Formula Sheet

Differential of Arc Length

2
s
dy
2+
+
dx
dt
ds =
dt

dz
dt

Polar Coordinates

dt

p
x2 + y 2 , dA = rdrd

x = r cos , y = r sin , r =
Cylindrical Coordinates

x = r cos , y = r sin , z = z, dV = rdzdrd

Spherical Coordinates
x = sin cos , y = sin sin , z = cos , dV = 2 sin ddd
Differential of Surface Area
q
dS = 1 + zx 2 + zy 2 dA
dS = |ru (u, v) rv (u, v)| dA
Greens Theorem
I

ZZ

P dx + Qdy =

Gauss Theorem
Z Z

dA

Z Z Z

F n dS =
S

div F dV
D

Stokes Theorem
I
Z Z

F dr =
curl F n
C

dS

Variation of Parameters
y 00 + p(x)y 0 + q(x)y = 0;
00

y = c1 y1 + c2 y2

y + p(x)y + q(x)y = r(x); yp = u1 y1 + u2 y2

y2 (x)r (x)
0
u1 (x) =
,
W

u2 (x) =

y1 (x)r (x)
,
W

0
W = y1 (x)y20 (x) y2 (x)y
1 (x)

Solutions to Some ODEs

Linear Equation
y 00 + 2 y = 0,
y 00 2 y = 0,

> 0;
> 0;

y = c1 cos x + c2 sin x
y = c1 ex + c2 ex or y = c1 cosh x + c2 sinh x

Euler Equation
x2 y 00 + xy 0 2 y = 0,

x > 0;

y=

c1 x + c2 x
c1 + c2 ln x

,
,

=0
=0

Parametric Bessel Equation

2

x y 00 + xy 0 + ( x )y = 0;

y = c1 J (x) + c2 Y (x).

Legendres Equation
(1 x2 )y 00 2xy 0 + y = 0;
P0 (x) = 1
1
P3 (x) =

= n = n(n + 1),

yn = Pn (x),

n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
1
1
P2 (x) = 3x 2
2
1

P1 (x) = x
4

5x 3x
2

P4 (x) = 1 35x
8

30x2 + 3

P5 (x) =

63x5 70x3

+ 15x .

Trigonometric Fourier Series

f (x) = a0 +

n=1

1
a0 =

2L

nx

nx
an cos
L

X h

1
f (x) dx, an =

+ bn sin
Z

i
;
1

nx
f (x) cos(

) dx, bn =

nx
f (x) sin(

Fourier-Bessel Series

X
f (x) =
cn Jm (n x), Jm (n b) = 0
n=1

cn =

2
2
b2 Jm+1
(n b)

b
0

xJm (n x)f (x)dx

0
cn Jm (n x), hJm (n b) + bJ
(n b) = 0
m
n=1
Z
b
22n
cn = 2 2
xJm (n x)f (x)dx
( n b m2 + h2 )Jm2 (n 0
b)

f (x) =

cn J0 (n x), 0J 0 (n b) = 0
Zb
n=1
Zb
2
2
c0 = 2
xJ0 (n x)f (x)dx
xf (x)dx, cn = 2 2
b J0 (n b) 0
b 0

f (x) = c0 +

Fourier-Legendre Series

f (x) =
=

cn Pn (x); cn

2n + 1
2

f (x)Pn (x)dx

2n + 1

n=0

F () = f (cos ) =

n=0

Table of Integrals
Z
Z

udv = uv vdu

cn Pn (cos ); cn =

F ()Pn (cos ) sin d.

) dx

Z
xn dx =

x n+1
+ C,
n+1

n = 1

1
dx = ln |x| + C
x
ex dx = ex + C

sin x dx = cos x + C
Z

cos x dx = sin x + C
Z

sec x dx = ln |sec x + tan x| + C

Z

tan x dx = ln |cos x| + C
Z
sec2 x dx = tan x + C

sec x tan x dx = sec x + C