ipso | {Lapa capitolina 1. Dada — province romani Pe daci din inutile de dincolo de Dunde, cae au o fatindere de un milon de_pas, a prfdcut in province Taian, n ‘impul domme: sale, dupa ce rege for DDecebal a fost mors Galena ined lea Pierut fh timpal dorm sal, tar mp3 Fatul ureian, rechemnd de acolo legiv- nile, lea aserat in Moesa si acolo, int-o parte a acesiia a intemeiat Daca Medk ‘eraneea si Dada Ripenss Tordanes, Getca POPOARE SI SPATII ISTORICE Romanitatea romanilor in viziunea istoricilor Romantate sto clementul esengial al identi ngvstie si clturale = poporubi romén, Asemenea aitor popoare ale Europe italien, francezi, seach portugal - ond ves o nb rami, ma pe aca lating vrbie o Imperial Roman, Procesul de romarizae ingyiticd§ culturala din secoele Il 6H. cind 0 mare parte @ tertorlul Romania de ai era ‘uprins in province romane Mesias Daca, a avut o mare intestate, asl -cilimiba latina a pat repede nu numai in zonele urbane, G sila sate, tailor de agricultor si de plstot care ocupau cea mai mare parte a terri Un mic numér de cuvinte (mai putin de 200) din limba tracodacs sau teansmis,farmand substratullimbil romaine, Este interesant inside observat mute cintre acest cwinte desemneazé elemente fundamentale ale ciizatil ~ de exerpu vara, cop, mos, a mosteni- dar se decing sau se conjugaidoma ‘ewintelor de origine lating: brdnzd ca aséinzd, a masten ca a f, mosie c si Bmp. Gramatica lating reprezint structura fundamentals a limbiiromine: IMPERIUL ROMAN IN PERIOADA DE MAXIMA EXPANSIUNE (ANUL 117) = One AGRRRAIRE GRIER GEERdecline 5 conjugiim can lating, aleStuim propocii i raze in fluln care o ceau vorbitori de fb latins. Aproximativ 80% cin fondul principal de vinte al mbit rome, inclusv vocabularulcrestn de baz, provin din latina verb Formarea limbii romane CCind, in secolul al Mea 6H, Imparatul Aurelian a fost nevi s8renunte a sojdes 16 sop © aisbaaiu,gung Yew o as esdiboid fase aieod goytans vom “S290 “Yoo vas Ide} guosoURDD! UDR y aeod HIEINOD Und ful ele mE elensuOUaP y ar ew mL sopugwou eajeLewoy "unl lesaDe Jogigyunico & sowoigin ae ajqevaqeuopmidom nite alusasue ae ur ru roan esumnsuo>os Jet "eyOU alee al eur nu SLO HORN iruuewn6ie ‘guesdoing eeuniun up aued >ej‘euefing ¥ eusbun, ‘auDon ‘yates & “euewoy pup ‘ene afipu0> uy "BysEINe # eAeIor guC%s ‘3eiq49p1 os xopapu ap “geod eliapuonpoelCep (eu Ietoya1°¢ on “260001 afipea easezinosge 39 sun us ‘suedouneiauap oun Mpunse fe aus un #auacendare21> wy enseu uy ayia us ped nas usedoD soqueworHigwwewos eareuuye > meisuD uaind ‘NadsaN Pu ed ajeque 9p 1u2un6iew ayepony 0d 4 Se 3 eLgUnd 3p ion equ uo UD eouBuo e avecl2} eau oun gos 99 Ud spundsgliod nu pevaieu gin ap yauowap ‘seed Ug aNosge leo 2unsX-Al 9poD8s ued 2908 290s! BSNS PUL Re TO HOM {ew 0120] un wpuegop e eGo}a\ ‘indsp RseSDe uy ssuNUED ped 3p api rfeutuop eaveyes nnuad msaiSe ryuseeuoteu 2j9un.s $5004 © ap pep u aisunwe> sounuy6areiupuay ‘inom InjeDS e OBE! ue uy esonpenuebing eyes ioucs| no gqire leu 10 EUa}Od “Syuewesateodd a9 ater ep jse as npuigaoap ‘uewo, eolionD 9p ‘ule yn mo 1odod > leuueyefop nese yuguo! go avagoid gs nempgis os ‘yeDyo uy ‘upwos guy esoweLs suxzovdl ‘eter eoep eu fo Ned “iss ue day ‘99] opigweroued siegs qns aenpupe ‘aIewNe ‘ASASqO NEL \i/eZ|AD jaysaoe eaLeYUN 1S e=VEYNUNUO? sOPEP-O}26 € aje>9) xKeZ SAD eaveOR Ul EIep Ase ap “taunse > efunUop NOU Lp “VEU fRve}=) Imuede nexew eo w00, ap aie a gs Sue ne ero eyesEoy I$ ej ‘apeda: 9p sop ‘eo eunN "aug Aon fteaND gare “S152 & auewo! falezqA> © Auge xqUa einaveD evenferdos y anind © "yequo> se uy opULeS fe euodeU MymivoURURS © auomuos op eisecD ets 0 esuepap rained) N Bani eweIP Ye4pou ne edo HOS ues ezeo\zzWA> elucoduy adap Wf suewo! SIIBEEDS MAURO Fe ssyepadu jusiere atdsop aus aq sSun ae mies es oD ne euewoy 3p ‘evebun We PUR RDLOW Jey eyog fe dng Fisrumuos eyex8o720)61 ‘luppeDep elepsuoD o ate ad ‘guesouermupoW esezID > 3seque> u, 2pep njmuawaje eluevoduy enjenzeidns aie iouanyomne ‘sinosp un = Jo{8 fe If ,opuewoG-opuy” ye 1epuaba) mimaa ap reudse) ‘2uewua6 aidoyp awe eouawase — pyorzep eideoip wale ap 2)s4u) ‘su aued eye ep ag upwio. riodod ua}s jose) un ¥ pubive O ‘nueNelg “TUS In eoLED nes masoW ‘Wy 2p aupWOY YoU eUOrS) ‘26I9| BE]OON Inj © Joqupwos © wes] yejuaunuoU ape awiryon auld "ueRIe 2—SEA IM) E035 HE pug auin6 e| auewou Wa ajnanda>yy soquewos azauaGour9 e2vebajaiu, hued aeyodus aoyiué asado sonpo1d exseouewo! gansinBul) ‘puuod eworgoxd ony susojsuen as ojereodod wu6uo ewsjqord “ee Fe njaz95 ro eep0 ‘a> 9p feuaundie 5220 u eed 0 ap nase un Hezseey oben au gy eee ‘aie ‘ens ap ano ieuoys und fouiens“e "ep aursund “32 iereduoo 6 eznes erng epg {E909 pfeq UA uy SOF} few 9 ae ad awn a9 "puny ‘uCLIIB ‘eueyBew ‘quones ‘pune “ep-c185 uo ayayp 2p nsauEwes aURTD ep 5] 0 YojreuoiDy ruin n> imeayy-Z aDueDeg nsuRng IPplou uy owes earezate ap ascxa1d a>ysnGuy oOmne apmUpoU dered “| ‘aura 9p Joun esyeuoud a1ojen uy gun fs yednooai ap ap yuan ~ usuaDo.auy “uewos 3p e200 gucwyoine etjemdod ane 9p (iijpen “uod ‘equ auewos aye sojurigsen © lempaps azenaid ap sinosd ~ arequewoy aeuorjoig ‘Tanupuoy v aoxSojosys0 wény eugad somo a3 ‘upace auspooy 10 agar *ce61-ZeRT) wong 220A, Tryondes )Despre caracterul romanizati Dadel 4. Pci li R. Roeser (1871) Dacis ea provinci imperial in ute cu un legat de rang pretrin laheept, pai, dn vremes ui Marcus Aurelius, cu rang consul, Jara, care sea piedt cea fai bund si cea mai mare parte a puter sale demograice des lungul unui zboi ‘nds sdngeros, care a drat mai mul ani, 2 si pin emigrate, pelo nou populate prin colonisti romani care sau revdrat aid din toate prodncle Imperisui Roman, darn mare ms din alia de os, ‘Avem motive s8credem cS elemental dace supus 5. tnut depart de contact 2p ‘esaMUn FuBELNS Be es vonas nei a oon gona seazue> es mon woweued Lae waza! ud nies eateanpuc e nedeased wan od aapan ‘bund ug -aweo anu efjdios ap anuianu“ounuco jsaiGoxd Sonn eane pa idruaquau 5000 Un 9 ealeZLI9pOW DUS PURAD Surin nung eaveyevoger SenpAvpus eae new 21> us faD05 Son fe auyod majard nerowold Weleqy “pusjes2q) 250} © eanjod FN rnuneyesesoo[e edu 2602p n2s7OU0 ex FDEEA Uy “ezgenvaquos wate # enpes bron p "uguas "yay sep01d un eo nu "QgZDpOW © a> ap IGEN Ei sunfou) psalGoxd od Injusueyenssuc> re as3pon ep DUN Up pety oul6m sonyod ajseworne ap snpuo> 16 edu ay es aie nsei6asd Sip. ustojer unauud "dun U alepyes ‘suas JogimAsH e Mee eu "psig eaequiips uid eyes) end 2s nu 1eiapos eBvezuapou savour woreiosu ‘enoadiad 8058 Ug "ITD Yo FIHod APE Eman iuindun eluauadxa 08) pu a> ‘pesapou e AGO Gp 215 © eax PYNOD2S PUOIANESIOD COYLE IBDOS OULD EOE S npuusieumies & sue npg Hiue|OR e PHD OE ISBN arezpuiapour azdsap runyzta enop ynuistTeiaqyy 1 [nuISHOyeAroSUOD Lop] @ Yo 2fesqi jaiSojoapl eavewaye und apadsos Cid yensoyuew es 318 "Ba}xIK fe [eA up avedouna ezjuiopouse eos ued uy eoudxo Soy ne psew ap eayei2Dos #easezuegiN ‘eayeiBowep ezojéxg “zueRIN © 6 ayesGOWsp lazojbxe EWN UL iluede asnoey 1 > esew ap Were00s ym} ay gs a1e>‘auaBOWw UTD UN fovea uu ‘sveznaqeye usd glusesuon uy 'ae}o ianasu eevopune ud oquadosne @ eeoos & eemr> ele uy eIsayUew es wRrAUaPOW yssDONd ‘lezlupou ap ajauny 2u8ua6 gueod uewIojsuen ase>y ‘wsay mY>AA 1 ‘plenedwos uyd jebos 6 anyod ‘>uouoDe "nyo ajkiawop uy aewaUrepLNy Tiewojsuen eapxix [@ n}e295 ul yhosound e gueadosna eareiepOS varezqusapour 16 ea]-xIX Te MIHowaa edomg yueadoma ayeyquep! I$ ejeuoreu Heqquept ‘ayemyjno parod 1 aver) “"XX-XIX FOTaTOI2s edomg uy arezusapout ardsap runIZtA ad ‘pq ax0x 27 suas anou 3p 2n0154) [euoqonpany ‘SuOUng 94 jesag reaps n> euuoyuo> meu pow w adoruo> ‘ge ee 6 ea) eh anutedaunsp jase puronposul wale ‘ap 4uoboie> ayiunue ses} Fs APS “2p eouneu ae> mynd NoWDS ap tn youn, 0729p 23s nu 10H 9p dap aie> dnp “Sjounjinybeyns 2938 “aued mie ap a4 ‘pyenoup aideoua> ‘so pusigian eu) ese yun 30 109 ap madoip eae seunod ease ‘sued © ap 3g miGeyns ef auaul n> yidsouoo fgrop uia6uish jevniipan pow up feu 2xd500 1 aueye een 816 © euuoy ‘3161/2161 © ‘e104 6061 © ‘33U0N :S06L © jee e601 & e135 “6881 eeu 1281 # e019 98 © ereuiaueg “68 lve era © Jesanun gon eassonponuy EyF-fe) (oltos wy (eeer-19@1 te us mason) 2 PRU.‘Revolufia industrial eolsiaindustials,apSruté in Anglia sfrsitulal de veac al Xviiea, $2 zat in Europa Occdentala pe parcursul secoului urmtor, irventarea “ot eu abut, folsirea lor in industria text, in miner sn transport Sut drept consecingl 0 cretere {318 precedent a productvta mundi 2G obtinuté in febrile s uzinele europene a luet drumul pete, care, 13 de mecanisml ber al ere § al ferti, punea in circulate produse en ce mai fine pentru o populate din ce In ce mai numeroas Sup 1860, lumea a recut prin ,a doua revoluie industrial". Inocirea in Fa siderugied a ier cu ole, descoperrea si generalizarea unr noi de energie (lectrcitatea, petrol, gazele naturale ete), care se impu- reptat fn fata cele lasice, cBrbuncle, au constitit dou dint cele mai fante elemente ale acestea. Ere perioada in care suprematia economics Tog ua srg, locu ei find ocupat in spat european de Germania, iar omnpetiia mondial de Satele Unite ale Americ anizarea si lumea oraselor civitile industrial, comercial side credit erau Tn veacul al Xiktea fo ‘sud urbane, Numarul angajatior Tn aceste domeniia crescut sensibl, rin migraia populate rurale cate ora, unde se cAstiga mei bine sera ‘oulte oportunita. Uterior, populaiautband a cunoscut ocretere spect: a uimare a revolute! demografie, determinaté in mare masurd de tea coneiilor de viatS si de progresele din medicin8. Dac tn prima 2 secoluli al Xixtea, oarenii de curénd vent in orase se stbileau in pefferce, insalubre 3 accept salar mic tn cea de- douajumstate 2 sr statele moderne s2u preocupat de ibundtjirea condor de vat ale sii urbane: apar servile publice,oragee se sstematizea, ir reteaua 73 vataméntl primar obigatoris devin corstante ae vei cotidiene, Teco populate urban, cu 9 culturé omogens, nti din lecture fol 1a mod dn perodicele popular de mare taj ale impuli, dobéndes ol identitate Ea nu mai apatines unei lumi ierathizate, inhi, tradtio, "ypu! YY auEUIN ius soJUNy>e eayeyreU -ojes uy sojuadoune wapapu, auuyep ved snd e JepUON rOGzeY IMA JHursyre}]e}03 18 EHEDOUTE _voyoine pu} enundu wspo00 eeu eve9pe Yaa ae feu oTubd f uroaldyevripen"seuofuny auxioa esiena na ened iy2wapous feo ew UR) Un reais eveeip ap Uo azeceNasio> app “ued onsen adoIng eerie m9 EBIEAUOHUI ef ADOS © epHel coke “urspoue gewauy eonp eappoo mnepou ESE - neBp|D ebuRS 2p nes ena azeuay0 op mop -eolemuapous Ne SID UL IMB Sd ro neognsoap 9 Dono 1 BaFEopeo xe ed eueu e}eEP Sud 9 anu edode fap tui asne UP sanfod BONES Ue FA UL mies Fupies 0 ped ese EONS Nes Nyoe LOUD eeAMIS ieauapou ap eave aan 129 eued 1 =s.xa.ep ePuRbedon! op fo aeuojennpa payed oyu wud erowed f yNasuED ney es oyUEoxd :Epuo} ne zaug}od nes ren agus “SouRUD uM ase 2 PAL "smu nes uewoqo ‘uewia6 ‘(981 ednp euebun-oasny) aelAsne 2oquaCL, siuovodcs nes 96 mucovd tis un neBA® nu SUEDE feNLRD fing up sojsteodod ese leu Yr yr eu ee r> EU WLW {luni eno mao side > ieaDe A Ye 43D FEVEAL noo eivase insu ea 99 SOU Bop BUDE e Wo" eMyrD ede a) Jon ry “azazunapou as 5 gwapo ery © ned (fey) yun nga 3> ppou ase pALapEeD f eBep aieim snd e WaUAUCD IM|NUELEG \nysB-pns #6 jnaQUaD LIP Eonyod nes gjenjraj=qul eYa ane? 2p innlgeap eveznuoisuop “eax fe Neose @ ued aud Uy IDURPE 8 esd peapao0 edcing a ee) aeeyrp ap nes 36}ouNs lop “urGoy man up ge wg "wa, ALE Ua Un ve He ReAIEGN # ealemeunsnpu “ealeznoqee “wueaupse! Hglenve> edoura uy, ajeuorfeu afHemuepY spuvayLipser 16 ppenuas edomg uy vareztuapoW uesingseu ap gino qunuese op pipe “29 aensry al ap cxeuaup ap “aver ap aenereds ap esene pul s2 "FURpOU exo est eDaide i eo} fe ORR MENU UL ROSRU ‘es0 9p eB119005 “ITN UL FUSOQUIS Ho eased aBUE UID Nes inusuosoidus ‘ue aids "yugde ne asy “aUewn HigeUOsen ye xs! 1 ‘ons ae apensze soysaldi se eap gS PuRING "WS}ED! 9p osnduy ‘jue ySedap ne euiopou eve Seam “oxgUUN mHo2eS uy Se ew ep ype LES NED ‘UrwsANR ENE eapEDDdS eee uate > a.D5eP 5 Je) © |MUSyEo! Towle € ip=aUguas easerouaHD LeUUASY, & [puspuee Beg unsua ase ySeEas Mes CBFXNK |e Inpjones eu UL "320054 3p 9 suns 9p 20 gure s8npuo> uns nu yewypu@> ousnsaie> (9161) pays punwBs inBojoUsd ap res (5061) Huan eves uy aryenzap o1>“uRIsuR LeqY LeDRY 3p fepuaue nase so} eno e prusandiore ebunjes uy eBpaDU UN ‘ae alsnBny I @69}9005 vid aeDOs plus ws nes wnJeG SBpEYD 1 inuruosinyora wud ojo us yasauUEW es "eop Xf MINDEEA AES BD eueary 161/216) © ‘wena 9061 # 9195 ‘848 equgwoy 3/8) « niGauaiuny 8281 © epei9 :0E8! «| ‘i61 wi sued EJ=f0) (ohtCo io} ‘5091 yuo my Danby ssf “6ubyog pyuy 2p ymusuoa 8 mzzoud ‘(emssuaz ‘pnt eposmu9 % 2p Pd zmmpondeysees in cauz8 de unl g2nditori europeni care, precum Oswald Spengler, vor ‘S2 cespre un decin al Ocidentuli in aceast atmosfers, marcas de wauma ‘eer Contlagrati, modernzarea s-a continuat totus drumul in formula consa- ‘in veseul al XXlea: progres tehnologi si dezwitare indus n economie, “eeeriare accentuats, instruc scolar tot mai accesib, emancipareintelectur 1225 americarizare in plan socal respectv democrat liberal in spatiulpoltic ‘Numal cb au existat reac violent la adress acestui model, favorizate fe ‘moderizarea incomplet a unor componente ale socitaor respective ori ‘matuttates civics a soci de mash, fe de dezamsgirea provocats de tle police inten sau intemationale care au urmat Primuli Rizboi r6l #8Ndresene he ces hee ee ‘using so euebun“eupuny ‘que eDeIOpONeD ‘eveONG HIS ‘puny seme w ay aera fo unuaBas oun 8 “qbafeeavepney Ud 04 ap ura ad “Spe = 3 ype anu “eves ej snp ne wipe! ap 8 ajenua> doing © dupa red zeuorio1g |S 19> @ easbe agieuue ano ap eaedno0 1 gaaH0s coun ap ond {3908 No nurgo euorD ‘knegAd nes # jpUOW oazeN e9fod fe osu) 250) ne ~ ueui6 > Hue > ~ alse) unui apredould Beg 2105 Hunn ae feuods 9p & god aunsangns ap Vous op ol -0| ail nf ne aigunii apie go indy gaydea 9s ey “>naves te, +80 up glevopiee>~ pisunue> gjevaewayy ~eeiBo.) su goajod alee +ueBio onewio p>yeqinu epeouad up asunuo> appnied aise gopiced 29925090 ax sisumuo> naga; yeysn9 ne ~ eyoBuoy I gatenos eau = Ue mop Up sis u gud es ‘ojnuaunuo> ate od ssunuesaptoed -sse0vauinu ynagde ne ‘2161 Duedoq ang> ap ery UL UEind ealuaon edng "IH I EWEN fe Daup ulus > epuON ogeey 00 Jp mg> ndw uy nes unfe w aan asnpe 1s ne eawsane“euebun noe IUEUL "epeHOS LiNDDS ‘ajaye use LeeGI EUEULED "Zee, efeN) oepo BO grop 38> ane aiid sure ne SDE sop eu ‘Ds api ae) op serine 50 ne Hod ppiusese goes ap ajluaor,‘gremueied guavodlc> 0 8 nea aun 221 ‘orend inieds uy elugjon ynuigo pow ws nesungain esose, apne -syursave nel ~ eugwoy upeypy nimeyBuewry eeunboy ‘eebun ussed lupiedy inpased “eweWiae) Ul (yWaSN) IsHeDOS jeUEdeY mpaieg ~ a anup Syne ‘elaqpue punjud esa nsaibe wsyeuoreu un nedye sos aos 2120) “eively ‘aueug ealeWy ‘eIbjeg ‘eyeGntJ0g “eIUeds (ZZ61) emguioy Uy sande ne ase 1z}e1e9 > apueg‘rmiayuoo eu uy sige sented i Sreucivan ayiayouag 2p “(6161) exer > ‘sywiniynwiau uo “(¢z61) euebing nes ue6un 6161) euewuos jePLON loqER Uy a. ope ek eer ss) sind tus ugde ne ‘g1.6 Ng SIME UM OLED -u wigsyou uede eoubyo es ne sjepuollsteogze gnop 209 ee7 T2103 Howd 1S Bopoapy f "POEXX JE Ingnjodas 3 asvaneie awedcuud enup eun ais usueae:en alenoulep snp sue1unyu 6961 # 2161 29U1afenouap tno .umidoy re vesanpe sedan 50) ne ateyera aunutboi§ appaseg ‘euney eovouly # ey edoiny 4p uel aseoiounu uy emessy ona asunse> nes asb5e IO nay ‘yeouun oLnep Ut '= 33105 > — ere FIOO eI NE “L161 auquioo yf asugde ae] rynodu) Sound aie oe 8105 ey u nye dueuazada! wedeuud aap uno WHEN 2 2ay0d ju erpuoy 92g munis se ‘ex-pop "aun ebeaty sy unoe gunn avd anu ea eu 209 eum anoon © efenouag” edomg uy 16 erugwoy uy aaqt[0d Ppoead 18 B0poapy “wsyre3172}03 18 arferourap aaquy eay-XX Te n[ooag TUAAAMROGTLELETK SVL LENEP Tae CLINI EL Foo ey z inodeCu toate c& practicle police ale fascistilor si comunistlor erau asemé -sdtoate, aticomunismul a fost una cintre caracterisice eseriae ale pat or fasciste. Pe de ats parte, in séngeroasa confruntare a Rézboiului Ci din Sparia (1936-1939) si mai ales dup& esecul alan! intre URSS gi Germania “rlesté cin 1939-1941, partidele comuniste au reust sé confiste tema lupte rasciste. De fapt, atdt regimutle fasiste, cat si cele comuniste au fost _sversare dediarate ale democratil si plraismulu, ale drepturilor sbertitlor =elticeindividuale. Toate regimurlle totaltare au suprimat aceste crepturi gi ‘Serit, au lchidat orice forms de opozite,institund dominata partidulul “2c, au practcat cull derail suprem (Musson, Hier, Stalin, Mao Ze-Dong, ‘scclae Ceausescu), au teroizat,nchiss exterminat adversari poli, rab sau ‘serena. Atat regimurle comuniste, ct $i cele fascste au creat sau per- ‘=cionatinstrumente de represune, de manipulare si control al societai — _eeiie pola (Ceka / NKYVD / KGB Uniunea Soviets, Gestapoin Germania 2258, Securtatea in Romania comurists), propaganda de stat, organtzati |sFcale de masa pentru inregimentarea gi indoctinarea polticé a copilr, rior, femelor, munctorlr $i intelectuaior. Jn fata acestor evolu, statele cu regim democratic au ato atituine care uctuat in timp. Dupipreluarea puteri de ctre bogeicl in Rusia, o serie de ‘occidentale (ranta, Anglia, Statele Unite ale Ameri, Japonia) au inter rect, rin trmiterea de trupe, sau indirect, prin susinerea opozitelarmate, oul regi de la Moscova, fpicarea in rSzboiu cil din Rusia era ficaté de dferenfeleideologice, de Tcercarea de export al revolute” (pro 3 de Tot) ~ fapt demonstrat de atacul asupra Polonie si aparitia unor oli ale sfaturior”(bolsevice) in Ungaria si Germania -, dar side resent tele fatd de iesitea din rézbor din 1917. Aceasta explicd de ce anticomu- ul manifestat de regimuriletotaltare a contribuit la incercarea Angie! si | dea ajunge lao Ifelegere ou Germania tala (poltca de canliatorsm). 2! dailea factor est legat de nemulturireaStatelor Unite ale Ameri fat sunele preveder ale Tratatulul de la Versailles. Absenta acestora din jocul atc european 2 contribut la dezoltatea regimurlor totatare Aceasta nu Tnsearnn cS nu au exstat eforturiconstante de limite a tei regimurortotaltare, O serie de tratate si alan internationale, cum Mica Injelagere 5 Antanta Balanics sau Pactl Briand Kellogg, au avut ca ‘zolarea militar si diplomatic a unor state revzioniste (In prim tind na, dar si Ungara Bulgar), Un alt instrument al statelor democratice Liga Natur, cae se dorea a fi un for de dezbateri pentru eliminates ul c@ instrument al relator interationale. Cu toate acestea, Liga ilor nu avea mijoace de asi impune punctul de vedere sau de a face rate ,recomandaile” adunétii — este cazul esecuui embargourior tale sau recomandares de neintervenie In REzboiul iil din Spania republcani si tupele general Franco. le democratice gi politica de stavilire unismului ‘Dep al Dollea Rézboi Mondial, des fuses’ aliate cu Uniunea Soveticd regimurilor fesiste, democratile occidentale au sfasit prin a injlege e care Ml reprezenta totalitarsmul comunist pentru Hsertatea 3) LY. Stalin (afi de propaganda, Tai 1952) Cronologie 1 1936-1939; Rézb01l Cl din Spania 2 Dictatura proletariat, duns bole- vic, nu este 0 stare, cy un regi rea noscut de constiuiie, nu este dictatua marti, ca minodtti, s nici aceste\ minoritiitnintregime, ca es, cia un parti, adic a unui fragment din aceasts asi; dictatua de partid duce insé ba ‘acee2 a une grupe din ioc partidut ppeniu a termina cu dictaturaunora on Una in acest grup Tn acest mad, dctatura proletarian aga cum ese nies de bolsel rre- 2ntS 0 minottate a minotsi care dic ‘earl majorii i care duce in mod fatal Prin obgathia cétona la cezarsmul unua, Dime Gust, Comunsm, socialism, _anarhism,sinccalsm si bosevim, 1820 Capitolul 2‘idicarea Ziului Berlinalt (decembrie 1961) 3. Zipada sa top, a oamend au nee put s se unfe: ea edemul mahi, eel fame (.) Aveou fete Bub, Ficarele grote, brie pln do ps Uina fr ncetre (cena fea @ 4 posts manca? Pindeau sore, Soboan, vipre, bi, fui rime iMdcinau one ca obj fa. Ferbeas fiele tbc, tle Incsmine, ot ude ale ii patos, Ferbeu pind ii lar cia 8 auns al na, fu neeput 68 scostd ridScnile din pint, 35 far rane s mugu (> Scritoral us Vai Grossman desore foametea din Ueina han 1932-1933 4. (.) hn domenil poltcl interme, forjele democratic, in funte ox munct torimes, au sarcina de a da tao nous Constitute cu adevérat_ democratic, Constitutia Republi Populate Romane ‘reforms administra democratic, ‘va trebui si Inlociass forme ivechite le adminatratiei locale, prin organele locale ale uteri populere ~ consi ‘popular, alse de mase popori and larg atrbutuni ih condcerea trebutior ‘bstets permitand ss atrac3la opera de gwernare maselepolpulare. Rezoliia Congres Parti -Munctorese fomén, 21-23 februaie 1948 reconstucta democats a Europe. Cuteatec nu au puts mpd rf ‘area de cite soviet a regiurioe comune a Euroa de Et, Stale | ale Americii au initia, In 1947, politica de containment (st&vilre) a expand omurismuli in Europa de Vest sia restul mi. Aceat pots, coe de dplomatl american George F Kenran init de presecnele Truman, a reprezertat pima reacts a lumi bee” in fta totatars comunist.Unul dine prime reztate ale aces pol fost ass Cite sUA Pon Mahal de cero io evopene Ge rz, Numi edn vest aropel au pututbenefcia de lanl i-d eoaree URSS a intra rior pe cre le ocupa mitar 58 accept Un alt rezultat al politic de containment La reprezentat crearea, la 4.29 1949, a Unel alianfe militare defensive - Organizatia Tratatului Atlanticuld ‘Nord (NATO) - menit s8 riposteze oricSrui atac al URSS asupra Europei de Tot pe olan mtr, rosie purtate de Statele Unite ale Amer al ws Ge 650 08) 9 aa (96.17) roe sermificative destuilie a expansiuni comuniste, chiar dac8 numairizbo CCoreea a fost ncununat de succes | Divizarea Europei | Insturarea comunismuli in jumBtatea PsSteand a Europe a cis | civicre ar precedent a contnentuu nos ~ plc, economics cus4 Frontierele apusene ale Ungar, Ceheslova si Republici Democate | mane, cae aletuia lita cr vest a stemuli comuns, au fost oud mitaizae, devernd o baer continu de mide komt de sm shir presiras cu postr de obserase si menité 58 impledce fuga in Germs Vest sau th Austria a cetdjeniorstatelor comuriste. Un element 292-4 acest fronere ~ care a deverit si un simbol al dizi: Euopei + reprezenat Zid! Berinli, cesta a fost rica n august 1961 de cle 4 te comuriste din Gearia de Esta presiunea Unni Svietice,perd ‘npiedia fuga tn Bernal Ociental ~ care nu Fleea pate din Rep Demacraté Germand ~acetijenlor estgermani in aun iid aes] al rug’, pan la 12 500 de cetteni est german serelugiau siptinéed Besinl Occidental ~ encavl capital democratcs petrol RDG Erodorea sstemulsi comurist sa petrect tepat cep in 19 Puterice miei antsovtice, nSbugte fn cele dn urs, au aw oe >) tml ii comurit: Republica Docrat Germans (1953), Polonia (125 Ungaria (1956), In aceast® din uemS far, relia antcomurist 2 Inabusté in sénge de tupele sovetice. in Roméni, pinciala form reaistenSanticomurist a fost eistenfa din mung, la care au participa 34 fost ofter student chiar ele: aceste misc do texstont armatd 2) lichiate ofl abia Tn 1961, To 1968, misarea de reformare a sister} ‘communist, itiatl in Cehoslovaca, a fost indbusité de armata soviet $ tnupe din Polonia, Germania de Est, Ungaia si Bulgaria. Romar, des) comurist ua partiat a aceost intervene itrouaGne canaysies‘Sp61 usw 9 ey €2019 nag ap spon yeuraooond Syrusomné e onanos eounun ano ap eoundur ‘sogenowapne punjord SSeesiD Po ¢ RUN FM EH HP > Temuon oaere 10a etnp uel eazpecousp ony. opugUOrAoten MERI wlumia grp om op By u1 -) Jlusidesngipe © yauno> inusveyei) eames) eu vosoun> WME SOK oP Femi Shae & ya duis adap ever ass oe oun funny atagtDL orang Yt 9 Fat j ; raed pred ramen ruts ode og, Pat ge ae ee eee pu are uuemue § psjeutes ‘angus gmeiap o uy eHeoLseTUNON) enue amers eeseha eeieaion ne “Soci Un ean n 189 WE un oe eres o:3UOHN PUELO! ELIE pp USpIDD a aleseLus. opel Sp eimoupe oj seuo8 od eumsl je ap ZqUeUOED © ATEN O PUD muen ns ng WeAlD BOW lus ous “inet mlenve!¢Z-1Z @ ieansio> es inj B meee BAU POUND ue gE wud a EE “hoy aon os rueoGpen Kua jstuoUtnDai> anuid ere! MOP Malad 9G Pungo > onuod waulo tna yy nes ound 50) me speci Us HeUeED, Siren mace fe don Woueo 9p omins onuug neusese i unege ‘yiooseé aseoioune ap Ie) aus nes aie Hele © eienoun "= g2v060, oiyp ~ panyod agod © pure # un pried HE EYER eeiabaly =P 6 26 I> 95 npueundu jeuoiBajjeuo¥eu ye}s” ueWoY PUEpap ‘Eyer JePe3e> SIU, IA aPauMIE WaIUNE "MIUEPEAD A inimets sun gs ior isa: e eaunGay Torawiuy UO, emia6 AE HEROWED a ap Ure Wahns® (-) pea euoy cm eueyeo eo en eugtloy 180067) wes ejuineg gdnp 20 ap By ul (~) Pej un no e2iaind euecuu es guls‘oF6L auqAYdeS 9 e“ninuypag nuuds sites uw snde @ ‘eulaNd eon4od b> ‘sand e|gsnpe iso} © FeUIN inmayGueysy eBUNGSY rpUON roqzey INA) MEE insu 31 Frojog [2-3p mp e gze} ewud UL aSIZeU IUEWED eUOPIA 9p FIETUOAE, ne pele rear a Eee isy@00s eoyqndas osu £66) suquO;DY OF ‘oRUBUCN sone eleubojsuen luguoy InnuOW eDIeUOUZDp eaiRuUn o:e> & AUIS aod aeold U PL Sos Hun MivoArsu one =He\URSOpUEP UL azaUMIDe gS 'rZ61 Up —_FARUBLEMRY uN od adap Hie ueuoa] woop dovaunuutné ew yr "nsunuo9 eg6| auquiBep UL —_AURSIPED e987 nip ,MUT*L 15 Uo staid yeye UBUD] ap eon i ang TRUER | 26 PURO gabove 9p f oajed LesaNp ap | sau EOI OUR Reerasonnaaey Be vi) elu jengzerde — equeuuas uy njuongn 1 ee MEN ‘measpog oar my us) Bnd MapOW FNP "LgDHW fe Ute) YEURPOIM es ale — AUEaIPOD 97 n49U09 289 2p ZZeL U SIUM "HEY, IPaYBUEY @DUTES srs arene eUwgns e ed ‘2njenowap spins # syigyeLoW eBIENEeY ap ‘peDued e2De © AUR! fajeDouap ofunDagR ap ayo gs eID he EYED >A uly “epuou seodes! gnop oF ail PURUOY UIP sOrEDOWOpIUE 2} aye. 80) ne ~eysumsoD pera sFds I 26) UL epUOY -sunuo) [npguey — Eepre aleEMl ~ FEU. MAYBUeY DUTIES cuiuls yelonzap es >Gt0d jusjend & yiods © e>uad ele | alyndod eredo(ued ipJow ogee riuig Fenp ae\dope jSUHo} EULA 369 U peoued "= Gz6L ive w sped eu ~ pagel epeouad y andsbu e esaNy Suguoy uy 2 TeajUeW es UsLEYEIO If agenowRP Anup IMPMLED oe Pe Oe | | | | ut CLNd) nes ininpmued je auapar ap im | ; | | } | Tept 1S ajdeyz ‘tuaureQ “eTURWIOY UY EE}TTE}O} EYSOTOAPT 1S TeeIourap erjonysu0D,, reatlamentare din 19 noiembrie 1946 tn benefcul comunstlor si al alatior ‘tsora, lichidares oricdrei opazitipoltice in cursulanului 1949. Monathia onstitulional era. pedic important in cale actiunlor antidemocratice ale n> mvauleyeg eNozip eaind jnuwog -ujpadsay paid areynasip aids ayuias 6 eavebyawoud eznjas eand sane ‘wulop ap atebnwoud nea (69 ap ajao01d ‘usweHeg 4 eqoide nese 2 edng ay ap aaoid eoqeis nesind aie ‘annest60) fagunpy # mynuwop eautiede ents ennai Yeu9s & sorlexndaq ewe ‘op esndue> eaeunpy & uwop anu evueduy ed engi eared “muni Jjungen easeuonsa6 iS WaWeNeY UL srosp axds asain ness a> 69 ap sj@DAION eaxesoge ringue aedDuud 1 eak2 uloano ‘ijadouud eqosde eaundns I ue> ad ‘maulge> lode eo6 -3e 1 eo ‘nau nuuud 2d euuasapu uwod “uss 1 Wop anus eH “ig ay g5 gnnnoax9easeind e> eoparaudefnyysuo) “gARrDaNe ealaINg ‘jaune # apderd ‘spiapnf neve wei ower yfugeuy ex a1e> u, gun ajjedouud ‘atensts ue atapas 9p und wig Yoo oun eanuan ul 3230 12ypOU y eaINE Me 2 "mers ryasowa, eareyygeIOAUaxdSOp eaqion as € 8 Z pe Uy ‘sg nud mo pugda>u ‘uyroseu uy) 2 jun jwayou 104 Keun ysg> fe ‘edoIng wy avecuWOp 2nseup ‘oaUip us uwop Un ae 25 gs angan el eareonpuoD em ezpaNd aS eOd sp el elvapuadep ap ‘evoieuoiu spun! i2edse S822 e| eDods aur SpqU eaDgy 25 nu "ueWIO Injuadwy © aDunO e1@ FUL EUELOY [e0Yo 3p "anvil e9UzeIPUL 9p EPeIOP ep e Ue e WARE MIME Cone “wath @ eyo exe u retpad a1 § jeuoringsujruaass yeamanas 150} e ave> uy yMPOL LU D3HD AND, “Rawep Mo Yewsye 19} © es UWA wNedes yeu "ureu eee -uevanns ‘emewazaidas eaieuann6 uowsaind eaveiedas :3e3q) /60j0=p1 je aeriuose ypuyd jan o> gzeq e] e242 eimnsuD "gzeq ap HOU e2)XIK Pe yenase aVIEWT eu og 2saugwos yngeds uy giaseuorbuny reo ajauewepuny JO}IDe efipen ap {5u) EWS EOL ated “aveBiag imysu0D @ axeDnjud o 50) e aweMINSUCD ‘ugunpy auaieqap Up 1eyRzas jIPeL. "ep eade e| 3p ESAeDOUEP Jou ea? trmsuc> wate ‘sje eus ep '22>Uey, mjyppous eivoryul ans “eavewase op “aye 2s alugluoy afer» aygevedwoo unsuauyp ap gue o exe erseane >MUTUL 26)28 up euewepuny nye java eye es 9981 Up eximasuED e2eq -ueoyetesuoo ae ajsaqy auecru6 anup yuo ap sjeivaay epyod wy us duo 9p jes un EaIsg6neaunduy 21> ausax2 Oayooued ewcrep ‘pada! ‘sp pasep Bedope agsue) enoN "mnusie.aR| 9e aeuewepuny ado “ud ad yezeq gjevyinsuos eyreuoul ap 2ayod uiBo1 un azainBneu gs # i eucraisu rype un azee gs gewouepuny 262) enoue> 2210p 359981 uenuga} IL &| 9p Wis ap exo) ednp euebin aleysarauo arasuo> es eate Year) mn auwop dun wu eNore.e ‘inapsUO} Jaun WEDHeEA eWeIGOLg 9981 UIP eHnIASIOD erupuroy UTP aTHimysuOD seul nde as 3 sand ajuni>uny aie u guiguos nes etauns 13 ‘ior ave u agsuwe ap dap ale iB es eououes eznal od (3 2969, binwead # ezeouoibues is wn ‘bd goal axaunu jsuog Es ev “oj ei.6969 0953) gmedid eaunsnere rm emueb -oulué ap nupie uchegeg L284 IP “uaGaueubis umgarieyoy oP | ed “Daud as pug e una e99p 212) -$20q0 24H ur ‘smpe® ns jULOP 3e Seuotimasucs auang ze Uy Innes quot axesog “mh nt (#9 ap ano sou edop 60] ap azo nz. {lbep win eed nu Moun PeweL 6 aie genpapu e31eu99n '€1 IY yey un0> P04 Un Wu aE Jojunydaipeavep199 gepu 3p PHEREP ‘azod guns esunpeoi a seat Pulpatop ‘es fleseu jroo a> ad ie] 21s 290 UP |RUELON “6 Hy equewos guid 31453 HL (Vageu0 -yoau aie upUICY HOWL ZY ‘qupwou op easuuap es “WGeINp Yes INBU Un 40> supucy ayun ajredbund "ay ‘ewes sce aseq 9981 ap eouncmsue> *L 9981 mp rxinsasu0 © puns oun [7 ae a ZinpoudeS~Capitolul 2 Merb Adoni aveau rep de interple cue, oe er obgat spun prin ministi's.Sentori si deputal putea cre destésurareaunor sachete azupra acti minterile Puterea judecitoreascd. Constitutia prevedea mai multe niveluri ale instan- ‘elor de judecata, de la cele ordinare pana la instanta suprema, Inalta Curte de sii Cai, Hote jadecorest se promuntau hy numele domi, Singuran masur 38 pronune grr, mal putin inca minor cond reais Fat pe care nic ol nu putea abso de vind Judecstoi rau namo be prin. | __ Drepturle i libertfile cetéfenest. Consttutia prevedea dreptul la lbers EER, soc berateapesoane sinvabitatea domi ropretataprinath ESAS [cr decarats sor 8 gorartat de ge, berate constins, 2 covéntisia ERZEE | cree eau, ce aserenen, garonate et. Se preveceo ceptl la educa, FeSge, [bestia primar find cblgator att. Pin acest preede si pin T2882 | ce eenisi cae av stat la baza 6, Corstia def 1858 poate i fe EERE: [Consists pe crept una ce cle mi ier te epoch ESSE J sctultundamental de ta 1866 organiza Romia ea peo monaiecons- FEE | sionals, guverata in conformitate cu princi Hoel, cast 9 tt la ara thir care au ofert adel execu pli rn care 2 ans |2 Patan Parlamenad en Bucuresti, raturzarea dose police romanest a eiluta inti sodett. ons la nepal er 1900 ee ae | Conse a fost modal in 1884, ca urmare a schimbar ster de FESS | sc. rn reduceres numruli color electoral, Modif fusezers mouse EEat. | 2 in uma Rizboili ce independess attr del San Stetano gi Bern PONE: | 5 2 prodomai romania reat as st des | Constitufia din 1923 ack E252 [a tote 1917, ming xenon ale imu Rb Mon, de cater pat orca PRES J sa rcozat orevaute a costes creo tinct. Pe dea pare, Sei i eg Bs inc Boe os unica ex ecto eget a province roménest Bssaba, Suc si UME eae Conia gee “ersivonia, spunea robera une no corti ent a recta noe cor ee Hou dour "RAUBWEpUN, nIDe e auras ap JO|INP=DOud aWAOd ‘pedope aceenj qu © ginnaeea eeieind a] ap p launeu &| ap euewe jew ru 'znge un ewuazaidas aliygsuc> enoy ‘sonyod appre § auudns gs wane ‘ya6ot ‘eaa2e gcnp gun} oe] Je ‘BEG avenAcd; Zz UP Spot WU [e631 ma:2eq ad api 2 jle> ap eejnuoid 505 @axnnsuoD enoy exnUaD neon a> =D 5 muad neion 3 29 n> ayevedss as} ad erevitesuaD ‘legian atesepap Ud 29>g, 25 jon aze> us yoga UN-UUC eyeUUED 3s04 emyUodod ,eanOAUY" ‘siewepaid o-auud a6ou ang> ap nruodod eediet" asa adnaisuop enow © B61 sueniga oz 2] ‘geuouad arewleAn6 ap uyBa1 un aimnsul gs ea109 mil fe fue) ajaba1 212 u uripuod ys ‘este woleW anbse Heys essnas ou plued uni area ut ‘Ze61 Up iquaGare ewan wy axragde fo2.> ewan uy SE6L UIP EHMINSUOD 1271 euewoy up ge00s f exutou0de ‘onyod exes eax. appa gzeap -éepe "enyepads 1 eawapous [equi unst'E annysay AYE Ie B19PaN 90 ‘bund up evades gu O11UU8"9BBL ay | Up FAimASuO> fe seq IES Sau gzeansed auewoy eimysun} ‘aunzpas gseaDe uu 'azNPUOD Ul ‘AIAqHOD Nu ‘AeAPSUOD ex usUeGsO MD [ese ‘916, J-zazne es erga aie 'nyes637 540} nun eai2anpO.U | 8 eyNOU O 219 sopoTeU2s xopIepUeU! ae # UTI ayy ereazpaid as “wsuebso & inuBAN6 aug feu aXaUyEp 35 IS UL uand eoveedos ava 9 givens ap uns nu ayaraa ‘fms sed nd esveuojbuny i mmeisajaind entip aruiodes eisanud > e282 wy (zz ue) ano y¢ mo odes w gieawud ‘oyore> 00819 wouesg auiede MEAS UN gOAODE sep Yes us ewweuWop eDv0Nq m9 exOpCUO e>UaKIa — EzeErDAIS 25 “ojnsyeun! ef ylenjgnd ap roqoned eugesuodses sep ‘esaid eaeuaq) gzemUe!e 3s “aenads (6a) wud aul 408 e}sa38 ajumdasp 9 ealezpaid n> e\—Ula YON 9p |mAdaIP 25 © Su Bi ‘29s anu earewiea ead 9s, aGie1 ap EqUI Op "EINE 1610 ap angesoep paved ap ajteren ud esnduy ‘earezpard aide (62), 2 (82) 92 (e) 01's apjeone uy Basy ‘sued e| ap aed ap jeen 9p my WK guun up a> 1 2jevaievieU ojupue a}OU mo aVEUHO}UOD yap nea qleqoulw ayumday fe» euab uy aSoualen aunydaig Tue 17 asad ap mieggg nnuod yeionun mmo eoxeonponua uid elap unas 35218 | ZU soja Inns eaveluysep WE NAL (12 Ue) awappoe ap ze uy sjvoNoUM e e005 nse esioparaid wid anjoipo gee 0 ep gunang 2s ef>npoud Wo.) fp eorezpaid uid ‘uowounu waned anup ales uy rymers efuanaut ul Ue yun Up ajeb0s oun aide > “auisnpeaeyoazap siyedy {oz ‘ue) 219nd jnuawop uy“) ynpue! | ‘asnpUL uns >12}soune jes § anqeioy angeBneu aade‘aieauruzo> ap ays st (61 ze) es ap yadoud aevepap juns njosens atefog ‘BRS “E}eDOs eaeyan e| ea 01 und luna aso 9 “998 u > “imosge idaxp Un aso ew ru sveroudoud 6) auew cz/er wu HO meeaUON ‘ug aescnap 201409 8 969, eh lous uy ave 3996 B9]L09 reaped eptpUl e 2p § negze! evepap © ap ridap a 3 unto inden sas 29 aunses ewtdode eu ea oj axoynes aids sourunpe ass 2 gzebuun 21> 6a] 9p atin 2 29 funid uo UL wey EF Tunes eau iets ul eteypep uns aieaunéa, ‘ulgunpe pue> india U 'yeod 3 01 EOI DIN 99 AUD 24 IMD BO] Eyypous eid es eu 060) eter hued atesanou apuouse)bas eg (©) asso 19) eu no ru cu anu ep ‘gue expe 2p ue trun easy | y=yp upd ap sour ‘25 93 -aeunpe eugueajeod ay UNE JONG o_126ea1e0K o> guro> gs angotaie04P 9p ‘9 up sun una nes epOdp ‘ueunpE ‘oque eomp © 2p imdaIp Ie “Yunis eBlpaDUl elunvow ao soy rsundses ewuzaid aununge ave> e| sou usd unas pura “Sap "U8 ad ep 0 usd [2 sseoubo| ‘ulnunpe yoconue> sefey “spy imines ajucind asa500 mL 661 up eimpsu09 °€ E61 m mspuory my apoB. 097) pe nasunw op6t-RE6r asx) mvsaypin sou 18 (endoo4p) Dep 10 jouryrin Constituia din 1938 era desfintata separarea puterlorin stat sise pro- ducea 0 concentrare 2 putei in méinleregel, care devenea capulstatulu Puterea leit se exercita de cltre rege prin Reprezentanta Nationals, lar puterea executvd este incredinjaté tot regelu, care o exercta prin gwvernul su. Regele detinea initia legisltivs,Parlamentl find mult imitatin acest sdomeniu, De aserienea, putes comoca,inchde, dizolva ambele adunar sau uma dna sle putea amana lucraile.Palamentul, chiar redus la un rol oare- cum decorate era controlat gi prin numiea de cre rege @ unui mare numie de senator. in fept, exerci puterlor contitutonaletrecea in main rege Foménia devenea © monarhie autoritar, tn care regele nu numa c& dommnea, a $i guverna Constitutia din 1948 upd cel deal Doles Rézboi Mondial in condile ocupSti pi de etre sevitic, a cuceriti puter poltice de cate communists a niturérii monartiei £2 bus problema adoptri unei nok Constcui. m martie 1948, dup autod. varee fostuli pariament, a fost orgaizatealeger pentru noul organ repre- zentativ, numit de acum iainte Marea Adunare National. Nowa Constitute 2 adoptatd in unanimitate ls 13 aprile 1948. Se consfngea noua ttlaturd a Satu de Republica Popularé Romén, si se precza caractorul siu de stat sopuar,untar,independent ¢ saveran", care. ua in rn lnta dus de popar, * frunte cu dasa munctoare, impotrva fassmului, reacjrisimperiaismulu™ Aparent, legea fundamentals consfnjea princi democratice, precum ‘sveranitatea poporull,votul universal inteaga putere de stat eman de a 5000" si apartine poporuli’ care ,isi exert puterea prin organe reprezenta- ‘ee, alese prin vot universal, egal, cect $i secret” De asemenea, statua egatatea in fata legi pentru tot cettenli Republic pulare Romane, fer8 deosebire de sex, natonaltate asi eligi sau grad de ‘siturd. Acestia puteau Ti alesi (a 23 de ani si putea alege (particpau la vot 9p az ‘ungroube eavezuedeus nud ‘aqunfes 2s 2p ajoouBe auapuudanuy‘3jouzn & ajouge ‘gjemeu aiGiaua 2p ajareom ‘ojade “ajunped ‘Ye1s 2p 4eDun} inpuo| UIP ajuala “eur “mmosqns aye eeu sou0 ap oyigboq jrueiaudaid ex jes “OURS re pieudaud je Qsnevadoo> i) asjenos jusiese> ealuysua> aimnsucy {s1unwo> npg ap 221uaza:das ‘quod nynsoize} syeuopuoqns neauewel esmweunDoid |S ajereunqui, 1s ap agensiauupe ye wards rnueB.o &> uuyap ea nd ap nysuey ap ajaunu ensed i roan (tp ve) ,2UeWOY 21sJeD05 wpIqNday fe Joyn|6,ueELO Rojan es 2p wand je wardns nuesio" avenuquod us ewazaidal 216 ajeucdeN ueuNpY lueR 2owinqune ae awevoduy ugaylpaw e=onpe nu Sg6L UIP eximIASuOD ws.unuua> e| eae>an niuadso4spue> eereinGise i asjenos wigiapos eeunusuo> aise (aunfeu ap yynws eid eaqion 25 nu) “PUN JojUewIe0"Joumam jndos gf URWIOY UNO Impey 259 H—reDOS $6204 e erenuganpuc> eso) = Dye pou u eaparaid eIseEDy ‘aimasu0> nou 0 gieidope jso © “cg6L IsnBne 17 o| "eURWOY AsEPOS e>A4Nd=y 4 wet luunuap earequuins no grepo ‘rosséneaD aG\OIN 2un iNnpAEG alana & ase | zezuesep ap nsapoxd asndaou ae> Wy aplipue> uy S961 UIP EH3RSUOD we 61 Up 9 ae -s359 >ipow Fsu eaonpe my ate ‘atmyasuo> ou o EB IO 30) & ‘mnpaseé eunpue: wy ugunds oun apipuc> ut" u ‘ensze mevopiogns rete 185 ap aouebo Jp ‘upwoy 2=cNDuN\ MyNpRi eBUEN: JONENPLOD in @ sald pow up eapotld rs apg Up glivewepuny,eeom rie eu ome wasn ay es NeaNe sue ‘aeaeadooo op aunseus # efunue aiseane*aysu0UO>9 goin! wud gsuobe" ajeud yipieudaid earewere® eoulshs eimsu0> #0 >ayod mane, aus 2. wud srelysep 2420x419 fans eluapuadpu sep ‘euaidng eoun 2p 8 gieepn! ap salves ap grewazaidas ea epsesicizoopnl eseing *220)aeindod aqysuo> nee 1s ap wsind ae 320) 9aU00,0, nu up 8 Supeterion pus 2 nes un UP "ayy ap nisuO> ajupaEDId Up sncueD “WEL 2p njsuo eaurede (es w ee: alana en6uls dey) gannoaxa easing ‘jevo{2umUl apjeen eiunuap nes eye! NYA aluNsas aU yea 4) ae4s200u 9p als elepep ‘suniaibe ap 2> ut ryan eavoundosd apn suoqép aynduer ‘sma aape6 EB!geS EVN 2p IMNgSUOD MeIUPaE id eaiaurdoié | gull ors # eounu “9eUoseN UEUMY WEN ques upp inva), ‘ougwoy a1endog wngnday ve PRewopsp wivetuaz=da1 24 ‘npusemd easaundoud @‘euaupes & eypane ‘jevOeuai dues Ut uguoy gio onandoy euazaic‘augwioy axed fqndoy serous & 2aezep s0ju0 ‘aedoped einwoo a6 ap idp EIeK ‘NYA 2p 32108 6 eaicaqu‘sraDep ensue ‘reuproenxa i ieup unsos eeu een aieunpyeaie—| eson> jupald "UBUD MME [nak el DO ated “vor 1 unueysuey moss 50 NY mrupzai fe TUpeale pg PEeee STF VORTAE ws" FU PUT Pe pupwoy ‘sje005 ipignday a ajeuorewniy 1S out aqieja u yess op eaveind uz “ox 6 mesa ajs9 ousWoy 2 2205 roigndoy eequpefeNs “LL ay S£6) nue up exguI0y _aisyepos rpagndey empsuey 9 uewoys2unwo npuea a ineoos ay © aveogonpvos esajod hey ‘umioy SIs eda ye ss ee 90 ds ‘a "soded ave euruoy TDS eoianday uy alan ebaauy “Zw “apa eva as owe 2equn alspuedepar “veins oes ete 9p DUN soja [ee ae euruoy psIepeS Exendoy “Tl “200s gids a eUNUOY "ay $961 pue up efransuo> ‘s US 1 arupatead wud ‘nossen025 2e120N zmpordes eee es)erhon, Nato. erate hi pe intre pe ema Beth rake lsde finer bro ‘elecomunicatile de stat; fondul de cdi si loainte; baza materials a institutlor socabculturae de sta. Pima modfiare important& 3 Constitute din 1965 dateaz3 din februari 1968, ind 2 avut loc eorganizarea administra a teitorul, Se revenes la judeje ca forme de administare locals, in locul regunilar si raiosnelor de inspira sovetics, se introduces caltatea de municipi pentru ocagele mar Pe m&surd ce puterea personal alu Nicolae Ceausescu crestea, a devenit necesar si consinirea acest proces prin modifi institutionale, DupS ce 2 event secretar general al PCR, ales de Congresul patil, fr& mal depinde {de Comitetul Central, wrmatorl pas pe caleaconsoldari sale a fot infinarea ‘unc de presedinte, a 28 marte 1574, prin modificareaConstituje din 1965, Prerogativele presedintel ales de MAN, erau foarte lari: prezida Consul de Stat; reprezenta puterea de stat in relafile interme si internationale; era comandantul suprem al forjelor armate si presedintele Consul Apdrari ASR: preida secngele Consiiulul de Miistri atunc cind era necesar; stables mS- sutle de importants ceosebit ce pve interesele supreme ale ri, care mau si fie supuse, de cStre Marea Adunare National, spre consultare poporului, prin referendum; numea si revoca, la propunerea primministrul,viepri init, minis s pregedinti ator organe cantale ale administrate de stat ruses $revocapresedintele si membsi Tribunal Suprem; conferea decorai: incheiatratate internationale in numele Republic Socafste Roménia; stables rangurle misiuniior diplomatic; prodama starea de necestate In caz de urgentS; emitea decrete prezidenyale si deci Constitutia din 1991 ups cere regimuui comunist, n decembrie 1989, Romania a revert ‘raditile democratice dinzintea celui deal Doilea Rézboi Mondial in context mareat de evenimente care avuseser loc pe plan mondial in ultimele decen Schimbarea politics majors a socetiiromanestia fost oginditS n Constituia =probats prin referendum tn decembrie 1991 si modifcatS apo! in anu 2003. Polatul Parlamentull din Bucuresti Capitolul 2 7, Statul oman ‘Ari, 1. Statul romdn este stat national, suneran si independent, unite) indi Zbl Forma de quyemmant este repub- ‘@(..) Stal se organizeara pot prin. pull separate sf echileul puerior — legisla, exeutvs sijudecitorascs —in ‘atrul demecratilconsttutionale ‘Constituta Romane, 2003 8, TeitoriolRomdrii At, 3. Tesitorul Romérii et ialenatil Frontetele pe sunt cansfinite prin lege ‘organics, cu respectarea pricier si Corll nore adiise ale deeptul in- ‘emafional,Teorul este organizat, sub aspect administati in comune, orase 5 jute. conde leg, uncle orage sunt ddedarate municip, CConstitutia Romane, 2003 1. Desc contextul politica are au fost ‘Saborate consul dn Romania Pentru redactarearSspunsul, va recomandim sB recurget lao ad croncogica 2. Formula si comentat deosebire dnt constittile aleStuite fo timoul rim flor democratce, respect th timpul cer totatare 3. Gare sunt valor pe care le sustin con sltuile democratce? Dat cele pe care afm cle apie conse comuriste? 4, Descoperii si evaluat! elementele de ednp 6a ap ojaI014 “weuNPY JOjuqUAUL ne}0) Lip Hu enop e ODE n> yeDBp HeraLDUe y Me=ANd NE onyod awiesepop nud aiopundses en y neeind nu ‘uoweuas of eindop ‘ugunpy wqwayy joame 1D JooIe “ud uy areimsp ode ¥ “aiezjenads 1sW0> 2p [aun oyfeBajsp aalsyOD UL JU! eu ajenjeUe NAB anrets6a, ‘jared 1} 8802 ap unze> autind 2sound 2s good Uy ep ‘69 2p aad loge nesind pe “eiuaweued emesiu ap mdaip nesne ewneisier eareunpy # jnuuog 7eu25 ¥ soplendag essuieD up sndwe> “grnetsieer eareunpy) wawepeg ap ¥ scyUWop ap Pinuiap @> eMneIHBa, eoisINg eaneysi89] eax3ng ‘uwop ap 1 ivazaud 30} 24mo8 UP uuan gnop und jo ro "WuaWeyey ap rewNU grEDEpN! Uy GUNA, 1 meaind unsuy a>9pn gs eavemasod eane ase> gives enbus “aese> 9p waun ap eieiunuoid esdeopad eof Fe ap nes eiei6 ;e ap ymidaxp ane Mu 3169 ‘MUWUOP je SDs Nes jeqan pO UN-Huu 1e>gU! pA WE ele uy eavapundsex ap wjosge y eaind nu masta UN “ASU y neaInd nu axEOS AMOP foe} WqUIBYY “Ue aye ajuaN JOjLNqan eateuoNses ¥ "uewIeHEY tuatiosp ads asuuuy ness aie 6a) ap sop}atad earesogg ners urea aye rinqune jtecoung azadsau max ap ei, ipqesuodsau punap es e1seane tuud azauulasenuod ay 26 e690 news Sus “469 elunud UL Jt “apes ape nad aiepundspie| sen y eaynd nu eysa5e 12 'gIgEIONU 9 IN|PUWOP fueotiag euatsiu mjoioy un edmoo e nied Heuwasep 1 Up nu Yeu nes un a6uldse1 pugind easane “iaGas meqoude eoundns i ode ‘imauige> rofgje i} aie ‘nasa imjuiyd eueDsied euWaEAP |MUWOG pUraHN new} 2129 wigs soyuwop any euLeduy e gxnmDare easing papnoaxe earayng ‘7a Jop6o) eae Dodsas sey IyNDILAS eorer9j2 ‘o;nyzodus eye} wnaexd ‘neauaros aj 22 ailebugo ap neiKpe = uaigian 21> y mjnpow joa #njmes ssaietu eaargun ‘aUed eye 3p ad 11 ‘nSeusigia> qumdaip easeuee6 i gnreid u eaiaund ‘syed o-p ad ‘gpaygo @ neare ‘ay ep gfe eun suspuadepur ‘yimnsulajajedoud 'EWUEEp gpeOued 0 2d soyURiR.® |e [OD a doo ap aes 100 vud saye p souewuazaxdas jpeuiyul uu "eunijeu ang ap gieyDiax® 282 alaind mseaoy pul ap supsar dub un ap nes (z.2 aba ‘adound) fgueosied 0 9p nu a myquesue uy 'ugwo1 eounieu ap ernufap ex gIe}0, sora eis U1 qUaINd earoiedas emequazaidad eovewean6 ‘wunjeu eare -ueranns“eesa0e ezeq ee ne o> oypuad eareajde Up neabunoap E> injnuesigi> ae jeuowepuny guradaip enesuo 2 9981 | ap efransuoD 998L | ap eHNyysUOD uy astDsuy YSauajejao Lnydarp 16 minyysuy,, agnsedsop rma ea oop Epesien sau Pyene aieunn ap gene> nauad oop Weldoud teed nu ous afeq NaN aes suns Ines olde ajpiuesD ste nsaid “mye so ap eorucai 61 9 eovau 23 ratuog “S| ay ‘pewee6 aso penpRpu eoeoan “EL ay ‘gre ones EP ayapo ie} quia © une 6x6 ees tye uns ueuos do eeep ap auga¢ “09 opw 285 #50 MN OL Hy ona ueuec uPg0p tod auylam unit 9p naan urn no 25 usd sues opal aunnod 2piod 25 & Guasue> 35 sap Luggop 35 uewes ap eas 2 iy 2ojlunau e329) 9p see e2)h9q) 239 mpwupureny een) 2p ives feeb 29 groNg 35 WRC Sy “oupwos arco 629 iL 9981 8 9p esumirmasuo> 6881 Jn wy manne “3.24 mPIENDSTUDIU DE CAZ szomlate de domn, care putea refuzasiretinite spre dcutareproectil ‘spac. Domnulavea dreptul de a czavaPaiamertul, dar era oblgat sé exgarizez alegeriint-an interval de maximum o lun. Totedata,domnulavea deep de veto suspensiv gnu absolut, acc ea oblgat sn cont de preres putas 5 senatoior sna putea vsping defini un pret de lege. (0 sesune palamentaréincepea in noiembrie si dur ping la srbdtoarea Zest ins putea fi continuats pintrosesune exraordnaré,conocaté de com pintrun decret, dacs se considra necesar. Numa Seatul dscuta lege sruitoare la buget si armata iar deputai x senatori erau grupatin cole sett pln tn 1884 sri dup aces da, n func de vertu anual al celor 2 dept de vot. Votul centr funciona, de ate in Tneaga Europ, nu umai la ni. Paramentar aveau deptul de 2 intepela quverul, care er chige 3 spurl prin mist s,s, de asemenea, de a cere destsuarea ror anchetoasupra acttai minsieae. Voter Secret se cee cu ble ee 6 negre. Trebuiesubiniat faptl ci, desi guvemul a aut intotdeauna © ‘aorta confortab,Paiamentul ra fsto simp magn de vo. Prcecele lege erau amendote, modifica si uneot char resp. Cu toate litle se Palamentul a fost o important coals poli necesar maturiai asl tice romanest Puterea judecdtoreasca Puteres judestoreascS era apanzulinstanilor de judecat, de la cele snare pind la instantasupcemd, naka Curte de lstie ¢ Casape. Orce Poti judecitoreascS era dald in numele rege, singural n sud si ‘onunfe rail, mai putin in cazl minor condarnay, ga cum am vt. ZudecSoi rau inamovibil, ir delete de presé era judecat de ibunaele «sri. Jurspradena se baza pe cadurle maderne adoptate inc din impul orm ui A. Cuza Concluzii ous cbservati se cuvin 2 fi subiniate. In primul rnd, principul separéi puter reiese dar cin modul in cae a fost structurat sisterul institutional si ‘rebuie s8 spunem <& 2 fost respectat in epoct. in al dolles rénd, institut ‘enarhics,reprezentaté de domn, apoi de rege dps procamarea regatuuin 1881, era deasupracelrlalte, iar cheia sisteruui se afta Tn mana suveranull Ee adevérat, puterea domnului nu este una totals, absolut, ci este ingrécité e puterea ceorate institufi ale statlu, dar, fn lin instan, primus inter pares est regele, care define controll decizel police. Un alt capitol fundamental al Constitute era reprezentat de drepturile si Serttlecetdtenlor. Eau inscrise dreptul a lberS asocire al persoanc, vio. ‘ciltatea domi, lberiatea cuvdntuli si 2 prese, propretatesprvaté era edaraté sac i garantaté de leg etc. Expropierea era acceptatd doar In caz 2 interes general si nu putea fi pus in practi dec in virtutea une lg Alzturi de principile deja amintte, aceste refer au determinat consderarea Constitute dela 1866 drept una dine cele mai liberal ale epoc. Principele Carol de Hohenzollern (ener A, Caza in ura une! lovtur de stat '© 20 apie 1866: alegere, in uma unui lets. ca principe dort al Romnk 1 ai Gaol de oherzolemSgmarngen| l= 10 mai 1866: prociaarea lui Caro ca ap aieluanyur sezueGuo ap ausoy“opepaAaON nes o;ReZ—LD Add ‘ap “unfeuoy asepy “e511 ap OUP ap a>qyod wunjeuuoy sOUn URS cs fungueda uy unéun ad sndo ne ated aja>qjuo> ezesieey "ee In4o95 rigs e| 9p aware pupuy6o sep ‘epi fe fyooas und iad es10s "eopi Tee 2ueBun nyp6sd ye (snuAuouy) waoUe Irue.ou U0.) "PREY ‘veung 2p piou ej ap néauewo: jeyndod ae apnyod unit eo} gzeavoduaw ass ‘euengsue), ried rsasawu)aisayuew es deou, fuuoyueg ul ezoée junGun ale U FIRaUCD Us SUL ey JE INOS UID / enueatisuesy, uy aopfod puneuzoy pied up wuguos rode yu ayvewr aiendod e>‘anzadea Jopeds txodsod up jewou pete 63 “eon Te n225 ap aUaNEP feu arde nu 39 stot u. eumeN (eowoonpueD ae nes arte folgpded afe sama abacse ap siaaypy) Umnns execs e $2hjed thon a adouied ge gayre> spod bnpnas lsun eindod up sued ape treouosopesanebuneu ap soul siete eG pu Pune se) ‘Tev0 {foaw soyfendod oe bua sede e| eauRb U "ea. os nd BHC es (on nenpU) sos SpHIRLIVV SIDS YMeUUARICD a> > NN “pesos eauonn e1 ieuosug> ap Rau nesse5 0 HeuaUNDOP a1 ad HE, Ju se eu alod aenuedio 9 nave ax apaNGUS Nee ease NUL “Reo. wiendod ayayp Yep UFBIFUNPAeGED Inieds wy yaLlod ne thr sbuny asin ‘gutaine eroGea! g6np "UP 9p BTS EAD =p 2UD4h Saugus needs ecnse tru eamupds gunduy gs gues yowin J euonyuiop PRIS Hedy vuop rusooe ¥ (0001 [nue edn) BueBur eb ‘snueDe red quoz up 87d Seu J "aH fe >0s a Rug B6ureH 25 eer junio iodo MIURSES 6 sue uO) [evOeLIAN HaALED NUN fe isinp “ins oronas eon ys oe} ne 212 ura fine [oun jupes u zeesed os nave! sod wnieuio, jun efvedy sojyod junfewoy jung néouguros a[eaaqpaut 10[23e}s eaxa}aWO}UT, (IIIAX-XI 21910298) 9saugutos [nijeds uy ayeqquad THinyHsuT 1S ayeoo] FuOUONY VOLLIIOd IS IN.LV.LS (1x snore 03m HO so 9p ua 12) ¢ jnjoudea,_PRIMELE FORMATIUNI POLITICE ROMANESTI ‘sma Tensivaisi, avand dreot centr posibil Dsbaca (Gel). Gelu este sigurul rire acesti conducitri local numit de Anonymus blach, adieS roman, tn ence cae populata din zond era departe de afi omogend din punct de sere etn, Realtatea personal 5 intampléilor pomenite de Anonymus 2 ‘Fceput fe contestat de uni istorii maghia i ausvedIncepind din secalele “0vll-X¥X, in contecul in care roméni din Transvania cereau drepturi polices sajonale. Chia dack exists 0 doz’ de fabuatie in povestea notarului anorim, _soarece nu rareor istorii medieval simteau nevoia si Tnfumuseteze poves- Se cu elemente dramatce, este dincolo de Indoialé faptul cS tn periada th “= a cis Anonymus esta constinga unl anterior a roménlorinTansivaia 52 uno formatiun plitie n stare i opund rezstentS ungutlar. © confirmare “ecirecta a acestor reali o aduce Cronica lui Neste, cin seclul al XINea, care 1a amintiea faptului a trecerea lor prin Carpai Padurosi, spre ania, “eeguti tau git acolo pe roméni i pe sla Din secolul al Xlea dateazi mentiunile unor formatiun! police tn Dobra: |=: reintratd in sfera de dominate bizatin8. Chiar dac8 nu putem spune ‘rc sigur despre etna unor conductor precum jupan Dimite, consemnat “=r inscriptie dela Mircea Vodi, sau despre jupan Gheorghe, mentionat in plevul dela Basarabi, probabil 3 formafiunile police pe care le conduceau Frecudeau si pe romsni. Tot in Dobrogea, in secolul al XHea, in condifile lel uner nol valuri de migratori, precum pecenegi, uz, cumani, Ana na pomeneste pe Tatns, Seslay si Satze, de origine probabil pecenegd, ‘unor formatiuni police din care insé puteau face parte s romani Capitolul 3 2, Despre Glad LN. (..) (Arpad) 2 hotarSt 58 trims ‘© armaté impotvs ducelit Glad, care _avea stipinirea dela raul Mutes pan la {otiteata Horom, din neamal cia, duo’ ‘ult timp, a dscns Ohtum (Ahtum), pe care a ucts Sunad, (.) Shin acest razboi au ‘mut doi duc ai cumanilr s trl engi at ‘bulgaror insu Glad, duel oy, sa sahat Juéndo la fuga, dar tosta armate lui s2 ‘opt ca ceara ce lca fouls fost di- ‘wuss de ascuyul stil (.) znd aceasta, trimis soli la ef pentru a cere pace si lea dat castul de ‘bundvoie, Impreund cu ciferitedaruti (.) ‘Gromica lu Nestor Istoria altfel ‘= Prezenta cumand pe tert ro ranesc 2 fost important, intucét ‘esa constiuien ond, pentucstea generat, un fector pltic similar influent, ar claborarea lor cs rom dela nord, dar side la sud de Dundre 2 avut de spus un cudnt in procesul constitu stator mesievaeromnesi * Colaborarea dintre cumani si ro rani avea sB ias8 cu putere in eve dni in timpul 8scoaei antibizan- tine a viaior sf bulgaor de a sud de Dunére (1185-1186), condusé de fra Pet si Asan. Luptaimpotrva impératuli isaac al Hes Angelos @ fost umaté de consttuiea faratui aho-bulgar (numit tn istriografe si al dolea fart bulgat),Romanitates conéuestorlor no formatiun police dela sud de Dundre este consemnat Cu cata in corespondena purtat3 de loitS Caoian(Fratele mai mic al Iu Petru si san) cu papa Inocentiy al Mea, de a cre incerca 8 objn recunoasterea tt de tar. Din neve! miltare 3 poltice,fartul vahobulgar se orienteazi spre 0 consolidare a legiturlor cu popula cumana de ls nord de Dundre (2 cBre stpsnire § tuprindea spe roménispnyod aiezuebio o ‘yeu 29 2382 'gropanio paseauaNG aI 9p OW JoUN eiuasKe BLO sew greded ging 0 “reZ| ul iansy Dnedie> rove muousyx® up Jo} eWOL ‘3e aod ajundews ep ew 3> Wy 29 up ezeaIUOD 9s seYBew rymeGaL rupe> uf efusysta enuuo> 1 quEnsuey, a> MBI Ue eDpK e995 U a[eAdypout sopaye}s vareULIO, spseoupuioy exe i eropIOW aogedieseax® néougwos pers mA eABeAIU IUIO Wg ou elipen reuguos nuouoyne 2p jase UP reUDd) "euoUayne easounDs 2} exsne eeu eGo) op fej gue9y @ i Se 10, WE rqUNS UL vopivesb e avelgde ap aun) veodus mo ‘rnionween "rpseebes ‘yngeuy ‘aseg JOje! ewe} qhe ‘nfouguos aqoUANe >s@maneldns eufpu spun uy SseySeW figyetos su eINDAAS UL asUUED {uns fouensuey, fe aenua> apder eq ‘stipen gie6uNepUL ap "NED “ovjon eins eae 95 9¢4L Uy Yen e “LL LL u rmebas Rupe UL dude sea 0 > eaadaned ens hie 9p 2 €2)yedouud Una, fuensue eauebio © op ealenanu 19 ajeEa>e 5 ne e904 LCUEANE © ue aJUEW op g[e69) gzeq © neDIa!D H nnLed weuDN “gpIeIUO> 5ie> anup ‘jewopp00 yrispou! ap syevesu Kransu undu weyBew was ‘asy isnot euneapinu is pide 0} © ns9010 Pep 1D OAL rimyeut oun ealeone U2} JoWwoUDI e ax2>9pa ap eeaUe6 elpua 5p flere 60 e evenjeueexénse oewySeu eos wiwoyne eoMsAY, rues nes doug! fede ous us ae. usfozo.d $e) es H meta je auayises ajsenuoy sede eS nemngan. eI Inquips uy tesigg exe 1121 U aU axe) orn, wojea> “(> ela ‘eosi61s moses szaouetu g nea Spun 3jaUee Uy ezoke) wes ‘owenysieu saps u iNQE "DIM auBsLO ep "INES wDaNd ‘uNue=L {ye B227009 fs HeNBeu! fa! ad euatap es DsoURUOL UEC © JEP SyPUEGO ewovoine azansed fs 1u0p ‘aueyBeu leno coved Up eiunazy “op amsquRu) 0 F aseoul apun“evOsUOWY | FILED ro "muy eauwop ‘pet ap Repsie ahuedes ajurias uy YeveR Uy (Pega) yreqy ef nan ebAe 2! "5 PM) © Ul Aso fe OWES “onl Sd nob ro obs | ues 2NSeu 29601 ‘E001 1a “RSY “eID 3 a> ad ‘arqPeuad soiod unfewo soppek 3umanus od PeRMNSUeD 5 ‘piebeu eteyebar ep le} owoueine gwueodus 0 2p 0} pues 2} nesrong 95 ele ‘unjl ase Up BUe4 "oUeun eps ap nebo} 1 ae> SDyesen sores earn uy unjy ap ueaguap "unGun 2qHQOU FIPEULAL Gia! eaeluoine eaundul 1) guEUBeu) -eebeyeBa) “eeNSsueNL Ul Sore Dae xe HOD AY ap INS BAC 2 youncied ad “puesuel,e Fen eer U eRjeuABU Nes eR SelyGew wpje6al je assed apluppua ro earunyuO> ap ysB]=N8 revo 50s aquod oqungeunyealezprieu 9p aamagsue> op repoid gor e608 © sod 3 neds ole AOD USE eS “quor reds uy auc sojungeu oubury e aeyycue ap 6 eeu epuibio ap gs0v06 giupuer 0 ap aEALDeleD IS Me IKK AEDES ‘soqyjod sopundewuoy eavezumieyy SL srushuouy ry U0. ‘ene eando re ees ewe m "Na ‘nq reser senpuseb ae ans ee, Uy gi) Sune ne ajeuwe apque Ounty uy pe ef S05 © e On eamnped gst turin npsaco exbod yd | nvad ea U tee od apede) ape "8 eyeuse suaKS 8 "A nuns adeap pusye "UEYEeRIN 99anP ‘na 2 vag aN “Ned 1) eHue> “uses ange‘unped aya 398 oe igs gvenot yest 2 gdp igs 50 sm wmpéaxd es uous (°) yoK 6596 ews +] ysnpuy 2p aya ae > ‘oynbun faa preewoduN 2s es aauzespuL mu i ng #20. ngs yon ware fu eu und feu o> 58 nD >) ‘je 'sbes Eprove pu auue aye ne musppusy ape ply PUT EOL up uauieo Ue fuse tuns ue -34 maze womo7 () gs sun os raed “uewsenin exe guigo gs ‘ngs Iruwop‘peey mpanp ees8 und aod 1284 ep azayo os ncn 99 peta esa Un eau 0 waived pun sue -penin wl aievung asp nyo} Sp ae erypdmns © 2 snp ndapud Wa [P88 uur ‘eto ny ee "umn yep axdsoq"e (92009 9p pampra uniug mode oad 98 on mpos2ten,Capitola 3 | In secolul al xMea,intregspatiul romanesc avea 8 fe marcat de mares vad ttard din 1241, care a distus gia dezorganiat tot, in pofda unr ‘cere de rezistentd locale, ce demonsteazi cS exstau deja elemente de ‘garizae politics. Roméni incercasers,impreuné cu secu, sapere treBtole ‘ansivénene, iar in exteriorul Carpaior ttari se confunts cu un aganumit ‘eau, probabil Seneslau, care apare mai tru tn document. Marea invazie titaré 9 puberizat cnezatle si voiewodatele roménest rcvistene, dar a dezorgarizat sl regatu ungar, caren ultima perioad, 5 cecinsese dominatia si asupra spatiului exracarpatic. Astel, presiunea aghar8 asupra spat roménesc sade si sunt create condi favorable erst police la sud sila vstrit de Carpi. ominaia mongol institut in Zen a permis, pe de o part, crstaizarea unor institu rBmase apo carac -='sticestateor medieval roméneti burl, scutil,organizares sistem & post etc), iar pe de aa, a fEcut ape, in guvernare, la reprezentani din cul populteiromanest. Aces, spre sérstl secoidi, in conditile dim ti puter mongol, auprfitatdestuaiadobindis,n scopul defi unor =tonomiroménest care au stat a bazavitoarelor state medievae up trocorea primi soc al invaze,regaltates maghiar’incearc 58 s= extauud aie>e| ap “ouebun IypEa fe fseA 7ou up aufeounse 5 (21 -P8EL) FOIA NPE ‘URL eu edna ‘ueyGew ou aieuwop ep ep eluenyul ap eS veoynus ypeponsioneaesBa gung eu ap jh Une» azpa abeaoneD Sp aueoKu onjed auivaiid & ‘dun yen wy neabudsay a> unsgus re “edoujuasuoy 2p uuapundap ‘néougwoy wel ejodoay gre00> = eneane ‘efgouies) .owvedeis nus" ap pips 6SEL Ue 1 napUEY {jean "eseseg pun ‘areyBou vain ap jase wun vaio U 192 9p spree (geveseg ap 20m nou aoa, NSM) ej eBeanu ynulap ye eispe © iymdey © oeounas 0 & asouEWOY se yruwop sp ressoid axewesen ap mivgwiinf es eaxdany se6un 804 sy Hg aap muon IypBanuyexse ode Su egeiseg 2p atin gga 29 099 jer" HOON IMs ase gezeSeg BID HD “e950 eisapy ‘aun! up soe eB!eauso nad punucn Fado 2p 2 3p wigusoo0u ima uy aera 0) ne eveBuN n> junyoded o1a47 2235 pou eo, ensvouap ¥nsourwoy el ivan adap eniuysue geet e ap euoE nai n> ges aa cg "undun ad speareseu 1 puns ues "6032p ej | 2:2 a "pesog Buu gns Sas u queue ‘aueo¥8 ro glezesoeU‘aecDaN OU sep "AUEASUEL Sis alee 2s seouoD" ede preUBeu eeu “eUo}O Fea! wBq0y fle) ung JoUn6 mypauso Ud gIBEAN eaxeyy # JenuDD edouna 265 Ss [epsBUED up fey nmLeUas pyonUO> op & rey yee a> “ural jraeporaen 9p ainudep xuoue> abo} fe noipu un aise ewns sn 6 pm pugreaype "ure ap PsBw ap 000 £ >SeaeE = fn nurONaS poeueg iypbar ams! 96 gujo 96 qekeseg ‘myoqres ausbnqsp ews = nauay noluy 3p uagoy 189 ap sep esnpuo>‘nésUEWoY le eNAOd uA Suedus> 0 metuepop 29 OEE ut eqesen aietgo nooo ex gLeseg espns Jyseu 9p6al su Suu Eumes ey euejesvey eu) ain SSaediespns up pun exdnse euwop eaxounat 1 ngs npue! e219 ‘noloy 2 von fle) yaa e esr eaiSounal as qeieseg "Ze U 12005) FUL S rand nu seqj6eus mea ap ewazaidasaaind ap rose vases webInq “usp m Jou upogee Raz Uy ee) 35 seYBEU EBD: BP eh stuopuadepu eavewiiy“QOE ted geiseg [UO GAs NEDLRG ye eaSabe ypjepanoot 2 9 7 OHO PEPCADOK oF OL 39D soin wid Nauguoy te{ e2}0uRU 2u0s RRALELIROP S8 ep FP vps exe uauauroop ul yeslesue uewo au6u0 0p “eseseg ap Sumy ap seup gies y © ard fedse> 9p pou ep y>a]259p run ee. “eas ealeusse 2g oseouwop godonou if niouguoy wee gees ews Sunop # >saro9| 109 es nsuo}o upd "ueNsueR IrUaUDjs ade # gueod "epon rufon ezaze y Jes apun “Sunde sep TidseD = Ps] DEEN goo ap Jo;UEW WejUny aquIp yun ad eu nnd #19 505 ‘1621 8 inpéesebes wel auuouene e “pewBew esieweba1 ane> 25 "oselusop ap g6ea 3 aipen fe eos anques “0621 e| ad inseiebe4 fee pie ero yuod "90h PUEEN ne, DHOP" uN 9p aocionoUEL “nu aun op sensed eipeAKHK oes eugduro e >) ae ede 22 PS 2] ap pues exrse sobeu KAMEN © eet easemiAU (oczi-sezt) e001 #99 a6 sin a eof] 20615 ‘ded op ep) ¥ec1 UP ereded ana aunéan faupes e aimege eu 6 aids 1 solooupanadap e aleubip feaieus ads auer ajaqunusns asound "ese 36 jnpuncoseu ye wvouod > sodod InBuls un pumeae se ‘one esto) es © e|>an TaLEOUN {nye6ai up Sopuiparrdosp je ro gun -aiduy tuomnay 8 > ‘unbun ae“ st ‘Yo pp ai wlosidopnaes sb ‘3p pina ele uezaop 2 10> suena prdooede () a n2s0U need “bah 8 9p nu niepuene aU Sot Dyound puewor exu2sq puncaoss ‘oe> ‘una sane june rs aie aide, axaliongs‘glupa pn6us o.nu unaa0 i br auoyp pursigagun ‘na 10205 45 aunu gap Gap ‘ae ‘fe asa 495 10> auld ei tuns sojuewns inydovede eye we uno edn (~) gus aidso0 (oxy 7 agg v3y0019) ‘quneog iMfess90 2a 2p auopysous apsaorin o28D4fip \ | | suo sa | ‘einjonde> ih I !Pathan TT T ir tT = bros fest = } Din seco axle, tertorl Moldove se fla sub dorinai tari, care “saber un centr poi la gue und, Pe ai ecea 5) mporantl rum comercl car leg zone din Europa Cent Poona i Mares Neage, cea ce 2 favoiat in mae sur nifcarea econo a acest pai, volo spre citalarea unor formu police in aceasth2on8 ese Sosa de un document din 1337 al cancel papa; cesta vrbes despre “Suter aclr loci are confer ourureepscopi Curae. Unies Sessorformajoni a fost fvorzat de hota regatatmaghiae pentru ‘Sturarea dominate tare side succsse hi Basra. Inijatha regelui maghia de a apa hotrle rissitene ale Unga 2 ordus la crear une’ mitc de apfare fh rordl Meow, const de “evodl Dragos cn Maram, la 1347 radia tori strat amitea “Sricnii roménior de peste Carpat la intemeire in legends wdescleco Sous reaitate, dependent i Dragos feta de corcara maghir si nemuk “rile omanior maramuresni ft Ge pote rege maphar de desfinjre btonomie! Maramures au cond lao prims inceeare,nereus, de “Snware a dominajie ungae, sub conduceres afi voieved din Maramures, Segdan, In 1364-1365, in acca tp cx confictele care aveau foc ine Warten $ Ungar, suzeraitatea mapa’ este nuts statul moo ses consi co entate de sine store Pan sist seco al XVies, Moldova s extn sore su, rglobind ‘seve Dur, ast cit Roman 1 (1392-1394) se putea intula dom gin arte pind la mare, Exinderen tral a fest ntndrBgt de onecesars Sevaleae aint status o arc regis n wees li Ptr | 577-1392); dups ext inte Roma si Consantinopol, domniaopleazs ‘err ortodoie, pun ast bazee intense Mitopolé dela Suceava Penta contracarapretentle maghire, in 1387, Ptr | depun ursmént “Se seaitate rege Plone, Vis lage, inaugurate princale ‘Sj depois exe’ a Molde! pent vitoares paid Dobroges in secoll al XiVsea se constitu sila sud de Dundre un tat independent, +5 cia nude a fost eprezentat de Fra Caarei, cu cen a Calica, con- {55 de Baca (1346-1354) Utero in urma partici la un 2b clin imperil Bizantin, Dobro 19954-1386) a primi tilde despot’, care era acordat ruelor sau alitor “xpi scare plasa, cel puin fxm, in cadrul irre imperial, Ural +35, hanca (1386-1381), se desrinde in sferastépdriti bzantine gi bate -moned3 propre, perisu 23 marca independenta in candle sprpleti Imperubi Otoman de Snia Dun, Dobrogea, a cee! conductor dspea in lupele cu tui, sca sf fe transforma in sac. Acesta este momentul in care domnitou Tt Roménest, Micea cel Sr (1386-1418) interne san stp. Dobrogea aea si rim in -omponenta statu muntean pnd in 1417 sau 1420, dnd este cucrts de Sg rémine substi otomand pnd la 1878. Capitolul 3 \ ‘Bscrea hahaa de Dragos la Putna, Judepul Suceava (secolul al XIV-1ea) Dictionar......... ‘Cumani ~ popor asiaic mongol, afat th secolu al dea Tee fuvle Ural $i Volga, de unde a naintat treptat pndin tetoiul ‘uprins ine fluvial Don si Carpal; au stépanit aceste terior, sub numele de ‘Cumania, pind dup migocul seoluui ab ae Ff ~ in dreptl feudal, domeniy desinut de un vasal care recuncaste suzranitatoa seniorull care H Incrediniase In schimbul lunorshube (consifum et aus, sft 5 «jutor mit. Vasal - in dreptul feudal, persoand care recunoastesuzeranitatea unl senior dela cae primeste Th concesune un tertoru, fief, Tn schimbul anumiter seripasgs aguouoine neouuew as ‘pdouyd eaiaBae winguye anu) ware 210) (224) Jo}leBauid e aveunpe ul gunojsuen 2s ateliqou auieBex6u0> set yeidan aiedsp mnponaios enyisu “gueworo ayuelezns qns woucmne sedouud un 29 ezza7iueGio as eueNssuey | pS] UL 1eSun nyme6ar eavkngRie (9251) speyoyy ej so}Em wie} ut aeRYBeU! reuue eaLabueyM edna ‘iseoe @ sunsip fgulenpiNpurjaun ejupéucs Ogu ‘yrueBas inipe> uy jauensuey, ewovcine nu wep ‘gzea!Gns wbuny P alauluau fduss 2ep ‘wigwe6s: jmueuazeudal cio jyporoo, “aleop! auagaxd [edpuud uy ness newnosip eatseay “yulyQoU 3f@ aeiaU26 vieGaxBuo> heunpe as njneparaia ryan ee IMuGOU 3 UgUNpe ‘ayeBapRUd LOWES 22 ueunpe neisxe ajeyue> y usanes & nleses sojune>s OjRIRNUED spt 2p snags ‘foo enue “aundnsaid axe ‘equapos0 da ap eevorinyasu -sezuebi0 0 aeouns euensuer, ewfew immess aqyod srebay) uensues, aqeuorinynsur Emons ‘wos iyo slynuep ozen9su0> -suewo0 nsuedk® ewoduy exch) 9p nie ‘suUad © aD ajemnr> 4 sauouore uryorzap [sun a>qoud jupe> ea & souedsoenxe nSURUO! -serapaul sojaie}s eauraisuc> ‘aued ye 9p ay nyod eeunanp aus “au 25 asougwe neds uy eau ape ap sopisndod © peuowy aveayiun co URES! ap misp glupuar 0 eesuO> os ‘edo uy ‘reapaus epeoLod 232 apo uy ore rad szne> ajecouud up eun asso guia Sino gueaay seGun innyebor apmonns uy gys6eiU) punjsd ful 25; pul eiseare "gon enor eamnposd as eueNsuel, Ul “ejuapuadepuy epyosv09 Hugs edie) 3p ues eps o > Suen ws ‘stznp LOD U) supns Fel 11 uns ucucyne ase ‘aenjbew Sefot iguuome eaxsnese ap 6 aod aveyeuan ap wane xa109 “1 dun Uy eueg nes jepuei7 ee > pauRwo! aja Ulf nan Sey 2 ‘ninéen6e; ee ‘nnboiey exe umoasd “aueKsuel ae afeubuews S102 uN UL JO}ZONAION i J0}28KD eaonpue> ans ‘audaxd aeALeEIO 5 # pag auscucine o “awain o nnuod seDpul"PeeanEEe 1 wigog "Ue rue UL BED=P e62pud jamess pa 1 aseobyas wns2jue> judo ooupeD usw 20 pe 1 ‘pzeozvejGeu a eda i |nusfoye> danse res ara 2355009 a> pus mpg Ya De u "USDA eFhuoUALe ap HoQU ap ee g2eeU0;)pUa> | sp] 26a ad|OFOUD nua sDREdsEDRAKS OTE Suni e# "edie ap 1 ps oe ivepuedepur weuuye Dee “03 uy '99¢1 uy "01s>e Mpue! UP TevionfnpxD UNS OFA fe OSE 20 ep eee ues aap aye jul yop) ne wojuewos yey vojroosySeuny # (es jepads +3 se609 wuaipc) mepiied (qreyBeu epads ul) eBugoU ‘read unieu" nes Joes" essrogeen od ezeq 25 es eov2npuaD eUbeus Smeba: mupe> & guienswiupedanyed aveyenorpur EuUnLE 6 eeulueus 44 ezea;06ns 3> eaa> Yeporaenr un e> glezueBLo asEsN} eUENSUE, etyBew ynmyeGa1 jupe> uy jaueN|sued, exiyona (oar 1 0228 ayy pm) 21M miP2> apoitniog 35 ajeapou ynwarss ap eon pul pega ew >) aise (uewis © op yeraid |) 18 02 fone “aueysuey, ae auaqesel unis au sons gzase wn > aunds (Jogga ad squguasiy aietuGew 90D Uy) « Pepe evoyst syenuaa sy Up 2pm wejndod ~ (adejndod) gueun), ‘08 uy voseden ap reutns as # et Ie Iyo>es UY UO;Zs ewe aperp ZeorANK Je Inoz9s uy, abode abune ‘2ueu28 gugoU pup! Up ax 1 "B61, HELE wpm op 10D en si: up ~ (use) neg "nuenes ening psx 9s erug exdnse mci yesenneopurop 30 2p uoues) pues © syne ‘ee epg yrdoxp w= aeyueaers euapnoo 1pt6o pe Ut sea jam gve6 ap abuso ~ pay ‘tuys any neato aver soquuajad lume uojo © niuod eax ye ynpoas {eta ‘usesni 9p ueD} FyMUEIS Ye seus 2501268 wpLO~ (uaENE} ueop seuoiiriq € myondeSbaw fotki Baie p- fer in hoon fos bess boats fesio zone Iver przwe to ‘cues In ceca cei priveste pe romani acestia nu mai fcesu parte din 1437 én ssterul narunlorprivigiate (in sensul natiuni mediewle, ca parte a cerpului pol), Feudalizares accentuatl a socetiti ardelene tn” cadrul ‘ez2tuiul maghiar dusese la maghiarizarea (Isotité de catoicizare) reptaté a soviimiiroménest, astiel incdt coménipartcps din ce in ce mal rar la congregatile generale, sargind prin afi nlgturali complet din viata politics Sri Corolaal relgios al acestei exduder poltice La reprezentat nerecu oasterea ortodnie| inte regile oficial acceptae tn voleodat si uleior rinipat up instalarea stipdnit habsburaice in Transivaia, ls sfrstul secoluul = ¥viMea, xganizareapolticoadministatva a prneipatlu este nln mar, ‘entinut. Imparatul preva 5 tll de princpe, iar conducerea propriuzss a ~ensivanie nu mai era asiguratd de Det ale Bre atributi au fost restanse, ‘de un .guberiu", condus de un guvemator mila. Cancelaviaaulic de la vena coordona conducerea principatull Din punt de vedere relgias, secoll al XVIIMea aduce un element nou, si ume Unirea cu Roma, acceptaté de o parte a rominlor transivdneni Th -imbul promisiunilor de a i se conferi dreptut similar cu ale ceorate ‘stun, Promisunile din Ojploma feopoldind (1701), care fi numra pe unit ‘ove privlegati, din punct de vedere pol, indiferent de statutul lor socal ‘Sedusiv sani, nu au fost niciodat& onarate, dar contactee mai susfinute cu puri), devenite posible pentru uni dintre preott unit trimis la stud la ‘Sma, au contribut la redefnieaidentitii romani n jurul origi latine 5 4 itiriea ideli nationale romane prin intermediul misc Suppleruiui a sl Ardolane Tara Roméneasc si Moldova Dupé constturea ca state tn secolul al Xea, tn cele doud j31i extra “erate se constaté un lent proces de crstalzare institutional. Principals -ettutle era dommnia, asumata de un .mare voievod si domn*, ,de sine -=22'0r",propretr, de crept, al ntegulul tert a pri si cuia toi loc “sj datorau ascutare in caltate de supusi. Domnulavea atrbusi mitre, & |= ostri, administrate ~ numind dregBto gj, ajutat de sfatl boierese $1 “& cancelaria domneascd, hudnd decizile necesare conducet fai, juiciare — Ses instant supremB de judecats. De asemenea, domrul era apsrator viel si colabora din punct de vedere religis au ierarhia edeziasic pall celor dov8 Yr exracarpatice au avut un rl important in conso- “S22 autorititi domnest sa structutilorstatale, n general In primele secole upd intemeler,fscaltates ea elatvredusd, venture domnieiprovenind 23% din impozit (bru), cBt cin beneficite aduse de drumurilecomercale r8bateau spaiul romanesc,Tendina general, n secolele XV-XWI, era de sire a autor dormnull in raport cu marea boierime s alte posible centre cutee (cum au fost oragee). Sfatul damnescavea olu de 3 consiia pe dom sera la inceput compus ‘ati bole in calitateaacestora de may proprietar de p3mantur ar apo, résura cistalziiinsttutionale, din boii cu dregdtoriipreczate. Se ath in acest caz 0 eolutie similar cell din Occident, unde la nceput din Capitolul 3 CClogca si Horea, conducatorit ‘rasculalor dela 1784 7. Puterea domritoriu Dreptul de a dedara rézbo, de ain cheia pace, de a face eo aon, de a ttmite sol a domi vedni pentru trebur tle ata fos refuzt domnlor Mokdone Din comic, sa lsat hertateateaga g ‘ai toatd pulerea pe care o ausese mal ‘nainte de 2 face lei. de a pedepsi pe Focuitor, de a face Boi ori de 2 le ba ‘ole, de a pune ds, ba chiar dea face episcopate cru de acest fe Paterea domnuli se ntinde nu nurai ‘este boeti 5 cetateit Moldove, dar peste negustonituci pest ali oameri de rice caniie,cith vere se afd In ‘ert ul. Via gi moartea acestora le ‘are In maine i. Daca pedepsit pe un ‘euzat cu moartea, cu bal, cu edu oi ‘ou conficarea avelox, mica spe nedrept trai ce interesaf po si rage ss So'e Gide irtare, dar rimeni nu poate 41 contazia sau incl) ral pun sSi stea impotriv la ceea ce domnul a hots ‘BL, Dimpotri, daca va fi mut 53 pu berate pe cineva condamnat la rmoarte e oat fara, meni nu poate s8 se coue cine ll sau $1 ducd lo pedeaps’ cu fora, dact est apat de dom, Dimite Cantemir, Descrerea MoldoveiWEE WR PRE RT cmon, © naued sysuojperord unseus Yofendod aiesau apmuouse n> Tefen eeicuoavande nuad ugdnooed ‘avaypeprf nes jes}. Supe Jourange e2ieyuy ‘ueiaudond & wer ay opmodes waa! 61 eaveore uy unsgw oun) eedoraeujeeNs NUE o aunbse es ‘ao jso2e sup nes a AAUP ajyruodes 6 eeoos wobae> opedouud -eseauyap 922m wievmgeisu euud up ueinugas e gndspaid nai) Seaenq.auo> 9p esels Sz=aygeS eS ‘aUWOP ANP so\dnanUOD ae sre Sp aeuepous jruumuen szewuaui6o1 95 ges f ‘awsO}e ap eweas Sutgeuan jams} 1 > Yeo} fea 8 Je “AlensUUPE merece € Ssez.049 0 3]oo08Jun}as@siezueHes a se=>1 "UMD =p Bead Sep oveinga uy Wloueuey us "ZHIIAK F (NODAE UL eIESLOD 2s efeqUep>>O iors no auipniuys uunue Q Inqueys| ales aeWUEUD nem es=De SNL, ‘eumpou epeouad vy yu9pO9 UL BCUAL es wn ee WapOW IAs ap -evede nun eourysuo>nvad 4 GSU YAMIN ne nu IAwOp ae YEU! Sumjun Higesy ensapee 2a. oe Srpuoa Nessun: | un PUUEHaP S5eoy ease ‘soUIUe ojpyoung keDNpe Jeu TU feUOiewaL InLDUO> 5:0 uh apiipuesu‘eueeg ap ey oiebigo eeraquo>eaods > "rynuon edo nod eluant “ge3sy 9 aunap nya @ aun eedouta "ojiawop eay6unaié nnued ein guleeg p Yooun aenaid nei ope -ouud opinguon up ateigun{ ap aug eu ‘32.0096 uapaide edn oMuwop nGunaid nes eoveuajuc> nuad neaig 9 eueuedw! auns 629; “Se!p}s09 jue ap auns oun xe 2p BELuoNgU >p Mes evo PUD 29 eyee08 “ojuiion eayuinu e sI9pGUED UB 9| PUeOY BYeU, > a c1/2p5 9p sjrvereb ej Uy "AUEYNS ey UU ygeSUOdse: (una ‘efedoyelaad bes eeu aze'g nes 2'| ap nu > 9p o>) ura Sop m fed mun fepase neo sogteduud nuileg (uaINd =e > Hog fe so3euljsp-oniod aie) Uy Ase Yenc “oqueLC. aseOH ye: now > ayqsanet ‘suigns soyqui je sowonpearaidiaul) ring [@ uewobep Seu 9p lafoun, puguun augwoy ajedouug UP \nun-Ru, euwop “gueworo rensuupe eyes} ut esBaiu uns oueUE HUWOg seUe) up na anuip 04 2 oe uly WUOP LZBL-BLZL/L LCL ELEY Sleds “en Ie Os wg" 3p NU ej BP SRN [mea Sp fe Ul DHA e f2s UP “ada>u PUBL EEO ap eUUOD vaioq 2p s9f@ jl ‘Puulog "sonedeexe sojIRS © gevoinsH ns UH UEQUNpE Jede “avEUIO ‘oleUWIOP eomgers gdng {eaHIAX Ie Injo2es eayerguunt ‘epuonaney unuesue> iy aeuwoya)) Kean e eIBUDE avezwebioos es (geod eyed) 2p 2) Réaugy sowebago yumuen> ap jaua6 aie) pulo Panjos ap unszw aitunue"UuOp jun eaiBofeeuosdues 2p mos pooun ne ny “ehnedsauupe nes ae>sy au! w aIEyUOD 11 sje Mo SLOANE 59 ne eaIB>Y YOH!ZDEP eaIEN| 9p Ns Esjenus> sandy uauaued yuarap ne €9} Ae [HO>05 UP 20UN WARD Diyore Heaze psu oRUR ne AU aIB69Aud JOULES aURUNEY eis © up sows sunjessD ap smo janie pure “Mel Je 4oOq UL “PUL foUUOD 2309 up ‘quai somueusnoop flequs ui Yevdan euuoysueN 1042s mes spe 21 13109 ‘eauswase 9g “iezoaid io} ne BisDe adhe dun sop i 6s fxn up sueOcW SuRosiod aed nes>e ebas rsuOD | UDP 360} @ QUDISG) ripuENETy eres URIS © 2 eseouguoy ewapery pugzueésoas ‘ymupuagigaut eareyarzap 2p redho -oaid 5 (g8¢1-88L1) IODON (621-9601 "Zac Sour we repre err01sy ~ (rpsnag smog 3p asap wm ap vances ‘6821) 909 9p psn punsuat O28) ‘pasnangy wud squid 26 ps vig aydousopy 2ooony rons puomiwoer (rect ym 61) wizinang mp nog Buin of omo}39 pusposoqu cad sound Omsopynspuneay rauact € nporrdescia loca de vinuisrachiur a impusiona dezvoltarea mestesugurior, area de mci ajutoare scépataior,orfailr ginal, care ni putea 3 existent muncind etc). ®e fondul nevol permanente de bani a domrior fanart, sa generalzat ul venaliii (al vinzéra, chiar in sistem de lctate) dregatorilo. in r2 In care dejinerea unel dregatoti in aparatul domnesc echivala. cu ilarea (interes in réndul boterlor), venalitatea funcilor 3 favorizat slunea socialé a camenlor care acumulaser& un arumit capital, banesc unciar, dar care prin raster nu apartinesu boietimi ‘enn fanatog eformeaz’ sau infinteaz5 o seama de institut Tn spafil |, elitr sau al avajiméntulu. Unele dintre vechile institut ale grt intr inwun proces de dezagregare, foarte evident tn cazul ost. Dispariia ¢ legatd In principal de csparia functiei externe a principatelor, care considerate de Poarta Otomand si de celelalte puteri europene dept autonome in cadrulImperivlui Otoman. Desi din punctul de vedere al masuror pe cae leau init, domi fanarioti s:eamané despotlor luminaji din restulEuropei, acestea nu au avutintot- a tezutatele scontate, iar contemporanil lr srau trait adesea propriul istore crept © petioads traumatizanté. Durata scurté a domnilor (in Je 25-3 ani, cele saserSzbosie inte marie pute th care au fostimplicate omnia Elena (fia dommnitralui iatele fn timpulfanariotlor (cu toate implcaile lor, teatru de operayi ‘Mihai Sw, tu costum oriental ve, ocupafi mitre, plerderi tertoriale etc), epidemile de cium si adele de foamete, care adesea nsolesc Szboaele,fiscaltatea excesi’, ctl ate sau fie dintre matea boierime local si domnitori grec, au “ojDa16 eaveraqis dors 22 pane eua}3 ‘g1200 ateI9>0s © “~>nYd sieZIeAPe ap saDOIG UNL EU fueadouna ysepns gunéaxs eauin ‘zoveUe) Ipods Je nlusD—p JUN Ul auaqugured ayruumop 1 nosazpMTpeTA JOpN], =uiprnsapw apa p> es aa >be (ane ane> ap edoUnd a eae.p) oMaWOPERRNISH Rp HoNRUR Dp ap aI Nese 5) e aula, ap ssndexs puso} asp ypu ‘EO eyeu m9 saHfod “envodel 3p 2169, optieg0d oop [e eutev InLmDee> eine = ‘aleoeou unsEU aSEOAUNL erCUO!S ne AOUEUE) HULLOP IHD Sins 3p eymideju naan aelabes © aezalce 9p ela ae uO) 62p eine aojod sqoutt6od# owouaus wore neers o ai ad on 26 afnnsuc ebeenuy aiedoura aequle wy aieweind gx 0 3p eG 5 aeuoirasuo> auuop eve IuEiRU eUUOp Mes YuRuN RMUsRONSap Sumyer > "musanesge undox! 5 >pevous 63s 9p und > "Wop ‘co3050 {PETOUGU E5 ERUEN UW DAJEUOU WB UN Lad e302 “ire © anor eaeoles ueuRaN6 Bp Eu) aN > £559 Uy nopiueld eye «ssp ap aapose ap nda ‘ames inraveaoseievey 69) Pateryeiny "uaoyo 6 evoe ey Ways | Higungesuodsaeempnponuy S iqoigbap & aunavia! 9p Uapow Wass uN EBISU O;q Hn “cust EOIEiUSep Ud ‘ue esnaHp innetuned eaoeas# earenspe erezueboas pues ud Unezhalezucbed eULO}Y LEBL-1Z8L (UE “0 [edu up oguRs0 e aseODIaN ap ne BEN aikD ap eseurse Sd “ayeuavo jeuaqod eeexjeogeunma) pucieocs 26 ot gze0n So 35 ese wypUREs onpoL fe 9A 9p AAUAUON 99H08 ON “SUL @ F ORIaBUEG fa> 38 4D eS eIOLEVE LOMO EaIRERIeD sores ajetoue> fuevod ame e oueuey puree gatewaye ee enusosrndnae uBind Suit snap abi, ap pride sued ye ap a uoyeine axe aed 2 ap ad "euneapion evode: es pou UDI SES e DOU FPODA D9) 0.23 eo 0} LEE Lp nespon aes ae apadse sya 2 ging 9d ahu0> fe $9 4 2 IP nap ar e995 aram0> 95 Es indeU © DOIG IMO S apnberd 9p nes voupug® 9 Gau 13090 ap 3 aad e> iets 9) 8 quoi SINE! O bape ap EN opOW URW! MES OOCTILAX 21919228) He errEUTOY varezyead e] 91[0d yarord ey ap ruJapoUr UpUTOT [Nye}S ps0} nued ees es eee ‘unpe6ey wuns wnoaid ~ eeou Ma eR jefo0 owginbou "dunei6 un a seo 4 ee aren Fapupe> | aot da Po ‘i pon eos ounog rin ( (uray ut 2p noqaon) roseanapeys 20mm,{2 cumplina anor 1820-1821, tri mari boi munteni gindescorgonizrea ‘ascoale pentru obgnerea vchlorpivilegi ale fri, alegndslcomandant F pe Tudor Viadimirescu, mic boier cunoscut pentru relatile cu Eteria si sentimentele sale antifanariote si anttucest In anuarie 1821, Tudor st investit cu conducerea militar a riscoale; la réndul sSu, 2 semnat © ie milter cu eteiti, cu scopulindep&rtri dominageiotomane. Dup 3, in conciti suspecte, a uu domn fanart al Tari Romanest, 2 guvernat tara timp de cSteva luni. Inte timp isd, din rain ciplo- Rusia 2 dezawiat public Eteria gi tubule prciuite de aceasta in pate, Poaitia Rusi! si iinena interventel mitre otomane lau deter- pe Tudor s8 incerce a apropiere de Poart, prin incriminarea excusi & ‘olor. Dac’ din perspective romaneascs aceasté poziie putea fi conve: din pespectva antiotomans a Ete, a fost asimilat tradi, La sr (ui mai 1821, Tudor a fost judecat, condarnnat si executat de eter Documental misc conduse de Tudor Vadimirescu sunt acatuite dino {de proclamati si din Cerarile noroduis romanesc, cambinatie de program slat cu valoare constitutional, atat timp cit domoul, a instalar, ar fi it s8 jure pe acest document. Acestea demonstreaza caracterul niderent poitc al revoltel armate a lui Tudor Viadimirescu. Pe masura sti tot mal dare a pericoluu interventii mitare otomane, programul | se estompeazi tot mai mut. Cererle noroduiuirominesc cain o serie rematizatS si adesea vagi de proiecte de reforms, dine care multe se sin sterile boieiorreformatori Nu mai cere nicimacarIndeprtarea iat 2 fanariotioy, ci doar limitarea abuzurlor acestora, Intervenfia miitard otomand a pus cap8t migcér lui Tudor Vlaimiresc, poled romdneascS a recupert ins, prin redactarea unui numar impre- nit de memori si proiecte de reforma, Intregul tl declaat(antifnariot) al sei. In septembrie 1822, Posrta a acceptatrestaurarea domnilor piman- = numindu pe Grigore al Mea Dimitie Ghica in Tara Roméneasci si pe Sandu Sturdza in Moldova. evenirea ls dornile pimSntene poate fl interpretaté ca o schimbare de politic, in mésura in care insttuia domniel devine national (ndman- ), Structure orgaizlri de stat ntti) nu 2 madificat pn la adoptarea Jamertelororgance (1831-1832). In decenile 354 ale seco al XDea, mea reformatoere a redactat zeci de proiecte, vizdnd modernizarea iziri interne sn primal rnd, redactarea unor lei fundamentale ‘eicia de reogarizare intern era recunoscut 5 n principale ace intema- Je referitoare la Principate. Tatatul de Ia Adtianopol (1829) consacra uaitatea politcd a Talor Romine, insttuia oficial prtectoratul rusesc acestora si prevedea reorganizarea administatva interna in temeiul, ral regulement,vtoaele Regulamente Organice, eT) ee ee Maw TR tele organice si domniile regulamentare Segulamentele organice au intat in vigoate in decembrie 1831 In Tara 2055 sin ianuare 1832 n Moldo, Din punct de vedere al connie :cupindeau, pe ing regu pentru organizers puter statu, norme Sept adminsatv sau fnancrsau chiar dpi de drept ch, deoarece Capitolul 3 [Srey ele) Coy-4t © 1711/1716-1821: damn fanart Tara Roméneascé 51 Moldova 161821: miscarea ‘condusi de Tudor lediniesc in Tara Romaneasc’ 16 1821-1822: ocupafie mitra turceascd 16 1822-1828: Grigore al Mea Oinitie ica (Tara Romneasc’) lonts Sandu Sturdze (Moldova) 9 1828-1834: ocupatie militar nas (© 1831-1832: intoducerea Reguamen: telor orgarice 19 1834-1842: Alexandru Ghica {Jara Romaneasc’) 19 1842-1848: Gheorghe Bosca (Tas Romineasci) 1834-1849: Mikal Sturdza (Moldova) iunie septembrie 1848: gurern rewlu: fionar/iocotenents domneascs (Tara Roméneasc) [6 1849: Conventis de la Bakatiman © 1849-1856: Barbu Strbei (Tara Roma eased) Grigore Alexandru Ghica (Moldova; ocupatimiltare succes (ruse, austece,otomane) Gheorghe Bibescu, domnitoral Tarit Romanesi (1842-1848)guna! ap sopuesGoxd § oqiowsus Sais Sp Re SSeaRe Reason zeb eae renunuos ne apun ap“ U uh nes HOW e HUMUEINS a pyaar qs ean 20, spear so} ne veuodmor ful Feu) aD TmUBURIOP feBaIu aidarr€ peu asain ae 21) uve 2) doueuodMoxa! Husa np i0Uoyn apurdse! RUDD ojueW cad ay es ae UL URUNBY RGD ad ayo up sued avew aidan gs esa snd -afavala> jig6 un un elypoul ieono| es ius UU age jumpeun py ateunpe niqved UO6DjeuNzuE> eee JORG TRUS EREYENPSN sop logue ules eaiigipunau, gens ayemqesvodsl‘gevosod {nna siuasalim9 Wess ie nbs toric cogs ‘jes2pou leuB6 uunspuloun exe.dope yes “euuny ap sjoun gs ys p eale2 ‘adewepaxdediaad ‘eayse2e aNuIp nud “aweIBoud $ wOW~aUE snbys,ur-qu) scjstedpuad wemA, % é ' ing nes ueleul enoeid pugzyan “7Ase69 oun so dee ap eaie> yt) Ran Mn | f Sy ‘ByB SIVEW U) eROPIOW UL WwINq2! Ne aveuodnyaNes epHUAUIUANG eee ee ere jeu fe aio ajeuoeu {goued auouae nes eivapuedapu aeuodiew net jewcpmiseigu ueuleaste9(") sie} yevodpvoseu imuouesere ¥ aunfeu ap guapow cep! @ pei | mnzape ss0 gre &| 9p néeugwo wleueria|aus e ~PAHIANeIED EVE O (eset) e101 IP } oy 1119 eD48enesiop bes 23 }04 apo ue fe eAUEPP2O aoupe MEunpY SHEIRIOH sana ee eee | ® syvoeu 10, earew y eps & 9p aIeuls Heweasod 9p giasery=veg “() geuoieu sp1e19 4) See See eens Cmumemeramens | a3 saSadoeecsojens9jul edo pups nud L104 © ByBL 812 el (C7) ulmatos aug atm use | "ppteoupioy ee exopony uf yravounue> URS paved uy. gued MENG ad sje iaesuacsy Ulloa 5 Via eu @ 2p pods Ire evegulud ul edoira Sudha © aie> axeuoinyaras _(") PME UMS VED 2 } on uy nuns 25 augwey uel UP vel el 2P ain 25 ae nH UP 3> Bef UP UIE “bul 9p (eH uy psu as augwey uel UP gyBl 1 2p aqinorey SRST Nee | | GEST [MUTY — & PmensURIne es eluepvedepu R99 | gyda: ugwos yucdod Ds 24 “nnyod jsep e ewuauewsadser ezodo mo iewnyuo> nes # s>od9 (0) ueosiod Le iexsauno uoweyon isoy ne uewuoureABa1 sup ‘aHez"AD ap Inynpei® aR adsasaeeudaud ea rad | f siayfon op fevolmas ox e| veorewoje awesboxd woyde ne #90 () sewer niiodod puna | Scayuewenbal ap eonunuap @ue0d yuulop an aiseoy ue mmwveuie| —_(@yBL au) Ze ap efewEPOY | Seay ojiaparard m ajgyuojuo> Uy Se UUOP funBus “oseqI@ 2460945 | S yroon umasop 1s © e2u9 mupuesoy ‘evewcane ap Fs ap ausaB—_(yumuounnnonunsess povounnury i Ieseord ap yezroy "eropIOWN Ul EzpAMS FEUIN IE EUBLUM UL ERD ruPUETeIY — "URL MP BRT MP HaIMIa\24 HOHTIMP LO.) Ik Spewweuenboy neaparald uno ede “Kafe nu) siwinu 3s0} re "yeRL UL “2ngnd nas fe ‘je908 oprecmnle sosuad je veDUsyuad Sexypa ajuawop uy avevodus unsgus 9p aus 0 neu ac 6 egensuIupe ¢ einsn! arequebioes nela “aeluyurnou sojwawWeuedap fe yas ‘unsuus sep ymgDpe‘mpensiupe yess M> yNDofu) se 2sBULIOP rUE}S “UWLOP ALLE Jo] easeuoubues gdp ewnu aseoSin wy, nea 2pay sep "UUIOp ap 251 So, 2p ajai2zjo1d neidope i nenigazap nSaisqo auunpyaaugunpe eNoZP & Sp midayp av ylengows za gs yb490 u e pe} ‘azeUNpe UY eIeI0% 0469) -Sreygned ezryas meod ‘qu exgaunu ‘gaesi6o| enti 9p ydoup aie nbs 5 jeers umonas yBanus je enua> inueGio ays ‘glen ad sae “Inuwog rimeis nya eareine ney “engers62eayennase e aued>aLed “esd ‘ar ‘iBexns ap gzeq ad ajeuno} ugUNpE aIMSU! ase YMG) aud uy “euewoy uj IypusuewouRyed je areieu ap mize" aevepsu0D {od if Seis uy oaind easeiedas reins ne amueBio ejayewenboy nUawop Sjeoi Up louinznge yede> aund e ap yonau pugi jumd uL nespundses RESELL So ALL Oe RN a Ra SRR RT € mondeJn Jara Romaneascé a functionat © putere revlutiona’ efectivs din unie =3 Tn septembrie 1848, sub forma unui gwem revoluionar, denumit nent domneasc, pentru 8 nu exacerba suspiciuile Port. Documenta "oqgID spun inp "wudo es jedoiny e areayawop ayue) onup ugAs adouud © WAG} # ebaID exeynsuo> ~ yosdoHy Sun €ajun sjrecouN juos ad eassanpe nad waqHed sea eau nusoe angie APIS i nmcyowiop om out a> measuns pueurprag 16 | pore “yeruguoy lmesay ne ’ -Peconyod uebio -goseounop pluua207 ‘oipge £8 8 80) © een ‘oyduto> imu euwin w‘99RE atendqey Ul oe , 2]euosiad jauwop ijnuyGas eovewun> # so,en uy Jojedouy sxionys eatepyosue> sad i se te> “ups juud un no e2nd In NOH FopE uN A seneoo es ‘jec> gseonnsuow emunu-ese uy gezyeuaieu 'etizod9 “aap Sbupur pseanud gs wand apew se aod injutpads ajeloj yes spur 2505 esaype ej eUIa)exizodo e> nage ezm> Ine peNUOIne ealeuIaAND ‘yeuad eunparcxd 2p i jeusd ynpo ‘guyp Ganpacoud ap & wip FpeD ‘séacIPDepnI wuRZUEBO «9031 ‘2oygnd wunsonnsut 2363 "gem e361 atedope soy5a je xepar ap pund | ee

aap Bun 28 S981 EPEOUIE Sb yg 9 ase0, Zouiog6ae uRunU jpse puuods “RsUED yrul esENpa eeD.} 269) a (2981-1981) aeqoyne wean rua ¥ (981-2981) | j enOre we Toe nat ee | nou Jep 2212439 jon wud avenuniuo> u_eabaye 2s ene eaVeUNpY“UHIOP 9p una uquaw # ydayp ap uqueu up eewiy “xeouedns enyesBay reUe> Snimevas eaeiuyy ud ‘ejeaweng eauarap eaveunpy ‘ems ened eane _eSiussnawog "manne 2 aso 2d ajnpugyuy ‘angroaxe ind ajinidaip s2iods es0y “yRuOPe 96a} grou o ap osu ‘sued e ap ‘auaHUO © JesgyoAzap jnumeis ‘geuosansu0> s180[@\ ro we NOU uN aps!gad sod ggaide sndns es eaxeunpe reyozpp e ezn> 'axeunpe 6 uuop ap anus nuestug6oy jnuiannd anup ado ap ojjuabiaup yrxaiuo> uy 'y9et. Up a euotinsuo> ae ad ajezyees sjeuuoj! epeoved » onensuiupe 19> (0061 aquordes 62) mms 8 8 amne7s69| wedyun eosepar uy susauy unse2 ud wan e eogeusHLy myn oxaosia Duras I 7 Jo10 euaeounoa: nauad mnewojdp unuoja wd gueamDee> ‘(1981~-6581) sun wappyosuc> epeouad « -adeia uew ea U1 euuedu ateod es euWiog "pseeUgWO! APOU BUCS Up YOUU UL aa fe a= BjPpeovad AAUP Eun SSp1ps9p(6S8L auenuer rz 4 ¢) en5 veo) rupuexery 1 ealabare ng ‘de69j9p oun jypauuaya ws sein) cbaupul uoye6ape f pau worgboqe uy {1e12U2> 104) wan ap axouny wy “vesiseduy 95 orga veunpe enop a9 nauad uabspe ap juss eoyceis 3) plone pe un ap gieiajduio eva erseany “uIs09 ¥ 9DUO ap AMEN -saroprow in navad aonsod ioumdap eaeweso # eaeiaudord "genptnpul ssr190) evee5 Suey @] ap evanueD “afieseD 8 ans ap aU ey~Y, uebo4 e| ap genue> esIuO> :aunwoD HiMASH gnop 1 neIsNa ateIedes -oxinsu eee uy “anpap sougunpy @ & eoisare vie, ul lugesuodsas “sojuuop 2p und sus up ayn nea jauanng ‘mscwawop e691 “rae geri gsr wone e ue ‘oj69) evdope ergqzap aie ‘elowernin fed un € nevoibury aulgunpy weboj e| ap gieuaD eSWOD ‘aveunpe “wwop ane ap nIDae> Abra as QNI|SB| ealaina “Uosal Ins ap yeuwaseniuco e18 nu Sep areoyen eane nu Jo) [2 1>e UNA IS groara eoiand nequozaidas wuwog ‘edpuyd alD9y Up EARP EaIEUNPY sity ad sae soquop un sage anzoy Baye NeW eNETEA ¢ eAOPIONY E f Ee = E = f C = = Ee = = = E ie = BE 5 = aparte a anului 1866 sin 1867. Domnia ui Carola debutat prin adoptarea tuted din 1866, care a insttutionaizat regimul parlamentar modem s| == va rdmane in vigoare pnd in 1923 (a fost evguté de dows ori de lingul ulin 1879 51884). Adoptarea nol constitu a impulsioat i procesul ‘onstiture a parielor politic, Partidul Liberal (1875), respectv Partdul Sesenator (1880), care vor altemala guvemare. DupS cia ani de frecvente ‘ri guvernamentle, regimul se siablizeaz5, situate la care a contribut ==ral si Carol | prin atitudines sa politichechilibret’ omnia lui Cro | rime o perioad fundamental a istorii stati roman n, Acesta sta proclamat independenta In 1877, a cistgato pe cAmpul ‘upt8 in 1878 s uteror a reust fie recunoscuth si de marie puter. Ca ra modifi statutull international al ii, a fost proclamatregatul in In lan iter, au fost adoptate, cin inlatva calor dou partde care $34 gele Ferdinand regina Mora isunuoad wie une cpg atau YORBIEKD sawn eoug at emiod =| SA ssinesu auguin snza $ yuge es sevodeum easy gun; © SENAY eked wl woe 2 }e verape un dy UR Bb DUA Eupuy anaMOS MyvesueD — “MRUDHRURIVONS 2ieypF) op eud2p | | Tyree Sooo mito uno na fon ri awed, YOURS YEO spevdau ged 9p auedue> Fpunqury o ap REAP pu mor “yeiGods Pe dae ipods 505 ne nsvay) asunuce amiexpus anp> ap .suavods sai" oun eomUeDO Senora sak Seite ‘weusras ienpon veund baja un en} uid enerigi4 (ReDUN) Bemmmeee stereo ae swop wuedoide op bs} unsua geo} elensunupe encod 2141 asanay optoaad ‘oma cohue; lunsuay 2queind soun eSiea9 ayepauy ng22!90 €> aUguLN 50} ne =AUEL! —_ermosi eo} ne Caos else ee sue 3a songod wand e aero ap ypuerd eaumapuy | YOON © od putes (-) at aulmiee ie ‘nua 9p nnysuc> eGupasardan yopleg ne stood une 20 ealind (ojeounuoo ‘evo rafeonpa ‘punu ‘adnsn gpiasu) amIpaimSUNs —_esq\UE> ME ess ef aneeN ey pu eel 3¢un neoutop ‘ieyp yru eu Sfeuszaxdo1 aug nese 20 eye € Méunwo> ano od UED ap RUEUIO aqisL on upand se u § Snaps PHAR nod Ewe 9p eySra.oUaleteo4y —_-sespUMLabL urs eve eupuew | un 0 dey u "osopqy ae}0oN jrev0u96 ap iepvaid ‘uaAn6 nou un em KeatejuWeq 949 eur axds Uap 210 | “2501 e2“yr6L auqWADBP ge7 {ez015 ray) NSA ap mnYSLED fe atUpo HEUER ep a=} Uo Ug o| 29M | -sidaou 2p [a0 6 242 aaupd ‘yoyotiod aynus few eaulfap (roj,SuNWUOD fe jean BS H>IERDU! sey fF EuN|HUI 'eBLEOIDY 10 | fronuoo ans sie ebugls 2p apived paw 3p eluee 0) eDowed revolion ERIS IIEGE BS 21> Ain FB Jeu => | Pivoy ‘ossigugs wann6 e2jop fe2p Du (nueDsengy nism) sumo PRRBE BIMUER asa BNSeOU eeL -nGus un e19 ‘ossiguys uNUe|SUE) [rElBUeB ap snpueD s pyEl IsENe £2 9 fe W195 y TEU, uD [mud WL B>eC "Be aisind 9p JOHN, 2rus eeeredene nod eidy “yp jue euwed, uy =28/eU9p es ae Ho 098094 e “io ep “IDerulus 3p puDyauag rezUeELO H oneumss unde eaesnejsan *2 auaina so} ne “fergupeg jug mue>tengy nism “usunioD (4961 80006) 2 UP lop 3@9 ro ypu ew Ye MD lupEsUED EOLOUaSe O jyeD Ue) —_MaMOM MQ mOWOS Jofehus Be $5 lo neare nu ees ijesareu "nasaygups URUEISUED eouRB ven 22601 m eluny uy "osavoWY uol MSEIEW Weare Ye Nezue edu -250y fveuy adn ang ap eyuewoy eavedn>0 o4mgsu0d @sysIUaUIaND © plepouy earewn ‘gy aIDES uC IERIE BHeDOWAP UAB INMIDOR jeunes) exzadsed uy glueiods ymU3z5I% ‘sun JOJUneN ensOU POW! Up wt © uguoy a> Und “ypgL snbne €7 Hp ID "ey 2HerA0s mmnjepou eazaundwy swspunutos ards eyfyzuery, TRA OOOO MOLT OTT OL rw OR Fysfunurodyue ejuaprstp 1s wisTuMuTOD-[euoHeu ‘wsTUTTe}S “eorjaqjsod erugmoy annsce € injordes”presd a ,elementelor reactonare". Este adevirat cS PCR s+ folosit de un amplu curent de opine, existent sin Occident, privnd tngturarea,tuturor calor care, sub diferte forme, colaboraserd cu regimutle police de dreapta, Locul acestora a fost ocupat initial de oameni de cuturé cu vederi de stinga (nu neapdrat comuniste), dspusi la diferte compromisuri cu puteres nou instal Programmul PCR de comunizare atti a avst de infruntatin plan politic dous ‘mati obstacole: monarhia s paride police. In contextul nerecuncasterii guvernului Petru Groza de cétre SUA si Marea Britanie si lund act de numeroasele incalesi ale prevederlor constitutional, zzboiul | regele Mihai intra, n august 1945, n .greva regal refuzé si mai semneze [Beurdsi J actele emise de guver, in speranta ca va determina astfel ndturarea acestuia, iz 2 P luzorie speranti, deoarece Moscova sustinea guverul Petru Graza si PCR. feRos. | Refuzul regelui Mihai ru a avut astfelconsacinge majore, deosrece regimul Eregele [P rstaurat a pus in vigoare, firs semnétura regelu, actele legislative emise [eumsi J Sngura consecnté concreté a greveiregle a fost condtionarea, de Sire SUA Felder [Psi Morea Brtane, a include in cabinet, pané la desfésurarea alegerior,a doi fest cu J) minitrdin partea opoziel. fost, asadar, esermnati doi minstrisecretari de stat Emil Hatleganu (PND) Mill Romniceanu: (PNL}, a cor influensS tn fescove, JP gue era inséneinsernnat Bstuc Urmatorul obiectv 1 reprezentatelminarea totalé de pe esichierul polite Soe 23 FP vechiuii sistem mutipartinic. Debutul acestet aciuni a fost marcat de | sigur JP audarea alegerior de la 19 noiembrie 1946, ciptigate de BloculPartidelor Frontul J Democratice (BPD), aang’ candusé de PCR. petrol Domindnd de o manieré categorie legislatvul si controtind celelate dou Frczore J) puto tn stat, puterea execu si judecstoreascs, comunistiv au tecut [a insta JP siminarea PNT, PNL si PSD. Aceastéacfiune 2 destsurat pe mi multe pla- puts put intericerea sistematics @organelor de press prdnste siliberale pe frie fewer, J cerioade, campani agresve i ofioasele comuniste Scantela si Romania liber uncle 7 “npotrva vechlr lider pol (nuns 5 imootiva regelui Mina), aestarea pe fessior) J) semen scurt (pentru tnceput) a unor membri PNT §: PNL, declansarea unor =cidenteviolente la diverse manifesta. Tot acest climat de teroare nu avea fe ecun J cecit un singur scop:introducerea edt mal curand & sistemului unipartini, feesun JP smnlar celut in URSS. in acest content, a fost organiat nile 1947, vest crea de la Tamdu, cae a consiuit pretextulinterziceri PNT. Incercarea 23 august 1945: nceputul orl regal” J» 19 noiembvie 1946: falificarea alege fir de care PCR }» 29 ile 1947: cizolarea PNT J 30 dacembre 1947: abaicarea rege Mihai; este prociamata Republica Popularé Roman 163 februaie 1948: PCR ii schimba de rhumirea in PM (Partidul Munctores omén} in urma congresului de uit cae cu PSD pennantfe fe & & 5 : be = 5 & Pe & = = & g = = = = a «= e = = . argon aut 2p ele ussou ead euiye saved sso etimozas Sem sesidad whut elon eaepon “sn ie "unoioe Se poHeposeeieojsull spepe Spl atieu ge UP U/W 9) eeu “gti eeved ep quimgug] e auaBene 0 japse asnpugiacuy upwed ap vevudoud JoeW eaves “it Sulcus pep aod pupit> fu dos un ipa e “oppIved sey sient 3p ne ase ‘sf seDy un ap B40 8p epLleCep eed Tear vero oy ee 9p ue cg avReuEORUN Rem Bi > {Opie nese elejesis up ated nce) gps sos no ats a ee guns nou ey 2019 nag pent yeaa cz 1 srs coun esiezpeyo> 3 sunwo> inyndoRupeD ..eup ‘eoyewoydp aejon o-nuy e9sg6 as nau ope eu! 3 eznnoe 25 Sunjanu aie0 ej ean ‘egg anew u suleye mua ried earAaYDA'IUODA ‘2.2u 0 od © ‘esejunue etuewoy aq “dup Uns ul eZjeuy aj e ap nacaénes> ==]00N I] ye xUNWOD/eUOHeu Mnusbar lQuIe gwuOReD SBF YEU “UNIO}D geul m stesingwei 10} ne ajeuojiewiu) sustUeGIO amuayH e| ajeDenUOD seepveUy auminumuduy aisunwo> ays aye # eUeWoy anu ‘en ap maa -3So1ud 23 e300 u Uap fefe>ap Inun eaxeITAUOD e| UNGIs JEP “wUa| WIESE ui se ‘oreyidod imjnunsua> aje anpseip upzsevode: 2p esul eveanp #50) e riysanu 2328 naquad unpuos ap eIOAaN “AuLpaved EMTVISEU “28 eunsnpul aids soyuecuunosid ayequauo ay gs indoou, ne ayiusany ‘0861 gdnp ayewep aluoasuo> eae gs sve 2 tryna © guuebuo ayeysen0u 0 eauBKaP FaIeZIEUIENpU "EY uzi nued auesSe asnpoud ap aleozuy 0 Je0p ay gS gyUa E18 eRURUOY 2: und ‘7961 UL a}@A njnUEY e aiBuNdu Bp AODsOYY EREDIEDU ap ELEM 42200 "2961 edop ‘110s. 0upWOL oie e eyeidan e=uDe: ro EIeDO ‘gas nes aseupws 21 eyde> n> ‘aso 18 oyemnsnpur vepundenul 2p goo 1 aised ‘gdeia guid nu, ‘a1e51u09 350) ne ‘atbnpaud ap speojfu iopjecouud eavexjeuodeu ud 764 aun | lp @3627 uug rato>soW\ ea1eoNe UI AsNPx® puRUOHDUNy “ei © atoyods 9p ayeoseus uno, srewead uy neso earsore ‘e>jaInaroueWo: Su papundenuy “aynuoios neluyuy as aia und "gy Jeu g | eUAS S529 TO jnpioze ieuazaiday e aaouoce eorewioJUER Uy sed wd un, ]eUDUD eaxeyUe|d i EruoUOds earezyeRUDD "pIEDUER Seema § umyouBe eateznnoeje> ‘stonpoid ap sopDeOfu eavexjeuoyiou 2d 1815 ap eajereudord no ajenud iraudoid eaumsoj “mueUoduy -u2vodo> exayg ad yezeq 2 ausouoss ul 2990S njpjapou Baveunduy ‘avezyeansnpuy ap enyod apqurowosa-[ep0s Heyer aTION, “tHvioppos woreunoyeuexy, ‘jahes mnjepow e sizonpoqu ap asuNWOD be yeuuyuor & #6 auBewr ep niniexe yds un poop yeqazaIda, © “By6LeeTuga UL YeInéysep "YD4 ane ap ase e acposge ap nsesBu0D ‘pun wigymmonpord waa eaiapan ‘iendod naved nyduaxo un aims 100) ps newun (ye nadenes “Naz -ayrpagoquing) njziaun afe =jeuoseu _aronues ad eunw & inusoueyers © ‘wnavos Jopjppow eesezrendod ap greanp ‘puebedowd gsunu) o od yezeq es "7015 nueAn prufads n> 'eAoasowy p eo} esndy gonuoUo2® eu i “Jezjea ap sanra190 ‘erenyueyy nauad eis ap st fe un qunuerd rypauay aud “eos ‘aqueu, wsoe 2p “nDeLg “amp ap eof apred oud ayenjevorie sso) "PSP AUT UPGLL WU EBB] ls © PATE enoisy (Sp6D) sone mrououy ysasbuay my (eadoaip) sprog ony 78 (nar2o ug) € Injoudes,a SUFUETT SETAE mar 8 fe lar: ne sprinim pe tSrérimea sirac, svAngem alianta cu farénimea rilocas si ducem 0 lupté nentrerupta Impotra chieburimi", Acum au lat site, cups modelul savetic a cohozurlor, osaodiile agricole de stat (GAS), cooperativele agricole de productie (CAP), precum si intovaigile”, ca forma intermeciar, inte cele dous forme de propietate. Cu toats campania de ameningSi, intimidr si abuzuri comse per a convinge mic propeetar ‘url sii cedeze pmanturl, rezistena frdnimi a colectizare a fost mare. Pentru reatzarea colectvizsri, dup anu 1953, autor comuniste au cut 20el la organele de repesiune, juste, adminstatie sla un utiag aparat de propaganda in scopulconvingerifranlor de ,binetacerl” sstemului comunist % agrultur’, metodele dure alternnd cu diferitepromisiun. Aceasts politic, = brutaltate si concesi temporare, a fost dublatS de o continu’ presiune ‘cali in privina pai coteoy, din ce ince mai mad, si de misuri punitive, 2 27 aprile 1862, Gheorghiv:Dej anunta oficial incheierea procesului de ppoued apy san ‘puns ap yer2pe > nun ed "npenego UDUPI wD edero ay leur anzan 3p ane nesun sun Muss 9p asad JOA FUpE> WEI sae | gug6 uy ‘onyod Hnudap OLP OL Runny 80) ne LL 2 9 3 ajanep ung ndauewo: aeieauayued up Diod 1o4snutap IyRIEAED sede eund es apoap as aa-ny6ioayo ‘ade up edexepad ednp 'r961 Uy sunuo> eavand aNe> 9p eUDEP 10) ne uNGruB ase ‘uns Stays aypus ead gue auauny agdaq “sewumoas ep ajadna n> u090 ound 9} yn ne “nuel0B0-24189 Uo} ap snpuoo inn) SexgBig so}unv4 suo2 uy # (MosaUasiy ayBi0ayD RIsUO!D ap IS npingusy Wes} ap asNpUO> sundnié) mngosnyy euoe uy Ye injeBues ries ‘toue) wed I JDNpFEH -lvarszay op revi ease ‘2159 RUEUINS IIOSNHN DNDN SO} NE ‘peuvegiuaizl ap undru8 queued us 3B ude eivany ealNsaD ro Epo a[}2I Jeu 8 UL 3D Up puLuarap ‘sybL IMNUee aed enope UL 2yea! 5 esuruioonue fn] ap 29pnu aud eoxezue6iO uns uP eiewe ex ‘quzaidos 0 etuploy Wy asunulenaue ffuayias e guy esu2sau euibed Q und ur yr neaygd ae>‘aynansuo>jepads usiucn 9p reageuno puy 0] rane isa ‘nus 2anp nesind aj 219 ad aysnung seop e195 sed es 0pHe) vodeg ‘wibas nynou moe ad nese nu aie ‘2ueosiad 2p 000 OF AMewntaxde yen e ueBeieg u, eareodap ‘ei “aunsep mu; uLLeD aseovaunu @ svabnusp ieuwasu] ne ue6gleg up apue apuor UL eUeg UP EVO‘) 5 ujes eaup im>yuc yueenToe inpuoj ed “ise uy einde>u) YoRUOGEP puauovay oyewuaraides © aysunwo> yursaida: © g>usuaDeIE gye 0 "oye 1 esa “aud ee8 URED ep ereio} uns ap JO|UOIO Te samaid {u6e0N eosewvaitung PAEUED ep jones ened pry EIS roquwey ee5 ‘eua4 I9YBise| ap spoRpU, RED a5 ‘eURWOY L Be selgope mune a6 u gue ‘eUatsy ap “epee euon axe0d as "zaunus 9p “oop # opseouayuad fe sjunwo> INAS easeO.B I2s0UND Ne “SHEL sa pupd ‘niuawop aou0 uw. “Pxgnd arbury 0 ine ne aie JO} eaLewoteN ‘sje finw (ey sumpeyy juowasuow) pues Je UOUS “(roseUED!A S21 ‘eiuadoj05 vow) emyro ap NeweO ‘{>8 nuejeBbIY URUEISUO> cueaa 1 24Ss02uD ‘nuengia “>> “aApOIeU UO} “HUEY mH) B>qeRHe.! uo Joepaved re suesrew uquidus aved ynogy ne ‘isiunwo> eunsaides sp pueblo ang ap zy sfeqyue “pjuodod Jopuewsnp* \npugs Ug runzen RUDE DOIN mpueray ‘oxuareupeg etueg “sug BySI0—YD HOON 8p s.2be ipa aeyoriouny ese neve ego rypeo us ‘nmuodog Wieuroes © geiauay efbaug giequeb.o we gyel isnBne gE UP MmAD=C We vistumurooque efuapistp 18 aunrsarday, {prued ap ajepads ajauzetew oj ap areuorvoide jorciaxd ap ase> seyuwap ap 2suad) mjnwGar auruorey aie ap reDHaueq ne Heuosuad -Sroqqu 12> 3g5u apse “oupe> pon efoioid ex yuu jays ‘nsaéne=) =200N ap yej2a1 eygnd auiBeuy 2p nyjoiaxe ymsaDe epno uy aUleIU| ap “pussy eai9onpUED UP aspeD JOUN eo) eS EOUA KD NUR TaUIELU ear 2p psmeud owe aay uy sro ime ai ue 3p gee daaes0j ne 7561-|561 eoeoubd UL 00 B ieunoes fe uoder ye ursiup ‘weve anu ae “He: ap fie) lec us ypu aed ey “aveate op atepuew ue emexoa ynze =p 009 | ned eunu inutop 3P 000 22 sod uP > we “Sok UP aust 3p MyRsUIN e evapue 4p) poo aap 84 88 3} BEL ‘ouecsit! 29000 ODL asd ae 10) De v6 SL. U8 W296) eee! “rgumoas ae Pasa oun wo seo2s epunsth musa dojounna monowoyy p20 30h (Coamursoy pal prow measCapitolul 3 toni fe Nicolae Binlocu Bermitar, Comunisonul national al ui Nicolae Ceausescu se raporteazé la cu totl ate coordonate decit cel al lui Gheorghiv-De. In fapt, nu sau schimbat decat iloacele,scopul urmaitriménnd acelas: mentinerea sistemului comunis a pultere srmpcit a noulu secretar general al PCR, Fenomenuldsidentl in prioada Ceausescu, fir sie prea cunoseut sau recunoscut, copers mai multe etape, ‘nul 197 a reprezentat pentru regim primele opozii majore, verite din iteriral ri In prima parte a anu, scritorl Paul Goma, fost deinut polic, iniiazS miscare de solidaritate cu micarea din Cehoslvacia Charta 77, lucra ce stbmestereactia dura autoritaior. In august 1977, autre comuriste sunt puse in fat revoltei minerlor din Valea Juli. Peste 10 000 de miner de 12 mina Lupeniintrerup ucrul pentru o siptiman,cerand condi decente de viafé si muncd. Miner nu reiau lucrul decSt in. urma sos hii Nicolae Ceausescu tn zon sia promisiuilor acestuis prvind rezolarea revendcaio. Ls scurt timp ins, Securitateatrece la arestarea principaior lider ai misc, Nicolae Ceausescu into visita de lur La 15 noiembie 1987, asistém la cea mal cunoscuta aciune de protest din (18 noiembrie 1987) ;mpul lui Nicolae Ceausescu. A Inceput ca o maniestaia a munctonior dela Uzina ,Steagul Rosu” dn Brasov, prvind Imbundtiea condiilor de via; mi = persoane au traversat orasul,scandnd loinc! anticomuniste gi devastind seciuljudetean al PCR. Numersi participant au fost arestai i judecat Disidenta mpotrva li Nicolae Ceausescu sa marifestat sn endl fostlor renal 3 bb agent ott 5 prele de storie Bestiany & Mices booniior paewrat Beer eens [orecum | demnitari comunisti, cu toate <& aceasta nu repreaintd 0 caracterists a bce sistemului. Reprosurie pe care lea adus, in cadrul Congresuli al XiHea al CR, : pomenul J) Constantin Parvulescu, ca 31 ,Scrisoarea celor jase” (semnata de Comeliy | Represiune si dsidents anticomunists Sains J MEnescu, Sibiu Brucen, Alexandru Bérladeanu, Gheorghe Aposto, Grgore | 30 august 1948: se infinteazé Directia be éceanu i Constantin Parvulescu) nu reprezints altceva decatTncercti ale | Generalé a Securit Poporiu veteranilor ilegaligti de a critica evoluia nefasté a polici lui Ceausescu 51 cecum o cic real a sstemulu 61951: aul prime depot inBirigen| J} apriie 1954 exeautia lui Lucey [Depoe Patdgcanu bs 1958: retragerea tupeor sovietce din omnia }919 mare 1965: moate Gheorghe Een resins Gheorghiede} 1. Analzati etapeleacaparii puter police de citre Parl Comurist Roman. | je 1965: PNR revine a denuirea in| Fentruréspuns, floss sursa 1 precum s fuse de a pagiie 100-101. |* aa de PCR 2 Pezentat in sci (maximum 100 de cuvnte) modula care PCR a fntuat cstaclelepoltie ~ monathia si partdele police. 3. Expo cin ce cauze cu ceconsecinte sa declansatlupta pentru putee ire lider FC. 4 Caracteriati oil n care sa manifestatrepresiunes comunist, 5. FenomenulPtesti® este un experiment al securti pentru eeducarea defi hur. Alstuitplanul uri poiect cu acest ti, 5 Alcstui tei grupe; fiecare grupa va studla modu in care o categorie din soc tata roméneascé sa implicat in dient aticomunist. Prezentayiconcuile voaste sub forma unor postere 7. Care sunt categotile sociale care sau implcat in dsidersaanticomunist gi care au motivate lor? 2 Numi valle penta care luptau dsdertianticomunit. Creep c¥ sunt valor Imporante si pentru noi, cetiteni ai unui stat democratic? Arguments "Sspunsul si compara cu col al clegioe. }* aptile 1968: Plnara CC al PCR care hotirdste reabittarza victimelor trol Stalinist din tinpul ui Gheorghiu De} 621 august 1968: condamnarea interven fie sovetce in Cehosivaca de cre Nicolae Ceausescu 1626 marie 1974: Nicolae Ceeusescy ‘evine prim preecinte al Romane 15 noembie 1987: manifestaja muncio| for dea Ura Stag Ros” in Brasov #16 decembrie 1989: neeputl revolt {a Timisoara #21 decembrie 1988: nceputu! revel la Bucuresti‘se mueuigd one, vaund iuew eaued up wiaxa auld ap wroerd ‘aed ap jruoie y baodenos ‘wimu Jo}ope4 mim easlebue ap $ p ‘ol ugsnd sexy ey ap 1p apudap nu one ap aise aun ysapans 2h peunayy mucins tioqe eunodus Sada] pe ap emo! MoD Na ap “aadeou ap unoee uud evdemnesul ru eu & y eaind sojourgngu edeny “emsa3e slezjeiouop sae feu iyrueusnp eBigeT eengLiUED2> e909 gue) snp aba iajuauieteiop eesonuu eBnepe og ews) ap 2131190 2p Breuozyoste ap dels ap gisdl ei aeojepe ereuse a2 cud “ORD -erscoyeibouep 06" mun eae doos warp eate ejqfasre noi unso, a e08pia os endod 1 “aiuo)‘eela6ay ‘joo: neabnasp 25 ase> uid Se nmupuigd" ede eavawese aq VaweD Uf eatyjouadn 24L09e 8 uesianpe ac nexpayduyy are ‘auniugy ap ajeidn, pupsajend ‘auspep nea sure es weuos ad “gp6 ap euuueion &1 40) 2p eLodaxdng 2iGjenau sjound ajaun esaze wo} re nujuad ‘notweu! nyo sg ealapunngd goiezou as are une ‘ensuaja ro ¢ yooun reBnluca‘nudaxd snrucua e aeigde ap ‘usvayap eun ‘eas ap ‘ais9 eus9}) eaiens uge1oiey mos 9 2 21 soed o andave gs mmsesionpe eam tsa ey YeMzB| MABE MeSH “Sy ‘nan ap oozes un gop es uewO! 26 gEAgO 1 ewe eaLeZOU2} sgpnau"punauyse yon" yup weaseoeie y eaind se wuswoy0 mo SupuON Suri, 9 eund ogee ap md ‘pay nny ysioved ey 28 ae 20 1uopna 09 auleu #9 anu apeof 2p svodosdsp pup oume soa es a e|'aiewordp aameien ro ebnlo> 5 meus exdny ale uy dons ‘eseoGye rgnap e § © ‘udasd ames Siu sevoyuau ee augwoy Joel aseygo ‘auguna 2p plou e oreuduey ne ‘22 ad aiebumapuunsza aipuo9 Wf uewiqo nALed eunutod eu > -ustape aunido eisesoy Srauewo! iymiedswovcine esieesuoo muuied ‘ef 290d sep “auouar axopan ap urd Up ygetjau! eu ‘gun ‘29 9 u"ypavop 2 ewer nnUod ‘inogeded uy aueUoY ae] awiOsueN E801 © eueoy aUBUOU aKunve Uf Hap ‘Yipued aoe v| fedomng uuu ‘eua $ peg ud ‘g6une gs yap ‘ebundord a> “evewoIo sunsuedko fe 3999 0) BURL e| ‘neDLBNaP uROY ALEL -aeisap BUNS BYEIS JOUR ae ‘O|YEGING 1F so_quES “AOpUUENG eALiodus) sora ednp “vung equ ad asosunie ueweng usd ea, f nonas kiss ey AX-AIX 21910298 ur aupWOY 1oTHE), e pUEMIO}OUE e{uajstzoy eee ‘ueUDIO iypuad (ejoeuy) anes nes (exeung) auadine fe elovab xewaand — fed nun eavewann6 qrs ateye"uews a> 2p .epBaveu dna nemieay "gap roe ap ale >ueUAUOWAL Uy, 2oqnsioujensop pura eso — Buy : “ geuorioig 24019 youndea “ypuez02ep 2000] souoed au yeas tyaen]e und 3p Ensu ojeeseduy, ‘ewe gyep00u exe 95 O nb J0) ja nurus €zne> up &> oper aE sop ‘uew waids autnd nu wens © amy ‘99 ela, ou seq “aunvas ou! yeBgE=> 1 ‘uoed e nfasgo soungan eaanpue> 2 pugbunfe 16 soquiog © sojLewa 2nu0> us nests lenge aeind a1 ep 8 sol 3p sect naul aucsep ‘eo, reaigg ts222 50) © § (") eteopaune 9p rou promo jo wos ymmacinawop 009004founsr, ee sunt pers Brat sé feele cin (Bar, sé Béevent Fenerea fess bee uy qestuepap lseeay inianquy ied gms pe gsi Ut 'SUIARX® easope wnseUl ‘ould 2109 @B/eU n> ode! Ul e>seauWUOP eateynd souoTU! U)sialgAU 3> gdng ‘ueweded ap Jeoueuy gyuluds i TaueBun je 3601 uaHap ‘UAsoD 2eW ‘eieopauny ap mue| iy Iny ap EsNPUOD ay BS UNGAR y Ze WDE Be> met pepnD [e yo} Ke|DE Uy ezee,peU 3s EUEURRO!LE BS e\dn “ND -sbfea elede eaiapan uy, apieds jy sane ws anise 9s 2us0p ‘seopou 29 mbuel eng ap gpl uy reuneasu aso fade] pela ‘n2eIg peIA My fe ris (9é¢1 ‘291-9501 ‘eypt) sedal pein, eee VeIeT Dppted uy yaze6un eatewisuea ue ap og ex > aupwe gs 1 >sauguiu ined excise auewino raleuwop eeiseia ise, 5 yma in eidh) 2ep “euND ap esp UL aunU e exeopauNH ap novel ‘ajenua fdoung eey> ‘wewaxo nud ‘eluae -2de1 a1e> ‘njnpeuBiag ef} uy njjodouueysuo> |nsowusono ad e>seaido ts {9571 uy ‘axéafnas exeopaunH sp nue] 3169 yxeIUOD a8 eIseay “eUEBUA e2uakap saul es ejedouud apun "ejequeD edoung ane> uewoig imnuedus| esiapunre 272321 | mjodounvesud> aisaraon £9} fe pAWYBWN “ESPL Ul unger ajeioy nauad ‘asezop elerape Un ro esu)yelapul es a1D “QUIEN e| ap ePEDND | NEPIPELA "2uD}od # fauebun njaGes easaonpuo> qns “pzeRzUeBIo 95 ppy| ul ales = uessu €7eueBun en.noduy exysane aje noe ou yous eu Ye ee, = nnd “nuower mudoid ad sueworo ejaioy ezueéio2ap & ap easen1204, 1240S nes Sy wnoaid adeio aysaisono ote> Ud 'ueD/e@ 9p pnse|axipadka eWueciwe” exeereB.0 “Eypl ul "poeG peIA ad uWOP 2 ode 2undi 1 ejqwoje| ngs ad avoran eiuetodus! o auigo iy “exeauewoy ee | u auwaiu ode euenjsuey, u eau aise0 0 a6ueyUL “ZypL UL IODIOW s>seouRWoY Bie 'IUEN'SUEN ap Uma “$2 ‘ew! e‘azi) epeonD ap yoayed nype> uy "20902 ap ‘Biq\uodSp aD} 3201 Joan enutoduy eid) wy FaseasO}) gs weuUN e e1eOpsUNH ap NUE} sodomy eww aids eaje> apipsep iSe niiued inpeiBjag eatuaon> eeundosd 5 ‘emisane ee.epy gdnp ‘ode Je ‘njnjodourueisuo enuioduy jeu |nyese -=xrdeysep vow. [ued a1 uy ymx@IUED U YeUOKDE Wy “eO/AX Je mINODDE ‘pon e| aueworonue jadny suorduue> anupynun i auebun je 1u960 eaueA =SUEIL e pansion 3S0j © eeopaUNH ap roue| ‘aod are1U2,0 ‘aByos‘aie> eens we -=p0 uid asewyGew mumgou yesBaiu! sep “erseeugu: gua auibuD 2q (9Sp1-Lp1) exeopauny ap rue} Pee eee ee ‘ewo0 ap gfe} aonyod leiuepuadap e aiex'eourda: 04 8 wed © yvedunase, aun efeoyuules axe yuaWOU! 32" Uf aeD ‘nym, 1 Ged fadeoe erseougwioy ee| Jl “GZPL UL 'eaDIyy Inj EaLeOW gdp [304 nes pL U ‘benno ase eaBowgag "nS=ueWoY HPL eALiocy Evdoipsr -Psuibe eonyod ees a1e> + pawyeyy ap avaoMD aise uEWEIO injec a “QU UIp aR] Uy ved “glevOIUAL auTSuEpe® PUKE ap i sreUIgERS > speouad 0 wei einbise a> eos> ‘pug ine H Mueyp eau aunsa> | raed sojaidh je raygue ap jj un aunap ea2uyy “| pzeieg ad squazud 19087 Jou, PU "Zopl UP “ereyUY =} ep goBuOUW evoIIA edng (cri-ives) sunteag-anim evar se29q rodoueupy ey sunlee# jnenueg noe & ‘usu 2p und ‘asnqUEDS js “270-9 Nes 60] aura enue empey‘seouuup oe} seu pur 2 nut spn nes pir in ‘en2 ap yuneny fs a> gud i ueunu 2p gue) pn tem, 2 ei ued # naurgus epoop ent 'eiage e eideap caved u pulaUIL 8 Suen Bu em pu ‘ere e fp {rs ap suaweo aug énpunpued# eleou Auipapsp esnpuenos “ inipeA 20) smoojuu ues unjen yep e & uniues Sen € uy Fpl ‘pcos © pueD “eadeou # aueusedeu es ve ‘urns au soe eaepan ey edeoiu sen (") eau af ph Gu wuule0 22ry 2) 20| w epuN ewe Hipes et 9p us apan poy 0 #3 yzate souuny 39] uns pugbunte 9p es ai2ueUs op oF bu ee eu “pt feu! j2 Du ‘wo Bu SUNY IBRD ‘eu 8 ofe / 9p aug few 20; smeggas © ‘ingreea papan e3HI oun) rea, 2eREI AUNEL Us eUEL © NB) 101 9p aah nnd spe) unde \€unpgd ap sudooe arog us # ena 2 algns uno) wy dns ox od anus e4 # Gada pay) spay zeq $2daL nj eunodua zap up UEUIID epoca aidsaq oyonogy aie ¥ mondeTIRES q POET ET We Tee PETIT = “Siniti, umasind 4 dezorganieze foriele otomane. Riposte otomand nu 53 Ea apteptatd i, in 1462, Mehmed al IHea soseste in Tara Roméneasc’ in TGortea unei armate imense, Vlad Tepes 2 aplicat tactca wediional, ‘de fagere § pustre in calea armatelinvngStoare, eviénd lupta decisis, dat Stuind oastea otoman’, Turi ajung la Térgovite fra fi dat veo batale “Sorianta in cle din ur, incep $8 se retragl. Boierimes i accents drept Eon pe Radu cel Frumos, fratele hi Viad Tepes, adus de otomani, 31 ‘Ssabilesc $i plata trbutulu “lad Tepes se refugiazd tn Transivania, sperénd cB Matia Corvin is va “escecta angajamentele pe care le luase fat de papalitate dea continua lupta “Grotomans i va spin, Regele Ungarei era insé preocupat in acea vere Sake conficte, care inghitse, se pare, 51 bani trims de papa In vedere Soanizirit crucadei antiotomane, astfel cB prefers sf se deberaseze de Scomodul domn muntean, Inventeazd deci ,ttadarea" de catre Vlad a cauzel Sestinlor i captureazd pe acesta, tind Tnchis la Buda. Aceasta este si seroada Th care Incep si se raspandeascd povestle germane, izvoréte din esi oragelorsaset, care avuseserconficte cu Tepes sicare'l portetizeazé ‘= comnul muntean ca pe un tan sad insetat de singe. Cnd, in 1476, Ungaratinde s& rela lupta antotomand, Viad Jepes este serra, dovedd cS .tridarea” de care fusese acuzat nu exstase niiodat, 5 “acta sb revind pe tronul Tari Romanest. Moae ins la Scurt timp, into lupts eur {stefan cel Mare (1457-1504) ‘ups peste 25 de ani de upte inteme, care au urmatsfrgtului dome a -aisrandu cel Bun, Stefan cel Mare ocupdtronulcu spin ui Ved Tepe, care Gores aibS un alia in fara vein, in perspeciva redeschideri confictulu ca spat Otoman, Pe plan ester, mal sles in functe de rapotu de fore, Stefan a tins te nti a relator diplomatice fie cu Ungar, i, mai ale, cu Polonia. [upla aniotornand este declangatéin 1473, pin refurul pai tibutul, pe ere I accepias, ca riscumpirare a pSci, din 1456, predecesorl su, Petru Son. acelsi timp, Stefan interne in Jara Roméneasc, de unde 1 niturk fe fadu cel Frumos,inlocuit eu un domn pe care 1 spera fie! politic Srotomane. Corstient de dsproporta de fore dntre Modova 3 Imperial roman, incearcl ssi gfseascd ala, prin reli diptomatice si negocier cu epstatea, Republica venetian, regi Poloniel, Ungar, hanulturcoman al Pes in 1474-1475, se desgoaré campaiainjaté de sutanul Mehmed a Hea 's comandati de Soliman, beglerbegul Rumele, la care participa, se pare rca 120 000 de soldat otomani, Ia care se aduga si un corp de oast al i atu cel Frumos. Domnul Moldove’dspunea de cea 40 000 de oamen, plus supe timise de Polonia si Ungaria,Tetca a fost cea tradionals a pamantuk {5:5 a hituieli, darn 1475, le Podu nat, ling Vas, efan a hota sé es 0 bate deckivs. Prin buna folsie a terenuli, unde turcs musi pot sebifca zdobitoarea superirtate numeric, profitand 5 de vena cefoesa, Grea moldovean a obtinut victoria, probabil una dinte cele mai importante seourtate de romariin ul Media Stefan cel Mare (rsanuseris medieval) 2. Stefan cel Mare despre importanta liptel antiotomane a Moldovei~ Sola hi Gigoce Famblac la Veneia, 1478 Nu weau smal spun cat deflostoare este pen treble crestineaceast av8 1a mes; socotesc ci ests de pros, finde Tucrle foarte evident, ent cS serail Ungar si Poloniel ssa aestor dou regate, Afar de aceasta, finded turcul 2 ‘impediat de mine, de pat ani mul ‘cestni ay rimas th Inte, Apadar, a domi crest $icunascti ca crest eu recurgla usta dona voastr8implorénd ‘utotlvestru cestinesc, sre ami psa ‘aceasté tard a men, folosteare pentru ‘reburle cosine, promitind ci orice dar i subside da eu fl voi fobs! pe multe cide cite ox vei porunci si vel {yea trebuint, dar numai conta nee: ‘incoslor,s unde vt poruné, P38 co Documentele li Stefan cel Mare, ppubcate de loan Bogdan pemeonene‘esau ssa @ aabypuce ap eassind adn sa tewosig ¢ esins) equi s106u5 nj aos Wy sus0}} ajo no ap evedwoD jewoyonue edn uu aug e ued cyUUi ap as9}0 jueUNGre s2zjeue (y ers) juan roydound aleyy j> uejig ap pesmipe ea1eOsIs U's Irsundsp eeiewsunbry caved 959) v ‘pwo! oyuLuop ap gas} gdh) ap e>I2ei eryiuany Sedal, pein Fy Pauiodin Zop1 up eueWioio efipadxa e agcaVo}a eauOIs Bune eajeuy y 2127 -2pi$n]nduun uy 2.0p|EWY © gUANA EONIOd UP aundetaé aora2>ns eN|ED E uso} =p sojopeojiu © & opam>ogo elunud u aeyMuQuOD ap am UaWa Ger48t9p1 adel pey, ugneg (o> e22uy in) jpdiun WL QUIEN FoMYOd seIedwieD -Z “exseave gueniesap 150) © ale> = raquo. mun, & uengs > eaoAW INU UY eUleIXa ENRON HezyeUY *L ee wbaup aye w azanuauc> as es expeiduy > e220 ‘asupns ap msap ajenonule| neauanunsaie> sep ‘veoydie siew 9p ‘euneppioiu nu ‘axdn wy ajezn 50) ne sjDsn} 2.0 se “4gUNG elu 3d EuUdo #59) € 1adaing e ayed gseave ul uewojo eeunsuedi ‘ueedaine eun 6 “sro yunsayuo> e # ajeyes lei eavevesue> sued ne ign au QUIBL S:2yas 0 1e0p nu RAE Me AX-AIK a]ODRS Ws _LLO! ap aieLINd jdm wenpuo> qen}pau eum U DUN ene # gem aH. 2p puyoueg yQeugRpUL [euofewoju nis un puEIe “sqUzINd Sut04-2p pie} guiouaMne e12 eropIOVY “yOSL UL ‘UEJaIS Im eaLLeOW ey uel auouoine upnasve quiyes s niningu eid adasse gs Hf sed ateunu 6 ayofs p29 e2=> oquEscro 3 uy nBus nou up su ase69) 2F mrAAIONN FULOP "2901/91 U *9aluoj09 e"oj36e espe Gor sedeseA uBewo ‘pt wy “aundapavey > usa "vojod wis o BASS HaSrDe 5 eaye.04 "BY ee} # ENR RED pund.2>u, YeropION ese 1 “PLU "Ne! ro “em Te PERE InpuRyns eaisonpUeD ans “ngs mpues ‘ip es yuo a0 ues ‘Dap, Wy 'aev & “LPL 1 ro a3ed pusxpul euaA"ZWeRs9p 36 BueLicronUe etec> 12g irambaqgo wuidapuy He gg) Bena 9 eusn 20 uu nse "yoy ane eiapotop 2s ealeUOWolde re "za ow apie Yeon, "ever GSU eDyUO|R od nu enéoDy 2M MEUOIO uy nu ‘esapenuaweo 109 up gue aun ap ea\e0 n> ze0p FA = nse "Ie: ap ajugpodsos egce Se naued aye gs Wesel 0 nulad 8 agar uejarg eo pawnoyy ys nsw ap esNev9 ‘name unpe secansnd ap grepaned “queweo epadx9'9/P1 =St0p\ etoduy edn w ode so ony ae> ad "e3BUND UP Nee ad nds 'eauawase 2g >nvOd-20U rei ad zarovaBounueZd iecpund GUE 8 "PEON ease 0} £22N0URB aUO;O ‘eyeD anuedes UL pun] 4 auyeor> nenunuo> sn ‘dun Hee u) “sung sopaind jute OS }EDu8Du) & LIAS BD [AS “VeYdayse Bp ea EUEWIOIO eIi>eay en 40 elupoo nnuod ey won ene on ou sueow @ gue "useou een "> Déeuilop niazou jugugal ro wa “oid “pussy ened up ou 8 (°) ‘un as BUN K— egunto Joyueuing exi> on WeGE> ‘us0u pure iu 2s ese darnngeue o| uRéns av wu eomre 20 ‘plbuid aeus eh emetensa> eot ‘oad ee ap RDI ou ge naauuna ‘pmpiad ye gues meee pep Jp “ume gud oma eau nazuung ene fee 9 31> ‘Quod ales 9d 1 opts Jeamim ited 9 21 ‘seu x eund ‘ns es 8 enseou exree ‘ew eum U on 5 eens he) ms ‘ect su [PB aungap 25g Ud snd et opm fe veecuy mughed “aatuey eiseae Sp ane e 2 np azouuing mation 34 85 2epney n.ony eauawiese Naud I ‘ai “se0u apes uu yen we 1 e005 Ye es oj ede sia we “noe “Suuna puuep ure rt pug ty pecs en eased nau on =) REA e190 ey sep aie (> vejig op union nidouud sesame Sen avenue gz up 2120905 (9p1) aco 79 wypas 2 suo ‘raneons ‘Pn uoon Duong y mpondetye os DupS acceptarea pli ibutulu,statutul Térlor Romane #3 agravat con “Suu, Tn secoll al XVLea, in coniile pogeuli puter turcest in viene suta- ‘sui Soliman Magnficul (1520-1566) defininduse regimul dominate otomane. eldova ¢ Tara Roméneasc i pastrau, teoretc, deptul de ai alege domi, In ractcs,acestia sunt nui sau maz de cite Poarta Otoman. Dups _sSbustea Regatului Unga! in urma infréngeri dela Mohacs, Tansvania se “ecarizeazi ca principat autonom sub suzeranitatea otoman8.Intregul spatiu “cmninesc depindea acum potic de Imperial Otoman, avénd ca obliga alnierea ‘aitci extere la cea turceasc’ (pe princiiul prieten prietenior, dusman “esrarilos") si plata unor obligati(tibut, pesches, mucarer etc) mereu in _sesare.Spresfargitul secoluli al XVea, in condiilefcutitlor cunoscute © imperil Otomean,tibutu cerut Tai Romanest, pls alte obligatifinancare + dati acurnulate de dormie ajunsesers la un nivel record, ceaa ce tindea si -senereze colapsul economic al statuli Tnceputurile domnie lui Mihai Viteazul Conform obiceiulu dn epoc8, Mia, fst mare banal Crave si cump&ra “rian 1593. Dar acest semn de ideftate este superficial In ancl urmStoy, “eczpecolaborarea cu Liga Start, o alantS a unor state crestine condusd de “riratul german Rudolf a Mea de Habsburg, i care aderase i princpatul ensivnean Lupta antiotomané Declansares luptel Impotrva Imperului Otoman sa fBcut fn 1594, prin _séserea ceditorlor turd instalati la Bucuresti nasteptarea recupersisumetor ‘= cate T imprumutaserd pe Mihai Tn vederea cumparsri dome. Jn 1594-1595, Minai lupta cu tia si dedangeaz8 0 campanie In sudul ‘>eniti. Particparea Tn comun la Liga Sfant, dar sinevoleluptel atiotomane 1 impus lui Mihai reglementarea raporturilor cu princpele Tansivaniei, [Scsmund Bathory, care fusese recunoscut ca suzeran de domnii moldoveni [Peru Aron $i Stefan Razvan gi care se dorea conducétor al luptei comune “otrivaturellr. Negaciat de mai oer in propriul avant la Albalula se “penee la 20 mai 1595 un tratat inte Trensinana si Tara RomSneascS, caret -Sersforma pe domn int-un simp loctitor al principluiTransivanie Tnaugust 1595, marele vir Sinan Papa trece Dundrea cu oarmats evaluat |= cice 100-000 de oameni. Domnitoral muntean dispunea de 16 000 de ‘Seri la care se adéugau 7 000 condusi de Albert Kirdy, ca ajutortimis din “ersivania. Lupa prin care se Inceca oprteainvazei otomane a avut loc la “Bughreni, la 23 august 1595. Roménii au cauzat mari perderi armate [somene, dar ou au putut opr aintrea acestia. Bucuresti ere ocupat 51 ‘Srsfiat de tur, Targovistea, vechea capitals, de asemenea, iar otomanit “eczpeau orgaizarea fri in pasalic. aceste condi, n toamné se dedangeazs ofensva care angrena fort di ‘tas Foméneascé, Transivana si Moldova, slindul pe Sinan Pas sd se retraga Se Dundre. La Giurgiu, inte 15 520 octombrie, - dat bitaia care sa soldat “eo mare victoriecrestns Capitolul 4 ‘Mihai Vieczul (freseaaflaa tn (Catedrata oriodoxa din Albu) #20 mai 1595: reprezentani boii in| Moldova serneazi cu prindpele Tras ‘anil un tratat similar clu Incheiat cu Muntenia; Sigismund Bathory devenea| stapaoul Tansivanil # aprile 1600: compania dn Modoc 118 septembre 1600: goneralul Basta 1 Inftdnge pe Mihaila Miisisu © 13 august 1601: trypele ui Ma si ale lui Basta nang pe Siaismund Bathory) la Guru, Mihai recupereazS contr ul asupea Tansvariet © 19 august 1601: asasinarea lui Mina in ordnul i Basta emennennaaneetn"Seg nUBIO Up reUseseats9 URLWO! RUMOR fen edu ad meye rey Ege UL asnbne GL ei GinqsqeH nued ovisiujau gsu,€19 eaieind epseepuedopss wes feyyy e> eniradsiag rPUeNsuelL [2 uedes puanapas coupe iy exnuocuy euorn eauigo ey "gsuns e| "L091 asNBne EL &] eiseg[njeiau26 n> easoyDuozas e anqunuo> i eq MD eYIN ane 'eueysuea, nproid © — quansuo> ‘mead fuowaeg PUNUIOIS ‘oreungSSUs! 4 # ‘inpugBuNe “eiseg IF] eNoduy, ¢ eseymaseL 35 xyBew nygou 22212030 "eon ajaderas 169s ale es yopny ad eBunuo> pussy ‘2UaIA 1 eB] aG0QUE U Se a YIN “L091 ODL ANU, uewo1o 1S arosouroas ‘pIMOYY UWS UWOP rejeIsU 25> pun ‘eWaLUNIY 2 8 enopjow 2sai29n9 ISajHOW “vojOd Joe N ‘auqWOIDO U"eUeR|SLEAL 1d RYU 1S9 UeBLUTU RUWOD "neSeOIN &7 "EY I FUCane UE SL ny ye} ap a1e> ‘easeg 0161019 ynyeiaua6 ap asnpuo> ‘sjeuacu ajadnny sip gquluds as 16 eyoras 25 eueLyBew eoLUGoU ‘og auquINdes Uy | JO]SY ae ess YeSuepaP ne “ojUgUL easeoNe} UL eUERISUEN, UE ‘]2QUSD aind migpyosuaD earepan wy asan a 21 ad ajunsgu 12q ‘uel 19) exdnse euwiop axfeoundary "guoz u izDap ap joe, woe eased 'yBingsgeH jad ‘aienycluo> ap ymsap uao06au oun ewwn uy .{StOp}OVI EEL EIEN e | mnyeapay fe “néaUEWoY WL fe UWWOG™ ut end 96 0991 Yeu ZZ e1 TBRSY RUIN In ef) U!aptiod supsap es Jeo URjag ey UDI BSS teD"aHEDNS earEED ~areU ead eM, eudweruy @ nu apun "aropjony eNaoduy equedwe> rode iewun ‘ueojpie mymnedound ejeudeo ‘exnreqiy u een nus © De} es Ue HENNE fe aUqUEIOU L € eauUMad 4 29 89 "HOWNRE oy IY enodn OA sequuEs e| EeUsGO EY ‘6ESL AUqUONDO UL (0091 &} ap eautn wots ‘nes jney nauad ueswunul muon wauigo easepan ecxbe gINON e188] NWO JPOU “NOP Uy "WweWE ro Joe fe UeZIEG fd ap yidoide ‘fuouneg eupuy ngs ough eazeose} y ‘Nou Up giunues ery exdnse oval # mueysue (nUOA e| gfunuas Louies punWISiS ON up # ueRsueN, Up ajauEuIUEN 2p yeDAIe eu 350} @ md ‘98> anu poseaueUoy eel easeB 3s a1e> UL seMULoDnJOd UCIT ‘mgsged 3p ee »g ueun6 rpeigdiy ro aysaioud ap yen un K eaLpUL g6SL UL gD [HSE nue adn wens esapan u aungen aquaynd 2p wardaude esvenuuo> = 2u0p (MZEAYA IEYIN “eINFeQhy =} ap MEER "e2R>eAd UL “asnpUEIIUE 82 ap sopyd ad aezaicas neve Aioyagg punusibss mo aprvode ‘2654 U 1 Aes enuf gle ad eRIWOD YEU IY eaISOUNDA! HL UEWID li 2651 U ‘e2seauguioy exe] naguad aceoleuene eo} yipuaD Uy =; 9 bed eavasipuy uu ‘wel ae ajeuodeureru 1qMaodes e auuyepa oO [20/au w19 ‘euorieuiau! ued ac atioy ap modes wequuups eoIeG ‘0s euros | ued pusunfe “axRUNG ‘uedutes 0 gzeatuepep uesqunu LO}UWO ‘965 nj eveAgUUG UL ‘jae 1 yun 50) © peayy fe pun “ngsqe op oe yopny ergy eaur> ap uso muzoid Loos auouor npueie 575519 ‘RUE > spurg sey puewy roe none * “bxe y€9p nnd U0} © ‘equuop atop © (E6S1-26S1) Mey | spueray AUwop ap ure ps © iat leu 0 supa © 0) -sngau ung eousuase 3p 50} © 900.) fe veg # Hupayoyy 2p ueg so © mz VA BUY "UUOP HEP Fs aE © rape eusoisy {3p gop me LOOK {Pei eu 2p esaipe uouayy nas 9a6ues edna ao ap uel ia ioe Ue 2 we ‘punta eb e aued en) ee6 ee {Ge 90 gun ap oqo eas 2 pu eso Ud pam eased sods 5 pus eu ng ‘eel eBeonu, ap gies ease eaiesre op ge) es slypan op ump wove eur nu sep "Duy ODI enue ye ad 148 wel euaoe ul injueUinp pon “yap aundsap 0 caging oun #32 Pup apam esp fosouusuey asm Eran iynungfounese ap auap us ‘2 nu “goseaugwoy eie| "eas EDUINOIg -RUEUIORUE dn A MEU eAROYY (e218 ‘q 29 moja) Dey preven uy Im vacoNST wes Ee a, Wt Th TUG Semnificatia domnie’ lui Mihai Viteazul Unirea Munteniel, Moldovel i Transivanielavea si fle valvizat8 ca.un reper “ procesul constiiri natiuni romne si a statululunitar deabia in epoca ‘odes, prin opera lui Balescu, Romani supt Mibaivoievod Viteazul. Tn vremea lui Mihai, ees ce a fost aprecat, cel mai adesea in afara “geritelor, a fos efertlluptalantotomane, Acesta a fost mai putericin sud Sundri,unde voievodul roman 2intrat in tacit foleoricd drept un elverator, |=xt in Occident, unde vitorile li erau prezentate ca find ale lui Sigismund Ssthory sou ale li Rudolf al ea (in caltatea lor de suzeren) Pentru Tale Romne, efectl poztv a fost saharea dela falimentul eco- sore la cate lear fi dus cesteres continu a pretotior finance ale Port, {= sstabliea autonomic, grav afectats in a dova jumtate a secolul al XVHea, “ceriu! Otoman pare sf Ines avetismentul ofert de lupta declangatS de ‘wira: weme de citeva doce, trbutul este menginut in limite rezonabile sna ‘Faia loc tentative de transfrmare a Tarlor Roméne ih pagaldcur. Tn secolul al xVibea, aciunile lui Mihai sunt luate uneori drept madel de “etre domni din Muntena (ca Radu Serban, Mihnea alles) sau princp a “Ssnsivaniei (Gabriel Bethlen, fata Rakocz, care incearch apropieri inte “tle Romane, in vederea unei posible lypte antiotomane comune. Princip “asian au fost cei care au preluat cel mal clr ideea unui gat al Dace, asa eam a fest proiectul lui Gabriel Bethlen de a uni Transivaria, Motdova si Tara omineascd intrun regat de confesiune protestants, pentru care a cerut rin patisthuki din Constantinopol. Acesta ba scis despre legdtura de -inge $i de simi care taieste, desi rod tanic, dar cu atat mai puteric, “ere rom in Tara Trasivanil inte locuitor Tri Roménest ai Moldova “Analzati contextl intern, polite $1 economic Tn care Mihai Viteazul a devenit som al Tat Roménest Exglcapasemindtile dive poltica exter’ a Tri Roménestin timp ai Vad “Tepes 3 Mihai Viteazl Formula consecingee vcore de la Guru asupra Tari omnes supra zone Bacar. Credeti ci unre Tirfor Roméne ere 0 solute pentru relansare lupti ani ctomane? Argumentat-véréspunsu Tn Memorial acresat de Mihai VeazulImpiratui Rudolf al Wea (susa 1) pala motivaia impli lu Tn upta antotomand Folesind cunostinole anterioare, nur autor titul ope iterare in care este ‘vanspusd artistic realtateaistoricd cu pr la aptele viejo al ui Mal fn Ypta deve Cause, of com sum beschse be bahanar Wan 2. Letopisetalcantacuzinesevorbeste despre .pizma care 2 pirdut prea mul borbo In ce mésurd sunteti de acord cu aceast expicatie dats assindi ii Mina Viteszul? '3. Comentai efectul victrilor antotomane ale lui Mihai Viteazulpentry Tle Romine, 9. Realzaji un eseu pe tema uni Térlor Romane de cétre Mina,

You might also like

• The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  

  From Everand

  The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  Mark Manson

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (5814)
• The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People

  

  From Everand

  The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People

  Stephen R. Covey

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (353)
• The Art of War: A New Translation

  

  From Everand

  The Art of War: A New Translation

  Sun Tzu

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (3045)
• • Magazines
  • Podcasts
  • Sheet music
• The Iliad: The Fitzgerald Translation

  

  From Everand

  The Iliad: The Fitzgerald Translation

  Robert Fitzgerald

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (5646)
• The Odyssey: (The Stephen Mitchell Translation)

  

  From Everand

  The Odyssey: (The Stephen Mitchell Translation)

  Stephen Mitchell

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (7771)
• The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  

  From Everand

  The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  Mark Manson

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (20102)
• The Handmaid's Tale

  

  From Everand

  The Handmaid's Tale

  Margaret Atwood

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (13228)
• Pride and Prejudice: Bestsellers and famous Books

  

  From Everand

  Pride and Prejudice: Bestsellers and famous Books

  Jane Austen

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (20479)
• Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  

  From Everand

  Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  Chris Voss

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (3312)
• Wuthering Heights Complete Text with Extras

  

  From Everand

  Wuthering Heights Complete Text with Extras

  Emily Brontë

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (9955)
• The Picture of Dorian Gray (The Original 1890 Uncensored Edition + The Expanded and Revised 1891 Edition)

  

  From Everand

  The Picture of Dorian Gray (The Original 1890 Uncensored Edition + The Expanded and Revised 1891 Edition)

  Oscar Wilde

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (9054)
• Art of War: The Definitive Interpretation of Sun Tzu's Classic Book of Strategy

  

  From Everand

  Art of War: The Definitive Interpretation of Sun Tzu's Classic Book of Strategy

  Stephen F. Kaufman

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (3321)
• Oscar Wilde: The Unrepentant Years

  

  From Everand

  Oscar Wilde: The Unrepentant Years

  Nicholas Frankel

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (10370)
• Anna Karenina: Bestsellers and famous Books

  

  From Everand

  Anna Karenina: Bestsellers and famous Books

  Leo Tolstoy

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (7503)
• The Hobbit

  

  From Everand

  The Hobbit

  J.R.R. Tolkien

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (25893)
• Freakonomics Rev Ed

  

  From Everand

  Freakonomics Rev Ed

  Steven D. Levitt

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (7867)
• The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People: The Infographics Edition

  

  From Everand

  The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People: The Infographics Edition

  Stephen R. Covey

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (2487)
• Habit 1 Be Proactive: The Habit of Choice

  

  From Everand

  Habit 1 Be Proactive: The Habit of Choice

  Stephen R. Covey

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (2559)
• Wuthering Heights (Seasons Edition -- Winter)

  

  From Everand

  Wuthering Heights (Seasons Edition -- Winter)

  Emily Brontë

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (9975)
• Habit 3 Put First Things First: The Habit of Integrity and Execution

  

  From Everand

  Habit 3 Put First Things First: The Habit of Integrity and Execution

  Stephen R. Covey

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (2507)
• How To Win Friends And Influence People

  

  From Everand

  How To Win Friends And Influence People

  Dale Carnegie

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (6698)
• American Gods: The Tenth Anniversary Edition

  

  From Everand

  American Gods: The Tenth Anniversary Edition

  Neil Gaiman

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (12956)
• The Picture of Dorian Gray: Classic Tales Edition

  

  From Everand

  The Picture of Dorian Gray: Classic Tales Edition

  Oscar Wilde

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (9765)
• The Iliad: A New Translation by Caroline Alexander

  

  From Everand

  The Iliad: A New Translation by Caroline Alexander

  Homer

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (5734)
• The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People

  

  From Everand

  The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People

  Stephen R. Covey

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (2571)
• Life of Pi: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Life of Pi: A Novel

  Yann Martel

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (13473)
• Habit 6 Synergize: The Habit of Creative Cooperation

  

  From Everand

  Habit 6 Synergize: The Habit of Creative Cooperation

  Stephen R. Covey

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (2499)
• Stardust

  

  From Everand

  Stardust

  Neil Gaiman

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (8159)