1 54

28/9/2005

11

1.1 .........................................................................................................................................3
, , ................................................................................................................4
.......................................................................................................6
.........................................................................................................7
1.1.................................................................................................................................10
/ 1.1...........................................................................................................10
1.2 ..............................................................................................................................11
...............................................................................................13
..................................................................................................................14
.................................................................................................................16
.......................................................................................................19
1.2..................................................................................................................................22
/ 1.2.............................................................................................................22
1.3 ............................................................................................................24
......................................................................................................25
.......................................................................................................26
1.3..................................................................................................................................28
/ 1.3............................................................................................................28
1.4 ...................................................................................................................29
........................................................................................................29
..................................................................................................30
............................................................................................................31
..........................................................................................................33
...............................................................................34
.................................................................................35
De Moivre ........................................................................................38
.......................................................................................................40
1.4..................................................................................................................................43
/ 1.4...........................................................................................................44
1.5 ..............................................................................................................................45
........................................................................................................................47
Vieta...........................................................................................................................50
.......................................................................................................50
1.5.................................................................................................................................53
/ 1.5...........................................................................................................53
1 ............................................................................................................54

,


.

.
1.

. ,
, , .
1

, mmaliak@math.uoa.gr

 2 54

28/9/2005

.
12
.

 3 54

1.1

.
.
2.

. a A a A .
a .
a A a .
{ }

A = {1, 2,3, 4} ,

B = , a, b, , . 4 A ,
3

B , B
:
, A = {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9,10}

5 A ,

,
A = {1, 2,...,10} .
,
A = { x 1 x 10} .
S P ,
{ x S x P} S
P. , {1, 2,...,10} = {x Z 1 x 10}.
. ,
A = {1, 2,...,10} . {2, 4, 6,8,10} { x A x } .
.
.
12
Z = {..., 1, 0,1,...}

N = {1, 2,3,...}
Q
R
C

.
.
.

 4 54

, ,
1.1.1
A, B . A
A A B.

N Z Q R .
A, B A B B A .

A B . B
, A .
, {1, 2,3} {1, 2,3, 4,5} . N
Z .
1.1.2
, .
1) A, B
A B .
2) A, B
A B .

, A = {a, b,1, 2,3} B = {a, c,3, 4,5, 6} A B = {a,3}

A B = {a, b, c,1, 2,3, 4,5, 6} .

,
A, B
A B A, A B B
A A B, B A B

,
. ,
A ( B C ) . ,
( A B) C
A = {1, 2}, B = {2,3}, C = {4,5} , ( A B) C = {2} {4,5} = {2, 4,5}
A ( B C ) = {1, 2} {2,3, 4,5} = {2} .

 5 54

. ,
A, B, C ( A B) C A ( B C ) .
,
x ( A B) C x A B x C x A x B x C

x A (B C) x A x B C x A x B x C .
x ( A B) C x A ( B C ).
( A B) C = A ( B C ) .
,
, A B C.
.
1.1.3
A, B, C . .
A A = A
A A = A
A B = B A
A B = B A
A ( B C ) = ( A B) C
A ( B C ) = ( A B) C
A ( B C ) = ( A B) ( A C )
A ( B C ) = ( A B) ( A C )
A ( A B) = A
A ( A B) = A
A =
A = A

. .
A ( B C ) = ( A B) ( A C ) .
x A (B C)
x A

x B C

x A

x B x C

x A x B
x A B

x A x C
x A C

x ( A B) ( A C ).

S A S , A S

{ x S x A}

S \ A S A . ,

S = {a, b,1, 2,3} A = {a, 2} , S A = {b,1,3} . R {2}

2.
Ac S A S .
S

 6 54

S.
1.1.4

( Ac ) = A .
c

1.1.5 ( De Morgan)
S , A S B S .

( A B ) = Ac B c
c
( A B ) = Ac B c .
c

.
.
c
( A B ) = Ac B c

( A B ) Ac B c Ac B c ( A B ) .
c
x ( A B ) . x S x A B. x A x B.
c
x Ac x B c . x Ac B c , ( A B ) Ac B c .
c

x Ac B c . x Ac x B c . x A x B.
c
c
x A B , x ( A B ) . Ac B c ( A B ) .

a, b . {a, b} = {b, a}.

. .
, ,
, (a, b) , a A b B. 3
a (, b ) (, )
(a, b). (a, b), (a, b)
a = a b = b ,
(a, b) = (a, b) a = a, b = b
1.1.6
A, B . A, B
(a, b) , a A b B,
A B .

, A = {1, 2} B = {1, b, c} ,
A B = {(1,1), (1, b), (1, c), (2,1), (2, b), (2, c)}
3

.
.

 7 54

B A = {(1,1), (b,1), (c,1), (1, 2), (b, 2), (c, 2)}

A A = {(1,1), (1, 2), (2,1), (2, 2)}
B B = {(1,1), (1, b), (1, c), (b,1), (b, b), (b, c), (c,1), (c, b), (c, c)} .

.

( x, y ), x, y R .

R R . .

, A1 , A2 ,..., An ,
, n-
(a1 , a2 ,..., an ), ai Ai i. A1 A2 ... An .
A1 = ... = An = A ,
An A1 ... An . , R 2
, R 3
R n
n .
1.1.7
1. .
A = {2,3}
B=
C = x R x2 < 0

{
}
D = { x R x 5 x + 6 = 0}
E = { x R ( x 4) ( x 9) = 0}
F = { x Z x = 2}
2

10

{x R x

< 0 =

. B = C.
x2 5x + 6 = 0

(5) (5) 4 6
, x = 2 x = 3. A = D. .
2
( x 2 4)10 ( x 2 9) = 0 2, 2, 3, 3
2

x=

{x R ( x

4)10 ( x 2 9) = 0 = {2, 2, 3,3} .

x Z x 2 = 2 =

2 2

. B = F .
2. S A, B .

 8 54

a. A B
b. A B = A
c. A B = B
d. A B c =
e. B c Ac

a b c d e a.

b. e. a.
.
a b.
A B .
A B = A .
, A B = A . A B B
A B.
a c.
A B . A B = B .
, A B = B . A A B
A B.
a d.
A B. x A B c . x A
x B . x A B , x B. . A B c = .
, A B c = . x A .
x B c , x B. A B.
a e.
A B. x B c . x B
x A . x Ac . B c Ac .
, B c Ac .
( Ac ) ( B c ) . 1.1.4 A B .
c

3. A, B, C .
( A B) C = A C B C

( A B) C = A C B C

. .

( A B ) C A C B C A C B C ( A B ) C .

( x, y ) ( A B ) C. x A B y C . x A x B
( x, y ) A C ( x, y ) B C . ( x, y ) A C B C .
( A B ) C A C B C .

 9 54

A C B C ( A B ) C

B A B

A A B

A C B C ( A B) C .

A C ( A B ) C .

B C ( A B)C .

 10 54

1.1
1) ;
a. { x R 0 x 1} x R x 2 7 x + 12 = 0

b.
c.

{ x R 0 x 1} { x R x > 0}

{x R x

0 Z

2) A B , A = x R x 3 > 0 B = x Z x 2 = 25
. ;
3) S A, B .

a. A B
b. Ac B = S .
4) A, B A B = B A .
A, B ;
5) A, B, C , D. ( A B) (C D) = ( A C ) ( B D)

/ 1.1
1) .
2) 5
3) 1.1.7 2)
4)
5) 1.1.7.

 11 54

1.2
.

.
X , Y . f X Y
x f ( x) .
.

f f . f ( x)

x f . f { f ( x) Y x X }
f ( X ).
f f : X Y
f ( x)
x
f : X Y, x
f ( x) .
1.2.1

1) f : R R, f ( x) = x 2
.
2) f : R R R, ( x, y )
x + y R .
, z R , f ( z , 0) = z.
3) f : R R, f ( x) = x + 1

{ x R x 1} .

x, x 0
x , x =
x, x 0.

f : X Y , g : X Y X = X , Y = Y
x X f ( x) = g ( x). f : Z Z, f ( x) = 1
g : Z Z, g ( x) = cos(2k ) .
1-1
f : X Y . f
y Y x X f ( x) = y
( 1-1)
f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) x1 = x2 ,
x1 x2 f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ).

. 1-1
.

 12 54

1-1

,
R , .
a, b R a b.
[a, b] = { x R a x b} , [a, b) = { x R a x < b}

(a, b] = { x R a < x b} , (a, b) = { x R a < x < b}

[a, ) = { x R a x} , (a, ) = { x R a < x}
(, a] = { x R x a} , (, a) = { x R x < a}
, ,1 [1, 2) 2 [1, 2) .
1.2.2

1) f : R R, f ( x) = x 2
R . 1-1 , ,
f (1) = f (1).
2) f : R [0, ), f ( x) = x 2 ,
[0, ) . 1-1.
3) f : Z Z, f ( x) = 2 x + 1
. 1-1 f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) ,
2 x1 + 1 = 2 x2 + 1 2 x1 = 2 x2 x1 = x2 .
4) f : R R, f ( x) = 2 x + 1 . , y R .
y 1
y 1
f ( x) = f
x =
= 2( y 1) + 1 = y.
2
2
y 1
(: x =
x
2
y = f ( x) , y = 2 x + 1 .) H f 1-1.
,
f : X Y y Y x X
y = f ( x). f ,

 13 54

( ) .

x
, / 1-1.
5) f : R {2} R, f ( x) =
x2
. y R f.
x
x R {2} y =
.
x2
x
y=
x = yx 2 y x(1 y ) = 2 y.
x2
x y 1 .
2 y
y 1 , x =
2,
1 y
2 y
= 2 2 y = 2 2 y 0 = 2, . x
1 y
f. f R {1} . f
.
f 1-1. x1 , x2 R {2}
f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ).
x
x
f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) 1 = 2
x1 2 x2 2
x1 x2 2 x1 = x1 x2 2 xx
2 x1 = 2 x2 x1 = x2 .

f 1-1.
6) f : R R, f ( x) =

x
.
x + x +1
2

y . x
x
y= 2
yx 2 + yx + y = x yx 2 + ( y 1) x + y = 0.
x + x +1
x
,
2
( y 1) 4 y 2 0

( y 1 2 y )( y 1 + 2 y ) 0
( y + 1)(3 y 1) 0
1
1 y .
3
1
1, .
3

f : X Y , R .
f ( x, y )
y = f ( x). f

 14 54

C f = {( x, y ) R 2 y = f ( x)} .
f : R R, f ( x) = x + 1 ,

.
1-1 .

,


. ,
x
.

1-1. ,


. ,
x
y.

f : X Y , g : Y Z f
g . g ( f ( x)) ,
x X .
g f : X Z , ( g f ) ( x) = g ( f ( x ) )

f g .
.

 15 54

g f
g f ,
f.
1.2.3

1) f : R R, f ( x) = x 2 + x + 1 g : R R, g ( x) = 2x
( g f ) ( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g ( x 2 + x + 1) = 2 x 2 + 2 x + 2

(f

g ) ( x) = f ( g ( x) ) = f ( 2 x ) = 4 x 2 + 2 x + 1. g f f g.

2) f : R 2 R, f ( x, y ) = x + y g : R R, g ( x) = x 2

(g

f ) ( x, y ) = g ( f ( x, y )) = g ( x + y ) = ( x + y ) . f g .
2

f : X Y, g :Y Z, h : Z W
g f , h g ( h g ) f , h ( g f ) .
. ,
X W
( ( h g ) f ) ( x) = ( h g ) ( f ( x)) = h( g ( f ( x))) = h(( g h)( x)) = ( h ( g h) ) ( x)
x X .
1.2.4
g f f : X Y , g : Y Z .
.
f : X Y , g : Z W . f ( X ) Z ,
f g,
g ( f ( x)) x X .
g f : X W , ( g f ) ( x) = g ( f ( x)).
1.2.5
f : X Y , g : Y Z . .
1. f g , g f .
2. f g 1-1, g f 1-1.
3. f g 1-1 , g f 1-1 .

 16 54

1. f, g . g f ,
z Z . g , y Y
g ( y) = z .
f , x X
f ( x) = y .
g ( f ( x)) = z , ( g f ) ( x) = z. g f
.
2. f, g 1-1. g f 1-1,
x1 , x2 X ( g f )( x1 ) = ( g f )( x2 ) . g ( f ( x1 )) = g ( f ( x2 ))
g 1-1 f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ). f 1-1 x1 = x2 .
g f 1-1.
3. 1 2.

f : R R, f ( x ) = 3 x 1
x +1
g : R R, g ( x ) =
.
3
g f
3x 1 + 1
= x,
( g f ) ( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g (3x 1) =
3
x R . f g
( f g ) ( x) = x

x R . x f 3 x 1
g x .
: , .
1.2.6
f : X Y . g : Y X
( g f )( x) = x x X
( f g ) ( y ) = y y Y

f g
f.

1) X X , x
x
1X ( ). 1X ( x) = x
x X .
g f = 1X

f g = 1Y .
2) f : X Y .
f. ,
g1 , g 2 : Y X

 17 54

g1 f = 1X
f g1 = 1Y
g 2 f = 1X
f g 2 = 1Y .

g1 = g1 1Y = g1

(f

g 2 ) = ( g1 f ) g 2 = 1X g 2 = g 2 .

f f 1.
3) 1.2.6 f
,
( f 1 ) 1 = f .

. ,
f : R R, f ( x) = x 2 , g g f = 1R

( g f ) (1) = 1 ( g f ) (1) = 1 .

(g

f ) (1) = g ( f (1)) = g (1) = g ( f (1)) = ( g f ) (1)

1 = 1, . f (1) = 1 = f (1) ,
f 1-1.

.
1.2.7
1-1 .

f : X Y . g : Y X
g f = 1X , f g = 1Y .
f . y Y . f ( g ( y )) = y .
f 1-1. f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ). g ( f ( x1 )) = g ( f ( x2 )) ,
x1 = x2 .
, f 1-1 .
g : Y X , g f = 1X , f g = 1Y .
g : Y X . y Y . f ,
x X y = f ( x). x f
1-1. g ( y ) = x .
g f = 1X , f g = 1Y .

1.2.8
R R .
,
.
x
f ( x) = x 3 + 1, g ( x) = x 2 5 x + 6, h( x) = 2
.
x +1
f 1-1 .
. ,

 18 54

y = x 3 + 1 x x =

y 1 .

3
f 1 : R R, x
x 1 .
g 1-1 , , g (2) = g (3) = 0.
.
1.2.2 6, h
1 1
, . h
2 2
.

f : R R, f ( x) = x 2 1.
1-1. (, 0], [0, ) .

f + :[0, ) [1, ), f ( x) = x 2 1
f : (, 0] [1, ), f ( x) = x 2 1
1-1 . .
f + 1 :[1, ) [0, ), f + 1 ( x) = x + 1

f 1 :[1, ) (, 0], f 1 ( x) = x + 1.

f+

(, 0]

[0, )

,
. f + 1 , f 1
y = x 2 1 x
, x = y + 1 .
1-1
. 1.2.5,
1-1 . 1.2.7 .
;

 19 54

1.2.9
f : X Y , g : Y Z 1-1 .

g f : X Z 1-1 ( g f ) = f 1 g 1.
1

1
( g f ) = f 1 g 1.

(g

f)

(f

g 1 ) = g

(f

(f

f 1 ) g 1 = g 1X g 1 = g g 1 = 1Y .

g 1 ) ( g f ) = 1X .

( g f ) = f 1 g 1.
1

1.2.10
1) f : X Y A, B X .
a) f ( A B) = f ( A) f ( B)
b) f ( A B) f ( A) f ( B).

, y f ( A B ). x A B
y = f ( x). x A, f ( x) f ( A) , x B f ( x) f ( B).
f ( x) f ( A) f ( B ). f ( A B) f ( A) f ( B) .
f ( A) f ( B) f ( A B) . .
, y f ( A B ). x A B

y = f ( x).

x A

y = f ( x) f ( A).

y = f ( x) f ( B). y f ( A) f ( B).
. b).
f R R, f ( x) = x 2
,
A = {1} , B = {1} , f ( A B) = f ( A) f ( B) = {1} .

2) f : R {1} R, f ( x) =

3x
.
x +1

y R x R {1} y =

3x
.
x +1

y=

3x
yx + y = 3 x (3 y ) x = y.
x +1

y = 3 , 0 = 3, . y 3 . y 3 , x =

y
1 ,
3 y

y
.
3 y

y
= 1 y = 3 + y 0 = 3. R {3} .
3 y

 20 54

3) f : R 2 R 2 , f ( x, y ) = (2 x + y, x + y ) , 1-1
.

1-1: f ( x 1 , y1 ) = f ( x2 , y2 ) .
(2 x1 + y1 , x1 + y1 ) = (2 x2 + y2 , x2 + y2 )
2 x1 + y1 = 2 x2 + y2

x1 + y1 = x2 + y2 .
x1 = x2 .

y1 = y2 , ( x 1 , y1 ) = ( x2 , y2 ) . f 1-1.
: (a, b) R 2 .
( x, y ) R 2 f ( x, y ) = (a, b), (2 x + y, x + y ) = (a, b) .

2x + y = a

x+ y =b
.
x = a b . y = a + 2b .
( x, y ) = ( a b, a + 2b )
. f .
4) a R . a (1,2)

f : R 2 R 2 , f ( x + y ) = ( x + y, ax + 3 y ) .

a ( x, y ) ( x + y, ax + 3 y ) = (1, 2).
a
x + y =1

ax + 3 y = 2
. a

(3 a) y = 2 a .
.
a = 3 , 0 = 2-3, .
a = 3 .
2a
a 3 . y =
. x + y = 1
3 a
2a
1
x = 1
=
.
3 a 3 a
2a 1
( x, y ) =
,
.
3 a 3 a
a a R {3} .
5) g f , f g , h g , g h

 21 54

f : R R, f ( x ) = x 5 + 3
3x
x +1
h :[0, ) R, h( x) = x .

g : R {1} R, g ( x) =

1.2.4.
g f : f R
g. g f .
f g : g
f f g .
h g : g
1
, g ( ) = 3 . h g . (:
2
2
g. .)
g h . x [0, ) x 1.

 22 54

1.2

1.
a. {1, 2,...,10} {1, 2,...,11}
2.

3.
4.

5.

b. {1, 2,...,11} {1, 2,...,10} 1-1.

a. f : X X .
f 1-1 .
b. f : R R
1-1.
c. f : R R 1-1
.
f : X Y , g : Y X g f = 1X .
g f 1-1.
f : R R, f ( x) = x 2 + 2 x g : R R, g ( x) = x + 1 .
a. f g g f .
b. f g = g f ;
c. 2 f (R) . f (R);
1-1; ;
a. f : R R, f ( x) = x 4 + 1
b. f : R R, f ( x) = x 5 + 1
c. f : R R, f ( x) = sin x
d. f : [ 0, 2] R, f ( x) = sin x

e. f : R 2 R 2 , f ( x, y ) = ( x y, 2 x + y ) .
6. .
2x
a. f : R {5} R, f ( x) =
x 5
2
x + x 3
b. g : R R, f ( x) = 2
x +x+2
g R .
7. g f f g ,

f :[1, ) [0, ), f ( x) = x + 1
g : R R, g ( x) = x 2 x.
.

/ 1.2
1. a.
.

 23 54

2. f
. b. c.
.
3. 1-1 .
4. ( f g )( x) = ( x + 1) 2 + 2( x + 1). f [1, ).
1.2.2 6. ,
f ( x) = ( x + 1) 2 1
.
5. 1-1 b. d e. e 1.2.10 3.
b. e.
6. f . 1.2.10 2.
13
R {2}. g 1.2.2 6. g (R) = [ ,1) .
7
1 .
7. .

 24 54

1.3

.
.

.

n P(n), n,

1. P(1) ,
2. n, P(n) P(n+1).
P(n) n.
, 1. 2. P(1)
1. P(1), 2
P(2). , P(2), 2
P(3).
P(n) n.
1 2
.

, 1. 2.
. .
1.3.1

1. n 1 + 2 + ... + n =
.
: n = 1 , 1 =
:

n(n + 1)
.
2

1(1 + 1)
, .
2

n(n + 1)
.
2
(n + 1)(n + 2)
1 + 2 + ... + n + 1 =
. ,
2
n(n + 1)
+ n + 1.
1 + 2 + ... + ( n + 1) = 1 + 2 + ... + n + (n + 1) =
2
(n + 1)(n + 2)


2
.
2. n
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
12 + 22 + ... + n 2 =
.
6
1 + 2 + ... + n =

 25 54

.
: n = 1 1 =
.

1(1 + 1)(2 + 1)

n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
.
6
(n + 1)(n + 2)(2n + 3)
.
12 + 22 + ... + (n + 1) 2 =
6

: 12 + 22 + ... + n 2 =

n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
+ (n + 1) 2 .
6

(n + 1)(n + 2)(2n + 3)
.

6
12 + 22 + ... + (n + 1) 2 = 12 + 22 + ... + n 2 + (n + 1) 2 =

m . n m
P(n), n,
1. P(m) ,
2. n m , P(n), P(n+1).
P(n) n m .
1.3.2

2n > n 2 n 5.
.
: n = 5 25 > 52 .
:
2n > n 2 , n 5.
2n +1 > (n + 1) 2 .
2n +1 = 2 2n > 2n 2 = n 2 + n n n 2 + 3n n 2 + 2n + 1 = (n + 1) 2 .
. 2n > n 2 n < 5
.


. , .

n P(n), n,

1. P(1) ,
2. n, P(1), P(2),,P(n), P(n+1).
P(n) n.

.

 26 54

m . n m
P(n), n,
1. P(m) ,
2. n m , P(m), P(m+1),,P(n),
P(n+1).
P(n) n m .
1.3.3
1. A, A1 ,..., An .

A ( A1 ... An ) = ( A A1 ) ... ( A An ) .

.
n = 1 A A1 = A A1 , .

A ( A1 ... An ) = ( A A1 ) ... ( A An ) .
A ( A1 ... An +1 ) = ( A A1 ) ... ( A An +1 ) .
A ( A1 ... An +1 ) = A ( A1 ... An An +1 ) = A ( B An+1 ) ,

B = A1 ... An . 1.1.3
A ( B An +1 ) = ( A B ) ( A An +1 ) .

A B = ( A A1 ) ... ( A An )
A ( B An +1 ) = ( A A1 ) ... ( A An +1 ) .

2. n .
2n.

. n = 1,
{a} 2 , {a} .

n . n 1 .
n+1 . . = -{} n
2n.
. C . . 1)
C. C C 2n. 2) C.
C = D {} D , C
2n. , 2n + 2n = 2n+1 A,
.
3. f : X X f ( n ) , n N ,
. n = 1, f (1) = f . f ( n ) .
f ( n +1) = f ( n ) f .

f (2006) ,

f : R R, f ( x) = 3 x + 1.

 27 54

.
f ( n ) ,
n = 2006.
.
f (1) ( x) = f ( x) = 3 x + 1
f (2) ( x) = f (3 x + 1) = 32 x + 3 + 1
f (3) ( x) = f (2) (3 x + 1) = 33 x + 32 + 3 + 1.
n N ,
f ( n ) ( x) = 3n x + 3n 1 + ... + 3 + 1.
. n = 1
. f ( n ) ( x) = 3n x + 3n 1 + ... + 3 + 1.
f ( n +1) ( x) = f ( n ) ( f ( x)) = 3n f ( x) + 3n 1 + ... + 3 + 1 =
= 3n (3 x + 1) + 3n 1 + ... + 3 + 1 = 3n +1 x + 3n + ... + 3 + 1.

3n 1
,
3 + ... + 3 + 1 =
2
3n 1
f ( n ) ( x) = 3n x +
.
2
32006 1
f (2006) ( x) = 32006 x +
.
2
4. .
1
. :
n 1 .
. n = 2 ,
. n 2 .
k 2 k n .
n + 1. , .

,
n + 1 = ab, 2 a, b n .
a, b . n + 1 = ab
.
n 1

 28 54

1.3
1. n
n 2 (n + 1) 2
a. 13 + 23 + ... + n3 =
4
1
1
1
n
b.
+
+ ... +
=
.
1 2 2 3
n(n + 1) n + 1
2. f : R R, f ( x) = 2 x + 1. f ( n )
f ( n ) ( x) = an x + bn , x R , an , bn Z.
a1000 , b1000 .

3. 2n < 2n n = 3, 4,... .
4. f1 , f 2 , f3 ,... : f1 = 1, f 2 = 1 n 3
f n = f n 1 + f n 2 ( Fibonacci.
1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55).
n
a. f1 + f 2 + ... + f n = f n + 2 1
b. f3n
c.

f n + 2 f n f n 2 = (1) n +1

d.

a n bn
1+ 5
1 5
, a =
,b=
.
fn =
2
2
5

/ 1.3
1. 1.3.1
2. . 1.3.3 3.
3. . 1.3.2.
4. . d.
a, b x 2 x 1 = 0 .

 29 54

1.4

. ,
x 2 = 1.
.
.
C
R . C
i i 2 = 1 . C
a + bi a, b R . , a, a, b, b R ,
a + bi = a + bi a = a b = b .
z = a + bi C . z z = a + bi
a, b .
a z
Re( z ) . b z
1
1
Im( z ). z = + 3i , Re( z ) = , Im( z ) = 3.
2
2

. , z C ,
z R Im( z ) = 0 .

z , w C z = a + bi w = c + di.
z + w
z + w = (a + c) + (b + d )i .
zw
zw = (ac bd ) + (ad + bc)i

, z = 2 5i w = 1 + 3i ,
z + w = ( 2 + 1) + (5 + 3)i = ( 2 + 1) + (2)i

zw = ( 2 + 5 3) + (3 2 5)i = ( 2 + 15) + (3 2 5)i .

:
.
. .

. : ,
x + y = y + x x, y R ,
,
xy = yx x, y R

 30 54

,
( x + y )u = xu + yu x, y, u R .

,
zw = (a + bi )(c + di ) = a (c + di ) + bi (c + di ) =
= ac + adi + bic + bidi = ac + adi + bci + bdi 2 =
= ac + adi + bci bd = (ac bd ) + (ad + bc)i.
.

,
.

ax 2 + bx + c , a, b, c R ,
, b 2 4ac 0.
( ).
, ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ,
a 0 , x =

x =

b b 2 4ac
. b 2 4ac < 0 ,
2a

b (1) ( 4ac b 2 )

b i

( 4ac b )

=
2a
2a
2 i 8
= 1 i 2.
x 2 + 2 x + 3 x =
2

. ,

,
x R , x 0 , y R xy = 1.
.
z = a + bi C z 0 . a 0 b 0 .
() a 2 + b 2 .
a
b
w= 2
i
2
2
a + b a + b2
b a 2 + b 2 ab + ab
a
+
= 2
+ 2
zw = (a + bi ) 2
i = 1.
2
2
2
2
a + b2
a +b a +b a +b
a
b
i a + bi
+ 2
2
2
a + b a + b2
1
1
( a + bi )
. , 1 2i
a + bi
1
(2)
1 2
i= + i.
+ 2
2
2
2
1 + (2) 1 + (2)
5 5

a
b
i a + bi ;
+ 2
2
2
a + b a + b2
(a + bi )( x + yi ) = 1 x, y , a + bi 0 ,

 31 54

ax by = 1
.
(a + bi )( x + yi ) = 1 (ax by ) + (ay + bx)i = 1
ay + bx = 0
a b

a 2 x aby = a
.
aby + b 2 x = 0
(a 2 + b 2 ) x = a.
a
a + bi 0 , a 2 + b 2 0 . x = 2
.
a + b2
b
y = 2
.
a + b2
1.4.1

2 3i
a + bi
1+ i
1 1
1 + i i
2 2
2 3i
1
1 5
1 1
= (2 3i )
= (2 3i ) i = i .
1+ i
1+ i
2 2
2 2

.
1.4.2

z = a + bi
z .

a 2 + b 2

, 1 2i 1 2i = 12 + (2) 2 = 5
3 = 3 + 0i 3 = (3) 2 + 02 = 3 . 3i = 02 + (3) 2 = 3..

.

.
1.4.3
z , z1 , z2 C .

1.

z = z

2.

z1 z2 = z1 z2

3. z2 0 ,
4.

z
z1
= 1
z2
z2

z1 + z2 z1 + z2 .

1. z = a + bi , z = a 2 + b 2 = ( a ) 2 + (b) 2 = z

 32 54

2. z1 = a1 + b1i, z2 = a2 + b2i. z1 z2 = a1a2 b1b2 + (a1b2 + a2b1 )i .

2

z1 z2 = z1 z2 z1 z2 = z1 z2 ,

( a1a2 b1b2 ) + ( a1b2 + a2b1 )

2

= ( a12 + b12 )( a2 2 + b2 2 ) .

(#)

.
3. 2
z
z1 = 1 z2 .
z2
4. z1 = a1 + b1i, z2 = a2 + b2i.

( a1 + a2 ) + ( b1 + b2 )
2

z1 + z2 z1 + z2

a12 + b12 + a2 2 + b2 2

( a1 + a2 ) + ( b1 + b2 )
2

( a1 + a2 ) + ( b1 + b2 )
2

a12 + b12 + a2 2 + b2 2

a12 + b12 + a2 2 + b2 2 + 2 a12 + b12 a2 2 + b2 2

a1a2 + b1b2 a12 + b12 a2 2 + b2 2

( a1a2 + b1b2 )

( a12 + b12 )( a2 2 + b2 2 ) .

(#) b1
b1 .

z1 + z2 z1 + z2
, .
( 1.4.9),
.
1.4.4
1 + 2i

( 2 + 3i )(1 i )
a + bi ( 1.4.1)
.
1.4.3.
1 + 2i
1 + 2i
=
=
( 2 + 3i )(1 i ) ( 2 + 3i )(1 i )

1)

1 + 2i

( 2 + 3i ) (1 i )

5
5
=
.
26
13 2

2) 2 z1 + 3z2 < 14 z1 = 2 3i z2 = 2 ;

2 z1 + 3 z2 2 z1 + 3 z2 = 2 z1 + 3 z2 =
= 2 13 + 6 < 2 4 + 6 = 14.

 33 54

.
1.4.5
z = a + bi a bi z .

, 2 + 3i = 2 3i 2 3i = 2 + 3i . 5 = 5 + 0i = 5
7i = 7i.

, z C ,
z R z = z.
z = a + bi
z + z = 2a R

z z = a 2 + b 2 R.
.
1.4.6
z , z1 , z2 C .

1.

z = zz

2. z1 + z2 = z1 + z2
3. z1 z2 = z1 z2
z z
4. z2 0 , 1 = 1 .
z2 z 2

1-3
. 4 3
1.4.3 3.

1.4.7
2 3

( z1 + ... + zn ) = z1 + ... + zn

( z1...zn ) = z1...zn .
1.4.8

1
z
1) z C z = 1.
.
=
2 + z 1+ 2z
, 1.4.6
1
1
z
z
= z =
.
1 = z z .
=
2 + z 2 + z 2 + 1 1 + 2z
z

 34 54

z4
= 2. z .
z 1
1.4.6
2
z4
z4
z4 z4
=2
=4

= 4
z 1
z 1
z 1 z 1

2) z C , z 1,

z z 4 z 4 z + 16
= 4 z z 4 z 4 z + 16 = 4 z z z z + 1
z z z z +1

z z = 4 z = 4 z = 2.

,
x y . z = a + bi
M (a, b) (a, b) .
M (a, b) a + bi.
M ( z ) = M (a, b) . z
M ( z ) .
, M (a, b) ,
a + bi OM , M
M (a, b) ,

i M ( a, b)

1.4.9
1) ,

a 2 + b 2 z = a + bi
OM , OM OM .
2) ,
. ,
z1 = a1 + b1i, z2 = a2 + b2i
OM 1 , OM 2 , M 1
M 1 ( z1 ) M 2 M 2 ( z2 ) .
z1 + z2 M
O .

 35 54

M = M ( z1 + z2 )

M 1 ( z1 )

M 2 ( z2 )

, M M = M ( z1 + z2 ).
3)
O, M 1 ( z1 ), M ( z 1 + z2 ) .

OM OM 1 + M 1M

z1 + z2 z1 + z2

.
,
.

M ( z ) z = a + bi .

Ox OM 4.

i M ( a, b)

a = OM cos b = OM sin .

0 < 2 .

 36 54

z = a + bi = OM ( cos + i sin ) .

OM ( cos + i sin ) a + bi .
OM a + bi .
a + bi .
( cos + i sin )

= a 2 + b 2 a + bi .
a + bi
a = cos , b = sin , 0 < 2 .
.
1.4.10

3 + i ,

= 3 +i =

( 3)

+ 12 = 2.

a = cos , b = sin
3
1
, sin = .
2
2
5
5
5
=
+ 2k k Z .
cos = cos
, sin =
6
6
6
5
0 < 2 =
.
6
5
5
+ i sin ).
2(cos
6
6

cos =

.
1.4.11

z1 = 1 ( cos 1 + i sin 1 ) z2 = 2 ( cos 2 + i sin 2 ) .

z1 z2 = 1 2 ( cos ( 1 + 2 ) + i sin ( 1 + 2 ) )

z2 0,
z1 1
=
( cos ( 1 2 ) + i sin ( 1 2 ) ) .
z2 2

sin (1 + 2 ) = sin 1 cos 2 + cos1 sin 2
cos (1 + 2 ) = cos1 cos 2 sin 1 sin 2

z1 z2 = ( 1 ( cos 1 + i sin 1 ) ) ( 2 ( cos 2 + i sin 2 ) ) =

= 1 2 ( cos1 cos 2 sin 1 sin 2 + i ( sin 1 cos 2 + cos1 sin 2 ) ) =
= 1 2 ( cos (1 + 2 ) + i sin (1 + 2 ) ) .

 37 54

. ,
.
1.4.12 (De Moivre)

z = ( cos + i sin ) . n
z n = n ( cos ( n ) + i sin ( n ) ) .

. , n = 1 , .
z n = n ( cos ( n ) + i sin ( n ) ) .

z n +1 = z n z = n ( cos ( n ) + i sin ( n ) ) ( cos + i sin ) =

= n +1 cos ( ( n + 1) ) + i sin ( ( n + 1) ) .

1.4.13

z = ( cos + i sin ) 0,

n
. , m , m = n ,
De Moivre 1.4.11
1
cos 0 + i sin 0
=
zm = n = n
z
( cos ( n ) + i sin ( n ) )
= n ( cos ( 0 n ) + i sin ( 0 n ) ) =
= m ( cos ( m ) + i sin ( m ) ) .

1.4.14

a + bi 3 + i

2005

1.4.10 3 + i
5
5
3 + i = 2(cos
+ i sin ) . De Moivre
6
6

2005
2005
5
5

3 +i
= 22005 cos
+ i sin
=

6
6

= 22005 cos 2005

6

+ i sin 2005
6

 38 54

5
5
= 835 ( 2 ) +

6
6
5
5

5
cos(2005 ) = cos
, sin(2005 ) = sin
.
6
6
3
6
2005

5
5
1

2005 3
2004
2
i
3 +i
= 22005 cos
+ i sin
=
+

= 2 ( 3 + 1) .

6
6
2

2005

1.4.11
: z1 z2
z1 z2 x

1 + 2 .
M ( z 1 z2 )
M ( z2 )

1 + 2
2

M ( z1 )

De Moivre
De Moivre .
x5 = 1. .


n n ( ).
x5 = 1 .
.
z = r ( cos + i sin ) x5 1 = 0 .

 39 54

z 5 = 1 r 5 ( cos + i sin ) = 1
5

r 5 ( cos 5 + i sin 5 ) = 1 = cos 0 + i sin 0

r 5 = 1

cos 5 = cos 0
sin 5 = sin 0.

r , r = 1.
cos 5 = cos 0
sin 5 = sin 0
5 = 2k , k Z . 0 < 2
0 5 < 10 k k = 0,1, 2,3, 4
2k
, k = 0,1, 2,3, 4 . z
=
5
2k
2k
z = r ( cos + i sin ) = cos
, k = 0,1, 2,3, 4.
+ i sin
5
5
.
.
.
.
1.4.15

a C, a 0. x n = a n

+ 2k
+ 2k

zk = n cos
+ i sin
, k = 0,1,..., n 1,
n
n

a .
De Moivre zk n = a, k = 0,1,..., n 1.
zk , k = 0,1,..., n 1 .
zi = z j , 0 i, j n 1.

cos

+ 2i

= cos

+ 2 j

n
n
+ 2i
+ 2i
sin
= sin
.
n
n
+ 2i + 2 j

= 2k .
k
n
n
i j = 2kn . 0 i, j n 1 i j = 0.
zi = z j .

1.4.16

x 4 = 3 + i .

 40 54

1.4.10 3 + i = 2(cos

5
5
+ i sin ) ,
6
6

5
.
6
5
5

+ 2k
+ 2k

zk = 4 2 cos 6
+ i sin 6
, k = 0,1, 2,3.
4
4

k = 0,1, 2,3
5
5

+ i sin
z0 = 4 2 cos

24
24

= 2 =

17
17

+ i sin
z1 = 4 2 cos

24
24

29
29

+ i sin
z2 = 4 2 cos

24
24

41
41

+ i sin
z3 = 4 2 cos
24
24

M ( z0 )
5
24

M ( z1 )

M ( z4 )
M ( z2 )

17 5

24 24 2
.
. z0 , z1 , z2 , z3
M ( z0 ), M ( z1 )

4 2 . z0 ,..., zn 1
1.4.15 n
n .
1.4.17

2
2
+i
1.

2
2

2004

 41 54

1.4.10
2
2

+i

cos + i sin .
2
2
4
4
De Moivre
2004

2004
2
2

cos
sin
+
=
+
=
i
i

2
2
4
4

= cos(501 ) + i sin(501 ) = cos = 1.

2. z
2
z 2 Re((1 3i ) z ) + 6 = 0 .

z = x + yi .
2

x + iy 2 Re((1 3i )( x + iy )) + 6 = 0
x 2 + y 2 2 Re( x + 3 y + i ( y 3 x)) + 6 = 0
x 2 + y 2 2( x + 3 y ) + 6 = 0
x 2 2 x + y 2 6 y + 6 = 0.

x2 2 x + y 2 6 y + 6 = 0

( x 2 2 x + 12 ) + ( y 2 2 3 y + 32 ) 1 32 + 6 = 0
( x 1) 2 + ( y 3) 2 = 22.
(1,3) 2.
3. 27 z 6 + 1 = 0.

1.4.15 1.4.16.
.

27 z 6 + 1 = 0 z 6 = 1 = 1 (cos + i sin ) .
27 27
z = 6 1 (cos + 2k + i sin + 2k ), k = 0,1, 2, 5 .
6
6
27

z0 = 1 (cos + i sin ) = 3 ( 3 + i 1 ) = 1 + i 3 ,
6
6
3 2
2
2
6
3
z1 = 1 (cos 3 + i sin 3 ) = 3 (cos + i sin ) = i 3 ,
6
6
3
2
2
3
3
z2 = 1 (cos 5 + i sin 5 ) = 3 ( 3 + i 1 ) = 1 + i 3 ,
6
6
3
2
2
2
6
3

 42 54

z3 = 1 (cos 7 + i sin 7 ) = 3 ( 3 i 1 ) = 1 i 3 ,
6
6
3
2
2
2
6
3
z4 = 1 (cos 9 + i sin 9 ) = 3 (cos 3 + i sin 3 ) = i 3 ,
6
6
3
2
2
3
3
z5 = 1 (cos 11 + i sin 11 ) = 3 ( 3 i 1 ) = 1 i 3 .
6
6
3 2
2
2
6
3

4. cos 3 = 4 cos3 3cos .

De Moivre.

3
( cos + i sin ) = cos 3 + i sin 3 .

3
( cos + i sin ) = cos3 3cos sin 2 + ( 3cos2 sin sin 3 ) i .

cos 3 + i sin 3 = cos3 3cos sin 2 + ( 3cos 2 sin sin 3 ) i.

cos 3 = cos3 3cos sin 2 .

sin 2 = 1 cos 2 .

 43 54

1.4
1) z = 2 3i w = 3 + i ,
1. 3 z 2w
2. zw
1 1
+ .
3.
z w
2)
1. 1 i 3
1 i
2.
2
1 i 3

3)
z z = 2i ( z z ) .
4) w1 , w2 C, w1 w2 .

z w1 = z w2 .

()

5) z C n N , z n + z
.
6) z , w C z = w = 1.

z+w

1 + zw

.
7)
1. x 2 + x + 3 = 0
2. x3 = 2 + i 2
3. x 4 2 x 2 + 2 = 0.
,
.
8) cos 4 = cos 4 6 cos 2 sin 2 + sin 4 .
9)
x3 3 xy 2 = 3
3 x 2 y y 3 = 1.
10) z = cos + i sin .
1
z n + n = 2 cos ( n )
z
1
z n n = 2i sin ( n )
z
n .
11)

3 +i

) =(
n

3 i

 44 54

/ 1.4

2 3 3 1
+ + i .
13 10 13 10
2.
,
1

1.4.11. 2.
.

12
2 2
. 1.4.17 2.
(0,-2) 2.

M ( z ), M ( w).
.
.
2
z z = z .

1) 11i, 9 7i,
2)

3)
4)
5)
6)

7) 2. . 1.4.17 3.
3. x 2
x 2 . x 2 = c
. 3:

2( cos

i sin )
8
8

8) . 1.4.17 4.
9) ( x + yi )3
De Moivre.
10) De Moivre.
11) 6.

 45 54

1.5

.
, F R, C .
F
f ( x) = f n x n + f n 1 x n 1 + ... + f1 x + f 0 , n
fi , 0 i n, F. fi f ( x).
F
F [ x].
f n x n + ... + f1 x + f 0 , g m x m + ... + g1 x + g 0 F
m = n i = 1, 2,..., n fi = gi .
,
x 2 5 x + 6 = g3 x 3 + g 2 x 2 + g1 x + g 0 g3 = 0, g 2 = 1, g1 = 5, g 0 = 6.

0 x k .
f ( x) = f n x n + f n 1 x n 1 + ... + f1 x + f 0 .
.
n f n 0 , deg f ( x) = n.
, f n f ( x).
f ( x) = 3x 2 5 x + 6 2,
g ( x) = 4 0. 3 4.
.
,
.
.
.
, .
,
f ( x) = 2 x 2 7 x + 2, g ( x) = 5 x3 + x 2 + 7 x 4 ,
f ( x) + g ( x) = (0 + 5) x 3 + (2 + 1) x 2 + (7 + 7) x + (2 4) = 5 x3 + 3 x 2 2.
.
f ( x) = f n x n + ... + f1 x + f 0 , g ( x) = g m x m + ... + g1 x + g 0 .

f ( x) g ( x) = hm + n x n + m + ... + h1 x + h0 ,
h0 = f 0 g 0
h1 = f 0 g1 + f1 g 0
...
hi = f 0 gi + f1 gi 1 + ... + f i g 0
...
hn + m = f n g m .

 46 54

, (2 x 2 x + 1)(3 x 5) = 6 x 3 + (10 3) x 2 + (5 + 3) x 5
= 6 x 3 13 x 2 + 8 x 5.
.
1.5.1
f ( x), g ( x) F [ x].
deg( f ( x) g ( x)) = deg f ( x) + deg g ( x).

f ( x), g ( x) F [ x]. g ( x) f ( x) F
h( x) F [ x] f ( x) = g ( x)h( x). , x 3
x 2 5 x + 6 F x 2 5 x + 6 = ( x 3)( x 2). x i x 2 + 1
C x 2 + 1 = ( x i )( x + i ), R .

.
1.5.2 ( )
f ( x), g ( x) F [ x] g ( x) 0.
q( x), r ( x) F [ x]
f ( x) = g ( x)q ( x) + r ( x) deg r ( x) < g ( x).

1) . f(x) = f0 + f1x + f2x2 + + fnxn g(x) = g0 + g1x + g2x2

+ + gmxm gm 0. degf(x)<degg(x), f(x) = 0g(x) + f(x)
q(x) = 0 r(x) = f(x).
degf(x) degb(x). degf(x). degg(x)
= 0, degf(x) = 0 f(x) = f0 g(x) = g0. g0 .
f0 = (f0g0-1)g0 + 0, q(x) = f0g0-1 r(x) = 0.
q(x), r(x) f(x) = g(x)q(x) +
r(x) degr(x) < degg(x) f(x) < n.

h(x) = f(x) - fngm-1xn-mg(x) F[x].

xn h(x) fn fngm-1gm = 0. degh(x) < n = degf(x).
q(x), r(x) F[x]
f(x) - fngm-1xn-mg(x) = g(x)q(x) + r(x) degr(x) < degg(x).

f(x) = (fngm-1xn-m + g(x)q(x)) + r(x) degr(x) < degg(x).

2) . q(x), r(x), q(x), r(x) F[x]
f(x) = g(x)q(x) + r(x) degr(x) < degg(x),
f(x) = g(x)q(x) + r(x) degr(x) < degg(x).

g(x)(q(x) q(x)) = r(x) r(x).
q(x) q(x) 0, 1.5.1 deg(r(x) r(x))
degg(x). , degr(x) < degg(x) degr(x) < degg(x)
deg(r(x) r(x)) < degg(x).

 47 54

r ( x)
f ( x) g ( x).
q ( x), r ( x)
. ( f ( x) = x 4 x 3 + 2 x 3 ,
g ( x) = x 2 1 ) .
x 4 x3
+ 2x 3
x2 1

x4

+ x2

x2 x + 1

x3 + x 2 + 2 x 3
x3
x
x2 + x 3
x2
+1
x2
2
q( x) = x x + 1, r ( x) = x 2

x 4 x 3 + 2 x 3 = ( x 2 1)( x 2 x + 1) + x 2.

1.5.2


.

f ( x) = f n x n + ... + f1 x + f 0 F [ x] . a F f ( x)
f (a) = 0, f n a n + ... + f1a + f 0 = 0. , 2, 3
x 2 5 x + 6 .
.

.
1.5.3
f ( x) F [ x] a F .
1. f ( x) x a f (a).
2. a f ( x) x a f ( x) F.
3. f ( x) 0, deg f ( x).

1. f ( x) = ( x a )q ( x) + r ( x) ,
deg r ( x) < deg( x a ) = 1. r ( x) , r ( x) = c F .
x = a f (a) = 0 + r (a). r ( x) = f (a).
2. a f ( x) , f (a) = 0 1.
x a f ( x). , x a
f ( x) , f ( x) = ( x a)q( x) , q( x) F [ x], f (a) = 0.
3.
deg f ( x).

deg f ( x) = 1 ,
b
f ( x) = ax + b, a 0, , .
a
F n n . f ( x)

 48 54

n + 1. f ( x) F .
f(x) F, a. 2.
q ( x) F [ x] f ( x) = ( x a)q( x). 1.5.1
deg q( x) = n q( x) n F.
f ( x) = ( x a)q( x) f ( x) n+1 F.

1.5.4

a R. a x + 1 f ( x) = x 3 + ax 2 + 2 x 1 .
1.5.3, x + 1 = x (1) f ( x)
f (1) = 0 .
f (1) = 0 ( 1) + a ( 1) + 2 ( 1) 1 = 0 a = 4.
3

. ,
x 2 + 1 , , i i.
F
.
.

.
1.5.5 ( )
C
.

.
1.5.6
f ( x) F [ x] deg f ( x) = n.
c, a1 ,..., an C f ( x) = c( x a1 )...( x an ) .

deg f ( x). deg f ( x) = 1,

b
f ( x) = ax + b = a( x ). n 1
a
n. f ( x) n+1.
, a1 C f (a1 ) = 0.
1.5.4
f ( x) = ( x a1 )q( x)
q( x) C[ x]. deg q( x) = n,
a C a2 ,..., an +1 C
q( x) = c( x a2 )...( x an +1 ). f ( x) = q( x) = c( x a1 )( x a2 )...( x an +1 ).

 49 54

1. f ( x) = c( x a1 )...( x an ) c
f ( x).
2. a1 ,..., an .

1.5.6
. .
1.5.7
b1 ,..., bm f ( x).
( x b 1 )...( x bm ) f ( x) C .
1.5.8

f ( x) = x 4 3 x 3 + 3 x 2 3 x + 2 1 2.
.
1.5.7 ( x 1)( x 2) = x 2 3 x + 2
f ( x) C .
f ( x) = ( x 2 3 x + 1)( x 2 + 1).
f ( x) i, i.
,
.
, .
1.5.9
z C ,
z .

z f ( x) = an x n + ... + a1 x + a0 , ai R .

f ( z ) = 0 f ( z ) = 0 an z n + ... + a1 z + a0 = 0
an z n + ... + a1 z + a0 = 0 an z n + ... + a1 z + a0 = 0

()

an z n + ... + a1 z + a0 = 0 an z

()

+ ... + a1 z + a0 = 0

f ( z ) = 0.

1.5.10

f ( x) = x 3 3 x 2 + 4 x 2
1+ i .
1.5.9 1 i.
1.5.7 ( x (1 + i ))( x (1 i )) = x 2 2 x + 2
f ( x) C .
f ( x) = ( x 2 2 x + 2)( x 1).

 50 54

f ( x) 1 + i, 1 i, 1.
Vieta
.
.
3
f ( x) = f 3 x 3 + f 2 x 2 + f1 x + f 0 .
a1 , a2 , a3 .
f3 x3 + f 2 x 2 + f1 x + f 0 = f 3 ( x a1 )( x a2 )( x a3 ) .

f
a1 + a2 + a3 = 2
f3
a1a2 + a1a2 + a2 a3 =
a1a2 a3 =

f1
f3

f0
.
f3

, f ( x) = f n x n + ... + f1 x + f 0 n
a1 ,..., an C ,
nk f nk
ai1 ...aik = ( 1)

fn
1 i1 <...<ik n
Vieta.
1.5.11
1) f ( x) F [ x] x 1
5 x 2 6.
f ( x) ( x 1)( x 2).
1.5.3 f (1) = 5, f (2) = 6.
q( x), r ( x) F [ x]
f ( x) = ( x 1)( x 2)q ( x) + r ( x), deg r ( x) < deg( x 2)( x 3) = 2.
deg r ( x) 1, r ( x) = ax + b.
f ( x) = ( x 1)( x 2)q( x) + ax + b.
x = 1 x = 2
5 = a+b
6 = 2a + b
a = 1. b = 4.
r ( x) = x + 4 .

2)
a C .
3
2
z + az + z + 1 = 0 z1 = i ,
.
i i 3 + ai 2 + i + 1 0 , a = 1.
z 3 + z 2 + z + 1

 51 54

i , i, i ,

1.5.9. 1.5.7,
2
3
2
( z i )( z + i ) = z + 1 z + z + z + 1 .
z3

+z2

z3

+ z +1

z2

+1

+1

z
z2

+1
1
0

, z 3 + z 2 + z + 1 = ( z 2 + 1)( z + 1) -1.
3) a1 , a2 , a3 C
f ( x) = 2 x 3 + x 2 + 3 x + 4.
a.

1 1 1
+ + .
a1 a2 a3

1 1 1
, ,
a1 a2 a3
Viet

1
a1 + a2 + a3 =
2
3
a1a2 + a1a2 + a2 a3 =
2
a1a2 a3 = 2.
a.
3
a
a
a
a
a
a
+
+
1 1 1
3
+ + = 1 2 1 3 2 3 = 2 = .
a1 a2 a3
a1a2 a3
4
2
1 1 1
, ,

b.
a1 a2 a3
b.

g ( x) = x 3 + g 2 x 2 + g1 x + g 0 . Vieta

1 1 1 3
g2 = + + =
a1 a2 a3 4
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 a1 + a2 + a3
1
+
+
=
= 2=
g1 =
2 4
a1 a2 a1 a3 a2 a3
a1a2 a3
1 1 1
1
1
=
= .
a1 a2 a3
a1a2 a3 2
3
1
1
g ( x) = x 3 + x 2 + x + .
4
4
2
g0 =

 52 54

b .

1
1
1

x x x ,
a1
a2
a3

Vieta.
3 1
= .
5
5 2

z 5 + 1 = 0.
1.4.15

4) cos

+ cos

z0 = cos

+ i sin

5
5
3
3
+ i sin
z1 = cos
5
5
5
5
+ i sin
z2 = cos
5
5
7
7
+ i sin
z3 = cos
5
5
9
9
.
+ i sin
z4 = cos
5
5
Vieta z 5 + 1 = 0
z0 + z1 + z2 + z3 + z4 = 0

Re( z0 + ... + z4 ) = 0.
cos

+ cos

3
5
7
9
+ cos
+ cos
+ cos
= 0.
5
5
5
5

5
= 1
5
7
3
3
cos
= cos = cos
5
5
5
9

= cos = cos .
cos
5
5
5
(*)

3
2 cos + 2 cos
1 = 0
5
5
.
cos

(*)

 53 54

1.5

1) f ( x) = x 3 x 2 + 2 x 2 x 1.
f ( x).
2) 2005
.
3) a ( ) x 2 + 2
x 4 6 x 2 + a. a x 4 6 x 2 + a = 0.
4) a C . x3 + ax 2 + x + 1 1 i.
a .
2
4
6
8
1
5) cos
+ cos
+ cos
+ cos
= .
9
9
9
9
2
3
6) a1 , a2 , a3 f ( x) = x x + 3 .
a) (1 + a1 )(1 + a2 )(1 + a3 ).
b) g ( x) = f ( x 1). g (0)
g (0) = (1 + a1 )(1 + a2 )(1 + a3 ).

/ 1.5

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

. 1, i 2 .
(. 1.5.9).
a = 16 . 2, 2 2.
. 1.5.11 3.
z 9 = 1 . 1.5.11 4.
a
Vieta. (1 + a1 )(1 + a2 )(1 + a3 ) = 3.

 54 54

1
1) a1 , a2 ,... .
2a 1
a1 = 1, an = n 1 , n = 2,3,...
3
n

2
n an = 3 1 .
3
2) z1 ,..., zn C , z1 + ... + zn z1 + ... + zn .
3
3
+ i sin
7
7 .
3)
5
5

i sin
2 cos

7
7

4) De Moivre 4,
4 tan 4 tan 3
tan 4 =
.
1 6 tan 2 + tan 4

x 4 + 4 x 3 6 x 2 4 x + 1 = 0.

5
9
13
(: x = tan , tan
, tan
, tan
.)
16
16
16
16
1 + i 3
5) a C
f ( x) = ax 4 + x 3 + 1 ;
2
f ( x) .
cos