Whats up with Bump Testing ?

By: Jack D. Peters

Connection Technology Center, Inc
590 Fishers Station Drive
Victor, New York 14564
(585) 924-5900 x834

www.ctconline.com

Bump Testing

What is a bump test ?

A bump test is the measured response of
an impact to an object.
The force of the impact is not controlled
or measured.
The response of the object is not
controlled, BUT IS MEASURED.
A single channel response
measurement.
Jack D. Peters

Bump Testing

Why do a bump test ?

To excite and measure the natural
frequency(s) of an object.
9To identify a resonance
9To understand a change in mass
9To understand a change in stiffness
9To understand a change in damping

Jack D. Peters

Bump Testing

How does it work ?

Fundamental 1
2nd Harmonic 1
3rd Harmonic 1
4th Harmonic 1
5th Harmonic 1
10th Harmonic 1
20th Harmonic 1
50th Harmonic 1
100th Harmonic 1
Bump 1
8
V

Real

-8
0 s

Jack D. Peters

1.999023 s

Bump Testing

Sine Waves ?
Fundamental 1
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
0.1
V

Real

-0.1
0 s

Jack D. Peters

1.999023 s

Bump Testing

Bumps from Sine Waves ?

Time Record 1
8
V

Real

-8
0 s

1.999023 s

Time Record 1
0.1
V

Real

-0.1
0 s

Jack D. Peters

1.999023 s

Bump Testing

100th Harmonic
Fundamental 1
2nd Harmonic 1
3rd Harmonic 1
4th Harmonic 1
5th Harmonic 1
10th Harmonic 1
20th Harmonic 1
50th Harmonic 1
100th Harmonic 1
Bump 1
8
V

Real

-8
0 s

Jack D. Peters

1.999023 s

Bump Testing

50th Harmonic
Fundamental 1
2nd Harmonic 1
3rd Harmonic 1
4th Harmonic 1
5th Harmonic 1
10th Harmonic 1
20th Harmonic 1
50th Harmonic 1
Bump 1
Fundamental 1
4
V

Real

-4
0 s

Jack D. Peters

1.999023 s

Bump Testing

20th Harmonic
Fundamental 1
2nd Harmonic 1
3rd Harmonic 1
4th Harmonic 1
5th Harmonic 1
10th Harmonic 1
20th Harmonic 1
Bump 1
Empty
Empty
2
V

Real

-2
0 s

Jack D. Peters

1.999023 s

Bump Testing

10th Harmonic
Fundamental 1
2nd Harmonic 1
3rd Harmonic 1
4th Harmonic 1
5th Harmonic 1
10th Harmonic 1
Bump 1
Empty
Empty
Empty
1
V

Real

-1
0 s

Jack D. Peters

1.999023 s

10

Bump Testing

5th Harmonic
Fundamental 1
2nd Harmonic 1
3rd Harmonic 1
4th Harmonic 1
5th Harmonic 1
Bump 1
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
0.5
V

Real

-0.5
0 s

Jack D. Peters

1.999023 s

11

Bump Testing

4th Harmonic
Fundamental 1
2nd Harmonic 1
3rd Harmonic 1
4th Harmonic 1
Bump 1
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
0.4
V

Real

-0.4
0 s

Jack D. Peters

1.999023 s

12

Bump Testing

3rd Harmonic
Fundametal 1
2nd Harmonic 1
3rd harmonic 1
Bump 1
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
0.3
V

Real

-0.3
0 s

Jack D. Peters

1.999023 s

13

Bump Testing

2nd Harmonic
Fundamental 1
2nd Harmonic 1
Bump 1
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
0.2
V

Real

-0.2
0 s

Jack D. Peters

1.999023 s

14

Bump Testing

Fundamental
Fundamental 1
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
0.1
V

Real

-0.1
0 s

Jack D. Peters

1.999023 s

15

Bump Testing

2nd Harmonic
Fundamental 1
2nd Harmonic 1
Bump 1
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
0.2
V

Real

-0.2
0 s

Jack D. Peters

1.999023 s

16

Bump Testing

3rd Harmonic
Fundametal 1
2nd Harmonic 1
3rd harmonic 1
Bump 1
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
0.3
V

Real

-0.3
0 s

Jack D. Peters

1.999023 s

17

Bump Testing

4th Harmonic
Fundamental 1
2nd Harmonic 1
3rd Harmonic 1
4th Harmonic 1
Bump 1
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
0.4
V

Real

-0.4
0 s

Jack D. Peters

1.999023 s

18

Bump Testing

5th Harmonic
Fundamental 1
2nd Harmonic 1
3rd Harmonic 1
4th Harmonic 1
5th Harmonic 1
Bump 1
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
0.5
V

Real

-0.5
0 s

Jack D. Peters

1.999023 s

19

Bump Testing

10th Harmonic
Fundamental 1
2nd Harmonic 1
3rd Harmonic 1
4th Harmonic 1
5th Harmonic 1
10th Harmonic 1
Bump 1
Empty
Empty
Empty
1
V

Real

-1
0 s

Jack D. Peters

1.999023 s

20

Bump Testing

20th Harmonic
Fundamental 1
2nd Harmonic 1
3rd Harmonic 1
4th Harmonic 1
5th Harmonic 1
10th Harmonic 1
20th Harmonic 1
Bump 1
Empty
Empty
2
V

Real

-2
0 s

Jack D. Peters

1.999023 s

21

Bump Testing

50th Harmonic
Fundamental 1
2nd Harmonic 1
3rd Harmonic 1
4th Harmonic 1
5th Harmonic 1
10th Harmonic 1
20th Harmonic 1
50th Harmonic 1
Bump 1
Fundamental 1
4
V

Real

-4
0 s

Jack D. Peters

1.999023 s

22

Bump Testing

100th Harmonic
Fundamental 1
2nd Harmonic 1
3rd Harmonic 1
4th Harmonic 1
5th Harmonic 1
10th Harmonic 1
20th Harmonic 1
50th Harmonic 1
100th Harmonic 1
Bump 1
8
V

Real

-8
0 s

Jack D. Peters

1.999023 s

23

Bump Testing

How does it work ?

Bump testing or impact testing works
because the bump or impact contains all
of the individual frequencies or sign
waves.
When you bump or impact the object
under test, you will excite all of the
natural frequencies of that object.
Jack D. Peters

24

Bump Testing

What do you impact with ?

Pin Drops !
9 High frequency
content
9 Low energy value

Jack D. Peters

Cow Plops !
9 Low frequency
content
9 High energy value

25

Bump Testing

Energy Value vs. Frequency

The item used to deliver the impact to the
object under test will determine the energy that
is delivered to the object.
9 Large objects with considerable mass should be
impacted with rubber or wood. This will generate
high energy low frequency responses. (cow plops)
9 Small objects with considerable stiffness should be
impacted with metal or hard plastics. This will
generate low energy high frequency responses.
(pin drops)
Jack D. Peters

26

Bump Testing

Set-up

UNIFORM WINDOW
Take your time Bump around
Do not over range or clip the input signal
800 1600 lines of resolution
Try some different frequency spans
Only 1 bump for each time record
About 4 averages (depends on noise)
Jack D. Peters

27

Bump Testing

Why the Uniform Window ?

Jack D. Peters

28

Bump Testing

What to Bump ?
1 diameter steel round stock
36 length
Clamped in V blocks at each end
CTC AC140 accelerometer stud mounted
on center (100 mV/g)

Jack D. Peters

29

Bump Testing

Bump It !

Two Responses !

X:23.4375 ms
dX:76.17188 ms
Time Record 1

Y:1.63297 G
dY:-1.36474 G

Time Waveform
TIME4.63

2
G

Real

-2
0 s
X:58.75 Hz
X:65.5 Hz
X:70.75 Hz
Auto Pwr Spec 1

1 s
Y:8.550765 mG
Y:12.23725 mG
Y:8.475402 mG

Frequency Spectrum
HZ4.63

0.015
G
rms
Real
0
0 Hz

Jack D. Peters

100 Hz

30

Bump Testing

Mental Health Check !

X:23.4375 ms
dX:76.17188 ms
Time Record 1
2
G

Y:1.63297 G
dY:-1.36474 G

Time Waveform

76.17 msec/5 = 15.23 msec

TIME4.63

Real

F = 1/0.01523 sec = 65.64 Hz

-2
0 s
X:58.75 Hz
X:65.5 Hz
X:70.75 Hz
Auto Pwr Spec 1
0.015
G
rms

1 s
Y:8.550765 mG
Y:12.23725 mG
Y:8.475402 mG

Frequency Spectrum
HZ4.63

65.5 Hz

Real
0
0 Hz

Jack D. Peters

100 Hz

31

Case History

CASE HISTORY

Bumps in the Road !

Jack D. Peters

32

Case History

So Easy !!!!!!
Time Waveform

Time Record 1

TIME3.63

4.5
G

Real

-4.5
0 s
X:109 Hz
Auto Pwr Spec 1
0.6
G
rms

3.998047 s
Y:539.6552 mG

Frequency Spectrum

HZ3.63

109 Hz

Real

0
0 Hz

Jack D. Peters

200 Hz

33

Case History

Zoom
X:164.0625 ms
dX:554.6875 ms
Time Record 1

Y:1.379613 G
dY:-729.2974 mG

Time Waveform

TIME1.63

2
G

Real

-2
0 s
X:109.125 Hz
Auto Pwr Spec 1
0.3
G
rms

8 s
Y:214.7374 mG

Frequency Spectrum
HZ1.63

109.125 Hz

Real

0
50.00001 Hz

Jack D. Peters

150 Hz

34

Case History

Zoom & Mental Health Check

X:164.0625 ms
dX:554.6875 ms
Time Record 1
2
G

Y:1.379613 G
dY:-729.2974 mG

Time Waveform

TIME1.63

554 msec/5 = 110.8 msec

What

Real

F = 1/0.1108 sec = 9.02 Hz

-2
0 s
X:109.125 Hz
Auto Pwr Spec 1

8 s
Y:214.7374 mG

Frequency Spectrum
HZ1.63

0.3
G
rms

109.125 Hz

Real

0
50.00001 Hz

Jack D. Peters

150 Hz

35

the
He_ _ !

Case History

So Easy ??????
Time Waveform

Time Record 1

TIME3.63

4.5
G

Real

-4.5
0 s
X:109 Hz
Auto Pwr Spec 1
0.6
G
rms

3.998047 s
Y:539.6552 mG

Frequency Spectrum

HZ3.63

109 Hz

Real

0
0 Hz

Jack D. Peters

200 Hz

36

Case History

Whats This ?
Time Waveform

Time Record 1

TIME3.63

4.5
G

Real

-4.5
0 s

3.998047 s

X:109 Hz
Auto Pwr Spec 1
0.6
G
rms

????

Y:539.6552 mG

Frequency Spectrum

HZ3.63

109 Hz

Real

0
0 Hz

Jack D. Peters

200 Hz

37

Case History

Log Cant Live With It, Cant Live Without It !

Time Waveform

Time Record 1

TIME3.63

4.5
G

Real

-4.5
0 s

3.998047 s

X:11 Hz
X:109 Hz
Auto Pwr Spec 1
1
G
rms

11 Hz

Mag (Log)

Y:12.05162 mG
Y:539.6552 mG

Frequency Spectrum
HZ3.63

109 Hz
Log "Y" Scale

1E-05
0 Hz

Jack D. Peters

200 Hz

38

Case History

0 50 Hz Span
Time Waveform

Time Record 1

TIME2.63

0.4
G

Real

-0.4
0 s

15.99219 s

X:10.8125 Hz
Auto Pwr Spec 1

Y:2.774957 mG

Frequency Spectrum
HZ2.63

0.008
G
rms

10.81 Hz

Magnitude

0
0 Hz

Jack D. Peters

50 Hz

39

Case History

0 - 50 Hz (expanded x scale)
X:148.4375 ms
dX:460.9375 ms
Time Record 1
0.4
G

Y:152.3216 mG
dY:-131.8069 mG

Time Waveform
TIME2.63

460.9 msec/5 = 92.18 msec

Real

F = 1/0.09218 sec = 10.84 Hz

-0.4
0 s

4 s

X:10.8125 Hz
Auto Pwr Spec 1

Y:2.774957 mG

Frequency Spectrum
HZ2.63

0.008
G
rms

10.81 Hz

Magnitude

0
0 Hz

Jack D. Peters

50 Hz

40

Bump Testing

Back to Bump Testing

X:23.4375 ms
dX:76.17188 ms
Time Record 1
2
G

Y:1.63297 G
dY:-1.36474 G

Time Waveform

76.17 msec/5 = 15.23 msec

TIME4.63

Real

F = 1/0.01523 sec = 65.64 Hz

-2
0 s
X:58.75 Hz
X:65.5 Hz
X:70.75 Hz
Auto Pwr Spec 1

1 s
Y:8.550765 mG
Y:12.23725 mG
Y:8.475402 mG

Frequency Spectrum
HZ4.63

65.5 Hz

0.015
G
rms
Real
0
0 Hz

Jack D. Peters

100 Hz

41

Amplification Factor

Using the Time Waveform

X:23.4375 ms
X:99.60938 ms
Time Record 1

Y:1.63297 G
Y:268.2297 mG

A0 = 1.633 G
An = 0.268 G

2
G

Real

Time Waveform
TIME4.63

F = 1/0.01523 sec = 65.64 Hz

n = 5 cycles
LN = natural log

-2
0 s

1 s

Log decrement = [1/n[LN(A0/An)]] = [1/5[LN(1.633/0.268)]] = 0.36

Damping ratio = Log dec/2Pi = 0.36/2Pi = 0.36/6.28 = 0.057
Amplification factor = 1/(2*Damping) = 1/(2*0.057) = 8.68
Jack D. Peters

42

Amplification Factor

Using the Spectrum

X:58.75 Hz
X:65.5 Hz
X:70.75 Hz
Auto Pwr Spec 1
0.015
G
rms

Y:8.550765 mG
Y:12.23725 mG
Y:8.475402 mG

Frequency Spectrum
HZ4.63

F = 65.5 Hz
f2 = 70.75 Hz
f1 = 58.75 Hz

Real

-3dB

0
0 Hz

100 Hz

Find the 3dB points = AF * .707 = 12.24 mG * .707 = 8.65 mG

Find the frequencies at the 3dB points (f1 and f2)
Amplification factor = F/ (f2 - f1) = 65.5/(70.75 58.75) = 5.46
Jack D. Peters

43

Mass & Stiffness

Fn = 1/2Pi k/m
INCREASE the
stiffness ( k )

INCREASE the
mass ( m )

INCREASE the
frequency (F)

DECREASE the
frequency ( F )

Jack D. Peters

44

Damping

Control the Response

Un-Damped

Damped

Jack D. Peters

45

Bump Testing

Summary
Take your time
Choose your
weapon
Bump around
Uniform Window
Look at the time
waveform
Look at the
frequency spectrum
Jack D. Peters

Do a mental health
check
Calculate the
amplification factor
Change the mass
Change the stiffness
Add damping
Bump around
46

Thank You !

Thank You !

You can find technical papers on

this and other subjects at

www.ctconline.com
in the Technical
Resources section
Jack D. Peters

47