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.
.

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17

, (18041918)

, 18041878. . . . . . . .

27

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61

.
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69

.
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89

.
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- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

, 19031914. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
.
1915. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
.
( ) (18781912). . . . . . . . . . . . 173

/ (19181945)

. . . . . . . . . 195

, : -
, 19181940.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

(19451991)

.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

.
(19451948) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265


- 19541955. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

285

: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

.
, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

/ :
, /,
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
1912 . . . 397
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
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. . . . . . . 411
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(. ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420

1941 1945.

, ,

. , ,

1944. , .
1941, ,
, .
. , 1940 1942,
.
, ( , , )
.
1943. 1944. .
.

.1
,
,
1 David Reynolds, From World War to Cold War. Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of
the 1940s (New York: Oxford University Press), 2006, . 122124.

224

, , , 1943.
1944. .
, 10. 1943. , .

.
. ,
,

1943.2

28. 2. 1943.
, ,
.
.
.
,
, ,
.
,
, ,
.3
1944.

.
.4
1944,
.5
2 Robert Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 19321945 (New York: Oxford
University Press, 19952), . 411.
3 , 28.11. 1943, Foreign Relations of the
United States ( FRUS), The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, Washington, 1961,
. 493496.
4 Vesselin Dimitrov, Stalins Cold War. Soviet Foreign Policy, Democracy and Communism in Bulgaria,
194148 (New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), . 77.
5 1944.
(Thomas M. Barker, The Ljubljana Gap Strategy: Alternative to Anvil/Dragoon, or Fantasy, The Jour-

 , ...

225

,
. 1943. ,

.6

.
1944.
90 , 250.7

, .
, , .
.
, , ,
,
. a ,
, , ,
.8


.
. ,
,
, . nal of Military History, vol. 56, No. 1 (Jan. 1992), . 6263),
1944, ,
. -, 18.10.1944, Francis L. Loewenheim, Harold D. Langle, Manfred Jonas (eds.),
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6 John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War 19411947 (New York,
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7 Ibid., . 79.
8 Eduard Mark, American policy towards Eastern Europe and the origins of the Cold War, 1941
1946: an alternative interpretation, Journal of American History, No. 68, 2 (1981), . 320, 321; Lloyd
C. Gardner, Spheres of Influence. The Partition of Europe from Munich to Yalta (London: Murray, 1992),
. 150, 162, 172; Warren F. Kimbal, The Juggler, Franklin Roosevelt as a Wartime statesman (Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1991), . 102, 169; Bruno Arcidiacono, LEurope balkanique entre guerre
et paix, relations interallies et partage en spheres, Relations internationales, No. 47, 3 (1986), .
352354.

226

,

.
1948. ,

1992. .

,
.
, , .
. ,

.
,
, , , . , ,

, .
.
.
,
.

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, .
,

.
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, 1943. 1980,
,
. .

: -

 , ...

227

1943-1948, 1949-1956, 19571968, 1968-1980.

. , , , ,

.

- .

1920.

, , -, 1915 1920. 1920, ,
1928. 1934. .

. , , .
1935. 1939.
,
.

.
1935.
, .
,
. , .
.
, . ,
,
. ,
, . -

228

(1936) ,
, ,
, .9
.
,
-, 1937-1938. . 1937,

-. ,
. 1936. 1938. .
. , ,
. 1938,
.

.10 ,
, . ,
, .
, ,
. ,
. ,
.11 ,
, .
de facto de jure .
,
. 1939. ,
9 Ubavka Vujoevi, Poslednja autobiografija Milna Gorkia, sekretara CK KPJ, Istorija 20 veka, No.
1 (1997), . 127.
10 , , , , , , 15. 9. 1938, , ( , ) . 495, . 277, . 21, II, . 249261.
11 Milovan Djilas, Memoir of a Revolutionary (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973), . 281.

 , ...

229

,
-. ,
.12
1939,
.


.
, . ,
. , .13
.

.
, , .14

. 1940.
V .15
, ,
, .
,
.

.

1941.
. 1941.
-. ,
, 27. 1941,
22.
12 29.12.1979, ( ),
838, IV5-a, 43.
13 , , , . 495, O. 11, . 368, . 6065.
14 Ibid.
15 V 1940. , , , VI, , 1983, . 339.

230

.
.16
,
1941. V
. , , , ,
.
,
.17
1941.
.

, .
.
.
, ,
.18

.
.
V .

1942.
, . ,

.
1942. ,
.

16 , () , , No.
13, XLIII (1992), . 302.
17 : , , , , ,
, A, 507, , II/38, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 24, 25, 28, 32.
18 Stevan K. Pavlowitch, Hitlers New Disorder. The Second World War in Yugoslavia (London: Hurst
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 , ...

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.19

.
.20

, ,
. , ,

. , 5. 1943.
, , , , ,
:


- . ,

, .21
29. 1943. ,
. . , ,

.
, ,
.
, .
.


. , ,
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19 Vojislav Pavlovic, Stalinism without Stalin. The Soviet origins of Titos Yugoslavia 19371948, in
Vojislav Pavlovic (ed.), The Balkans in The Cold War (Belgrade: Institute for Balkan Studies, 2011), .
3031.
20 Branko Pertanovi, Slobodan Neovi, AVNOJ i revolucija. Tematska zbirka dokumenata,
, 1983, . 178179.
21 , , , , .
, , . 17, . 187.

232

- .
:
.
-. 19431948.

.
. ,
. 717.
1943. ,
, .
,
. ,

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- ,
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1939. . , ,

.

-
.

1943. .
, ,
,
. , 1941. 1942. ,
.
1943,
, ,
.

 , ...

233

.
1944. II
. , . , 1944.
, 1939.
, .22
1944. ,
, .
,
.
, .
, ,
, .23
,
.

. , 1944,
.
(Robert Murphy), ,
31 1944.24
. ,
.25
, , .26 , 1944.
.
,
.
22 , 2.3.1944. Duan Biber, Tito eril. Strogo tajno, ,
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23 -, , 30.8.1944., FRUS 1944, IV, 1402,1403.
24 -, , 8.9.1944, FRUS 1944, IV, 1403,1404.
25 , , ,
, 13. 9. 1944, , , I3-b/890.
26 -, 16. 9. 1944. Ibid.

234

. 1944.

- . V
1940.
. ,
. ,
,
.
, 1941, .
, , ,
, .
1940. ,
.
. 1944.

.
, -,
.
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.
.
,
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1944, .
1945,
.
, . ,
, , 7. 1945.

 , ...

235

,
. ,
.
.
, ,
,
1938. ,
, . 1945


. , -, .
.
, ,
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, . 1945. ,
, .
, 19.
, 1945.
, .
18. , , ,

. , 17. ,
, :
, ,
, , , 11.
, , ,
, .27
27 6. ,
19.11.1945, FRUS 1945, V, 1286, 1287.

236

11. ,
. 1945.


, . - 30. 1943.
, ,
.28
.

,
, . ,
. ,
,
,
-. ,
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.
30. 1943. .

, ,
.

. 1944. , , ,
. , ,
,
() 28 -, , II,
, 1989, . 2425.

 , ...

237

.
1944.
.29

. , , , , ,
1943. .

.


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1944,

.30
,
, 1944, , , ,
.31


.
1944.
.32

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, .
,
. 1945. ,
, , .
29 -, 24. 12. 1944, , 836, I3-b/109.
30 , 28.1.1944. . . , , . 20, . 21.
31 , 22.4.1944. . . , , . 20, . 22.
32 Leonid Gibianskii, Federative Projects of the Balkan Communists and the USSR Policy during Second World War and at the Beginning of the Cold War, in V. Pavlovi (ed.), The Balkans in the Cold War
(Belgrade: Institute for Balkan Studies, 2012), . 52.

238

.33

.
IV , 1945. .
1945.
.
, .
, , .
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, . ,
IV , 10. 1945.
:
, ,
.34
:
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), .35
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9. 1945. ,
.36
2.
1945.
.

33 -, , 4.5.1945, Public Records Office, PREM 3 495/1.
34 , , 10.5.1945, , ,
( , NAW), , 740.00119 CONTROL (ITALY) /51045 59.
35 , , 11.5.1945, NAW,
, 740.0019 CONTROL(ITALY)/51045, 59.
36 9.6.1945. , , , 18.6.1945, NAW, , 740.00119, CONTROL(ITALY)/61845, 59.

 , ...

239

.
.
.

- 1937.37
, .
-
, . , ,
1945. .
,


. , , 1945. , .
.38 ,
, .
. ,
1946, . ,
1946. .
.39
. ,
, 1946. .
, 1946,
, .
.40 .
37 , , 13.5.1945; , , 17.5.1945, , , 19.5.1945, , , I3-b/905.
38 -, 2.1.1945, , , I3-b/586.
39 Gibianskii, op. cit., . 55, 56.
40 , 27.5.1946,
19451956, , 2010, . 109.

240

1947. ,
, .41 , .
,
. , ,
.42
(340
)
,
. ,
,
. .43

. , , , 1948, , .44
.
, , ,
.
,
.
11. 1948. , ,
,
, .


.
e , .


11. 1948. . , ,
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41 , , 19.4.1947. Ibid., . 181.
42 Momilo Pavlovi, Albania between Tito and Stalin in: V. Pavlovi, The Balkans in the Cold War,
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43 -, , 13. 2.1948, , , I3-b/650.
44 , op. cit.

 , ...

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,
, . .
.45
,
,
.
, , 27. 1948. - .46
- ,
,
.
, .
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.
,
.
,
, .
.
. , ,
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.

1948. ,
45 , 1 1948, , 260264.
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Fisher, A Gabri, L. Gibianskii, E. S. Klein, R. W. Preussen (d.), Jugoslavija v hladni vojni/Yugoslavia in
the Cold War, Institut za novejo zgodovino, Ljubljana, Toronto: University of Toronto, 2004, . 4244.

242

. -
.
- 1949-1956.
, , 1948.
. ,
, .
1943. - .
, , 1948, .

.
,
.
.
, ,
.
.

- 1949. 1956. .

.
,
.
. 1949, ,
, .47 - : -, .
, , 1949.
.48 :

.
, -
47 , 22.3.1949, , 50740.
48 , 30.8.1949, , 50742.

 , ...

243

.49 , ,
1949, ,
.
,
.50
1949, ,
, .
, ,
.
. ,
. 1949.
, .
1949. .
, , . , 1949,
, -
-. 1949.
. ,
1949, . ,
, , . ,
.51
1949. .
,
.
.



-.
49 , 7.9.1949, , 50743.
50 Darko Beki, Jugoslavija u haldnom ratu, Globus, Zagreb 1988, . 84, 85.
51 Ibid., . 91,92.

244

, .
.
,
,
. . ,
,
1950, , ( )
-
.52 1950,

.
, 1950, .53
-
-.
,
.

. .
.
(1950-1956) , .
1950, ,
. .54
, 1953,
,
. , 1953,

, .55

. -
1950-1956. , 52 , 28.6.1950, , 50748.
53 , 14.12.1950, , 50749.
54 , 14.2.1950, , 50749.
55 Nevenka Troha, Yugoslav Proposals for the Solution of the Trieste Question, : Fisher, Gabri,
Gibianskii, Klein, W. Preussen, Jugoslavija v hladni vojni, . 175178.

 , ...

245

VI
(1952), ( 1953) ,
, , .

.56 , ,
,
. , , .
,
,
.
.

, 1949. . 1949.
, ,
. ,
, , ,
, .
, 1954, , ( 1953)
, .57
.
.

,
.
, .

, ,
, , , .
,
. , , .
56 Andrey Edemskii, The Role of Milovan Djilas in Soviet-Yugoslav Relations, 19441954, : V.
Pavlovi, The Balkans in the Cold War, . 209, 216219.
57 , 19431991,
, 1995, . 42.

246

28. , 5 1953.58

, .
1953.
. 1953.

, , . ,
1954,
.
(1955) (1956) ,
. 1956,


.59 ,
.
1956.
.
1956, j , ,
.60

. , . .
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:
[
, . ..]
, ,

.
, ,

58 Darko Beki, Balkanski pakt: Mrtvoroene hladnog rata, : Fisher, Gabri, Gibianskii, Klein,
Preussen, Jugoslavija v hladni vojni, . 122123.
59 Drgn Bogeti, Nov strtegij spoljne politike Jugoslvije 19561961, Institut za savremenu istoriju,
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60 , , 19551956,
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 , ...

247

, , .61

,
.
- 1957-1968.

. je .

. , , .
,
.

.

- 1948. 1956,
. , (1969-1972)
:
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.... , ,
. -, ,
, .62
-, ,
1961,
-.
1957. 12 ,
61 Aleksandar Nenadovi, Razgovori s Koom, Globus, Zagreb 1989, . 134135.
62 Aleksndr Nendovi, Mirko Tepvc, senj i komentri, Radio B92, Beograd 1998, . 160161.

248

. ,
VII ( 1958) .
,
.63
-,

.

.
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.
1957, 1958.
1958.

. , , ,
, .64
1958. 10
. . ,

. 1956. , ,
285
.
. , , ,

. 1958.

, , 352 .65
63 D. Bogeti, Nov strtegij, . 184192.
64 Dragan Bogeti, Drugi jugoslovensko-sovjetski sukob 1958. i koncept aktivne miroljubive
koegzistencije, Istorija 20. veka, No. 2 (2004), . 123124.
65 , . 50- , , No. 3 (2010), . 96.

 , ...

249

,
, 1958.


, -.
,
,
. -

.66
.

1960, XV .67
. ,

. .
1958.

.68 - , , .

1958.
-. 1958/59.
. 1959.
.69
- .
1961. .
, .

.
66 Veljko Miunovi, Moskovske godine 1956/58, Jugoslovenska revija, Beograd 1977,2 . 482.
67 , , 28.9.1960, , 837, I2/12.
68 Sergei Khrushchev, Nikita Khrushchev: Creation of a Superpower (Pennsylvania State University
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69 , - 19541964,
( ), No. 12 (2006), . 146.

250

, , ,
. ,
1956.
. , ,
, , 1960,
, .
. , 1961, , ,
1961, .70
.
. ,
.
, .

.
,
,

. ,
, :

; , , .
, ,
. , , , , ,
- .
,
, 1961. ,
1948. .
,
, , ,
70 -T, 26.4.1961, , 837, I2/13.

 , ...

251

.71

. 1960,
, .72 ,
XXII , 1961,
. ,
,
, .

.73
,
, . , ,
. , , 1962,
, ,
,
,
.74
1961,
.
XXII - , . . ,
1962. , - , 1962,
.
1962.
. ,
,
.
, , . 71 Aleksandar Nenadovi, Razgovori s Koom.
72 , , 28,9,1960, , 837, , I2/13.
73 Dragan Bogeti, Jugoslovensko-sovjetski odnosi poetkom 60-tih godina, Istorija 20. veka, No. 3
(2011), . 211.
74 Ibid., . 218.

252

.
,
,
.
.
.


.

. ,
, ,
. , , 1947.
containment-a ()
, .
, , ,
,
, .75
, .76 :
,

. , . , ,
.77
. ,
,
. 75 , , 15.9.1961, FRUS, 19611963, vol. XVI, Eastern
Europe; Cyprus; Greece; Turkey, 1994, 97, 204.
76 ,
, , , 27.10.1961, : ,
, 27.10.1961, FRUS, 19611963 vol. XVI, Eastern Europe; Cyprus; Greece; Turkey, 1994, 106, . 222230.
77 Ibid.

 , ...

253

, 1960,
. , .78 , , ,
. 1948.
. ,
, ,
, .79

,

, 1948.
.80

:
....
.81

.

1962.82
78 , 15.1.1962, FRUS,19611963 Volume
XVI, Eastern Europe; Cyprus; Greece; Turkey, 1994, 118, 255.
1958. 1960.
1960, 275 , ,
, , , , .
100
. Ljubia Adamovi, Don Lempi, Rasel Priket, Ameriko-jugoslovenski ekonomski
odnosi posle Drugog svetskog rata, Radnika tampa, Beograd 1990, . 62.
79 , - 19611962, ,
No. 4 (2008), . 84. , FRUS, 19611963, vol. XVI,
Eastern Europe; Cyprus; Greece; Turkey, 1994, 112, . 238241.
80 -, , 4.12.1961, FRUS, 19611963, vol. XVI, Eastern Europe; Cyprus;
Greece; Turkey, 1994, 113, . 242247.
81 , , , , 17.4.1962, FRUS, 1961
1963, vol. XVI, Eastern Europe; Cyprus; Greece; Turkey, 1994, 122, . 260261.
82 , , 29.5.1962, FRUS, 19611963, vol.
XVI, Eastern Europe; Cyprus; Greece; Turkey, 1994, 127, . 266270.

254

, .
,
,
, ,
1962.
,
1881. .83
, , je

. .84
, 1962.
.

1962. 1963. .

1948. .85
1962,
.86
, , , , , .
- 1963. .87
.
1963. .

.88

, 83 Adamovi, Lempi, Priket, Ameriko-jugoslovenski ekonomski odnosi, . 64.
84 John Lewis Gaddis, George F. Kennan: an American life (New York: The Penguin Press, 2011).
85 , 28.11.1962, FRUS, 19611963, vol, XVI, Eastern
Europe; Cyprus; Greece; Turkey, Washington 1994, 140, . 296.
86 , 3.1.1963. , 144, . 316.
87 Dragan Bogeti, Jugoslavija i SAD. Od sporenja ka saradnji. Iskuenja na putu normalizacije odnosa
tokom 1963, Istorija 20. veka, No. 2 (2009), . 125.
88 , 7.4.1963, , 837, , I1/1089.

 , ...

255

, 1963.89
, ,

.90
. ,
,
1963,
.91 ,
, 1963,

.92
.
1961, .93

.
,
.

.
,
, . 1962.
.94 1963, , ,
.
,
1956. , .
.
89 , 5.5.1963, FRUS, 19611963, vol. XVI, Eastern Europe;
Cyprus; Greece; Turkey, Washington 1994, 160, . 350353.
90 Dragan Bogeti, Jugoslavija i SAD, . 128.
91 Ibid., . 124.
92 , , 17.10.1963., FRUS, 19611963, vol. XVI,
Eastern Europe; Cyprus; Greece; Turkey, Washington 1994, 162, . 353359.
93 Ibid.
94 Ibid.

256

,
1959-1963. . .

,
.
, , ,
, , .
,
, . ,
1963. , ,

, .95 , 1962-1963.
1968.
, , .

.

.

. , ,
.
, .
, .96
1964. , .
1961. 1968. , , , ,
3% . , ,
95 ,
, , , 27.10.1961, , ,
, 27.10.1961, FRUS, 19611963, vol. XVI, Eastern Europe; Cyprus; Greece; Turkey, 1994, 106, . 222230.
96 , , . 149; Benjamin Zachariah, Nehru (London, Routledge, 2004),
. 236.

 , ...

257

17,5% (1967), 20,5% (1962),

17,8% (1968).97
-
1967. 12 , ,
, ,
.98

. ,
, , 1967. .

.
.
.

.
, ,
. 99
. (5. 1967)
, , ,
.100 ,
9-10. 1967.
.
1967, , , .
,

.

.101
97 19181988. , , 1988,
. 300307.
98 , , 12.6.1967, , 837, , I2/353.
99 , , 24.6. 1967, , 837, , I3-a/97.
100 , 5.6.1967, , 837, , I2/35.
101 , , 837, 11.6.1967., , KPR I2/33.

258

.
.
. .
11. 1967. .
, .102 ,
, .
, , , , - .103
,
, .

,
. , 1967,
.
.
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Dr. Vojislav Pavlovi

Institute for Balkan Studeies
Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade

The Ideological Origins of Titos Foreign Policy.

Yugoslavia as Part of the Soviet Sphere of Interest
In the authors opinion, the foreign policy of Communist Yugoslavia was undoubtedly
Titos personal creation. This was not because he was a great strategist or a trained
diplomat but because it was he who due to the nature of one-party system made all

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final decisions on Yugoslavias foreign policy strategy. Trained in Moscow in mid-1930s,

he would continue to receive instructions from the Soviet capital during WW2 when he
became a guerrilla leader. He would view all contacts with Western Allies through his
ideological prism as a temporary cooperation with imperialist powers.
The basic task of Titos diplomacy during WW2 was to legalise the coup dtat made
by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia at the second session of the Antifascist Council
of National Liberation held in Jajce in November 1943. At this session, the legal Yugoslav
royal government in London was replaced by new, communist-led organs. In the following decades, the foreign policy of Communist Yugoslavia did not change its key aim to
maintain the internal political system and independence of the state on the basis of the
decisions passed in Jajce.
After winning their civil and ideological war against the royalist forces of General Mihailovich, Titos partisans became the forerunners of a policy that would later be
termed cold war logic. American and British governments soon realized the aggressive
nature of Titos movement resulting from a peculiar mix of ideological Messianism and
the self-confidence of an autochthonous resistance movement. By pursuing this aggressive policy, Tito managed to cause the first regional albeit limited confrontation of
the East and the West based on a logic that would mark the post-war history of Europe.
This policy gradually provoked discontent of his Soviet protector, who after three years
of continual Yugoslav territorial demands towards Albania, Bulgaria and territories in
Italy and Austria assessed that such plans were detrimental to Soviet interests. There is
no doubt that Tito was the most committed ideological follower of Stalin, but also the
only one who believed that he was entitled to his own initiatives in the field of foreign
policy. This misunderstanding of Titos about the Yugoslav position within the Eastern
Block provoked the break of state and party relations of Communist Yugoslavia with the
Soviet Union in June 1948.
A period of cooperation with the West (19511956) was followed by a period of
close relations with the Eastern Block until 1956, and especially from 1962 to 1968. Communist Yugoslavia was not able to establish a stable international position. This was a
consequence of the ideological character of her foreign policy, which aimed not only to
preserve state independence but also to maintain communism within her borders and
also to spread it in the newly liberated countries of Africa and Asia. These ideological
imperatives led Yugoslavia to pursue a pro-Soviet foreign policy. The author of this concept was, once again, Tito himself. The limitations of this kind of policy became obvious
on several occasions: in 1956 during the crisis in Hungary; during the first summit of
non-aligned countries in 1961; and during the Prague Spring in 1968. The last period in
which Tito acted as the creator of Yugoslav foreign policy was marked by a strategy based
on a multilateral approach and the Non-Aligned Movement. Following this period, the
aims of the Movement would no longer be the same.
Upon the creation of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1961 in Belgrade, it received
positive assessment by the Soviet leadership, which held that the Movement shared the
aims of the Eastern Block the struggle against imperialism. The meaning and the practical implementation of the second axiom (peaceful coexistence) of Yugoslav communist

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foreign policy were defined by the end of 1962, when Tito, upon his return from the
Soviet Union, declared that Yugoslavia would pursue a policy of peaceful and active coexistence with other countries, but that she would stick to the principle of the closest cooperation with socialist countries, since she was a socialist state herself. The equidistance
of Yugoslav foreign policy was therefore merely formal, in spite of the fact that Yugoslavia
was not a member of any block. Her foreign policy, however, shared ideological premises
with the Soviet one. This often led to identical standpoints. The key difference was that
Yugoslavia kept her independent position and did not accept any forms of cooperation
that could be interpreted as a return to the Eastern Block.
In the period following 1948, the Yugoslav diplomatic corps clearly demonstrated
commendable skilfulness, knowledge and initiative, but its results were still dire. The
Yugoslav path to socialism was in effect non-existent since it had become apparent that
it was economically unsustainable and politically inapt to overcome the challenges of
Yugoslav society. It survived only due to Western economic and, occasionally, political
support. The author concludes that Yugoslav achievements compared with other postauthoritarian countries of Southern Europe indicate that the Yugoslav path to socialism
and Yugoslav diplomacy were no more than a failed experiment of the Yugoslav communist leader, who would never be able to overcome the basic political postulates which he
had learned in the 1930s in Stalins capital.