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Bonding and Intermolecular Forces
Bonding and Intermolecular Forces
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Types of bonding
There are three types of bond that can occur between atoms:
an ionic bond
occurs between
a metal and
non-metal atom
(e.g. NaCl)
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a covalent
bond occurs
between two
non-metal atoms
(e.g. I2, CH4)
a metallic bond
occurs between
atoms in a metal
(e.g. Cu)
Ionic bonding
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8/0
Charge
1+
2+
3+ N/A 3-
2-
1- N/A
O2-
F- N/A
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Covalent bonding
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Co-ordinate bonding
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Metallic bonding
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Element
Na
Mg
Al
Charge on ion
1+
2+
3+
923
933
Boardworks Ltd 2009
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Li
Na
Rb
Cs
0.076
0.102
0.138
0.152
0.167
454
371
337
312
302
Types of bonding
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What is electronegativity?
In a covalent bond between two different elements, the
electron density is not shared equally.
This is because different elements have differing abilities to
attract the bonding electron pair. This ability is called an
elements electronegativity.
Electronegativity
values for some
common elements.
Values given here
are measured on
the Pauling scale.
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higher
electronegativity
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lower
electronegativity
Boardworks Ltd 2009
Non-polar bonds
If the electronegativity of both atoms in a covalent bond is
identical, the electrons in the bond will be equally attracted
to both of them.
This results in a symmetrical
distribution of electron
density around the two
atoms.
Bonding in elements (for
example O2 or Cl2) is always
non-polar because the
electronegativity of the atoms
in each molecule is the same.
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Polar bonds
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Cl
Br
2.2
4.0
3.2
3.0
2.7
Molecule
HF
HCl
HBr
HI
Electronegativity
difference
between atoms
1.8
1.0
0.8
0.5
decreasing polarization
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Ionic or covalent?
Rather than saying that ionic and covalent are two distinct
types of bonding, it is more accurate to say that they are at
the two extremes of a scale.
Less polar bonds have
more covalent
character.
increasing polarization
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Polar molecules
Molecules containing polar bonds are not always polar.
Non-polar molecules
Polar molecules
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The strength of
van der Waals
forces increases
as molecular size
increases.
This is illustrated
by the boiling
points of group 7
elements.
F2
Cl2
Br2
element
I2
butane (C4H10)
2-methylpropane (C4H10)
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Hydrogen bonding
In molecules with OH
or NH groups, a lone
pair of electrons on
nitrogen or oxygen is
attracted to the slight
positive charge on the
hydrogen on a
neighbouring molecule.
hydrogen
bond
lone pair
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HCl
HBr
HI
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Glossary
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Multiple-choice quiz
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