It Er Adores

Algoritmos y Estructura de Datos: Iteradores
(Iterators)
Vincenzo Gulisano
Iterators
Which are the elements contained by the ADT?

We need something to visit all the elements
AED: Iterators
Iterators
Why iterators?
Pass over the elements of a collection
Iterator
Collection S
Current element
Next element
List
Current
Element
3
Next
Element
AED: Iterators
Iterators ADT
Iterator ADT
2 methods
hasNext(): True if theres an element after the

current position
next(): return the element
AED: Iterators
Iterators Java API
AED: Iterators
Iterators Java API
AED: Iterators
Iterators
How to get an iterator?
List
Iterator
AED: Iterators
Iterators
java.lang.Iterable (interface)
If a class implements this interface it provides

the method iterator()
AED: Iterators
Iterators Java API
AED: Iterators
Iterators
How to implement iterators?
First idea : Copy the elements into a queue
Queue
Collection
10
hasNext() = !isEmpty()
next() = deque()
AED: Iterators
Iterators
Using a queue
iterator() is costly (we have to copy all the elements)

Static, if the collection changes we need to copy it again
Better solution:
Point to the objects contained in the collection

Current
Element
Next
Element
Collection
11
AED: Iterators
Iterators
Complications
What if the collection changes while we iterate over the

elements?
has next?
yes
Current
Element
remove
last element
Current
Element
next
12
Exception!
AED: Iterators
Iterators
If the ADT is modified after the iterator has been

created
The Iterator is no more valid
Java API
13
AED: Iterators
Iterators
What about the ordering of the elements?
Current Next
Element Element
Current
Element
Next Element?
14
AED: Iterators
Iterators
Java API - LinkedList
Java API - HashSet
15
AED: Iterators
Iterators
the Java For-Each loop

List<int> values;
for(Iterator<int> i = values.iterator(); values.hasNext; )

{
int value = i.next();
System.out.println(value);
}
List<int> values;
for(int value : values)

{
System.out.println(value);
}
16
AED: Iterators
Iterators
List iterators
For Lists, more powerful than simple iterator

Do not point directly to an object, sits between them
Iterator
List Iterator
Current Next
Element Element
Prev Current Next

Element Element Element
17
AED: Iterators
Iterators
18
AED: Iterators
Iterators
add(E o)
hasNext()
hasPrevious()
next()
previous()
nextIndex()
previousIndex()
remove()
set()
19
AED: Iterators
Iterators
next()
previous()
Prev Current Next
Element Element Element
hasNext()
hasPrevious()
True
20
Current
Element
AED: Iterators
True
Iterators
nextIndex()
previousIndex()
Prev Current
Index Element
21
AED: Iterators
Next
Index
Iterators
remove()
on previous() or next()
Current
Element
set()
22
on previous() or next()
AED: Iterators
Example
NodePositionList<E>
package net.datastructures;
import java.util.Iterator;
public class NodePositionList<E> implements PositionList<E> {
public Iterator<E> iterator() { return new ElementIterator<E>(this); }

public static <E> String toString(PositionList<E> l) {
Iterator<E> it = l.iterator();
String s = "[";
while (it.hasNext()) {
s += it.next();
// implicit cast of the next element to String
if (it.hasNext())
s += ", ";
}
s += "]";
return s;
}
}
23
AED: Iterators
Example
NodePositionList<E>
implements
PositionList<E>
interface
extends
NodePositionList<String> x;
Iterator<E> i = x.iterator();
ElementIterator<E>
implements
Iterator<E>
interface
i.hasNext(); / i.next();
24
AED: Iterators
Iterable<E>
interface
Example - ElementIterator
public class ElementIterator<E> implements Iterator<E> {
protected PositionList<E> list; // the underlying list
protected Position<E> cursor; // the next position
public ElementIterator(PositionList<E> L) {
list = L;
cursor = (list.isEmpty()) ? null : list.first();
}
public boolean hasNext() {
return (cursor != null);
}
25
AED: Iterators
Example - ElementIterator
public E next() throws NoSuchElementException {
if (cursor == null)
throw new NoSuchElementException("No next element");
E toReturn = cursor.element();
cursor = (cursor == list.last()) ? null : list.next(cursor);
return toReturn;
}
public void remove() throws UnsupportedOperationException {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException("remove");
}
}
26
AED: Iterators
List Iterator
Example of List Iterator usage
Print content:
27
<-0-> A
A <-1-> B
B <-2-> C
C <-3-> D
D <-4-> E
E <-5->
AED: Iterators
List Iterator examples

LinkedList<String> myList = new LinkedList<String>();
myList.add("A");
myList.add("B");
myList.add("C");
myList.add("D");
myList.add("E");
ListIterator<String> myListIterator = myList.listIterator();
int currentIndex = 0;
while (myListIterator.hasNext()) {
System.out.println(myListIterator.previous() + " <-" + currentIndex
+ "-> " + myListIterator.next());
currentIndex++;
}
28
AED: Iterators

myList.add("A");
myList.add("B");
myList.add("C");
myList.add("D");
myList.add("E");
Exception in thread "main"

java.util.NoSuchElementException
at java.util.LinkedList$ListItr.previous(Unknown Source)

System.out.println(myListIterator.previous() + " <-" + currentIndex
currentIndex++;
}
29
AED: Iterators

myList.add("A");
myList.add("B");
myList.add("C");
myList.add("D");
myList.add("E");
String tempString = "";
if (myListIterator.hasPrevious())
tempString += myListIterator.previous();
System.out.println(tempString + " <-" + currentIndex
currentIndex++;
}
30
AED: Iterators

myList.add("A");
myList.add("B");
myList.add("C");
myList.add("D");
myList.add("E");
currentIndex++;
}
31
<-0-> A
A <-1-> A
A <-2-> A
A <-10000000-> A
AED: Iterators

myList.add("A");
myList.add("B");
myList.add("C");
myList.add("D");
myList.add("E");
currentIndex++;
}
32
AED: Iterators

System.out.println("Previous Index is : " + myListIterator.previousIndex());
System.out.println("Next Index is : " + myListIterator.nextIndex());
myListIterator.next();
System.out.println("After increasing current position by one element : ");
myListIterator.previous();
System.out.println("After decreasing current position by one element : ");
33
AED: Iterators
List Iterator Examples

Previous Index is : -1
Next Index is : 0
After increasing current position by one element :
Previous Index is : 0
Next Index is : 1
After decreasing current position by one element :
Previous Index is : -1
Next Index is : 0
34
AED: Iterators

{
}
currentIndex++;
}
35
AED: Iterators

<-0-> A
A <-1-> B
B <-2-> C
C <-3-> D
D <-4-> E

{
}
currentIndex++;
}
36
AED: Iterators

{
}
currentIndex++;
<-0-> A
A <-1-> B
B <-2-> C
C <-3-> D
D <-4-> E
E <-5->
}
System.out.println( myListIterator.previous() + " <-" + currentIndex + "-> ");
37
AED: Iterators
What if the list is empty?
38
Exception
AED: Iterators

{
}
currentIndex++;
<-0-> A
A <-1-> B
B <-2-> C
C <-3-> D
D <-4-> E
E <-5->
}
{
System.out.println( myListIterator.previous() + " <-" + currentIndex + "-> ");
}
39
AED: Iterators

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Algoritmos y Estructura de Datos: Iteradores

Which are the elements contained by the ADT?

Pass over the elements of a collection

hasNext(): True if theres an element after the

Iterators Java API

Iterators Java API

If a class implements this interface it provides

Iterators Java API

iterator() is costly (we have to copy all the elements)

Point to the objects contained in the collection

What if the collection changes while we iterate over the

If the ADT is modified after the iterator has been

The Iterator is no more valid

What about the ordering of the elements?

Java API - LinkedList

Java API - HashSet

the Java For-Each loop

for(Iterator<int> i = values.iterator(); values.hasNext; )

for(int value : values)

For Lists, more powerful than simple iterator

Prev Current Next

public Iterator<E> iterator() { return new ElementIterator<E>(this); }

Example of List Iterator usage

List Iterator examples

List Iterator examples

Exception in thread "main"

ListIterator<String> myListIterator = myList.listIterator();

List Iterator examples

List Iterator examples

List Iterator examples

List Iterator examples

List Iterator Examples

List Iterator Examples

List Iterator Examples

String tempString = "";

List Iterator examples

List Iterator examples

What if the list is empty?

List Iterator examples

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