC is the pedal A of Al,I,I, and of All,|,, ete., the circumradius of each of these triangles is 2R. The Polar Circle. In Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 we have, by cyclic quadri- laterals, HA .HD =HB. HE=HC . HF. In Fig. 7, where 2 BAC is obtuse, A and D are on the same side of H, and so also are B, EandC,F. In this case, if HA.HD =p%, it follows H that the polars of A, B,C w.r.t. the circle, centre H, radius p, are BC, CA, AB. The triangle ABC is therefore self polar w.r.t. 5 F this circle; and the circle is called the polar circle of AABC, We have e D C p? =HA.HD =( —2R cos A)(2R cosB cosC); FIG. 7. .. p= —4R* cos*A cos B cos C. ...(13) An acute-angled triangle in real geometry has no polar circle. Notation. The lettering already adopted for special points con- nected with the triangle will be employed throughout the Chapter. This will shorten the statement of many of the examples. We add some illustrative examples,PROPERTIES OF THE TRIANGLE 7 Example 1. Prove s*=A(cot $A +cot 3B +cot 4C). Since 4(A+B +C) =90°, Ecot 4A =cot fA cot JBcot4C, (seo E.T., p. 272, Ex. V.) . _ 8(s—a) s(a—b) 8(8—c) seotta=/ {ere ES een s =a: Example 2. Express ante in a symmetrical form, a . a Since TT =@-ae-b) =a(s-e), 4ab = 4r,r,=4ab -(@ +b +¢)(a +0 -c) =e? -(a—-b)* =4(3 —a}(s —b)3 (ab —ryrg) _(s -a)(s ~5) "3 tr; _(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)_A a “ea Example 3. If J is the in-centre of BHC, express the radius of the circle BUC in terms of R and A. . By equation (3) the radius is 48C cosec BUC, but LBUC =90° +42 BHC =180° — JA, if B and C are acute angles; a _2RsinA 2singA 2sin}A If either B or C is obtuse, 2 BUC=90°+3A, and then the radius =2R sin fA. “. the radius = =2R cos fA. EXERCISE I. b. 1. If a=15-1, A=24° 36’, find R. 2, Ifa=3, b=, c=7, find R and r. 3. Tia =13, b=14, e =15, find r,, 7, 75- 4, If a=23-5, A=62°, and 5 =e, find R and +. 5. Prove that (i) 2BAL, =90° -R=cighlys Gi) il, =4nsin’, (iii) 1,!, =a cose} =4R cose.6. ADVANCED TRIGONOMETRY Verify Equation (6), p. 4, by using the formulae for sing, cos, ete., in terms of the sides. 7. Express a (cos A +cosB cos) in a symmetrical form. Prove the following relations : _ A, BC ae A.B. ¢ 8. #=4R eos 50s 50s 5. aa a=4Reos5 sin ssin 5. 10. rratan 4 5 =A. Ll. rergtrar, tyres. 12. ratry=4R cost, 13. r—r, +ry+7r3=2acotA. 14. Al. Aly =be. 15, 1A.1B=4Rrsin $. 16. 1A.1B.1C = teh, 17. Uy. Hy. Mg =16R"7, 18. AABI: AACI =c:6, 19. AD? (cotB +cotC) =2A, 20. AD =Sr coset c0s% cosS, 21. AO: A011, =(6 +0) : (a +e). 22, AH =acotA=20X. 23. AH+BH +CH=2(R +r). 24. Ifa=14, b=13, c=15, prove that AD =12. 25. 26. 27, 28. 29, Given B =37°, C=46°, BE=9°3, find 8, If BP, PC=A, (see Fig. 3), prove that A=90°. In Fig. 5, where 2BAC is obtuse, prove that (i) EF = -acosA, FD =bcosB, DE =ccosC; (ii) 4FDE =2A - 180°, 2DEF=2B, -EFD=2C; (iii) AH = -2RcosA, BH=2Re0sB, CH=2RcosC; (iv) HD =2R cosB cosC, HE = — 2RoosCcosA, HF = -2R cosA cos B. If a=13, b=9, c=5, find p (seo p. 6). Find an expression for the radius of the polar circle of All,|, in terms of R, rj. 30. 31. 32. 33, 34, possibl Provo that the circumradius of AHBC equals R. Prove that the circumradius of AOBC is > 4R. Prove that the in-radius of AAEF is rcos A. Prove that the area of ADEF is + 2A cosA cosBcosC. Given 6, c, B, prove that the product of the in-radii of the two © triangles is ¢(c —b) sin*4B.PROPERTIES OF THE TRIANGLE 9 35, Prove that the in-radius of Atlals is 2R {2 (sin$) -1}. 36. If AARC is acute-angled, prove that the perimeter of ADEF is JRsinAsinBsinG. If LBAC is obtuse, prove that the perimeter is 4R sin AcosB cos C. 37. Find in terms of A, B, C, R the in-radius of ADEF (i) if AABC is acute-angled, (ii) if 2 BAC is obtuse. 38, Prove that asinB sin C-+bsin Csin A+esinAsinB="2. 39, Express 4 + reosa —Reos*A in a symmetrical form. 40. Prove that (i) a? cos? A =5* cos? B +c? cos*C + 2be cos B cos C cos 2A; (ii) a? cos? A cos? 2A =b* cos®B cos* 2B +¢* cos* Ccos? 26 +2bc cosB cos C cos 2B cos 20 cos 4A; (iii) a? cosec* & =b* cosec” ; +e cosect B Cl.HHA —2he cosec goosec gain g- Any Line through a Vertex. Suppose any line through A cuts BC at K. Denote a by 7 so that K is the centroid of masses y, 2 at B, C respectively. Let BAK =f, LKAC=y, LAKC =0. Draw BB’, CC’ perpendicular to AK, BK _pe’ _csing KO ce" "bamy 07 This may be written 2 _sinCsin(@-B)_sin(@-B) sinCsin@. ‘Then y sinBsin(§+0) sinBsind‘ sin(@+C)’ . =_cotB—coté. “* y cotC+cot 6" *. (y+2)cot6=ycotB-zcotG. ...... eeeeeeneaenenes (15) This relation, which determines 6 for a given triangle and given position of K, is often useful in three-force problems in statics (cf. Ex. Lc, No. 11); an alternative method of proof is indicated in Ex. Ic, No. 8. Sometimes (cf. Ex. I. ¢, No. 12) it is convenient to have an expression for @ in terms of f, y.10 ADVANCED TRIGONOMETRY From (14), z_sin(0+y)sin _sin(@+y) sin @sin 8 y sin(0-f)siny sin@siny’sin(@——)* . =_coty+cotd. * y cot f —cot 6’ "Cy +2) cot B= Z Cot B — YOY. sissrrsessererensrereenneareeeee (LE) The Centroid. The centroid of k, at (2, 4), ky at (ag, Ye), ky at (2g. Yq), ete., is the centre of mass of particles of masses proportional to k,, By, ky, ete., at these points. The centroid is also called the centre of mean position, The point may also be defined geometrically, and its coordinates are =), 2) ; thus the idea of mass is not really involved. The values of the k's need not all be positive, but 2% must not be zero. (Af.G., pp. 58-64.) if T is ony Point in AK, we have with the nota- A tion of Fig. 9 2K =: AT AATE .. K is the centroid of ACTA at B and AATB 8 K c atc; 8 ., the centroid of ABTC at A, ACTA at 8, AATB Fra. 9 at C lies on AK, that is on AT; similarly it must lie on BT, and it is therefore at T. Hence, if any point T is the centroid of masses A, p, v at A, B, C, then A: p:v=ATBC: ATCA: ATAB. Ii, with the same notation as before, K is the centroid of y at B and z at C, the length of AK is given by a theorem of Apollonius (M.G., p- 61): y- AB*+z2.AC*=(y+z).AK*+y.KB*+2.K0%, ...... (18) whore BK_KO_ BC a zy zty ety" And more generally (Mf.G., p. 62) if G is the centroid of &, at P,, k, at P,, ete,, and if O is any point, E(k. OP?) =(Ek). OG? +E(E.GP*), oo. eseseeeeee( 19) Equation (19) is useful in dealing with expressions connected with AABC of the form A.TA?+p.TB?+v.TC%. (Cf. Ex. I. c, Nos, 39, 40 and Ex. I. d, Nos. 22-28.)PROPERTIES OF THE TRIANGLE ii Medians, Ify=z,AKisamedian; wethen have from (15) and (18) Zeot AXC =cobB—cobC, cscssccsseceanes eveee(20) BPP HVAXE TAG cesseeesecessereneeer rel 2]) The three medians of a triangle are concurrent at a point G, which is the centroid of equal masses at A, B, C or of equal masses at x, Y,Z. Further GX =JAX and in addition G is the point on OH such that OG=10H. (1f.G., p. 28.) ss, 8 x c B KC Ky Fis. 10, Fig, 11. Angle-Bisectors. If AK, is the internal bisector of LBAC, B=y=3A and 0=B +4A=90° -4(C -B). Also z:y=ce:b; ., from (18), we have oo ac\ ay, bo* +06 = (> +o)aKt +8 (%2.) +0( 3 2 ~. on reduction, AK,® =be t - co) Tf AK, is the external bisector of ABA, A=90°+4A; y=—(90°- 4A); O=B +8 =180° - }(C -B). Also z:y=e:-6; ©, from (18) as before, we have bet +b = (6 - b)AK,! -0( 2) +e(S 5)» o-b o—b a*® or AK,? =be {eon - i}. Direct methods of proof are indicated in Ex. I. ¢, Nos. 15, 16, Example 4. Show that 2 cot AXC =0 and Scot BAX == cot CAX. Equation (20) gives 2 cot AXC =cotB -cotC,12 ADVANCED TRIGONOMETRY and equation (16), with y=z, gives 2 cot AXC =cot BAX —cotCAX, from which the required results follow. Example §. Find what masses at the vertices have their centroid at the circumcentre, and deduce that, if $ is on the circle ABC, SA*sin 2A +SB*sin 2B +SC%sin 20 =8R*sin AsinB sin C, The area BOC =4R*sin 2A; -. the ratios of the areas BOC, COA, AOB are sin 2A: sin 2B: sin 2C; : .. the masses are proportional to sin 2A, sin 2B, sin 2C (seep, 10). Hence, by equation (19), S[SA? sin 24] =Z[OAtsin 24] +[Zsin 24]. 08 =R*. [Sain 2A) +[Zsin 2A]. R* =2R*. (sin 2A) =§RsinAsinBsin®. (£.0., p, 271.) EXEROISE I. c. BK _sin2C KC sin 2B" 2. if K is a point on the base BC of an equilateral triangle ABC and if ZBAK =16°, calculate ay 3. If B=C =30° and if the perpendicular at A to AC cuts BC at K, prove that BK =4KC. 4. If a=13, b=14, c=15, find cot B, cot C and cot AXC. 5. If a@=61, 6=11, ¢=60 and if K divides BC internally as 3: 2, find cot AKC, 6, If a=85, b=13, c= 84 and if K divides BC externally as 3: 2, find cot AKC. 4a 7. Prove that tan AXC =a—R 1, If AO meets 8C at K, prove that 8. If B, K, D, C are any four collinear points, prove that KD .BC=BD.KC-BK.DC. From this relation, deduce equation (15) on p. 9. 9. Prove that abe cot AXB =R(b? —o}).PROPERTIES OF THE TRIANGLE 13 10. If the trisectors of BAC moet BC in K, K’, prove that BK .BK’_,_ 4A Kot KG me eC" 5 11. A uniform rod AB, 1 ft. long, is suspended from O by strings OA, OB of lengths 10 in., 7 in. ; fad the angle between AB and the vertical. 12. A uniform rod AB rests with its ends on two smooth planes, as shown ; XOY is horizontal, find the angle between AB and the vertical. oO Fig. 12. 13. If a=5, b=4, e=6 and if K divides BC internally as 3: 2, find AK. 14, Lf 2XAC =90°, prove that tan A+2 tan C=0. 16. If the internal bisector of 4BAC meets BC at K, prove that 1(b +0) .AKsin 4A, and deduce that AK = Fat cos 3A, and that a? AK? =e {1-75 T Gh 16, If the external bisector of BAC meets BC produced at K’, prove that }(¢ -5) -AK’ cos 4 =A, and deduce that AK? bef 2 1 = {coR- }: 17, If the internal bisector of 2 BAC meets BC at K, prove that (i) Al: IK=(6+c): 4; (ii) a. PD =(c -5) (es —a) ; (iii) tanapo ==. 18 If the internal bisector of 2 BAC meets BC at K and the circum- circle at L, prove that AL=H{b+e)sec'y. Find AK.AL and show that AL: KL =(b +e)?:a%, 19, Find the areas of ABOC, ABHC and deduce the area of ABNC. If AN meets BC at K, find EX. 20. Show that | is the centroid of a at A, 6 at B, c at C. 21. What is the centroid of —a at A, b at B, cat C? 22. If H is the centroid of x at A, y at B, zat, findz: y:z.14 ADVANCED TRIGONOMETRY 23. Find the centroid of . Gi) lat A, lat B, latC, latH; (ii) 3 af G, —2 at O. 24. Prove that AX? +BY? +CZ?=3(a? +? +c), 25, If BY is perpendicular to CZ, prove that 5? +¢? =5a%, ___12A 26. Prove that tan BGC “py aaa 2A 27. If BY cuts AD at T, prove that AT =—yce0sB" 28, If B=55°, C=28° 30’, AX =40, prove that BY 60. 29, If A=90°, and if BC is trisected at T,, T,, prove that 2 ATS + AT t=, 30. If A=B=45° and if K is on AB, prove that AK? +BK?=2CK?. 31. If AX=m, AD=h, prove that cot A=4™ 5%, 32, If LBAX =f, LCAX =y, prove that tan Borah Stan’, 33. If the internal bisectors make angles 0, with the opposite sides, prove that main 26 + bcin ag ros aye OY PPe 34. Prove that 3 cot BGC =cot A -%. 35. If C =2B and if CB is divided externally at Q in the ratio 4: 1, prove thet AQ -AC =43QC. 36. If A, B, C, D are collinear and O is any point, prove that AB.CD_ sin AOB.sinCOD AD.CB smAOD.asin COB” 37. If AU, BV, CW are concurrent lines cutting BC, CA, AB at U, V, W, prove that sin BAU . sin CBV . sin ACW =sin UAC . sin VBA . sin WCB. 38. If three segments AB, BC, CD of a straight line are of lengths a, 8, y and subtend equal angles @ ata point P, prove that day cos"? =(a + 8)(B +y). 39. (i) Use equation (19) and No. 20 to show that a.TA®+b.TB?+e¢.TC? is least when T coincides with I. (ii) For what position of T is TA? +TB*+TC? least t 40, What is the locus of T, if TA?. sin 2A +TB*.sin 2B +TC*. sin 20 is constant ftPROPERTIES OF THE TRIANGLE 15 Distances between Special Points. With the usual notation, : a A ._B.C lA=r cosee 5 =4R sin 5 sin 53 A B c LA =r cosee 5 =4R cos 5 cos 53 HA=2R cos A if A< 90°, and =-2RcosA if A> 90°. To find OF (I.G., p. 35). Let C be one of the acute angles of the triangle i ABC. Fig, 13, LBOA=2C; *, £OAB=90°-C; : =A gor cy =e 78 2. LOA =; ~(90°-C)=—S—. o 0 2. OF =OA? +14? -20A.1AcosOAl B B ..B. 40 : Cc c .B. 3) =R?2 2 cin? — sin? ~ — 8R%sin — sin — = = —sin — R? + 16Risin® 5 sin? 5 Rtsin's sin $ (cos 5 cos 5 +sin 5 sing =A? +8R%sin® sin& (sin $sin © | cos coa 5) 2° 2 2° 2 20° 2 B Cc A =Rt — 8R®sin —sin ~ sin —: R SR¥sin 5 sin 5 sin 5: oh. OTFHRA-BRY. acesecsencceresanennnee! (22) In the same way it can be proved that OTP =RAF ART. cececsecesesesevereneree(23) To find OH. For an acude-angled triangle ABC, £OAB =90°-C, LHAB=90° -B, 2. LOAH=C~B; 2. OH® =OA? +HA* —20A . HA cos OAH =R? + 4R?cos?A ~ 4R*cos A cos(C -B) =R! — 4R*cos A [cos(C +B) +co0s(C —B)); ~. OH? =RB? - 8B*cos A cos B cos C =R? + 2p*, ...4.....(24) Tf A> 90°, AHAB =090°+B; .*. cos OAH = —cos(C -B); also HA= -2RcosA; “. the final result ia the same as before.16 ADVANCED TRIGONOMETRY To find 1,H?. For an acute-angled triangle ABC, £1,AH =h~ uo -C)= =o=*, ¢. iH? =1,A* +HA? ~ 21,4. HA cos & -B 2 = 1aR*os*s costs +4R*cos?A B Cc B Cc. .B, C —16R? —cos— = = = sin— 16R cosh coe con9 (con one? sn sin) =16R*cos*5 costS (1 -cos A} +4Rtcos A(cos A —sinB sin C) =S2Rtcosts cost sins’ —4R%cos AcosB cos C; ., 1H? =2r,? -4R*cos A cos BcosC =2r,2+p%. ......(25) In the same way it can be proved that - IH? = 2r* — 4R*cos Acos BeosC =2r? +p%. .........(26) The reader should verify that these results are also true for an obtuse- led triangle. geometrical method of proof of (24) is indicated in Ex, I. d, No, 21. The reciprocity of the relations (2 4) and (26) is explained by ‘the following argument: since AABC circumscribes ita own in-circle and is self-polar w.r.t, its own polar circle, there exists a triangle afy which is inscribed in this polar circle, and is self-polar w.r.t. this in-circle (Durell’s Projective Geometry, p. 209). .". H is the circumcentre, p is the circumradius, | is the orthocentre, r is the | polar-radius of Aafy. o applying (24) to D Aapy, we have HI =p" + 2r3, 1 To find IN. The nine-point centre N is the mid-point of OH 3 H 2. Ol? +1H® =21N? + 20N8; aN 2. (R? — 2Rr) +(2r* +p?) =2IN* + 4(R* +2p%)3 2. IN? =3R* -Rr +72 =(4R -r)*. Fis, 14, But Of =R(R-2r); o. R= 2r; we IN SPR Hate cic cccccccecsseneeeeeeereeee (27 In the same way it can be proved that TN SAB Fig. ceecccesecesscsessessseeeeeese(28) Since the radius of the nine-point circle is 4R, equations (27) and (28) prove that the nine-point circle touches the in-circle and the escribed circles (Feuerbach’s Theorem, M.G@., p. 117}.PROPERTIEN OF THE TRIANGLE 17 Erample 6. If IH is parallel to BC, find ao relation between the cosines of the angles of the triangle. . land H will be equidistant from BC, thus r=2R cosBcosC, thus . 4sin JA.sin 4B .sin 4C =2cosBcosC, 2sin 3A [cos 4(B —C) -cos }(B +C)] =2 cosB cosC, cosB +cosC —-2sin?4A =2 cosBcosC, ZeosA=1+2cosB cos. Ezample 7. Express |G in terms of the radii of the various circles connected with the triangle. By equation (19) we have, since G is the centroid of 2 at O and 1 at H, (see Fig. 14) 210% + 1H? =2G0? + GH? + 31G?; 2. 81G?=210" 41H? - 20H? —40H?; “. 91G* =6107 + 31H? — 20H? =6(R? -2Rr) + 3(2r? +p?) —2(R® + 2p4) =4R? - 12Rr + Gr? —p?; s. 1G?=2(4R? — 12Rr +6r2 — p*), EXERCISE I. d. If O| is parallel to BC, prove that cosB+cosC =1. If IG is parallel to BC, prove that r, =3r. Prove Ol? =R? (3 — 2 (cos A)). Prove ll,? =4R (r, —r) and 1,1; =4R (rg +13). Prove Ng? -+1,l?=1152 + ly”. Prove OH? =9R? - a? - 6? -c?, If A=60°, prove OH? =(3R + 2r)(R —2r). Prove tan fAX =tan*# tan ® 5°. If in scalene triangle IG is perpendicular to BC, prove that _ A.B. C sim gsm 5 sin a . 10. If O lies on the in-circle, prove that cos A +cosB +cos 0 = 1/2. 11. If OH makes an angle ¢ with BC, prove that tan ¢ (tan C ~tanB)=3 -tanBtanC. 12, Prove that : 4AN? =R? + 52 +6? —a? =R?(3 +2 cos 2A — 2 cos 2B -—2cos 20). 2 ADAP we18 ADVANCED TRIGONOMETRY 13. Prove that p?=(r +2R)}* -a', 14, If the cireumcircle cuts the nine-point circle orthogonally prove that cosAcosBcosC = —4. 15. If AH=r, prove that the circumcircle cuts one escribed circle orthogonally. 16, If O| cuts AD at T, prove OT =Ol cos 17. Prove that the area of AOIH is . B=C , C-A_.. A-B 2 —= — — 242R' sin 3 Sin sin. 18, If S is the cireumcentre of ABH, prove that SA? =R?(1+8cosAsinBsinC). 19, If 10 =IH, prove that either AO =AH or A, O, I, H are concyelic. Deduce that an angle of the triangle is 60°. 20, Prove NI +N, +Nilg+NI, =6R. 21. If ZBAC is obtuse and if HA cuts the ciroumcircle at T, prove that (i) HT=2HD; (ij) HA.HT=2p%, Hence show that HO! =2p" +R. 22, Prove that (i) Ol?+ 01,2 +Ol,? +Ol,?=12R?; (ii) NA* + NB? +NC? +NH? =3R3. 23. Prove that (i) DA? +DB?+DC*+DH* =4R*; (ii) Al? +-Alg? +Al? + Al? = 16R3. 24, Prove that HA? +HB* +HC? — HO? =sR*, 25. Prove that AG? +BG? +CG? =§R?(1+cosAcosBcosC). 26. Prove that a.1A?+5.IB?+¢e.1C?=4Rrs; find a similar ex- pression for a.{;A?+6 .1,B? —¢.1,C*. 27. If T is any point, prove that TA?. sin 2A +7B?.sin 2B +TC?. sin 2C =4 (R? + OT?) sin Asin B sin C. 28. If T is & point on the in-circle, prove that a.TA' +6. 1B? +e.TC*=2A (r +2R). 29. Prove that the common ind of the circumcircle and the 7 e * 4R -r,) le, centre I), a ao} escribed circle, centre |, is (hee 7a) 30. If ¢,, ty, t, are the lengths of the tangents from |,, I, 1, to the circumcircle, prove that (i) a3 : (li) &t,t, =abe (& - 2 2 B-cC A 5 COREC 5+PROPERTIES OF THE TRIANGLE 19. Solution of Triangles from Miscellaneous Data. No general rulea 2an be given, but the following typical examples may be useful. (i) Given a, b—c, A. Tn Fig. 15, cut off AK=AB; then KC =} -c, c Fig, 15, Also 2BKC=90° +34 and 2KBC =4(B -C); a b-e¢ .. from ABKC, cos JA sin }(B —)" This determines 4(B -C) and therefore B, C. (ii) Given a, BR, A, te ot . a Ais given by the relation R =FanA’ Also, cos(B—-C) +cosA =2sinBsinC ene 2. This determines (B -C) and therefore B and C since A has been found. (iii) Given the altitudes p,, p,, P3- The ratios a: 6: c are given by 2A =ap, =bp, =ep,. A is then given by tant = / (s-B)(s~)| ; also c=p, cosec A, B°N[ e-a) f’ . Ae "9 (e—hy(s-e) O. Tala brah, $7 yr2 => [9(s —a)] =8(38 — 28} = 57; 8. ag =8* —ryry =7y7g +77, =71(T2 F179) 5 «ga hatha) .* V (Tag +7 9%) +7172) (iv) Given r,, 1, F5. =a(8-a@); EXERCISE I. e. 1, Given ¢ —b=19-8, c=22-2, C=29° 16’, find B. 2. Given 6=3°36, a+c=9-28, B=37° 25’, find A. 3. Given AD =6, BE =8, CF =9, find A and a.20 ADVANCED TRIGONOMETRY . Given b=8, c=10, AX =7, find A. . Given A=45°, a=2(b —c), find B. . Given r=5, r, =12, r,=20, find a, ¢. - Given 6, B and that a +e¢=26, show how to solve the triangle. . Express bc and 5? +-c* in terms of a, R, A. 9 Express sin $A in terms of ry, ry, ry. 10, Express tanB in terms of 8, o, A. 11. Express c in terms of a, 6, A. 12. Given B, 6, c? -a*, show how to find C. 13, Given A=53° and BE =2CF, find B, 14. Given A=42°, r=3-5, find the least possible value of a. "15. Given ¢ = 1/57, A=60°, A=2,/3, find 5, B. 16. Given A=60°, b-c=4, AD=11, find a and sin 17. Given cot (B -C)=7 and BC =5AD, find cotB. 18. Given a, s, A, show how to find B. 19. Express a in terms of r, A, p where p =AD. aoa & B-C z Errors. If u is a known function, f(x), of x, we have, using differentials: du=/’(z).dz. If the value of u is calculated from a measured or observed value of z, the resulting error du in u, due to an error éz in z is given by bu =" (x). dx, If u is a known function of several independent variables z, y, z, etc., then the error in u due to errors in the values of =, y, z, etc., is given by Ou Ou bu = Sp éa+ By Example 8. The area of AABC is calculated from measurements of B, C, a; find the error in the calculated value of A due to an error 6B in the measured value of B. _1,.. ,_1 ,sinBsing 1, sinB A=gabsinC=pa— = gasin’. pao) sin(B +C)cosB —sinB cos(B +C) 3B ain*(B +C) . Ou Oy tae Ba ane 2 thx gatsin c. _latsin?C 2 sintA 8B =} 6° 8B,PROPERTIES OF THE TRIANGLE 21 Here, 6B is measured in radians ; thus an error of 1’ in B causes an error of approximatel: 1 os to inA P ¥ 3° 60° iso ™™ If there are errors 6B, &C, éa in B, C, a, the resulting error in A is given by sinB sinc 8A = Fin(B +0) 1a tA 8B + HO? 8 ©. 6A sbsinC.ba+4$c?. 8B +46*.8C EXERCISE I. f. 1. If A is espressed as a function of a, B, C, prove that ga 70, 2. If A is expressed as e function of a, b,c, prove that 28 Roos A. 3. If A is calculated from measurements of a, 6, c, prove that the error due to a small error y in b is about ¥o9*° radians, 4. If R is calculated from measurements of a, b, c, prove that the error due to a smail error z in a is about $x cosec A cobB cobC. 5. The base AB of a triangle ABC is fixed and the vertex C moves along the arc of a circle of which AB is a chord, prove that cosB.da+cosA.db=0. 6, An observer, on the ground, 50 it, from a vertical tower, observes the angles of elevation of two marks on the tower to be 45° and 30°, Find the approximate error to which the calculated distance between them is liable if there may be an error of 1’ in each observed angle. 7. If c is calculated from measurements of a, b, C, prove that the error due to small errors 2, y, y in a, 6, C is about zcosB+ycosA+asinB.-y. 6 8. With the data of No. 7, prove that the relative error * in the calculated area of the triangle is approximately eaeey cot. 9. If C is calculated from measurements of @, 6, ¢ in which there are small errors z, yr z, prove that the error in C is approximately =coseeB -ZcotB — Foot a. 10. If c is caloulated from measurements of a, 6, R and if there is a small error z in a, prove that the error in c is approximately —Zeost copA *22 ADVANCED TRIGONOMETRY 11. The area A of a triangle on a given base ¢ is expressed in terms ofc, A,B. Prove that e OA ype, OA_yie, A _ 2 Bat : 3p 73 ; and 5A. op = 24 - cosec c. In finding the vertex when the base is accurately known and the base angles are subject to small errors +a, +f, show that the area of the small region within which the vertex must lie is approxi- mately ‘ BA apoa—sB B 12. The area ABC was calculated from the measured values a, 6, 90° of BC, CA, ACB and it was found that the calculated area was too great by = and that a-x, 6~y were the true lengths of BC, CA. : 180 /(2(2z2 -ay —bz) Show that the error in C was about — (PGs aye) degrees, if z, 2, y were small, ° MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES EXERCISE I. g. . lia+6b=2c, prove that cot +eot §=2eotS. . Prove that (ab sin? C) =2s .¥(acosB cos C), Prove that 2aR sin (B —C) =b? ~o%, on al A B Cc Prove that A=r* cots cot 5 cot 3 Prove that (r, —r) cot? 3 =fgtty . Prove that a? =(r, -r)(4R —7r, +1). Prove that 1A. Il, =4Rr. saa m abe 2r- 9. Prove that the circumradius of AIBC is aRsin§ and find that of ALBC. a~c 10. Prove that PD =4Rsin§ sin S sin “5S, 11, Prove that AOAI =" (cosB~cos00). 12. Prove that AD cuts the in-circle at an angle - Prove that 41,!215= cos—) (sin B z © cose) . 13. Given 5 5= nak, prove that the triangle is right-angled.PROPERTIES OF THE TRIANGLE 23 14, If B=18°, C =36°, prove that a -b=R. 15. If cosA +cosB =3, prove that 2r—R=2RcosC. 16. Given a, b, B, find the difference between the in-radii of the two triangles, 17. Prove that (a3 cos A) =abe(1+4cos AcosB cosC), 18. Provo that r,, rs, 73 are the roots of aS — rir +4R}2* + Ate - A*r =0. 24ABC_acosA+bcosB +ccosC Allls — at+b+e 20. IfT is the mid-point of EF, prove that XT =4asinA, 21, If a*cos*A +b*cos*B =c*cos*C, prove that one of the angles A, 8, © is determinate, and find it. 22, If £CAX =90°, prove that 3accos A cos C = 2(c? — a). 23, Ifa, b, care in A.P., prove that cosA +cos C -cosAcosC +}sinAsinC =], 24, ABC, ABD are equilateral triangles in perpendicular planes ; calculate £CAD. 25, If B=C=2A, prove that IB =f, 26. If DT, DT’ are perpendicular to AB, AC, prove that TT’ =3 . 27. Prove that the tangents at A, B, C to the cireumcircle form a triangle of area +R? tan A tanB tan C. 28, Prove that the radii of the circles which touch AB, AC and the cireumcircle are resect and 7, soot . [Use Inversion.] 29. If i, m are the directed lengths of the perpendiculars from A, B to any line through C, prove that FP +b?m* —2ablm cos C =4A%, (If A and B are on opposite sides of the line, 1 and m must be regarded as opposite in sign.? 30. Prove that, if a>b.-c, the length of the shortest line which bisects the area of ABC: ‘s 4/(24 tan $C), 31. If the angles of a triangle are calculated from measured values of the sider, show that the small errors satisfy a yy 8A = 95 (Ga —cosC . db —cosB . éc). 32. If ris calculated from measured values of a, b, c, show that the error due to an error x in ais x 3, (2R cosA-fr). 19. Prove that