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()
2008
( 1416//17-07-2008 2113//13-10-2008)
2008
..... - ...
/
/
1-7-2008
.. 14/92330
: .
: 210 34 62 230
../: 210 34 58 919
./: d14kede@otenet.gr
: 2008 ( 2008).
:
1. 21 1418/1984
2. . 300 ....
( 2210//14-11-2007).
3. .
14/69796 ( 332//15-3-2005) ,
,
. 14/71325 ( 719//30-5-2005) . 14/78531 (
775//28-6-2006) .
4. 90
..63/2005 ( 98//2005)
.
:
1.
(, ,
, , ..),
2. (, ),
3 . ,
, 2000,
1.
2.
3.
4.
2008 ( 2008),
.
2008
.
2008
2000 ( 381//24-3-2000).
2008
.
2008 (CD)
1.
2.
. .
3. .
.
14, 14
1: ................................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
.......................................................................................................................................................................... 1
.............................................................................................................................................................. 1
...................................................................................................................................................................... 2
............................................................................................................................................................................ 3
............................................................................................................................................................................ 4
............................................................................................................................................................................. 4
2: ................................................................... 8
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.5
............................................................................................................................................................ 8
......................................................................................................................... 9
.............................................................................................................................................................. 9
.......................................................................... 10
.............................................................................................. 10
.......................................................................... 11
.............................................................................................................................................................. 12
3: ......................................................... 13
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.5.1
3.5.2
3.5.3
3.6
3.6.1
3.6.2
3.7
.......................................................................................................................................... 13
........................................................................................................................................................ 13
- ............................................................................................................ 14
............................................................................................................................................. 16
.................................................................................................................................................. 16
....................................................................................................................................................... 18
................................................................................................................................................. 18
............................................................................................................................................... 18
................................................................................................................................................. 19
.................................................................................................................................... 21
................................................................................................................................................ 21
............................................................................................................................................................................. 21
......................................................................................................................................................... 22
................................................................................................................... 22
......................................................................................................................... 23
.................................................................................................................. 24
.................................................................................................................... 25
................................................................................................................................................................... 27
4:
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.5.1
4.5.2
4.5.3
4.5.4
4.5.5
4.5.6
4.5.7
4.5.8
4.5.9
........................................................... 29
........................................................................................................................................................................ 29
.......................................................... 30
( ..) ........................................................................................ 30
........................................................ 31
............................................................................................................................... 31
- ......................................................................................................................................................... 31
.................................................................................................. 32
............................................................... 32
.................................................................................................................................. 33
................................................................................................................................................. 34
............................................................................................................................................ 34
......................................................................... 34
.......................................................................................................................................... 35
......................................................................................................................... 35
5: ...................................................................... 36
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
............................................................................................................................................................................. 36
................................................................................................................................... 36
................................................................................................................................................................... 36
....................................................................................................................................................................... 37
2008
-i-
5.5
5.6
5.7
..................................................................................................................................................................... 38
..................................................................................................................................................... 38
.......................................................................................................................... 39
6: / ..................................... 40
6.1
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
.......................................................................................................................................................... 40
.................................................................................................................................. 40
................................................................................................................................ 40
.................................................................................................................................... 40
................................................................................................................................................ 41
............................................................................................................................................................... 41
............................................................................................................................................................ 41
.................................................................................................................................................................... 42
.................................................................................................................... 42
.......................................................................................................................... 43
.......................................................................................................... 43
.......................................................................................................................... 43
7: .......................................................................................................................... 44
7.1
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
- - ................................................................................................................................... 44
............................................................... 45
.................................................................................................................................................................... 45
.................................................................................................................................. 45
..................................................................................................................................................... 45
.................................................................................................................................................... 46
....................................................................................................................................................... 46
..................................................................................................................................................... 46
...................................................................................................................... 46
.............................................................................................................................................. 46
.................................................................................................................................................................... 46
......................................................................................................... 46
.......................................................................................................................... 46
8: .................................................................................................................. 47
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.4.1
8.4.2
8.4.3
8.4.4
8.4.5
8.4.6
8.5
8.5.1
8.5.2
8.5.3
8.6
8.6.1
8.6.2
8.6.3
8.7
............................................................................................................................................................................. 47
............................................................................................................................................................ 48
................................................................................................................................................... 48
................................................................................................................................................ 49
...................................................................................................................................................... 49
( ) ................................................................................................. 52
................................................................................................................................................. 54
.......................................................................................................................... 55
......................................................................................................................................................... 55
.......................................................................................................................... 57
.................................................................................................................................................. 59
............................................................................................................................................................................. 59
......................................................................................................................................... 60
- ....................................................................................................... 61
.......................................................................................................................... 66
............................................................................................................................................................................. 66
............................................................................................ 67
................................................................................................................... 68
.......................................................................................................................... 69
9:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.4.1
9.4.2
-ii-
.................................................................................................................................................. 70
............................................................................................................................................................................. 70
................................................................................................................. 70
........................................................................................................................................................ 71
........................................................................................................................................... 71
.................................................................................................................................... 72
............................................................................................................................... 72
2008
9.4.3
9.5
9.6
9.7
................................................................................................................................................. 72
........................................................................................................................................................ 73
, , ............................................................................................................................ 73
.......................................................................................................................... 74
10:
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
..................................................................................................................................................... 75
............................................................................................................................................................................. 75
........................................................................................................................................................ 76
........................................................................................................ 76
..................................................................................................................................................... 77
1:
....
1.1
1.2 ....
1.3
1.3.1 - ...
1.3.2 ..
1.3.3
1.3.4
81
81
81
84
84
85
86
87
2: ..............
88
2.1
2.2
2.3
88
89
89
..
......
3: ......
3.1
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
.....
...
...
90
90
92
92
92
93
4: .................
96
4.1
4.2
4.3
(Shielded Metal Arc Welding, SMAW)
(Gas Metal Arc Welding, GMAW) ..
(Flux
Cored Arc Welding, FCAW)
4.4 (Flux Cored Arc Welding,
FCAW)......
4.5 (Flash Welding)......
4.6 () (Pressure-gas welding) ....
4.7 (Resistance Spot Welding) ...
4.8 (Friction Welding)..
4.9 (Projection welding) ...
4.10 SMAW GMAW..
96
96
5: .................
101
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
....
....
...........
...
101
101
101
103
6: ..........
105
6.1
6.2
105
105
.........
.
2008
- iii -
97
97
98
98
98
99
99
99
6.3
6.4
6.5
.
..
106
106
106
7: .................
107
. ...............
107
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.4.3
7.4.4
107
107
108
109
109
110
111
112
........
- .........
...
....
.
....
(, , ) ...............
. ,
(...) ..
113
...
...
113
115
8: ........
118
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
118
118
118
119
119
120
7.5
7.6
......
, .....
......
, , ...............
9: ........
121
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
..
...
..
...
..
..
...
..
121
122
122
123
123
123
123
124
124
10: ......
125
10.1 .
10.2
10.3 ..
125
125
126
-iv-
2008
1:
1.1
,
.
, "".
( ), ( ),
.
.
,
.
.
.
:
,
.
.
, , , .., .
1.2
. ,
,
.
:
10080 (2005):
- -
1421-2 (2007): - 2:
500
1421-3 (2007): - 3:
500C
656 (1981):
10020 (2000):
10025 (2005):
- 2:
ISO 15630-1 (2003):
- 1:
ISO 15630-2 (2003):
-
- 2:
ISO 17660-1 (2006): Welding - Welding of
reinforcing steel, Part 1: Load-bearing welded joints
2008
,
.
,
.
,
( ).
-1-
ISO 17660-2 (2006): Welding - Welding of
reinforcing steel, Part 2: Non load-bearing welded joints
ISO 13916 (1997):
,
EN 1990: ( 0)
EN 1992-1-1 (2005):
- 1-1:
( 2)
EN 1992-1-2 (2005):
- 1-2: :
( 2)
EN 1993-1-10 (2005):
- 1-10:
( 3)
EN 1998-1 (2005): -
1: ,
( 8)
()
()
()
ISO 3898 (1997): -
ISO 1000 (1992): SI
DIN 488 (09/1984): Reinforcing steel
DIN 50905- Part3 (1987): Corrosion of metals; corrosion
testing; corrosion characteristics under non-uniform and
localized corrosion attack without mechanical stress
,
.
, , :
(. 8)
.
(.. , ..)
(.. ,
),
.
1.3
,
,
,
.
, ,
.
,
, ,
, ,
, -2-
2008
.
( )
( ) 10027-1.
""
MPa.
, B500A B500C
10080, 1421-2 1421-3.
(.. A, C)
(,
).
, ,
,
(StI, StIII, S220, S400, S500, S400s, S500s ..)
(.. ..).
1.4
. 1-1
10080,
1421-2 1421-3 , ,
656 ISO 3898.
1-1
10080
0,2%
10080
fy
Re
656 ISO 3898. . 1-1.
1-1
f0,2
Rp0,2
ft
Rm
act
Agt
b
c
Ceq
k
d ( )
u
5
h
ft
fy
f0,2
fy,act
fy,nom
Fs
Sf
2008
()
,
5d
(
959 971)
res =0,2%
-3-
1.5
, :
kN, kN/m kN/m2
MPa (= MN/m2 = N/mm2)
kg/m3
kN/m3 .
SI, ..515/83
656 ISO 1000.
: "SI:
" /1999.
1.6
():
0,05%.
: - (Fe-C) 2% .
:
, .
:
,
.
:
.
:
, .
( - structural steel): .
(drawing):
, .
(rolling):
.
: , , ,
.
:
.
.
-4-
: , .
2008
.
.
l m, , d,
:
act=127,4m/l
:
act mm2
m g
l
mm.
:
.
: H
,
(
7850kg/m3).
. ,
/ .
:
,
(. . 3-4).
p=95% ( 90%),
p=5% (
10%). "" . ""
90%.
:
p
. ,
"" p .
:
.
:
.
:
, ,
res=0,2%.
:
.
,
.
.
: ,
.
.
: ductility. ,
, .
:
, .
:
,
( 50%)
(transition temperature):
,
.
2008
-5-
(.. 27J).
(deterioration): .
(corrosion): ,
, , , ,
,
.
:
( )
.
(pitting):
, ,
, .
pH:
(+).
.
""
" ".
:
,
, ,
,
, ,
.
,
. (
) .
: ,
,
.
:
.
:
.
,
() / .
""
.
:
.
B500C ,
,
.
: ,
.
.
-6-
2008
:
.
:
.
( ):
, (fy,nom x A).
(aging):
,
.
,
, ,
.
.
10080, (.. , ..),
.
:
(
100C 60min).
: . ,
.
2008
-7-
2:
2.1
:
. 1.
2.1.1 , :
, ( -)
90
-
Tempcore, Thermex ..
,
(
-)
:
(. . 3.6)
(. . 3-1 3-1 . 3.2.1)
,
.
( ).
( ).
,
(. . 3.6).
(-) .
,
( -)
( -)
.
,
( ).
2.1.2 ,
:
1421-2 1421-3.
959 2007 (. 7).
( ).
(indented)
.
2.1.3 , :
500 1421-2
8.
1421-2 1421-3,
-8-
2008
.9529/645 ( 649//24-5-06),
(.. 500).
.
500C 1421-3,
,
.
2.1.4 , :
. 3.5.
2007. ,
. 8.6 7
1990
.
" " (non weldable).
" " (
, . 8.6),
,
" "
" ".
2.1.5 , :
,
(Fe-C)
,
(Cr) 12%.
.
(Ni), (Mo), (Ti)
..
. ,
,
. 3
.
2.2
,
() fy,nom
500MPa.
, :
500 1421-2
B500C 1421-3.
2.3
.
:
( )
10080,
1421-2 1421-3.
(.. ,
..)
2008
(. .9).
-9-
.
( )
(, ..).
10080
1421-3, .
. 9.
.
. 10080, 1421-2 1421-3.
2.4
2.4.1
.
500
, ,
. 2-1.
1421-2.
2-1
500
500C
. ,
, . 2-2.
1421-3.
2-2
500C
7
2007.
-10-
2008
2.4.2
10080
.
,
,
.
, ,
,
( 0,7m 1,5m
)
.
)
,
,
( , . 2-3),
.
. 10080.
, ( , . 2-3).
( )
. 2-1.
( ),
( ).
,
( , . 2-3),
.
( 10
)
,
, . 2-3 2-4.
7
,
, , .
2-1
( ) 10080
, , ,
,
, , ,
,
,
, ,
. , ,
, , , , , ,
,
,
. .
: 3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
. /
: 7
2-3
500
2008
-11-
. .
: 2
. /
: 10+4=14
2-4
500C
)
10080
.
, ,
.
,
( . 2-5 2.6).
.
: 2
. /
: 7
2-5
B500
. .
: 2
. /
: 10+4=14
2-6
B500C
( ..),
.
,
,
(..
""
).
, ,
.
2.5
, / , ,
,
.
. . 5.6
-12-
.
2
2008
3:
1421-2 1421-3.
3.1
3.1.1
. 3-1.
, ,
, .
3-1 , ,
-
B500
.
.
. .
-
/ /
2
(mm )
(mm)
(kg/m) (%)
B500C B500 B500C B500 B500C
5,0
19,6
0,154
6
5,5
23,8
0,187
6
6,0
28,3
0,222
6,5
33,2
0,260
7,0
38,5
0,302
7,5
44,2
0,347
50,3
0,395
78,5
0,617
4,5
113
0,888
4,5
154
1,21
4,5
16,0
201
1,58
4,5
18,0
254
2,00
4,5
20,0
314
2,47
4,5
22,0
380
2,98
4,5
25,0
491
3,85
4,5
28,0
616
4,83
4,5
32,0
804
6,31
4,5
40,0
1257
9,86
4,5
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
,
,
,
10080 . 7.3.3 7.3.4.
,
, (. . 9).
10080 . 7.3.5. . 9 .
, .
10080 . 7.3.6.
2008
-13-
3.1.2
.
10080, E 1421-2
E 1421-3.
,
R,
ISO 15630-1.
. 3.1.2.1.
, , :
, c, , ,
, h, ,
, R,
. 3-2 (. . 3.1.2.2).
3.1.2.1
,
,
. , .
.
,
,
75%
, d, (.
. 3-1).
s1
s1+s2
d
s2
3-1
, ,
45.
(. . 3-2).
b
A-A
3-2 , , , h, , b,
-14-
2008
, ,
35 75 (. . 3-3).
B500A
B500C
3-3 , , , c,
( - . . 3-2)
, b,
0,1d (. . 3-2).
, h,
0,03d 0,15d, , c,
0,4d 1,2d (. . 3-2 3-3).
,
0,15d.
3.1.2.2
, R, (. . 3.1.2),
. 3-2.
3-2
, R,
(mm)
5-6
6,5 - 8
10
12
R,min
0,039
0,045
0,052
0,056
( .
3-4):
R =
1 k
d n=1
1 m
A sin n,j
m j= 1 R , n, j
cn
:
p
AR = hs,i l
i=1
hs
d
c
2008
l
p
(lR=pl)
-15-
n, j, i .
3-4
, R,
10080,
E 1421-2 E 1421-3,
ISO 15630-1
ISO 15630-2.
3.2
3.2.1
. 3-3.
. 3-1 ,
. 500C.
fy, . 3-3
, 95%.
, u,
ft/fy fy,act/fy,nom . 3-3 , 90%.
fy ft .
(. . 3-1)
:
- (.. ,
)
- ..
-16-
, f0,2.
2008
3-3
1421-2 1421-3 ( , Xk)
500
500
, fy (MPa)
_
, fy,act/fy,nom
1,05
(1,03 d<6mm)
, ft/fy
, u, ()
, 5, ( u (%)
959 971). ,
2,5
u
(2 d<6mm)
, 5
5d.
5
u.
500C
500
1,25
1,15
1,35
7,5
u,pl :
u :
u,el :
3-1 -
.
3-1
2008
-17-
3.2.2
, 1992-1-1/2005
0,30. , (.
3.1.5)
, 0,30 (. . 9.4).
, 10080
0,25.
, .
9.
. 7.2.4.2
10080.
3.2.3
180 .
10080,
3d
16mm, 6d
16mm.
. 7.2.6.2
10080 .
3.2.4
10.
, 10080
1421-3,
min max,
, :
2A = max - min
500.
500C.
1992-1-1 ( C.2N)
10%.
500C
, , 2x106
:
max=300MPa
E 2=150MPa
200 Hz.
ISO 15630-1 ISO 15630-2.
B500C 2x106
:
M max=300MPa
E 2=100MPa
200 Hz
,
5dtrans , dtrans
.
max
2
min
,
3-2
-18-
2008
3.3
, ,
.
,
,
.
)
210 GPa.
, , , . . 3-1.
20C
200 GPa.
3-1
, ,
.
C
20
200
425
550
650
GPa
200
185
155
135
125
) , G,
, K
76 82GPa.
.
Poisson :
G=E/[2(1+ v)]
80GPa
165GPa.
(bulk modulus),
, p, V/V:
K=p:[V/V]
160
169GPa.
)
0,27 0,33
Poisson, 0,30
.
Poisson,
0,30.
) Curie
. 1.
. 3-4.
Curie, .
,
755C 791C,
769C.
2008
-19-
3-4
() 1536-1539C
() 2740-2860C.
-
1400C-
g
l
910C -1400C
910C
,
( 7840 7860kg/m3
20C).
7850kg/m3.
. 3-2
.
0C 100C 456Jkg-1K-1 .
. 3-2
.
10.10-6 C-1 .
0C 100C 12.10-6 C-1.
, 0-100C 78,2Wm-1K-1.
,
(. .
3-2).
20C
51,9Wm-1K-1.
. 3-2
.
20C
15,9 16,3cm.
3-2
-
W m-1K-1
cm
C
J kg-1K-1
-6 -1
x 10 C
20
435-444
12,18
51,9
15,9-16,3
100
477-494
12,18
51,1
21,9-22,6
200
520-528
12,66
49,0
29,2-29,6
400
599-611
13,47
42,7
48,2-48,7
600
699-754
14,41
35,6
74,2-75,8
800
791-950
12,64
26,0
109,4-110,0
1000
657
13,37
27,2
116,7-119,4
)
. 3-3 , , , . ,
, ( Fe3O4)
. 3-3.
0,63
0,65m.
-20-
,
.
2008
3-3
(m)
1,0
0,6
0,5
0,41
0,46 - 0,48
0,49
3.4
.
Nital,
1,5-5ml 1,4mol/l 100ml .
( -),
.
, Nital 530sec.
(.. Tempcore, Thermex
..) . 3-3 (. 1
7).
3-3 (-)
Nital
10020.
,
.
CaO, MgO, SiO2, Al2O3, MnO, FeO,
P2O5, FeS, MnS ..
.
3.5
3.5.1
/ .
( )
.
,
,
( ,
).
:
. 3.5.3
.
2008
-21-
.
(S), () (P),
(. 1).
,
.
3.5.2
, :
,
.
. 8.
,
.
:
,
(. .
3.5.3)
,
(.
. 8.6).
, ,
:
S500s S400s,
S500, S400
S220, StI StI
,
,
.
B500A B500C,
1421-2
1421-3 .
. 8.6
.
3.5.3
1.
-22-
10080,
(C), (S), (P), (N), (Cu),
, Ceq, . 3-5.
2008
, Ceq,
:
Mn:
Cr:
Mo:
V:
Ni:
Cu:
Ceq=C+Mn/6+(Cr+Mo+V)/5+(Ni+Cu)/15,
(% ..),
.
3-5
( % ..) 10080
C (2)
N (1)
Cu
Ceq (2)
0,22
0,050
0,050
0,012
0,80
0,50
0,24
0,055
0,055
0,014
0,85
0,52
. : Ti, Zr, Hf,
V, Nb, Ta, B, Al W. 1
,
. 10025
(0,013%)
Al 0,02%.
(1)
(.
1)
(2)
0,03% ..,
0,02% ..
3.6
,
500C. (.. )
500C .
700C ( 1.200C)
.
,
, ,
, ,
..
,
0C
200C .
,
,
.
,
.
, ,
.
.. , , ,
.
,
.
:
. . 3.6.2
:
(. 3.6.1)
2008
-23-
( .6)
:
O , ..
( ,
..)
( , ,
)
O , ..
.
(. 3.6.2).
, .
,
.
.
3.6.1
3.6.1.1
,
.
,
, -
Charpy (. ) .
,
,
.
(
)
.
1993-1-10,
Charpy V (
).
(. . 3-4).
(27J)
, (), 27J.
-24-
2008
3-4
(1: ,
2: , 3: )
:
<0,22%
(.. StI - S220)
-25C.
S400s S500s ,
500 500C
0,40% (.. St I - S400 St V - S500) 0C.
,
0C. 500 500C (27J) -30C.
.
-100C (. 3).
3.6.1.2
(, , ).
. 3.6.1.1 .
3.6.2
3.6.2.1
150C (.
. 3.6.2.2.)
.
200C ,
60%
600C. .
. 3.2.3 1992-1-2, . 3.2. 3.2..
(-).
600C ,
( , ..),
.
. ,
. -
,
(.. ).
,
200C .
2008
-25-
400C
200MPa.
, .
,
(B500A, B500C)
,
,
.
( ),
.
(
),
.
( ,
..) , ,
. ,
,
(
).
3.6.2.2
, , :
,
(strain aging)
,
(ft/fy)
.
15%.
, ..
.
) 500C (), - . - -,
(. ),
0C 300C.
) 500C 600 650C
(. . 2.1.1). :
(
) ( Fe-
Fe3C).
500C
(. 1), .
, ..
B500A B500C
650C. -26-
-
.
500C,
, ,
30% 600C
50% 650C.
.
-
.
- -,
500C
( )
:
2008
,
, ( ..)
.
A1 A 2
A1
1 2
( ).
2% 15%
, n, , .
n<2%
,
.
,
, "n"
(2-15%),
.
2<n<15%,
(
)
,
. 25% 60%.
n=
n>15%
,
,
,
.
) 650C (.
. 2.1.1). :
- 723C.
>0,25%
,
725C, (..
)
Mn Cr
.
(. 1).
-, - -
.
50% .
(
)
.
(.. , ..),
,
.
3.7
.
() .
2008
11592
() 1125/1633/18-9-99.
-27-
. ()
.
.
0,1-0,5Bq/g,
.
(....)
- -TECDOC-855 1996,
"Clearance levels for radio nuclides in solid
materials", ,
, 0,1Bq/g.
,
. ( )
0,1Bq/g.
,
.
-28-
2008
4:
4.1
:
, ( .).
.
.9529/645 ( 649//24-5-06)
.
.9529/645.
, .
1
.9529/645
B500A
B500C,
10080, 1421-2 1421-3,
(, ,
.).
2
.9529/645.
,
,
B500A B500C,
.
,
10080, 1421-2 1421-3, :
.
,
.
, , ,
2008
-29-
ISO 15630-1 ISO 15630-2.
, ,
, , ..
.
(. . 2.4).
,
. 4.5.
.
, , ,
,
10080.
4.2
()
,
.
()
(. . 4.4).
2 .9529/645
, (), .
4.3
(
..)
4
.9529/645 :
<<
. ,
..,
2
, :
-
10080, 1421-2 1421-3
- ,
,
-30-
2008
, .
10080, 1421-2 1421-3.>>
4.4
2 .9529/645
,
.
, ,
.
,
.
4.5
4.5.1
.
,
.
,
1,5m
.
1,0x1,0m.
.
10080
.
, , , .
,
..
.
.
,
. 8.5 .
10m.
,
:
,
,
. ,
14m
,
.
:
- , ,
- , .
2008
-31-
:
.4.5.2.
( )
. 4.5.3.
, ,
,
( ),
. 4.5.4.
( )
. 4.5.5.
.
4.5.6.
(
) . 4.5.7.
.
4.5.8
. 4.5.9.
4.5.2
0,50m,
.
. 3.1.1.
,
.
,
.
.
.
4.5.3
0,50m,
. ,
, , c,
, h.
, c,
11 ( ) 10.
.
, .
.
o
.
. 3.1.2.
-32-
2008
,
.
,
.
.
.
4.5.4
, 0,70m,
.
. 3.2.1.
. 3-3,
.
,
, .
. 3-3,
.
,
,
( ):
.
. 3-3
.
.
) , m, :
) ,
:
m xk + a
xk (. . 3-3)
a=10 MPa fy, 0 ft/fy u
) ,
:
m xk - a
xk (. . 3-3)
a=0,02 fy,act/fy,nom 0 ft/fy
)
. 4-1 4-2.
.
4-1
B500A 1421-2
2008
485
fy (MPa)
1,03
ft/fy
2
u (%)
ft/fy 1,02 d < 6mm
u 1,5 % d < 6mm
-33-
4-2
B500C 1421-3
fy (MPa)
fy,act/fy,nom
ft/fy
u (%)
4.5.5
.
485
1,13
7
1,27
1,37
-
, 0,70m,
.
. 7.2.6.2 10080 (.
. 3.2.3 ).
.
,
.
, .
.
.
4.5.6
,
0,10m,
.
. 3-5.
,
.
, .
4.5.7
. 9.
.
, .
.3.2.2.
,
.
,
.
.
.
-34-
2008
4.5.8
.
, . 3.2.4
.
4.5.9
, ,
.
,
,
.
.
0,25m.
. 10.3.
300gr/m
.
300gr/m,
.
.
. 10.3,
,
.
, ,
.
,
,
(. . 4.5.2 4.5.3).
2008
-35-
5:
5.1
/ "".
,
. , ,
.
, .
, ,
.
,
,
(. . 6).
5.2
.
,
.
5.3
, (
)
( ),
,
.
(, ).
,
.
,
.
, ,
,
.
:
/
,
.
, :
, ,
, ,
,
, .
-36-
2008
3
( 1km)
4 ( , ).
3 4
,
.
(, , , ) .
,
.
. 10.
,
.
.
,
. (..
3 4 ),
.
(
)
. 3.
. 4.5.9, 10.2 10.3.
,
. ,
.
,
3 4 ,
.
5.4
,
,
.
. 4.5.9,
(
)
.
2008
,
() . :
,
(.
.5.5)
(. .5.6)
.
-37-
, ..,
, ( ).
.
( )
, ,
.
-, (. 9).
5.5
. ,
. ,
, ,
.
, :
(, ,
..)
.
5.6
.
,
:
)
/
.
) , :
(. . 6).
.
) ,
(mill test
certificates).
) ,
, /
.
, ,
:
-38-
2008
5.7
,
(. 9).
2008
-39-
6: /
6.1
/
.
, .
,
.
6.2
6.2.1
,
,
. , :
,
,
,
, ,
,
.
6.2.2
,
(.. ),
.
, /
.
. 5.
-40-
2008
, ,
, ,
.
,
.
6.3
,
,
, ,
,
10080, 1421-2 1421-3.
6.4
/ .
(, ..)
.
6.5
, D,
(),
,
, .
.
.
500C . 17.1 (
S500) . 500, . 17.1
.
, ,
.
.
,
,
.
17.2.3.2
,
.
. 8.4.1
2008
- 41-
. , ,
,
:
- (
),
,
- (
500, B500C) ,
(
. 3.6.2).
,
,
,
.
, ,
(. . 3.6.2).
,
, , ,
.
-,
, :
750C
1000C
H
( 5cm )
, .
6.6
,
:
ISO
17660-1 ISO 17660-2
ISO 17660-1 ISO
17660-2
ISO 17660-1 ISO 17660-2.
,
.
.
8 .
6.7
,
,
, :
/
-42-
2008
,
.
, ,
(. . 4.5).
6.8
.
.
6.9
. ,
.
,
/
. CEB
Bul. No164 " "
.
.
(
L L
):
L:
L=20mm
L6m
L>6m
L=30mm
L:
L=10mm
L0,5m
L=15mm
0,5m<L1,5m
L=20mm
1,5m<L6m
L>6m
L=30mm
, L :
L= 5mm
L0,05m
L=10mm
0,05m<L0,20m
0,20m<L
L=20mm
6.10
,
(.
9).
2008
- 43-
7:
7.1
- -
, ,
.. (. 5.2)
(. 6.9)
, ,
, /
.
:
.
/ (
) , (
) , ,
.
,
,
/.
,
, ()
. ,
(..
).
/
:
1 2mm (),
()
(
. 8).
, .
.
. 7.2.2., .5.
, .
( ).
,
, .
'''' .
.
,
.
, , ,
-44-
2008
. . 7.2.2, .5.
7.2
7.2.1
,
, .
(.5.1 . 5.1),
,
,
.
, ..
(. . 10.1 ),
.
(. 17.4, 17.5
5.1).
,
, .
7.2.2
,
,
,
(. 5).
/ .
,
, .
, .
,
.
.
.
,
, .
.
7.2.3
. .
10.4.
, .
. 6.5.
2008
- 45-
7.2.4
, ,
( ).
,
, , ,
.
,
, . 5.1 15.6.
7.3
,
. ,
,
.
. 17.7.3 . ,
.
7.3.3
1998-1 (.5.6.3) .
. 17.7.2 .
7.3.2
, (), ..
.
,
.
7.3.1
,
.. , () ..
. 17.7 . 17.7.4
. . . 8 .
7.4
. 17.6 .
7.5
6
.
7.6
(. 9).
-46-
2008
8:
8.1
,
3,
.
,
(.
. 3.5.3).
,
, ,
, ..
. 8.4.1.
. 8.2 8.3 .
, ( )
.
, .
,
,
.
,
,
.
, ,
(. . 8.4.5).
,
.
()
(
), :
(.. , , ..)
.
,
, ,
. 8.5.3.2.
, .. ,
B500C
(.. S220, S400, S500).
. 8.6 .
2008
-47-
8.2
:
( )
.
8-1
8.3
. 8.1, 4.
:
- SMAW: Shielded Metal Arc Welding
- GMAW: Gas Metal Arc Welding
- MAG: Metal Active Gas
- FCAW: Flux Cored Arc Welding
, ,
(. EN ISO 17660-1
EN ISO 17660-2):
:
o
(SMAW)
o
(GMAW, MAG Ar-CO2)
o
Ar-CO2
(FCAW)
o
(FCAW).
o (spot resistance welding)
o (resistance butt welding)
(projection welding)
(oxy-fuel gas pressure welding)
welding)
(flash
(friction welding).
,
, ,
(.. /
).
,
.
-48-
2008
.
(Design by Testing)
. 8.5.
,
.
. 8-1 ,
.
8-1
. 8-1
1992-1-1,
, ,
.
(projection welding)
mm
16
12
6-32
6-40
6-40
6- 32
6-40
6-40
5-20
6-25
5-20
6-32
6-40
6-32
6-40
6-40
6-40
6-40
6-40
:
1. . 3-1
.
2. EN ISO 17660-1
EN ISO 17660-2.
:
( )
()
()
(.. )
2008
8.4
8.4.1
,
,
.
-49-
(,
, , ).
:
,
ISO 17660-1 ISO 17660-2.
, ,
.
. 8.5.2 8.5.3.
4.
,
, . . 8-1.
8-1
.
(mm)
(mm)
5-10
2,0
12-14
2,5
16-20
3,25
>20
4,0-5,0
( )
,
,
, .
.8.6.2.
355Pa.
,
.
( ),
( )
. 8-1.
,
, .
.
,
.
,
.
(
), .
(.. Ar-CO2), -
(. 4).
(
0C) .
,
( ).
.
,
-50-
2008
, "
", .
,
.
.
. ,
.
,
,
350C
25mm
.
(. EN ISO 13916):
( )
(.. 200oC, 250oC, 300oC).
.
.
(
350C),
(
. 8.6). ,
.
.
.
,
, ,
. ,
(, ).
:
(.. , )
SMAW
FCAW.
,
,
, , .
,
,
,
.
(. . 8.5)
. ,
2008
-51-
.
(.. , ) .
EN ISO 17660-1 (
) ,
.
, ,
.
2d ,
4d
(. . 6.5).
,
.
. (bead). ()
(pass). (weld)
.
8.4.2
:
(
)
.
( )
,
. 8-1. .
2-3mm
60
2mm
2mm
60
2-3mm
2mm
2mm
2-3mm
45
45
2-3mm
() -V
() -V
()
()
.
8-1
.
-52-
2008
(backing
material)
( .
)
(. . 8-3).
ISO 17660-1
12mm 16mm
. 1992-1-1
20mm,
20mm .
16mm (
20mm).
12mm .
. 8-2
V .
.
2mm
2-3mm
)
1
9
3
a
. 8-2. 9 (1
9) 7 (1,2, 3-4, 5, 6-7, 8
9). 1, 2 5 ,
(. . 8-1).
d<a<1,2d
7 8 6 5
60
)
8-2
( -V )
.
3mm.
. 0,1dmin.
, ,
0,2dmin dmin .
(. . 8-3) ,
.
60
2 - 3mm
8-3
2008
-53-
8.4.3
8.4.3.1
( . 8-1).
.
.
.
, EN ISO 17660-1,
2,5d ,
d/3.
(. . 8-4).
,
4d ( d
),
. 8-4.
10mm ( -1-
) ( -2-
).
( -3- ) 2d
20mm, . ,
.
( -3- . 8-4)
.
dmin/3.
.
(d>16mm) .
,
,
, w, .
2
1
A
d
d
w=2d/3
A
4d
10mm
3
4d
max[2d, 20mm]
d/3
10mm
8-4
,
, . 8-5,
2d. d .
min 2d
8-5
-54-
2008
8.4.3.2
. ( )
.
.
4mm
25mm.
8.4.4
.
.
. 8-6.
, .
, EN ISO 17660-1,
2,5d ,
d/3.
(. . 8-6).
,
( ).
-
d2
d 1 W=2d 2/3
W=2d 2/3
d2
d 2/3
A
10mm
4d 2
max[2d 2, 20mm]
10mm
10mm
4d 2
10mm
.
, .
8-6
8.4.5
.
dmin/dmax ,
.
, 0,6 (. . 9).
:
dmin 0,50dmax
Sf . . 9.
Sf
.
Sf 0,30 .
2008
-55-
, . .
8.4.5.1
. 8-7. , ,
( . 8-7).
,
. 8-7.
2
1 :
2 :
F :
8-7
,
3dtransmax, dtransmax
.
.
. 8-5.
, :
0,3dmin 4mm (
)
0,5dmin 6mm ( ).
.
8.4.5.2
. .
-56-
, . 8-8.
2008
8-8
8.4.6
:
(
/ )
.
.
.
.
8.4.6.1
. 8-9
, . 8-10
.
, t, .
.
.
, t, , 0,4d, 4mm (. . 8-9 . 8-10).
, a,
0,3d 3mm
(. . 8-11).
, e,
d+2t (. . 8-9 . 8-10)
.
2008
-57-
d
ed+2t
d
4d
2d
4d
10mm
10mm
t[0,4d, 4mm]
8-9 ,
,
.
d
ed+2t
d
10mm
4d
t
10mm
t
t[0,4d, 4mm]
8-10 ,
,
a
a max[0,3d, 3mm]
, , a,
70%
, w, (a0,70w).
8-11
. 8-9 . 8-10
8.4.6.2
, t, .
.
.
(. 17.6.5)
.
1,25d.
-58-
. 8-12, 8-13 8-14. , t,
, d, . .
,
3d,
.
. 8-12 8-13,
,
.
2008
max 1,25d
d
ud
a=0,4d
t [0,4d, 4mm]
8-12
45
max 1,25d
d
a=0,4d
t [0,4d, 4mm]
t
8-13
,
.
(. . 8-14), .
( ).
t [0,4d, 4mm]
a=0,4d
t
8-14
8.5
8.5.1
.
10080, 1421-2
1421-3, . 3.2
4.5 .
2008
-59-
:
.
. 8.5.2 8.5.3.
.
. 8.4.1,
:
- (,
, ). . . 8.4.
-
.. , ,
, , , .
,
(
. 8.5.3).
,
..
8.5.2
,
.
,
,
, . 8-2.
8-2
,
.
.
.
-60-
3
3
3
31
32
32
.
(.. ), .
,
.
, , .
2008
8.5.3
8.5.3.1
,
,
( , ,
, , , , ).
, ,
.
8.5.3.2
)
, .
,
,
, . 8-15 8-22.
, ,
,
,
.
,
. ,
.
[600mm, 30d]
8-15
10d+300mm
d
10d+300mm
8-16
2008
-61-
6dmin
L
d max
10mm<L<15mm
d min
,
, ,
.
700mm
8-17
4d
10mm
10mm
10mm
4d
10mm
max[2d, 20mm]
10d+600mm
8-18
2,5d
2,5d
d
600mm
8-19
100mm
150mm
10mm
4d
Max[2d, 20mm]
4d
10mm
500mm
8-20
-62-
2008
100mm
150mm
10mm
4d
10mm
500mm
8-21
()
100mm
100x100mm
500mm
()
100mm
100x100mm
500mm
()
100mm
100x100mm
500mm
8-22
2008
-63-
)
:
FmAfy,nom(ft/fy) fy,act fy,nom
:
Fm
A
fy,nom
. 3-3
ft/fy H
,
. 3-3.
fy,act
500C: fy,nom =500MPa ft/fy =1,15
, u, ft/fy
. 2,5d 25mm
. . 3-3 .3.
,
, u , ,
,
.
,
.
, u,
(.
EN ISO 17660-1).
, u,
(. EN ISO 17660-2).
,
(.
ISO 15630-2).
)
,
:
.
,
.
-64-
2008
8.5.3.3
)
, . 8-23.
2,5d1
,
EN ISO 15630-2.
2,5d1
d1
500mm
d2
600mm
8-23
)
H , Fs, ,
:
, .
Fs Sf Afy
:
Sf :
, . 8.4.5
A:
fy,nom:
. 3-3 (500MPa).
)
,
:
,
.
.
8.5.3.4
)
EN ISO 15630-2.
,
, . 8-15
8-19. , ,
() .
60
EN ISO 17660-1.
. 8-3.
2008
-65-
8-3
(mm)
(mm)
5d
d8
6d
8<d12
8d
12<d20
10d
20<d32
32<d
12d
)
.
. ,
.
)
,
, :
.
(.. 3cm ),
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
7.
8.6
8.6.1
,
.
.
(% ..)
, :
) C<0,24 Ceq<0,52, ,
,
. 8.1 8.4.
-66-
2008
) 0,25<C<0,45 Ceq<0,70
.
, ,
. 8.6.2.
) C>0,45 / Ceq>0,70
.
,
.
,
,
.
8.6.2
,
. (design by testing)
.8.5.
. 8.6.1(),
, ,
(. .
8.1).
, .
.
,
(),
.
/.
(. . 8.4.1)
. ,
(.. 200,
250, 300C).
.
100-150mm ,
.
.
50mm
100-150mm
200-250C.
,
.
:
-
,
6013 AWS,
( fy=340380MPa, ft=430-460Pa, 5=17-22%).
( ) 7018, 8018 9018
AWS. ,
9018, fy=530-600MPa,
ft=620Pa, 5=14-24%
S500.
,
(SMAW),
Ar-CO2 (GMAW).
.
,
().
- GMW
- ER70S-6 ( fy=420MPa,
ft=540MPa, 5=25%)
ER80S-G ( fy=500MPa, ft=580MPa,
5=25%) S500.
2008
-67-
:
- GMAW
- ER70S-6 ( fy =420MPa,
ft =540MPa, 5=25%) S400
R80S-G ( fy=500MPa, ft=580MPa,
5=25%) S500. AWS (ft)
(ft),
(400MPa 500MPa S400
S500). GMAW
,
. , ,
.
,
rCO2 (GMAW). ,
-V (. . 8-1).
,
,
,
.
- (SMAW)
. ,
.
,
.
7018, 8018 9018. AWS
(ft) (ft),
(400MPa 500MPa S400
S500).
, ,
.
,
2000-2500C
(. . 8.4.1).
, ,
. , , .
,
.
.
8.6.3
,
, .
.
350HV,
300HV.
-68-
. 8.5. , , u,
, ft/fy, .
2008
8.7
(. 9).
2008
-69-
9:
9.1
, ,
() ,
,
, .
T
:
( ,
), ,
("", ,
..) (
"" "").
(..
""), ( )
1421-2
1421-3 (. St 37-2 DIN
17100 S235 JR 10025, 5,5
6,5mm).
, .
.
B500A B500C (
),
1421-2 1421-3.
,
, . 3-1 ,
(.. , ..)
. 3.
9.2
, . 8 .
,
( ) .
(, Fs)
,
/ , .
,
, ,
,
/ ,
.
15%
30%
(
).
-70-
,
.
,
() ,
.
2008
9.3
,
,
,
(D>20d).
,
(. 17.2.3.2)
D ()
( ).
,
/ ,
4d
(
).
:
12d 4d 500A
500C (. . 6.5.),
2,5d .
(. . 6.5).
9.4
,
, , ,
,
"" ( )
. ,
, , ( )
.
,
:
dmin0,6dmax .
() , :
: fy,nom
(. 17.6.1),
3, "" =0,7, ,
5d
,
0,6d, d
( ) .
,
( ).
2008
FS0,25fy,nomA ,
(500MPa)
.
,
(. 3.1.5),
0,30fy,nom.A.
-71-
9.4.1
, () (),
"" ,
. O
,
,
mm2
() . ,
,
20% . , 131
131mm2/m 5mm 150mm,
188 188mm2/m 6mm 150mm.
,
10080, 1421-2
1421-3.
T .
("")
25mm.
, ,
, , ..
/ , 2,15/5,00m.
,
2,6m,
50kg.
,
0,8 3,2m, 1,2m
12,0m 14,0m.
100x100mm 200x200mm,
100x200mm 150x250mm.
100mm 250mm
( 300 mm), 50mm.
9.4.2
.. ,
, ,
(
) ..
,
.. 8mm 12mm, .. 200mm
100mm,
"" . ,
, 12mm 150mm (
750mm2/m),
, 8
10mm 150 200mm ( 300mm).
,
( )
( ).
10080, 1421-2 1421-3.
9.4.3
, . 17.2.2,
.
-72-
,
,
( ), -
2008
. (, ) B500C 10080 1421-3,
(, ) ( ) ,
.
, . . 9.1.
,
( ). ,
,
..
""
(..
), , . 17.9.1, . 17.3)
50mm.
,
( ) (. . 9.4).
(
), , ,
, (..
) , (..
"" , , ..).
fy,nom
FS0,15fy,nom.A
(500MPa)
.
,
( ) .
,
. 9.2 9.3
.
9.5
, .. mm2/m,
, Fs .., ,
.
:
25mm 0,5% ( )
( 50mm)
15mm 7,5% ( )
( 25mm)
(
).
9.6
. 5 7
.
, ,
- (.. ),
(.. , ..),
, .
,
.., ,
, ..,
,
,
(.
..),
2008
-73-
.
,
,
,
( ),
,
.
. 5.5 5.6
. ,
.
, . 9.2, 9.3 9.4.3
.
(), . 7.1 7.2,
,
..
,
. 6.
9.7
, ,
,
() ,
.
-74-
.
7.6 9 .
2008
10:
10.1
,
, :
pH
(..
)
, ..
.
.
,
.
:
( .. ,
..)
(, ..)
.
,
( pH
9,5) .
. .
.
,
.
,
,
, ,
:
,
. 5.3, 5.4 10.2.
,
, ,
.
:
.
Ca(OH)2
,
,
( ).
(
),
.
(), ,
2008
10
-75-
,
. .. .
/
.
10.2
,
, .
(C4AF).
,
C3A,
.
,
, ,
350g/m2 ( 150m).
(CEM ) ,
300g/m2.
300g/m2.
,
. 4.5.9.
10.3
0,01g.
( 12gr HCl 100ml )
( 0,35g 100ml ).
30min .
:
= -
g/m2.
300g/m2
.
, ,
.
300g/m2,
.
, hcrit,
.
,
. , .
,
:
300g/m2
,
. 10.1,
,
, , hcrit, - :
hcrit= 0,125 d 1
d mm hcrit
mm.
-76-
DIN 50905-Part 3/87.
10
2008
300g/m2,
.
.
10.4
. 7.2.3,
,
, , .
,
.. .
(.. ,
),
,
. ,
1 2 ,
, 3 4
,
, .
,
.
.
.
.
2008
10
-77-
-78-
2008
2008
-79-
-80-
2008
1:
()
1.1
(...), , ,
(scrap) (Electric Arc Furnace-EAF).
, , , .
, ,
, . , (Cu), (Ni), (Sn), (Co), (Sb), (As), (W)
(Mo) , ,
. ,
(Cr), (S), (P), (Mn), (N) (H)
, (Zn)
. ,
, (Ca), (Mg), (Si) (Al)
( ).
( )
:
S, Cu As, Sn Sb.
S, P H.
, , W,
Mo, Cr, Ni, P N.
, P S.
, S, , P .
(, , ),
, ...,
. , ,
. -
... , Ceq.
:
) ... (
), ( ) (, ..)
) ....
1.2 ...
(C)
...,
. C
. C
( - hardenability) . ... ( ),
... (Tempcore, Thermex ..).
, C 0,18-0,24%
, .
(Mn)
,
. 5 6
( ). Mn
... (
2008
-81-
0,1-1% 15%). , Mn
(MnS), (FeS)
900C.
(Si)
,
. , () ,
,
. ,
.
1% 100,
.
()
. O P . , ,
, 0,03%0,05%. ..., 0,055% .
(S)
.
(scrap ..), . 0,025%-0,030% , ... 0,055%. Mn
(MnS), .
()
. ...,
.
( ). ,
/.
... (.. DIN 488), 0,01%
( ) 0,05%
0,012%.
10080 0,012% ( ) 0,014% (
),
,
.
.
(Cu)
... . ,
, Cu, , .
, , ,
(scrap). , . Cu ... ( ) , .
DRI (Direct Reduced Iron . ).
(V)
..., ()
500C ( S500s) .
V ( , ).
,
, .
Cr W,
().
-82-
2008
(Nb /Cb), (Ta)
,
..., .
.
(Ni), (Cr), (Mo)
(, ..). 18% Cr, 8% Ni (18/8).
... (scrap). 0,5% (
Cr Mo) , (, ..). ,
, ...
.
() .
:
, ,
IVA (Ti, Zr, Hf), VA (V, Nb, Ta), IIIB (B, Al) , W.
, .
. , ( ) .
.
,
, (strain aging),
. EN10080
0,014% 140ppm.
,
.
, ,
(Al), (B), (V), (Nb) (Ti). (Zr)
.
, - .
(1127C 1400 ) (Fe ) :
[%Al] [%N] = 1,0 10-4
(1)
AlN, .. 0,040% Al 25ppm N.
[%B] [%N] = 1,8 10-5
(2)
BN, .. 20 ppm B 90 ppm N.
[%V] [%N] = 2,3 10-3
(3)
VN, .. 0,10 % V 230ppm N.
[%Ti] [%N] = 1,3 10-6
(4)
TiN, .. 0,03 % Ti 0,5ppm N.
[%Nb] [%N] = 3,5 10-4
(5)
NbN, .. 0,05 % Nb 70ppm N.
[%Nb] [%C]0,7 [%N] 0,2 =2,3 10-3
(6)
Nb(C,N) NbC0,7N0,2, .. 0,05% Nb 0,6ppm N.
:
AlN 0,01% Al Fe
0,0052% 52ppm N, 0,04% Al 208ppm N, 140ppm
N , ,
0,0348% 348ppm max 0,04% Al max.
, ppm 1,3ppm N, 20ppm B, max 0,0165%
165ppm (25+140ppm N).
Ti 29ppm N 0,01% Ti. Ti
Al
. 0,03% Ti 0,023% 230ppm N.
V 27,5ppm N 0,01%V, 0,1%V 275ppm
N. , (3) VN Fe . ,
2008
-83-
VN , (Fe ). 700C (973K),
:
[%V] [%N] = 8,1 10-7
(7)
, 0,1%V ppm N . ,
V 0,1% V 0,042% 420ppm N.
Nb,
Nb(C,N). .
0,05%Nb , N 0,022% 220ppm N.
. , V,
.
Fe . Fe 1050C (1323 K) : D=
2,12.10-11 m2/sec. , 300m, N
:
= d2/(16D)
(8)
4,5min, .
V, Fe 700C (973K),
, , .
Fe D = 2,5.10-11 m2/s.
, 50m ( ),
(8) 6,5s,
.
.
1.3
,
, ( ..)
(.. Tempcore) .
, , .. ( )
.
( ).
- (.. Tempcore) . -
, - -
, .
...
.
. ...
,
.
,
,
.
1.3.1
- ...
.
, .
( )
(Fe , Fe , Fe3C).
(.. , ..).
... :
(Fe )
, .
(b.c.c.). 0,008%
0,0250/00 723C.
(Fe , Fe ) .
-84-
2008
( ).
300Ma.
: , , : +++
2+++3, .
(Fe )
.
(f.c.c.). (.. )
. , Fe , 723C
Fe Fe , ... 780C .
. ( 2%) , (f.c.c.)
.
( )
.
( ) Fe3C.
n .
. (700HV)
.
.
s (
). . ...
/:
- ( ... 723C ).
- (Vc)
. 500 500C Vc, . StIII
(C0,40%) Vc .
- ( )
(s) . ... s 300C.
( -) .
- ( ) ( ).
, .
(300-500C ...).
( ) ( ). , .
1.3.2
...
,
( ).
. (work hardening, strain hardening),
500C.
.
2008
-85-
1.3.3
(), . () , .. (Vc)
(Ms).
(Vc) (
...). .. C 0,40%
Mn>0,60%,
.
... (Ms) 300C.
723C 300C, ,
, .
500C () (
,
( .. ).
... (Tempcore ..)
( Vc).
, .
... ().
723C ...
,
( )
. ,
, (
).
... :
.. , .
( )
, (.. ..).
550C - -
..., .
. (.. ),
.
80-100C
.
,
( ..),
.
( )
() (
)
. . , ( ) ( ) .
:
- ()
- ( ).
.
, .
-86-
2008
,
( ) .
1.3.4
, :
- , - (.. Tempcore,
Thermex)
- /, / ( ) ..
, ,
StIII DN 488. ( )
.
... ,
,
, .
,
.. ...
.
( .. Tempcore, Thermex),
,
... ,
(.. , ..) .
... . , ( ) , (stretching)
. ,
( ..).
, ...
, ,
.
, ,
.
2
1.
2.
D.B.Evans-R.D.Pehlke, Trans. TMS-AIME, 1964, vol. 230, . 1651-1662, 1965, vol. 233, . 1620-1624.
Z.Morita-T.Tanaka-T.Yanai, Equilibria of Nitride Forming Reactions in Liquid Iron Alloys, Met. Trans. B, vol. 18B, 1987, .
195-202.
3. P.D.Deeley, K.J.A. Kundig, H.R. Spendelow.Jr., Ferroalloys & Alloying Additives Handbook, ShieldAlloy-Metallurg Alloy
Corp., New York, 1981.
4. J.F.Elliott, Physical Chemistry of Liquid Steel, in Electric Furnace Steelmaking, Ed. C.R. Taylor, ISS-AIME, 1985, . 315.
5. M.Vergauwens,Nitrogen in Steel,Heraeus Electro-Nite, 1996.
6. Reed-Hill, Physical Metallurgy Principles, 2nd Ed., D.Van Nostrand, . 346.
7. E.T.Turkdogan,Causes and Effects of Nitride and Carbonitride precipitation in HSLA steels in relation to continuous casting,
Steelmaking Conf. Proceedings, ISS, 1987, vol. 70, . 399-416.
8. M.F.Ashby D.R.H.Jones, Engineering aterials, 2nd Ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, vol. 1, 1996, . 184.
9. Smithells Metals Reference Book, 6th Ed., Butterworths, 1983, . 12-14 12-16.
10. Guy-Hren, Elements of Physical Metallurgy, Addison Wesley, 3rd Ed., 1974, . 454.
11. M.Gunziger-P.Wille, The Production of High Quality Reinforcing Bar Steels at Ferrowohlen AG/Switzerland, Union Carbide
Deutchland GmbH, Dusseldorf, Germany.
12. IISI. EAF Technology: State of the Art & Future Trends 2000, .8-9, 44-57.
2008
-87-
2 :
()
2.1
)
, (, , , ,
).
( ), ( ), ( ,
) ( ).
.
,
EURATOM.
, , ,
..
, .
, .
50, , 226 . , . ,
:
: , ,
.
: , .. ,
.
: , ,
.
: , ,
.
)
(U), (Ra), (Th) (K),
(Cs), (Co), (Am), (Ir)
(Sr).
,
, , .
,
(..., , ,
..). 2.000.000
. , 40-50 .
(orphan radioactive sources) ,
, . ,
, .
,
..
,
.
,
.
(UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe)
UNECE.
-88-
2008
2.2
/
( ). , ,
,
, / .
80
,
. ,
. ,
, , ,
, .
Co-60, Cs-137, Ra-226, Th-232, U-238,
Am-241 Ir-192. ( , ,
..) ( ), . ,
- NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials), , ,
, .. , .
1983 2000, , 60
. ,
,
25 .
2.3
,
.
, (
) .
:
( ).
( )
(
, )
(
).
,
, . , 1988,
. , .
2008
-89-
3:
()
3.1
,
. , , ,
. :
(.. , ..)
(.. ).
(
), (..
, ..). , , ,
(.. , , ..).
( 16% 20%). , ( 8% 10%) .
, , (Mo)
2% 3,5%.
, . ,
( ) ( )
.
, , , duplex (
).
AISI 304 (304L) AISI
316 (316L) , 1.4301 (1.4306) 1.4401
(1.4404) . . 3-4
10088 AISI/UNS.
. 3-4
. ,
[ 35-()] , .
,
( ),
.
-90-
2008
3-1: 10088
AISI/UNS.
:
EN
AISI/
UNS
%
C
Si
Mn
Cr
Cu
Mo
Ni
1.4301
X5CrNi18-10
304
0,07 1,00 2,00 0,045 0,030
0,11
17,019,5
8,010,5
1.4306
X5CrNi18-10
304L
0,030 1,00 2,00 0,045 0,030
0,11
18,020,0
8,012,0
1.4311
X2CrNiN18-10
304LN
0,030 1,00 2,00 0,045 0,030
0,120,22
17,019,5
8,011,5
1.4401
X5CrNiMo1712-2
316
0,07 1,00 2,00 0,045 0,030
0,11
16,518,5
2,002,50
10,013,0
1.4404
X2CrNiMo1712-2
316L
0,03 1,00 2,00 0,045 0,030
0,11
16,518,5
2,002,50
10,013,0
1.4429
X2CrNiMoN17316LN
13-3
0,030 1,00 2,00 0,045 0,015
0,120,22
16,518,5
2,503,00
11,014,0(d)
1.4436
X3CrNiMo1713-3
0,05 1,00 2,00 0,045 0,030
0,11
16,518,5
2,503,00
10,513,0(d)
1.4462b
X2CrNiMoN2231803
5-3
0,030 1,00 2,00 0,035 0,015
0,100,22
21,023,0
2,503,50
4,5-6,5
1.4501c
32570
0,03
1,0
1,0 0,035 0,015
0,200,30
24,026,0
3,04,0
6,0-8,0
1.4529c
NO
8367
0,02
0,5
1,0 0,030 0,010
0,150,25
19,021,0
6,07,0
24,026,0
1,00 1,00 0,040 0,015
16,018,0
Nb:12xC
- 1,00
(316)
1.4511a
X3CrNb17
1.4571
X6CrNiMoTi17316Ti
12-2
0,08 1,00 2,00 0,045 0,030
16,518,5
2,002,50
10,513,5(d)
Ti: 5xC0,70
1.4539
X1NiCrMoCu2520-5
0,020 0,70 2,00 0,030 0,010
0,15
19,021,0
1,202,00
4,05,0
24,026,0
1.4597
X8CrMnCaB178-3
0,10 2,00
6,50,040 0,030
8,5
0,150,30
16,018,0
2,001,00
3,50
2,00
:0,00050,0015
a
b
c
d
(430Nb) 0,05
(DUPLEX)
.. , ,
0,50% 1.4571, 1,00% 1.4429, 1.4436.
:
1. .
. , L
AISI (.. 304L, 316L).
0,03%. (
).
L (
L). , , . (Ti) (Nb). ,
Ti - Nb,
.
2.
. .. :
( 1.4511/AISI 430):
11,5-27% 0,10-1,5%
650MPa . ,
, ( ..).
() .
( 10088: .. 1.4006, 1.4021, 1.4057 .. AISI 410, AISI 420, AISI 431). -
2008
-91-
0,15-1,0%, ( ).
( ..
,
).
, ( ).
( ..). ...
( DUPLEX, Inco Alloys, , ,
..).
.
, .
DUPLEX ( - ), .. AISI 329 1.4462 (> 20%) 475C. ,
( ), (stress corrosion cracking).
... .
3.
(.. >800C)
Cr Ni (.. )
1.4841 AISI 310.
3.2
3.2.1
)
, , ,
(. . 3-1 . 3.1.1 ).
)
(.
. 3.1.2 ). ().
3.2.2
)
, , , (
230MPa), .
. , 800MPa.
InE235, InE500, InE650, InE800
(. . 3-2).
[ 35-014()], ,
, , . . 3-2.
3-2:
InE235
InE500
InE650
InE800
f0,2 (MPa)
235
220
500
475
650
625
800
775
ft/f0,2
1,15
1,10
1,10
1,10
1,12
1,08
1,08
1,08
u (%)
8
7
5
4
5
4
5
4
500, B500C (. .3.2.1 ). ,
... ft/fy u (
B500C 1,15 ft/fy 1,35 u7,5%).
500C.
, (E G) ( 20%),
Poisson (v) ()
.
-92-
2008
)
10080, 1421-3 .
)
10080 .
)
:
( EN 10088-1/2002).
( BSEN ISO 3651-2, ).
Charpy ( BS EN 10045-1, V).
EN 10088 ( 16mm).
.3.2.3
) ( )
:
( .. -100C). .
(>650C).
( )
550C ( ...). ,
... 550 50% ,
30-40% , .
(850C),
,
... 650C.
)
, , , ( )
,
( InE235).
duplex.
. . duplex, , ,
.
(. . 3-1)
(. . 3-3).
3-3:
AISI
AISI
1.4301
304
1.4303
308
1.4306
304L
--308L
1.4303
308
1.4303
308
1.4401
316
1.4401
316
1.4404
316L
1.4404
316L
1.4571
316Ti
1.4583
318
1.4580
316Cb (b)
1.4583
318
1.4541
321
1.4541
321
1.4550
347
1.4550
347
2008
-93-
304, 308, 316 (thermal sensitization), , . ,
( ). 304L
316L . 316Ti, 316Cb b, 321 &
347 Ti, Nb, Ta (
).
, , MAG, (
). MAG , 2% ( Ar-2 5% 2).
, .
(hot shortness, hot cracking)
.
( ) .
. , ()
.
)
( )
. .
,
.
() ,
.
( ). ,
.
.
.
)
.
.
( 1.100C),
( ).
. , .
(, ) (
10080 ..) . AISI 304 AISI 316,
(.. ) , , (..
AISI 304 AISI 316).
-94-
2008
3-4: .
( 35-014 4)
(..
( ..)
)
1.4511
1.4301
1.4311
1.4597a
1.4401
1.4429
1.4436
1.4571
1.4539
1.4462
(1)
.
,
.
(1) ,
,
.
(1)
.
(2)
(2)
(3)
.
(1)
(1) . .
H2S, SO2,
.
(2)
(2)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(3)
.
.
(4)
(1)
,
.
(1)
.
.
(1) .
(stress
corrosion). .
(1)
(off shore).
,
.
(1) , / .
(2) .
(3) , /
(4) .
(a): prEN 10088-3:2002.
2008
-95-
4:
()
4.1 (Shielded Metal Arc
Welding, SMAW)
(Shielded Metal Arc Welding, SMAW)
, . .
,
. ,
.
(flux). , , . ,
.
:
, .
.
, ,
.
.
,
() , . ( ). ,
,
. , , , :
, ( S P)
.
, . ,
( ).
Q (Joule/cm),
( ) ,
:
Q=I*V/v,
:
V V
v cm/s.
, .
, , (
) .
,
, .
1,3kg/h 100 5,5kg/h 400.
4.2 (Gas Metal Arc
Welding, GMAW)
,
, . , , ,
.
,
. , -96-
2008
, .
( ,
) , ( rCO2 Ar-O2 r-CO2-O2). GMAW,
MIG=Metal-Inert Gas MAG=Metal-Active Gas.
,
.
( ). :
) (axial spray transfer)
(spray). H
, , .
1 5% 2, ( 200 ).
) (globular transfer)
. CO2.
) (short circuit transfer dip transfer)
, ,
( 14-20V).
, . ( 200
), , . ,
. CO2
Ar-CO2 ( r 80%-CO2 20% r 75%-CO2 25%).
,
,
. , .
,
. , , ,
. ,
.
,
.
4.3
(Flux Cored Arc Welding, FCAW)
GMAW, - ,
, . ,
. , GMAW.
,
Ar-CO2 (MAG GMAW).
.
GMAW.
, .
4.4 (Flux
Cored Arc Welding, FCAW)
,
, ,
. GMAW
.
2008
-97-
4.5 (Flash welding)
, ,
, ,
. .
. ( )
,
, .
(flashes) .
, , ( , forging stage)
, , .
.
.
.
0,8% ( 1,2%). 0,06% 0,05%. ,
.
, ,
. 1,6 2 ( )
.
0,5 ,
, 1,5 , .
5-7mm. 0,025kW/mm2
, 60 N/mm2. ,
.
.
4.6 () (Pressure-gas welding)
,
.
,
. ,
.
4 . 1/10 , 30mm 3mm
. ( ) ,
- .
, () ,
. ,
.
,
. 10 , .
12mm.
,
. ,
.
4.7 (Resistance Spot Welding)
,
( Joule).
,
. ,
.
,
, . 0,25 0,5sec.
, , ,
-98-
2008
.
, , (nugget).
, ,
.
,
: ,
. .
.
4.8 (Friction welding)
,
. .
. , .
. .
, , .
,
.
. ,
, .
4.9 (Projection welding)
.
(spot welding)
, (projection welding)
.
, .
.
,
, , ,
,
.
, .
4.10 SMAW GMAW
, SMAW GMAW.
American Welding Society (AWS).
.
, .. 6013
Arc Welding Electrode.
. psi (pounds per square inch) x1000. 6013 60,000psi.
. ,
(, , ) .
AWS SFA5.1
.
.
GMAW
ERXXS-X .. R70S-6
To ER Electrode Rod, . . ,
, , 70,000psi. S solid
2008
-99-
wire, . . , , , .
AWS SFA5.18
.
.
6013. .
(
, ).
.
. . ,
.
9018. .
.
, . 35-40% .
, . 120-2300C. 1001200C.
ER70S-6. -
- .
. Mn Si, .
,
. . CO2, Ar-CO2 Ar-O2, .
( ).
ER80S-G. -
- .
ER70S-6 , . ( Mn Si) ( 0,5%) Cr ( 1,0%).
-100-
2008
5:
()
5.1
(spacers)
, , , , ..,
, (), , , . , ,
,
.
, ,
, . . 7.2.2 , :
, PVC
, .
5mm.
, :
( )
( )
, , , ..
:
5.2
() ,
. 20.4.6, :
, , (, , .)
/
( ).
5.3
, , ( ) .
,
.
,
. , :
.
, :
:
:
( ): ( )
: .
2008
-101-
(..
2cm , 2,5 3cm).
, :
12mm ~50 cm , 4 m2 .
14mm ~70 cm , 2 m2
12mm ~ 70 cm 2 m2
14mm ~ 100 cm 1 m2
,
4 m2. ,
, 2 m2.
40cm
. ,
40cm 15cm.
, 20
60cm. , ,
50cm. ,
1,0m.
, : 4
60cm, 3 40cm. ,
50cm. ,
1,0m.
. 5-1 .
5-1:
-102-
2008
,
. ,
.
5.4
)
( , ..)
, , ,
(. . 5-2). ,
(. . 5-2, ), ,
,
, . ,
20 cm.
, ,
( ) (. . 5-2, ).
.
, .
()
()
~ 20
h
h
~ 20
min 8
()
~ 20
min 12 ( )
()
5-2: (supports)
, -
, ,
, ,
, , ,
.
, , ,
, ,
min 12 , ..
( , .. ),
( ).
2008
-103-
,
() , , . 5-3.
25
1,00m
5-3: ()
.
-104-
2008
6:
()
6.1
) , ,
. , :
,
, , , ..
) , , :
,
,
()
,
, ,
( , ,
).
,
,
, .
, , .
) (
), . ,
.
) ,
( ) , ,
. , ,
:
.
) ..:
, , ..
, , ..
..
, , ..
..
6.2
) ,
, , :
.
) :
, , ( )
2008
-105-
(, )
,
.
6.3
:
) , , ,
) ,
)
, (.. )
) ( )
)
) , , ,
..
)
(.. 135o)
, .
6.4
) ,
, ,
, ,
.
) :
( )
( ),
, , .
,
.
,
.
6.5
, , , ,
, /
, -
- .
.
-106-
2008
7:
()
.
7.1
, , ,
:
/
.
:
-
-
- .. .
,
, .
:
:
(
)
( ,
, ,
, ..).
, , .
: , , ,
,
, .
, ( ,
..), , , .
,
(. ).
:
- ( )
( )
7.2 -
.
, , . ,
( ) .
,
.
, , ():
, , , ,
..
,
(, ,
, , .)
( )
(, , , .., ..)
2008
-107-
(
, , , , , ..).
, , ,
, , , ...
() .
.
, (
),
. ( ),
, .,
(, .), .
,
, ,
, .
7.3
. 7-1 ( )
.
, ,
/ ,
, ..
,
/
.
,
.
, (.. ),
, , .
, ..
, ( ), . ,
( - ).
7-1:
/
-108-
(
)
(,
)
( , )
, , ..
(
)
2008
10
(
)
, .
, , ,
, ,
. ,
, ..,
.
7.4
7.4.1
. ,
, . ,
. , -,
, Nital (. . 3.4
. 4).
.
, 50cm . ,
, .
, ,
.
. , (..
3cm), (
).
( 90%) .
.
-, - - ( 90%)
:
ft (MPa) 3,40 3,46 HV ( Vickers)
fy (MPa) 3,27 HV
- (.. Tempcore) , ,
. -,
.
(). . , , ,
. ( 2cm),
.
, ,
,
(, ).
(, .. . 1) ,
.
.
- ,
2008
-109-
, . -
. 7-1().
Nital
2% Nital
100x
() StI ( )
500x
() StIII ( :
, : )
4% Nital
250x
() StI
(
.)
() Tempcore,
Nital.
( -
10% -
.)
7-1:
, ,
,
.. .
7.4.2
, ( 2cm),
( , ). ,
.
S500s, 500 500C . ,
(
) . , ( StI S220)
. ,
.
-110-
2008
7.4.3
. ,
( )
, (
) ( ) .
, . :
,
, (.
).
,
. 5%
0,5mm, .
(. Bulletin CEB162 Assessment of concrete structures
and design procedures for upgrading).
. ,
, .
) ,
, .
.
) , :
, .
, ,
( )
.
,
, ,
.
.
,
, ()
. ( ).
/ , :
. ( ),
( )
().
. , pH>9, , , pH<9,
.
.
,
.
, , :
(.. 8mm) ,
. ,
.
.
. ,
, ,
( ) .
: :
o
2008
, ,
. , ,
(,
..). , BS 8110: Part 1:1985 EN 206, 0,4% ..
. ,
7
-111-
, ,
, . , ACI 222R-85
, 28
: 1,0% .. (, : 1993
).
( )
(Neville: 1995 Properties of concrete). ,
,
, , ,
. 20%
50% (Neville: 1995 Properties of concrete).
.
, ,
(.. 300kg/m3)
(.. 2200 2300 kg/m3).
,
. Ca(OH)2 , 0,4% 0,6%
. CaCO3, .
, ,
. ASTM C 876-87,
, E, :
o > -200 mVcse, 90%
o
o
< -350 mVcse, 90%
-200 mVcse > > -350 mVcse, .
- - .
, ,
.
7.4.4
(, , )
, :
,
, ( ).
, ,
, -, ..
, ,
,, , , ().
:
. ,
, , .
. ,
. (
) . ,
,
.
. , , .
. H ,
. ,
. .
30cm, 192 35cm,
60 60cm (LINAV) 2,00m.
(CR: computed radiographs,
) ,
, , .
.
: .
-112-
2008
,
(...)
7.5 ...
1) 1954 .. "
", 160-1954. . 7-2
,
. .. ...
.
7-2: ... 160 - 1954
..-.
III
.. -.
III
..
IV
.. -.
IV
..
min fy
(MPa)
220
ft
(MPa)
340-500
min 10
%
18
min 500
18
min 500
500
16
500
420 (d 18mm)
400 (d >18mm)
420 (d 18mm)
400 (d >18mm)
: = , = ,
.-. = , .. (..-. ..-.) = .
2) 1969 EU 80-69 (
) .
...
( ) (. . 7-2 7-2).
A, B, C :
- :
- : (. . 7-3)
- C: .
DIN 488/72.
A
7-2: FeB40 EU 80-69
7-2: FeB50 EU 80-69
7-3: EU 80-69 EU 80-85
, , .
..,
, , ,
,
, ()
2008
( )
EU 80-69
EU 80-85
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
6
7
8
-113-
3) 1985 EU 80-85, EU 80-69.
, FeB400 FeB500 . 7-3 7-3.
,
. 8
(. . 7-3). DIN 488/84
BSt420s BSt500s (. .
7-4 7-4).
7-3: FeB400 EU 80-85
7-3: FeB500 EU 80-85
7-4: BSt 420s DIN 488/84
7-4: BSt 500s DIN 488/84
4) 1987 959 971
EU 80-69 (S220, S400, S500) ...
( ), EU 80-85
... S400s S500s. . 7-4
.
7-4: ... 959 971.
...
959
971
S220
S400
S500
S400s
S500s
, fy (MPa)
220
400
500
400
500
, ft (MPa)
340
500
550
440
550
, 5 (%)
24
14
12
14
12
, , ... (
). .
. 7-5, 7-6 7-7( ) .
S500s 90 ,
... DIN 488/84 (. .
7-4 7-4).
-114-
2008
7-5: S400 StIII
7-6: S500 St IV
7-7: S400s
7-7: S 500s St IV
5) 2005 EN 10080, EU 80-85 ENV 10080/94,
,
( , C ). EN 10080
..., . , ,
1421-1, 1421-2 1421-3.
, 1421-1 , 1421-2 1421-3
... B500A B500C . 2006,
1421-1 10080, 2007 1421-2
1421-3. .
7.6
...
1960 StI
DIN488 S220 959. 959
, S220 .
, 50 StII StIV (
) StII StIV ( ).
60 90, StI, 1987
S400 ( 959). ,
( ), 2008
-115-
. , '60 '70, , (St ),
StI .
St III. . 7-8.
7-8 St
, 1987, 959 971,
S220, S400, S500 ( 959) S400s S500s ( 971).
, s .
S500 S400 ( ) ,
, . ,
S400s, S500s
( )
. (Nb), (V)
(i), .
, 90
S400 S220, 90
S500s () S220.
, S400,
S500s.
2000 (-2000). 2000 ( )
EC2 EC8. , ,
, , ,
,
, , , .. .
...
. 10080,
1421-2 1421-3 ( 2007)
959 971 .
, ,
... . 7-5.
7-5 ,
...
C
Mn
Si
St I S220
St III S400
St III /
S500
S400s
S500s
S500s
B500
B500C
0,08-0,12
0,30-0,40
0,10-0,15
0,35-0,40
0,15
0,18-0,20
0,15-0,20
0,20-0,22
0,20-0,22
0,50
0,80-1,00
0,50
1,00-1,20
0,60-1,00
1,00-1,20
0,60-1,00
0,90-1,20
0,90-1,20
0,10
0,20-0,30
0,10
0,20-0,30
0,15-0,30
0,20-0,30
0,15-0,30
0,15-0,30
0,15-0,30
0,03-0,06
0,03-0,06
0,03-0,06
0,03-0,05
0,03-0,05
0,03-0,05
0,03-0,05
0,03-0,05
0,01-0,05
(% ..)
0,02-0,03
0,04-0,09
-
..-.
..-.
.-
..-.
..-.
..-.
..-.
..-. .-
..-.
()
70
60 95
60 70
90 -95
90 -95
90 -95
92 2007
2006
2006
.-. = , .-.= , .-.=
, .-. =
St I 60
-116-
2008
. 7-6 ,
.
7-6
/
8 - 12
2005, *
8 - 13
2005, *
8 - 14
SD*
8 - 15
IKH ()
2006, ..*
8 - 15
()
2006,
2006,
...*
8 - 18
()
..*
8 - 18
()
8 - 24
(SOVEL)
8-6
IKH
10
4-3
SIDERPOTENZA
11
4-5
FERALPI SIDERURGICA
12
4-7
FERRIERE NORD
13
4-8
SCABI
14
4-9
OFFICINE E FON. GALTAROSSA
15
4 - 15
LEALI LUIGI
16
4 - 19
VALSABBIA
17
4 - 23
IRO
18
4 25/26/27
ALFA ACCIAI
19
1-9
HES
20
1-16 1-9
RIVA
21
1-22
LECH
22
5-4
..
ALPHA STEEL
23
87 9-7
ICDAS
24
8-9
COLAKOGLU
25
8-13
IZMIR DEMIR CELIK
26
8 - 17
EKINCILER DEMIR VE CELIK SANAYI
27
8-20
HABAS
28
9-14
SAYMETAL
29
KROMAN
KR TR
30
ICDAS
CTR *
31
MOLDOVA *
32
1 1**
KRIVOROZHSTAL
2006, ...*
CM *
H*
* .
** .
: . .
10080,
9, 8.
EU 80-69, EU 80-85, NV 10080/94 10080/05.
959 971
10080, 1421-2 1421-3.
DIN 488/72 DIN 488/84
-
2008
-117-
8 :
()
8.1
,
, .
(.. ), -
( ) -
.
( ), ,
( ) ( ).
, ,
()
.
,
( ). ,
,
.
8.2 ,
,
( ), ,
, ..
( ),
, ..
prN 10138- 1 4,
/ (.. . 3.2, 19.4 19.5, 20.5 20.6,
21.2.6 21.2.7), :
, ,
,
..
8.3
8.3.1
(),
( ) .
8.3.2
, ,
s =200 GPa .
2000, -
. ,
- (, ) . 8-1.
-118-
2008
pt
fpt
fpy
Es200 GPa
Es
py
pu
pt
fpy 0,9 fpt
py :
8-1: -
, fptk, :
fptk max (1,10 f0,2k , 1,05 f0,2obs) ,
obs .
, ,
. :
puk 0,035 (puk - pyk) 3 pyk .
8.4
200C
(20C).
400C ( 20C):
70%,
fpy fpt 50%.
600C, .
. , 60C
, 20C.
8.5
, .
( ).
.
,
(.. ), .
EC 2 . 3.3.5.3 prEN10138-1 . 5.9,
( ) ,
NH4SCN ( ) prEN10138-1 . 5.9.
. 8-1.
2008
-119-
8-1: NH4SCN
mm
< 12
12 <25
25 <40
1,5
4
1,5
4
20
50
60
250
100
400
(. . 2),
, .
8.6 , , ..
, ,
, , , , ..
,
() .
, .
, .
(, couplers),
.
(. . 2).
, , .., .
-120-
2008
9:
()
,
. . 9.1
(, ),
/ ,
, , .
9.1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
.. 95/1978 .
.. 778/1980 .
.. 1073/1981
.
. 1396/1983
.
. 1430/1984 62
.
.. 130646/1984 .
. 1568/1985 .
.. 225/1989 .
.. 70/1990 , 15.5, .
.. 85/1991
, 86/188/.
.. 377/1993 89/392/ 91/368/
.
.. 395/1994
88/642/.
.. 396/1994
88/655/.
.. 397/1994
90/269/.
.. 105/1995 /
92/58/.
.. 16/1996
89/654/EOK
..17/1996
89/391/ 91/383/.
.. 18/1996 - ./ 377/1993
93/44/ 93/68/
.. 305/1996
92/57/.
.. 88/1999
93/104/
.. 89/1999 .. 395/1994 95/63/
.. . 16289/330/1999, 3. 9. 15 97/23/
.
.. 304/2000 . 395/1994 . 89/1999.
. 155/2004 .. 395/1994 "
89/655/EOK" ( 220) , 2001/45/
27 2001.
.. 149/2006 E
() 2003/10/
. . . 130329/1995
.
2008
-121-
27. .. 7568 .700.1, 7/1996 ( 155//13.3.96) 2.5)
.
28. . 2696/1999/-57 , 32.
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()
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.. 1073/1981 ( 102-110) .
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.
EN 13087.02/A1
- - 2:
2002-04-15
CR 13464
1999-05-04
14404
2005-05-11
EN 169 E3
-
-
2003-05-30
EN 379 2
2003-12-04
EN 470.01/A1
x x
- Mo 1:
1998-09-03
EN ISO 20347
2004-09-20
EN 12477
2001-12-05
9.3
.. 1073/1981 ( 85-87, 91,
101), . 1430/1984 ( 18), .. 16/1996, , V), .. 305/1996 ( IV), .. 778/1980
( 21), .. 85/1991 .. 105/1995.
:
( , ..)
..
,
.
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log
k1
fy
1
1
Rsk
Rsk
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N*
k2
1
N2=10y
logN
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( EN 1992-1-1). . . 10-1.
-126-
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10-1 (
Whler) (. . 10-2)
k1
k2
Rsk
(MPa)
106
162,5
58,5
10
B500C,
.
10080 1421-3 , :
=150MPa 2x106 ,
=100MPa 2x106 .
2 EN 1992-1-1. , . 10-3
, . 10-1, ,
=2x106, 150MPa 100MPa
.
1000
500
logRsk (MPa)
150
100
+
=2,E+06
10
=150MPa
=100MPa
1
1,E+03
2,E+06
1,E+04
1,E+05
1,E+06
1,E+07
logN
10-3 ( Whler) ,
( EN 1992-1-1)
2008
10
-127-
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