356

2
3

1

2

3

e +e

e -e

1

Na+1Cl-1 , Ca+2F-2 , K+I-1 .
2

H2S
S -2
H +1

1
O20, N20, Na0, Mg0, Fe0 ---------

(2
H2O : 2(+1)+(-2) = 0

NaCl: (+1) + (-1) = 0

(3)
NaCl ;

OH-: -2+1= -1 , HS-: 1+(-2) = -1 .

4
-1
+1 Li+H- , K+H--------- .
(5)
(H2O2-1) -1 O+2F2)

-2
(6) -1
NaF, HF , AlF3 , BF3 -------- .

MnO2 Mn .

X +2(-2) = 0 X = +4
Fe3O4 Fe 3X+4(-2) = 0

3X = 8
X = 8/3
MnO42- : X+4(-2) = -2 X = +6
S2O32- : 2X+3(-2) = -2
X = +2

K2CrO4 : 2+X+4(-2) = 0

X = +6

H NO2 : 1+X+2(-2) = 0

X = +3

N H4 +:

X=-3

X+4(1) = +1

H20 + Cu+2O = Cu0 + H2+O

H20 - 2e = 2H+

e
=
Cu+2O + 2e = Cu + O2 e
=

=
=
e

2 e

e = e
=

1 =
2


1
2

 3 4

3 =

 KMO4 K2SO3

1 :

KMnO4 + K2SO3+H +~ MnSO4 +K2SO4

2
KMnO4 + K2SO3 ~ MnO2 + K2SO4
3
KMnO4+K2SO3+OH- ~K2MnO4+K2SO4

 H+ OH-
H

2O :

+H2O 2H+ . +2H+ H2O

+H2O 2H+ . +H2O 2OH +2OH- H2O. +H2O 2OH-

1 ==

1
2

1


2

Cu-Zn
Zn + Cu2+ = Zn2+ + Cu -----

Zn0 _ 2e = Zn2+

Cu2+ + 2e = Cu
-

Zn -2e = Zn2+
;
Cu2+
Cu2+ + 2e = Cu

Cu-Zn
Zn - 2e = Zn2+

Cu2++ 2e = Cu

Zn -2e =Zn2+
Cu2+-2e =Cu

KCl)
U

Cl- Zn
Zn2+
K+ Cu
SO42-

Zn-ZnSO4)
Zn - 2e = Zn2+ V
Zn2++2e = Zn V
V
V V= V

Zn2+
e)

/

Cu2+/Cu .

Fe3+/Fe .

MnO4-/Mn2+ Cl2/Cl-

+ ne =

1.
1mol / L ,
101.3kPa
2980K

2 -

0 H+/ H2 = 0 ,

[ (Pt)H2 l H+ (c)]

E
E0 = 0x- 0H+/ H2 = 0x

1
2

E0 = 0H+/ H2 - 0x = - 0x

1
H+
2
OH-
3 H+ L
OH-
Sn4+/Sn2+ Sn4+

 -
1

-
0 [ ] 0
[ ] ;

0 1/ 1

0 2/ 2
:
1+ 2= 1+ 2
0 MnO4-/ Mn2+ > 0 SO42 -/ SO32-

MO4- + SO32- + H+ Mn2+ + SO42 - + H2O

0 -

E0 > 0 .
E0 > 0
E0 < 0

 0 -
1 -

0(+) 0(-) ;
2 E0
E0 = 0(+) - 0(-) > 0
E0 = 0(+) - 0(-) < 0

2 - K
K sp 1 0 E0 G0

G0 > 0

E0 > 0

E0

G = -nFE
G0 = - nFE0

 2
K
K > 105

G0 = -RT Ln K = -2.303RT LgK

G0 = -nF E0

LgK = nE0 / 0.0592 ---------- 10-4

(3) K
Ksp
0
+
-

Ag + Br = AgBr(s) K Ksp

Ag+ + Br- + Ag = AgBr(s) + Ag

Ag+ + 1e = Ag
0Ag+ / Ag = o.799V
Ag - 1e + Br- = AgBr 0AgBr/Ag =0.0711 V

Ag+ + Br- = AgBr(s)

LgK = n(0- -0 ) / 0.0592 = 12.3

K = 1.99 1012

Ksp = 1 / K = 5.0 10-13

-----

1
1

2
3 ~ 2980C
2 ~

1
E = E0 - o.o592/nLg[D]d[E]e/ [A]a[B]b
2
= 0+0.0592/nLg[ ]/[
]
n ~
[ ]

[ ]

3
1
2

3

PH-

pH--

pH
pH

[H+]

[H+]

-
-
~

2H2O - 4e O2 + 4H+ = 1.229V

~

2H2O+2e H2 + 2OH- = -0.8277V

pH- -

1 pH

2)
-
3

5-1

5-2
-