មេដឹកជាតិខ្មែរ ភាគ២ Khmer Leader 2

PaK 2
esckIþEføgGMNrKuN
Cabzm´sUmRkabfVaybgÁM RBHBuT§ RBHFm’ RBHsgÇRKb;RBHGgÁ EdlCamøb;d¾RtCak;sMrab;BuT§sanikCn
RKb;rUb nigCamUldæanRKwHd¾sMxan; sMrab;EfrkSakarBarCatiExμrRKb;sm½ykal.
´sUmelIkhtßafVaybgÁM elak«Buk Gñkmþay CaGñkmanKuNd¾elIslub)anpþl;kMeNIteGayékItmk
CaCatiExμr. sUmeKarBEføgGMNrKuNdl;elakRKU GñkRKU saRsþacarüTaMgGs; Edl)anpþl;cMeNHdwgdl;´
nigkulbuRt kulFItaExμrRKb;rUb RBmTaMgsUmEføgGMNrKuNdl;Gs;elak elakRsI CnrYmCatiExμrTaMgGs; Edl)an
GanesovePAenH nigCYy]btßmÖKaMRT.
esovePA emdwknaMCatiExμr PaK 2 EdlćgRkgeLIgenH edIm,I]TÞisdl; RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 7 nig
RBHmhakSRt emdwknaMesñhaCatiExμr vir³CnExμr TaMgGs; EdlxitxMdwknaMRbeTsExμrknøgmkGs;BIkmøaMg
kaycitþ edIm,IEfrkSakarBar Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr TWkdIExμr eGay)ansuxsuPmgÁl rIkcMerInrugerOg
sMrab;kUnecAExμr RKb;CMnan;rs;enA CaBiess ´sUmbYgsYgdl;vtßús½kásiTi§TaMgGs; EdlmanenAkñúgTwkdIExμrCYy
eGayesovePAenH pSBVpSay RCYtRCabdl;citþ KMnit R)aCJa RbCaCatiExμr kulbuRt kulFItaExμrTaMgGs;enARKb;Tws
TITaMgkñúg nigeRkARbeTs.
esovePAenHCakarrYmcMENkd¾tictYcsþÜcesþIg kñúgkarbNþúHbNþalFnFanmnusS pþl;cMeNHdwgbEnßm
dl;bgb¥Ún sisS nisSit GñksikSaRsavRCav RbCaCatiExμrTaMgGs; GMBIKMnitemdwknaMrbs;bNþaRbeTs
GPivDÆn_mYycMnYn edIm,ITajykRTwsþIl¥² bTBiesaFn_sMxan;² nigKMnitfμI² mkGnuvtþn_kñúgkardwknaMRbeTsExμreyIg
CaBiess tamry³esovePAenH GacbgðajpøÚvdl;GñkesñhaCatiExμr kUnExμr RbCaCatiExμrTaMgGs; h‘anegIbeLIg
karBar rMedaH Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr eGayrYcputBI GaNaniKmn_kumμúynisþyYnEbbfμI nig
rbbkumμúynisþpþac;kar h‘un Esn EdlCab£sKl;bBaðaelIbBaðaTaMgLayEdlkMBugekItmanenAkñúgRbeTsExμr
sBVéf¶ edIm,IeGayRbeTsExμr CatiExμreyIgrIkcMerInrugerOgdUcRbeTsdéTenAkñúgBiPBelak.
´sgÇwmfaesovePAenH nwgCYybMPøWdl;bgb¥Ún sisS nisiSt CMnan;eRkay nigGs;elak elakRsI
EdlmanbMNgcg;køayCaemdwknaMl¥ sMrab;sgÁmCatiExμr k¾dUcCasMrab;dwknaMtambNþasßab½nepSg²TaMgkñúgÉkCn
rdæ nigeRkArdæaPi)al. ýl;fa karsresrGacminTan;)anRKb;RCugeRCayenAeLIyeT enAmanxVHcenøaH xusqÁg
xøH²edayRbkarepSg²Caminxan Et´rIkrayTTYlnUvmtiriHKn;Eklm¥RKb;Ebbya:gGMBIelakGñkGan.
cugbBa©b;enH ´sUmpþaMepJIGs;elakGñkGan sUmGanesovePAenHeGaycb;RKb;Gtßn½y edIm,IykmkKit
RtiHriHBicarNa TukCabTBiesaFn_ RTwsþI cMeNHdwg ykeTAdwknaMRbeTsExμr eGay)anCaplRbeyaCn_Bit²
CUnsgÁmCatiExμr RbCaBlrdæExμr )anrIkcMerIn suxsuPmgÁl rYcBIPaBRkIRk nigmansiTi§esrIPaBeBjeljCaExμr.
´sUmCUnBrdl;Gs;elak GñkGanTaMgGs; eFIVkic©karGIV²RKb;ya:g)ansMerceCaKC½ydUckarb:gR)afña nigCYbEt
BuT§BrTaMgR)aMRbkar KW Gayu vNÑ³ sux³ Bl³ nig bdiPaN³ kMubIXøagXøateLIy.
eFIVenAva:sIunetan éf¶TI 09 Ex mkra qñaM 2009
bNÐit s FmμrgSI
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI i rkSasiTi§

GarmÖkfa
esovePAemdwknaMCatiExμrPaK 2 Edlbgb¥ÚnCnrYmCatiExμrkMBugGanenAkñúgédenH KWCakUnesovePAtUcmYy
sMrab;bMPøWpøÚvdl;RBHetCKuN sisS nisSit GñkesñhaCatiExμrRKb;RsTab;kñúgsgÁm nigkulbuRtkulFItaExμr eGay)an
yl;dwgbEnßmGMBIkardwknaM edIm,ICYyRCMuERCg kñúgkargarCYyrMedaHRbeTsCatimatuPUmiExμr eGayrYcputBIEpnkar
yYnkumμúynisþ ¬\NÐÜcin¦ EdlkMBugEtRtYtRtaTaMgExμreRkam nigRbeTsExμrnaeBlbc©úb,nñ. ExμrRKb;rUbman
EtkarQWcab; BImYyCMnan;eTAmYyCMnan; EtkarQWcab;enH enAEtKrelIKMnrTukçRbCaBlrdæExμrdEdl. eday
RbCaBlrdæExμr mindwgriHrkviFImYyNa eFIVya:gdUcemþc edIm,IedaHRsaybBaða EdlkMBugEtekItmaneLIgenHeGaycb;
nigrYcputBIekñobrbs;kumμúynisþyYn edIm,IeGayExμrTTYl)ansuxekSmkSanþeLIy. ExμreyIgmanEtkmøaMgcitþ EtxVH
kmøaMgR)aCJa tamyuT§saRsþelak s‘un s‘U ebIeyIgcg;ykQñHsRtUv eyIgRtUvykQñHxagyuT§saRsþ. ehtu
dUecñHehIy GñkniBn§xitxMcgRkgesovePAenHeLIgTukCak,Ünxñat KWkñúgeKalbMNgrYmcMENkpSBVpSay dl;kul
buRtkulFItaExμr GñkesñhaCatiExμrBIRKb;mCÄdæan eGay)anyl;dwgxøH² GMBIrebobdwknaM edIm,IcUlrYmcMENk
rMedaHRbeTsCatieyIg eGaymanÉkraCüPaB snþiPaB siTi§esrIPaBeBjelj ]tþmPaB rugerOg kñúgnamCaExμr
minRBmsøab;dUcBs; rs;dUckEgáb dUcsBVéf¶enHeLIy. kUnExμrTaMgGs;RtUvdwgfa vasnaGnaKtCatiExμr KWsißtenA
elIkNþab;édrbs;RBHetCKuNRKb;RBHGgÁ sisS nisSit bgb¥Ún CnrYmCatiExμrTaMGs; EdlmanesovePAGan
enAkñúgédenHehIy. ebIelakGñk)anyl;ehIy eXIjehIy sUmrYmcMENk lHbg; KaMRT minfatic b¤eRcIn tam
lT§PaBenaHCatieyIgnigrs;esμImuxCatisasn_déT minRBmsißtenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;breTs dUcyYnRtYtRtaExμr
sBVéf¶ tamry³ h‘un Esn eRbICa kUnGuk nigykeQμaHesþc sIhnu CarnaMg eGayExμreyIgs¶b;citþ yl;xusfa
RbeTsExμrmansuxsniþPaB vaeFIVeGayExμremIleXIj manLan luy vILa CaerOgGs©arü EtKYreGayGaNit
GasUrQamExμreBkéRk EdlenAEthUr enAEtRkIRk nigKYreGaysEgVkdl;QamExμrEdl)ansøab; enAelIsmrPUmi
nigGñksøab; kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüknøgmk. CnrgeRKaHExμrsBVéf¶ rs;enArgTukçevTna KμanGñkrkyutþiFm’
KμanGñkykcitþTukdak; EtpÞúyeTAvij yYnsuxcitþbUCaCivit nigeFIVGIVRKb;ya:g edIm,IeKaledAFMbMputrbs;va KWyk
TwkdIExμr eRBaHTwkdIExμrsMxan;Cagvtßú nigsmÖar³TaMgGs;enaH KWBYkvaeRbIneya)ayRtCak; mkdeNþImyk
plRbeyaCn_BIExμr nigRtYtRtakñúgRksYgsMxan;dUcCa b:UlIs Tahan RksYgkarbreTs ehIyyYnbegIátsmaKmn_
19 extþRkug nigecjcUlmincaM)ac;manTidæakar edIm,IbBa¢ÚnCnCatiyYnbnþicmþg² mktaMgTIlMenAelITwkdIExμr TIbMput
ExμrkøayCaCnCatiPaKticrbs;yYn dUcman cam nig ExμreRkam Ca]TahrN_Rsab;.
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ii rkSasiTi§

TsSn³GñkniBn§
´mankaresaksþay nigxVl;xVayya:gxøaMg cMeBaHvasnaGnaKtRbeTsCati vasnakulbuRtkulFItaExμr
CMnan;eRkay sþayTwkdI ekrþ×dMENldUntaEdlxitxMksagTuk buBVbursExμr)anbUCalHbg;QamRss; sac;Rss;
edIm,IEfrkSaTwkdITuksMrab;kUnExμrCMnan;enH. RseNaHBUCsasn_ExμrEdlFøab;l,IrnÞWkñúgelak minKYrFøak;kñúgsßanPaB
dUcsBVéf¶ RtUvcMNuHbreTs RtYtRtaemIlgayeLIy. lT§plEdlyYn)anGnuvtþl,icklneya)aye)akR)as;
cMeBaHCatiExμr BIGtItkal nigbc©úb,nñ edIm,IplRbeyaCn_CatixøÜn nigsMerceKalbMNgcugeRkayrbs;shB½n§
\NÐÚcin KWyYnRtYtRtaTwkdI\NÐÚcinTaMgmUl Edlman Exμr Lav camCaedIm. minEtb:ueNÑaH yYn)aneFIVeGay
CatiExμrrgTukçevTna søab;rgÁal KμankIþemtþatamliTi§kumμúynisþ minfaExμreRkam b¤Exμrbc©úb,nñ EdlmanQamC½r
ExμrEtmYyeLIy. yYnlabBN’eGayExμrvegVg kab;smøab;RbCaBlrdæExμr eFIVeGayExμrhinehacexøacpSar eday
eRbICnBalelμaPGMNac h‘un Esn CakUnGuk. cugeRkayyYnbBa¢ÚnCnCatixøÜnmkrs;enAelITwkdIExμr edayEkøg
bnøMxøÜn eFIVCaExμrfμI. edIm,IpþÜlrMelIgCatisasn_mYyeGayexSay yYn)aneRbIRKb;yuT§saRsþ eRbImenaKmn_
kumμúynisþbMBak;bMb:nExμr edIm,IbMpøajFnFanmnusS kab;sMlab;GñkR)aCJ GñkecHdwg bBaØvnþExμr GñkesñhaCati
¬sm½y b:ul Bt¦ edaybnSl;TukenAGñkTn;exSay GñkecHtictYc edIm,IyYngayRsYlbMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_
kumμúynisþbEnßm bEgVrTisedAbMerIneya)ay ¬plRbeyaCn_¦ eGayxøÜneTAvij. karsMlab;GñkecHdwg Gñk
esñhaCatiExμr edayecaTfaRkumExμresrI ¬briva¦ enHsreGayeXIjfaTaMg sIhnu nig h‘un Esn CaCn
Edllg;menaKmn_kumμúynisþ yYn cin ePøcKitfaGñksøab;RbmaNCit 3 lannak; CaCatiExμr manQamC½rCaExμr
BYkeKbnþkab;smøab; GñkesñhaCatiExμr KμanseNþasRbNI dUcsRtUvrbs;xøÜnKμanemtþa. kareFIVEbbenH eRBaH sIhnu
nig h‘un Esn xøac)at;bg;GMNac raCblø½gÁ EdlyYnelIkeGay. rhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶enH etIExμr)anTTYl
plRbeyaCn_GIVxøHBIyYn eRkAEtBImanbBaðaminecHcb;; eFIVTukçbukemñjExμr kab;smøab;ExμrCabnþbnÞab; ecaTExμr
GñkesñhaCati edIm,Ismøab; cab;dak;KukCaedIm. BYkeKeFIVdUckalEdl sIhnu ecaTExμr ln; nl; sirImt³ RBab
\nÞ sm sarI sIg g:ukfaj; EdlCaGñkesñhaCatiedjyYn faCaGñkk,t;CatieTAvij b:uEnþ cMeBaHCnCatiyYn
eBl sIhnu cab;)an ehIyElgeGayRtLb;eTARbeTsyYnvij kalBI sIhnu CYyyYneyokkug¬1964-1970¦
cMENk h‘un Esn GnuBaØat eGayyYncUlmkTwkdIExμr kat;TwkdIExμreGayyYn ¬45 PaKryénépÞdIExμrsBVéf¶
RtUv)aneFIVsm,Tan eGayRkumh‘unyYn EdlmankugRta 99 qñaM¦ eKyl;famink,t;Cati lk;CatieT EteKfavaCa
cMNgmitþPaBevotNam km<úCaeTAvij . etITegVIEbbenHcat;TukfaCaemdwknaM eFIVedIm,IplRbeyaCn_CatiExμr
b¤sMrab;bMerIplRbeyaCn_yYn ebIeFIVsMrab;plRbeyaCn_yYn eyIgGaccat; TukfaCaCnk,t;CatiExμr)anEdr b¤eT?
karRsavRCavcgRkgesovePAenHeLIg eTaHbICaCIvit´RtUvsøab; edayBYk h‘un Esn k¾eday k¾´min
xøacsøab; ´suxcitþlHbg;CIvit edIm,ICatiExμrrs; RtUvEtsresrkarBittamkarsikSaRsavRCav BIbNþaRbeTseCOn
elOnmYycMnYndUcCashrdæGaemrik nigshKmn_GWrub cin Cb:un kUer: EdlCaRbeTsmhaGMNaceCOnelOn
PaKeRcInCaPasaGg;eKøs rYmCamYybTBiesaFn_rbs;´xøH EdlFøab;)anqøgkat; edIm,IEksRmYlCaPasarExμr
eGaygayGan sRmYldl;karRsavRCavrbs;RBHetCKuN sisS nisSit nigRbCaBlrdæExμrTUeTA. esovePAenHqøúH
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI iii rkSasiTi§
bBa©aMgsgÁmExμrbcú©úb,nñ eFobeTA niwgRbeTsdéT mkbgðajpøÚv pþl;CaKtisMrab;RtiHriHBicarNa etIeyIgRtUv
edaHRsaybBaðaRbeTsCatirbs;eyIg tamviFINa? edIm,ICYyRbCaCatiExμreGayrYcputBITukçevTna nwgeGayrIkcMerIn
dUcRbeTsdéT. ebIeyIgemIleXIjGIVEdlfμI GacEkERbeGayeq<aHeTArkvDÆnPaB enaHeyIgRtUvEtpøas;bþÚrEkERb
edayminTukeGayenAdEdlnUvGIVEdleyIgemIleXIjfa eFIVeGayRbeTsCatiFøak;eTAkñúgPaBGnþray søab;Cati
)at;bg;siT§i )at;bg;GFibetyüenaHeLIy.
GayuCivitRbeTsCati mansar³sMxan;CagGayuCivitrbs;eyIgxøaMgNas; ehtudUecñH GIVEdlCakarRsavRCav
cgRkgesovePAenH edaykaremIleXIjsgÁmExμr CatiExμrkMBugEtFøak;kñúgkNþab;édyYn eyIgTaMgGs;KñaRtUv
Etha‘nniyay h‘aneFIV nigsamKÁIKñaCaFøúgmYy edIm,ICatiExμr sasna RbCaCatiExμr TwkdIExμr nigkUnecAExμr
CMnan;eRkay kMueGayrgTukçevTna dUceyIgbc©úb,nñenH RtUvbreTsemIlgayemIlefakcMeBaHCatieyIg. eyIgman
TwkdIkMeNIt manCatisasn_mYyEdr EtRtUvXøatq¶ayBITwkdIkMeNItCaTIRsLaj;rbs;eyIg mkrs;enARbeTseK
)ansuxEtmñak;Ég RkumRKYsar EtebIeyIgRkeLkemIleTAkñúgRbeTsExμr CatiExμrTaMgmUl EdlmanRbCaBlrdæExμr
rab;lannak; KμansiTi§esrIPaBeBjelj rgTukçevTna Qwcab;BImYyéf¶eTAmYyéf¶ edaysarEtBYkemdwknaM
mYycMnYntUc EdlGtμaniym GviC¢a elμaPGMNac niglaPskáar³ EdlyYnerobcMpþl;GMNaceGay etIeyIgsuxcitþ
RTaMemIlTukçevTnaRbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;enaH EdlmanQamC½rCaExμrdUceyIg b¤mYyya:gNa. eyIgRtUvKitfa
ebIeTaHCaRtUvsøab;edayRbkarNamYyk¾eday k¾søab;edaykIþsb,ayrIkray nigmanemaTnPaB BIeRBaHeyIg)an
eFIVKuNRbeyaCn_sMrab;CatieyIgbnþicbnþÜcEdr eFIVedIm,ICatiExμr sMrab;kUnExμrCMnan;eRkay eGayyl;dwgGMBI
bBaðaRbeTsCatixøÜn. dUcCasmþIrbs; RbFanaFibtIGaemrikeQμaH cn xinDI )anmanRbsasn_fa {cUrGñkkMuKitfa
Cati)anpþl;GIVxøHdl;Gñk EtGñkRtUv Kitfa eyIgmñak;²)aneFIVGIVxøHCaRbeyaCn_dl;CatieyIg ehIyb¤enA?}.
cugbBa©b;enH ´sUmpþaMepJIdl;Gs;elakGñkGanTaMgGs; xitxMRsavRCavGanesovePAeGayeRcInCaerog
rhUt sþab;viTüúBt’manepSg²RbcaMéf¶ GegátemIlBIRKb;sßankarN_ eronBIRKb;TIkEnøg sþab;BIRKb;mnusS minfa
mnusScas;ekμg mitþP½RkeLIy ykmkRtiHriHBicarNa EtRKUTI1Edll¥ KWesovePAl¥. ebIeyIgGanesovePA
minRtUvGanEtRkbxageRkAeLIy eyIgRtUvGanGtßn½yxagkñúgeGaycb; l¥itl¥n;eTIbyl;dwgkan;EteRCA. cMENk
kareronsURt KWeronKμanTIbBa©b;eLIy eronrhUtdl;cugbBa©b;énCivit. GIVEdleyIgGaceFIV)anenAéf¶enH eyIgRtUv
eFIVenAéf¶enH eyIgminRtUvbeNþaycaMéf¶Es¥keLIy. ral;kic©karTaMgLayEdleFIV RtUvEtykKm<Irk,Ünxñat RtwmRtUv
mkeFIVCaeKal. ral;eBleFIVGIVmYyRtUvKitBIplcMeNj plRbeyaCn_GtibrmaCanic© etIkic©karenaH manRbeyaCn_
sMrab;xøÜnÉg sMrab;sgÁmCati sMrab;RbeTsCatieyIg nigsMrab;BiPBelakb¤eT?. ebIkic©karNa EdlKμanRbeyaCn_
kMucMNayeBlevla\tRbeyaCn_eFIVvaeTot. RbeTsCatirIkcMerInmYycMnYn eKlHbg;plRbeyaCn_tUc cab;yk
plRbeyaCn_FM dUcCaRBHBuT§suxcitþlHbg;esckþIsux GMNacCaesþcEpndI lHbg;kamtNða edIm,IEsVgrkFm’CYy
mnusSelakpgEdr. eyIgCaGñkesñhaCatiExμr RtUvKitKUrplRbeyaCn_CatiCaFM xøaMgCagplRbeyaCn_buKÁl ¬tUc¦
mann½yfa plRbeyaCn_CatiExμrTaMgmUl EdleyIgmanedImkMeNIt CaExμr manTwkdI RbCaBlrdæExμr vtßúmantMél
epSg²dUcCa éRBeQI Er: R)asaTGgÁrvtþCaedIm.l. TaMgGs;enHmantMélCagCiviteyIgmñak;xøaMgNas; eRBaHfa
eyIgekItmkehIyrEmgsøab;eTAvij éf¶NamYyminxaneLIy KμannNamñak;eCosputBIesckþIsøab;eLIy. dUecñH
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI iv rkSasiTi§
eyIgminRtUvxøacesckþIsøab;eLIy eyIgRtUvEtnaMKñarYbrYmsamKÁIKñaeLIg eFIVRbeyaCn_CUnCatiExμrTaMgmUl edIm,IeGay
RbCaBlrdæExμr EdlkMBugrgcaMGñkmanbuNümkCYyseRgÁaH )ansuxsanþedaysareyIg eTIbCatiExμreyIgecosput
BIkaremIlgay emIlefak BICatisasn_déT)an.
CamYyKñaenHEdr ´sUmGMBavnav dl;Gs;elakGñkesñhaCatiExμrTaMgGs; EdlmanbMNgcg;CYyCatiExμr
CYye)aHBumÖesovePAenH b¤ftcMlgEckcaypSBVpSaydl;RbCaBlrdæExμrenAkñúgRbeTs tamlT§PaBEdlGac
eFIV)anedIm,IeGayBYkKat;yl;dwgbEnßm manqnÞ³ rYmcMENkCYyCatiExμreyIgeGayrs;eLIgvij.
sUmGrRBHKuN nig GrKuN¡¡¡¡¡
3C3
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI v rkSasiTi§

matika
esckþIEføgGMNrKuN ------------------------------------------------------------------i
GarmÖkfa ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii
TsSn³GñkniBn§ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii
CMBUkTI 1
begIátckçúvis½y
I.GgÁkardwknaM ----------------------------------------------------------------------2
1-begIátRkumkargarEdlmanqnÞ³dUcKña ---------------------------------------------3
k-eKalbMNgrYm ------------------------------------------------------ 6
x-tMrUvtamsßankarN_ ---------------------------------------------------7
K-PaBs¥itrmYt --------------------------------------------------------7
X-rwgbwug maMmYn mutRsYc ------------------------------------------------ 8
2-begIátrcnasm<½n§ nigkarEbgEckParkic© tYnaTI -------------------------------------- 9
k-GMNackñúgkarsMerccitþ ------------------------------------------------ 9
x-GMNacEbgEckFnFan ------------------------------------------------ 9
K-GMNacEtgtaMg nig bBaÄb;kargar ---------------------------------------- 9
X-GMNaceFIVeGayGgÁkardwknaMsMerceKaledA --------------------------------10
3-eRCIserIsemdwknaM ---------------------------------------------------------10
4-RbB½n§RKb;RKgrdæ)al ------------------------------------------------------ 12
k-kariyal½y nigmuxgarenAkñúgkariyal½y---------------------------------- 12
x-karKUrbøg;kariyal½y ------------------------------------------------ 12
K-Parkic©rbs;GñkTTYlePJov -------------------------------------------- 12
X-Parkic©rbs;elxaFikar ---------------------------------------------- 13
g-c,ab; nig nitiviFI---------------------------------------------------- 13
c-RbB½n§RtYtBinitü ----------------------------------------------------14
q-RbB½n§eFIVEpnkar ----------------------------------------------------14
C-crnþBt’man nig TMnak;TMng---------------------------------------------14
Q-rkSaTuk nigkarBarBt’man --------------------------------------------15
j-dMeNIrkarhirBaØvtßú nigParkic©KNenyü-----------------------------------15
6-ynþkarsMrbsMrYl--------------------------------------------------------- 16
k-KN³kmμkar ------------------------------------------------------ 17
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI vi rkSasiTi§

x-karRbCMu --------------------------------------------------------- 17
K-GCJakNþal ------------------------------------------------------ 18
II.c,ab; vin½y RkmsIlFm’ ----------------------------------------------------------- 18
1-begIátc,ab; lkçnþik³ bTbBa¢aépÞkñúg ---------------------------------------------19
2-TMnYlxusRtUvRkmsIlFm’ ----------------------------------------------------19
3-témøRkmsIlFm’ nigqnÞ³ ----------------------------------------------------19
4-PaBxøaMg PaBeCOCak; PaBR)akdniym -------------------------------------------20
III.dMeNIrkar----------------------------------------------------------------------20
1-karGnuvtþPaBCaGñkdwknaM --------------------------------------------------- 21
k-begIátdMNak;kargar------------------------------------------------- 22
x-begIátlkç½x½NÐkargar------------------------------------------------ 22
K-begIátRbB½n§kargar ------------------------------------------------- 22
X-crwklkçN³GgÁkardwknaM -------------------------------------------- 22
2-karbBa¢a --------------------------------------------------------------- 23
k-eKalbMNg ------------------------------------------------------ 23
x-TwsedA---------------------------------------------------------- 23
K-eKaledA ---------------------------------------------------------24
X-ebskkmμ --------------------------------------------------------24
g-karelIkTwkcitþ -----------------------------------------------------24
3-karRKb;RKg -------------------------------------------------------------26
4-karRtYtBinitü-------------------------------------------------------------26
IV.karRbNaMgRbECg ---------------------------------------------------------------26
1-h‘anRbfuy------------------------------------------------------------- 27
2-karvaytMél ------------------------------------------------------------28
3-tRmUvkar ---------------------------------------------------------------28
V.ÉkeTs -----------------------------------------------------------------------29
1-CMnajviC¢aCIv³-------------------------------------------------------------29
2-kareCaKC½y -------------------------------------------------------------29
3-KMnit -------------------------------------------------------------------29
4-karTMnak;TMng ------------------------------------------------------------29
5-CMnaj nigkarbuinRbsBV----------------------------------------------------- 30
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI vii rkSasiTi§
6-karBüakrN_ ------------------------------------------------------------ 30
7-karéqñRbDit------------------------------------------------------------- 30
8-GBÖnþr³jaN ------------------------------------------------------------ 31
9-karpþÜcepþIm-------------------------------------------------------------- 31
10-KMnitfμI---------------------------------------------------------------- 31
CMBUkTI 2
sßankarN_RbeTsExμr
I>ktþaEdlnaMeGayRbeTsExμrrIkcMerInrugerOg ---------------------------------------------- 33
1-emdwknaMl¥ -------------------------------------------------------------- 34
2-neya)aydwknaMÉkraCü ---------------------------------------------------- 35
3-karRKb;RKgrdæl¥ --------------------------------------------------------- 37
4-sm,ÚrFnFan ------------------------------------------------------------ 38
5-KμankareRCotERCkBIbreTs ------------------------------------------------- 38
6-ExμreGaytMélelICatiExμrxøÜnÉg ---------------------------------------------- 38
7-KitRbeyaCn_CatiFMCagRbeyaCn_buKÁl ----------------------------------------- 38
karsnñidæan---------------------------------------------------------------- 39
II>ktþaEdlnaMeGayRbeTsExμrFøak;cuH ----------------------------------------------------40
1-kMesayemdwknaM ----------------------------------------------------------40
k-neratþm sIhnu -----------------------------------------------------41
x-ln; nl; ----------------------------------------------------------44
K-b:ul Bt ----------------------------------------------------------45
X-h‘un Esn---------------------------------------------------------47
2-neya)aydwknaM ----------------------------------------------------------48
k-sgÁmraRsþniym ----------------------------------------------------48
x-saFarN³rdæExμr ----------------------------------------------------50
K-km<úCaRbCaFibetyü -------------------------------------------------51
X-saFarN³rdæRbCamanitkm<úCa ¬yYnkan;kab;¦ ------------------------------56
g-RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa ------------------------------------------------60
g-1-briyakasneya)ay -----------------------------------------62
g-2-KNbkSneya)ay-------------------------------------------62
g-3-kat;eTasExμrRkhm------------------------------------------64
g-4-CemøaHdIFIø --------------------------------------------------66
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI viii rkSasiTi§
g-5-GMeBIBukrlYy -----------------------------------------------67
g-6-R)asaTRBHvihar --------------------------------------------68
3-kareRCotERCkBIbreTs ¬sRgÁam¦---------------------------------------------69
k-karQøanBanrbs;esom------------------------------------------69
x-karQøanBanrbs;yYn -------------------------------------------70
4-ExμrmineGaytMélelICatixøÜnÉg----------------------------------------------- 71
5-KitRbeyaCn_buKÁlFMCagRbeyaCn_Cati ----------------------------------------- 72
CMBUkTI 3
begIátkarpøas;bþÚr
I.begIátyuT§saRsþ ------------------------------------------------------------------74
1-ebskkmμ ---------------------------------------------------------------74
2-eKalbMNg --------------------------------------------------------------75
k-pøas;bþÚremdwknaM nigrcnasm<½n§ ------------------------------------------75
x-pøas;bþÚrneya)aydwknaM -----------------------------------------------75
K-pøas;bþÚrRbB½n§RKb;RKg ------------------------------------------------76
X-bNþúHKMnitCatiniymTUlMTUlay---------------------------------------- 77
g-karBarkareRCotERCkBIbreTs----------------------------------------- 77
c-KitplRbeyaCn_CatiFMCagRbeyaCn_buKÁl -------------------------------- 77
II-eRCIserIsyuT§saRsþ nig]bkrN_ ---------------------------------------------------- 78
k-neya)ay ---------------------------------------------------------------79
x-eXasna ----------------------------------------------------------------79
K-hirBaØvtßú ----------------------------------------------------------------79
X-kgT½B -----------------------------------------------------------------80
g-karTUt ------------------------------------------------------------------80
III.Gnuvtþn_yuT§saRsþ nigkll,ic s‘un sU‘ -------------------------------------------------80
1-eronRbyuT§ ------------------------------------------------------------- 81
2-bgðajpøÚv --------------------------------------------------------------- 81
3-Gnuvtþn_eGayRtUv--------------------------------------------------------- 81
4-sÁal;sßankarN_ ---------------------------------------------------------- 81
5-KitEpnkarcaj; ---------------------------------------------------------- 81
6-begIánel,ÓnedIm,IeCaKC½y ---------------------------------------------------82
7-dutqnÞ³ -----------------------------------------------------------------82
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ix rkSasiTi§
8-eFIVeGayRbesIreLIg--------------------------------------------------------82
9-ÉkPaBKña xitxMrYmKña------------------------------------------------------- 83
10-eFIVeGaysRtUvsgS½yrhUt ------------------------------------------------- 83
IV.vaytMélyuT§saRsþ ------------------------------------------------------------- 83
CMBUkTI 4
begIátGñkGnuvtþn_tam
I.karP¢ab;TMnak;TMng-----------------------------------------------------------------86
1-begðIbBITsSn³------------------------------------------------------------86
2-bgðajckçúvis½y -----------------------------------------------------------86
3-pSBVpSayckçúvis½y --------------------------------------------------------86
4-bgðajeKalkarN_ TwsedA eKaledA --------------------------------------------86
5-bgðajBIviFIsaRsþ yuT§saRsþ EdlnwgsMerceKaledA -------------------------------- 87
6-bgðajBIplRbeyaCn_EdlnwgTTYl)an ----------------------------------------- 87
II>ktþaEdleFIVeGaymnusSedIrtamemdwknaM ----------------------------------------------- 87
1-cat;TukCamnusSsMxan; ----------------------------------------------------- 87
2-ykcitþGñkdéTmkdak;elIcitþeyIg----------------------------------------------88
3-minEkxøÜn lak;kMhus TMlak;dak;GñkdéT -----------------------------------------88
4-sresIrkEnøgsaFarN³ riHKn;CaÉkCn-------------------------------------------88
5-bgðajxøÜneGayeKsÁal;------------------------------------------------------88
6-eRbIkarRbkYtRbECg --------------------------------------------------------88
III>ktþaEdleFIVeGayman\Ti§BlkñúgkardwknaM -----------------------------------------------88
1-karbBa©úHbBa©Úl -----------------------------------------------------------88
2-karcrcar----------------------------------------------------------------89
3-karesBKb; --------------------------------------------------------------89
4-kartMrg;Tws --------------------------------------------------------------89
IV.ktþaEdleFIVeGayeKeCOCak; --------------------------------------------------------89
1-eFIVemdwknaMedayxøÜnÉg------------------------------------------------------89
2-CYyGñkdéTedayKuNFm’ ----------------------------------------------------90
3-GPivDÆn_CMnaj smtßPaBCanic©------------------------------------------------90
4-\riyabfviC¢man -----------------------------------------------------------90
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI x rkSasiTi§

V>eKalkarN_bBa©úHbBa©Úl ------------------------------------------------------------91
1-bþÚrrUbragtamkal³eTs³ ----------------------------------------------------91
2-niyayeGaycMbBaðaGñksþab; --------------------------------------------------91
3-manxnþI Gt;Fμt; -----------------------------------------------------------91
4-begIátekrþ×eQμaHl¥ ----------------------------------------------------------91
5-kMuRbEkk tmat; eQøaH-------------------------------------------------------92
6-Tajkarsnñidñan -----------------------------------------------------------92
7-elIkTwkcitþeGaymankarriHKn; ------------------------------------------------92
8-begIátTMnak;TMngl¥ ---------------------------------------------------------92
9-pþl;karshRbtibtiþkar----------------------------------------------------- 93
10-eRbI\Ti§BlRkum --------------------------------------------------------- 93
11-nimitþrUbEdlman ---------------------------------------------------------94
12-minRtUvCECkykQñH caj; Etsþab;ehtupleKniyay ------------------------------94
13-sMueGayeKcUlrYm --------------------------------------------------------94
14-eRbIGñkEdlman\Ti§Bl ¬RKU RbFan Rsuk XMu PUmi Gacarü eGayeKCYyeXasnaeGayeyIg¦---94
15-eRbI\Ti§Bl smaKm GgÁkar shKmn_ edIm,Ieqøot»kaseXasna ----------------------94
16-RtUveKarB eGaytMéleTAelInimitþrUbenAkEnøgenaH edIm,IeGayeKmanCMenO nigTukcitþ --------94
17-bBa¢ak;BIeKalbMNgrYmKña---------------------------------------------------94
18-erobcMKMeragCamun --------------------------------------------------------95
19-niyaysareLIgvij nUveKalsMxan;² -------------------------------------------95
20-eRCIserIsTIkEnøgl¥ nigeBlsmrmü-------------------------------------------95
21-bgðajTWkcitþTaMgsgxag---------------------------------------------------95
22-eqøIycMeBaHkarsaksYrrbs;Gñksþab; -------------------------------------------96
23-ecHeRbI\Ti§BlEdlman nigRbCaRbiyPaB---------------------------------------97
CMBUkTI 5
I.GMNacemdwknaM -------------------------------------------------------------------98
1-GMNacmenayiTi§-----------------------------------------------------------98
2-GMNacKuNFm’------------------------------------------------------------ 99
3-GMNacTMnak;TMng --------------------------------------------------------- 99
4-GMNacbgçitbgçM --------------------------------------------------------- 100
5-GMNacÉkeTs---------------------------------------------------------- 101
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI xi rkSasiTi§
6-GMNaceyag ----------------------------------------------------------- 101
7-GMNacRsbc,ab; -------------------------------------------------------- 102
8-GMNacBt’man ---------------------------------------------------------- 102
9-GMNachirBaØvtßú --------------------------------------------------------- 103
10-GMNaceGkULÚsIu ------------------------------------------------------- 103
II>tYnaTIemdwknaM ----------------------------------------------------------------- 103
1-GñknaMBakü ------------------------------------------------------------ 103
2-Gñkcrcar bBa©úHbBa©Úl ---------------------------------------------------- 103
3-GñkbeRgon hwVkhat; nigGñkelIkTwkcitþ --------------------------------------- 104
4-GñkbegIátRkumkargar ----------------------------------------------------- 104
5-GñkedIrtYtMNagRkum ------------------------------------------------------ 105
6-GñkedaHRsaybBaða ------------------------------------------------------ 105
7-GñkbegIátEpnkaryuT§saRsþ ------------------------------------------------ 106
8-GñksMruHsMrYl bRgYbbRgYm ------------------------------------------------- 106
9-GñkeFIVsmaFicitþ --------------------------------------------------------- 107
10-GñkerobcMxñatKMrU ------------------------------------------------------- 107
III.ktþanaMeGayman\Ti§BlelIGñkdéT nigkardwknaM ---------------------------------------- 107
1-PaBs¥itrmYt ----------------------------------------------------------- 107
2-kardwknaMeFIVpÞal; -------------------------------------------------------- 107
3-EbgEckeGayc,as;rvag mnusS kargar nigcrwklkçN³---------------------------- 108
4-rkSaBaküsnüa BaküBit Baküsc©³ ------------------------------------------- 108
5-eqøIytbeday\riyabfviC¢man----------------------------------------------- 108
6-bgðajnUvkarRsLaj;rab;GanedayesμaH --------------------------------------- 108
7-snñidæan b¤KitcMNucl¥bMputcMeBaHGñkdéT --------------------------------------- 108
8-EsVgyl;xøÜnÉgCamun eTIbbgðajGñkdéTCaeRkay -------------------------------- 108
9-citþTUlay esμaHRtg; ------------------------------------------------------ 109
10-mankareyaKyl; Gt;eGanGFüaRs½y --------------------------------------- 109
11-RBmTTYlkMhus nig sMueTas ---------------------------------------------- 109
12-eFIVkarebþCJacitþsarCafμInUvGIVEdleFIV ------------------------------------------ 109
13-CYyGñkdéTedayesμaH sb,úrs -------------------------------------------- 109
14-GñkdéTman\Ti§BlelImun------------------------------------------------- 110
15-\riyabfviC¢manRKb;sßankarN_ -------------------------------------------- 110
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI xii rkSasiTi§
16-erobKMnitnigcitþ muneBlniyay -------------------------------------------- 110
17-minRtUvman³ ---------------------------------------------------------- 110
18-niyayPasamantkáviC¢aRtwmRtUv nigGarmμN_l¥ --------------------------------- 110
19-pþl;kargarEdlmanRbsiT§PaB --------------------------------------------- 110
20-esBKb;mnusSsMxan;² --------------------------------------------------- 111
esckþIsniñdæan ------------------------------------------------------------------- 111
3C3
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI xiii rkSasiTi§

CMBUkTI 1
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI xiv rkSasiTi§

begIátckçúvis½y
karbegIátckçúvis½yCaktþasMxan;bMputsMrab;emdwknaM eBlEdleyIgcab;epþImeFIVCaemdwknaM cab;epþIm
dMeNIrkardwknaMenaH. eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvbegIáteGaymanckçúvis½yCamun karbegIátckçúvis½yenH edIm,IeGayeyIg
eCOCak; ehIyeFIVdMeNIreq<aHeTAtamTisedAmYyBitR)akd nig)ansMerceCaKC½ydl;eKaledA tamlT§plEdl
cg;)an. eyIgCaemdwknaMCatiExμrmñak;²mantYnaTIkatBVkic© CaGñkEfrkSakarBar nigEsVgrkplRbeyaCn_BitR)akd
sMrab;RbCaBlrdæExμrTUeTA plRbeyaCn_BitR)akdsMrab;RbeTsCati RbkbedaysmFm’ nigyutþiFm’ . karbegIát
ckçúvis½yRtUvEp¥kelIkarsikSavaytMélTinñn½y sßankarN_Cak;Esþg viPaKelIRbvtþisaRsþ nigRBwtþikarN_bc©úb,nñ
bBaðaEdlkMBugekItman GBÖnþr³jaN esckIþsgÇwm nigkarBüakrN_ sMrab;vasnaGnaKtRbeTsCati. karsikSa
BIRbvtþisaRsþ karsikSaBIGtItkal mansar³RbeyaCn_ya:gxøaMg eRBaHGtItkalenHehIy CakBa©k;qøúHbBa©aMg
nigCapøÚv EdlbgðajeGayeyIgdwgGMBIcMNucxVHxat cMNucl¥ ktþaeCaKC½y b¤braC½y GaRkk;b¤l¥ KYbpSMnigkar
emIleXIjbBaðanabc©úb,nñkal eFIVeGayeyIgGacEsVgrkedImehtu ¬bBaða¦BitR)akd ¬sc©³¦ edIm,IelIkykb£s
Kl;bBaðaenaHmkedaHRsayeGay)ancb;CasßaBr. kalNaeyIgdwgBIb£sKl;bBaðaBitR)akd EdlkMBugekItman
enAkñúgRbeTsExμr vaCaKnøwHsMrab;eyIgTaMgGs;Kña EsVgrkviFIedaHRsayeGaycMbBaða eTIbbBaðaenaHRtUvbBa©b;.
karedaHRsaybBaðaCYyCatienH eRbobdUcCaRKUeBTü EdlBinitüBüa)alGñkCm¶W edaysÁal;emeraKBitR)akd
sÁal;eraKsBaØac,as; eTIbRKUeBTüBüa)alGñkCm¶wenaHCasHes,Iy. emdwknaMCatiExμrRtUvRkeLkemIlKMrUdwknaMrbs;
RBHBuT§eFobeTAnigkardwknaMsgÁmmnusSnaeBlbc©úb,nñ EdlkardwknaMrbs;RBHGgÁmanckçúvis½ymYyBitR)akd.
RBHGgÁsuxcitþlHbg;RTBüsm,tþi yss½ká laPskáar³ RbBn§kUn edIm,IEsVgrkehtuBitR)akd EdlnaMeGay
mnusSmanTukç bnÞab;BIRBHGgÁTteXIjeTBnimitþ 4 ya:g KwmnusScas;Cra mnusSQW mnusSsøab; nig GñkbYs.
RBHGgÁ)anyagcUléRBedIm,IsikSarkviFImkCYyseRgÁaHmnusSelak eGayrYcputGMBITukçevTnaTaMgenH ¬pøÚvrMlt;
Tukç¦ cugbBa©b;RBHGgÁrkeXIjmaKa’mYy KWpøÚvrMlt;esckþITukç. RBHGgÁ)anrkeXIjfa TukçekItecjmkBI GviC¢a.
ya:gNamij cMeBaHRbeTsExμreyIgvij ebIeyIgnaMKñaedaHRsaycugbBaða bBaðaenaHmincb;eLIy GIVEdleyIg
emIleXIjbc©úb,nñCacugbBaða EdlCapl)annwgkMBugekItmankñúgsgÁmExμrbc©úb,nñ eyIgemIleXIjEtpl ¬GaRkk;¦
etIehtu¬edImbBaða¦BitR)akdenAÉNa? ehtuEdlnaMeGaymanplGaRkk;enAÉNa?. edImehtu KW KMnit edImehtuKW
EpnkaryuT§saRsþ dUcenHeyIgRtUvemIleGayeXIjyuT§saRsþrbs;sRtUv edIm,IeGaydwgc,as; GMBIedImcmbBaða
EdlekItmanenAkñúgsgÁmExμr minecHcb;. ¬sUmGanehtupledImbBaða GMBIkarviPaKyuT§saRsþneya)ayrbs;
kumμúynisþyYn nig h‘un Esn enAkñúgesovePAemdwknaMCatiExμr PaK 1 ¦. GaRs½yehtuenH emdwknaMcaM)ac;RtUv
sikSaGtItkaleGay)anc,as; BinitütamdansßankarN_ RBwtþikarN_eBlbc©úb,nñ nignaMeGayeyIgGacBüakrN_
dwgfanwgmanGIVekIteLIgenAeBlGnaKt. müa:gvijeTot ckçúvis½yCaktþaCMrujTwkcitþmYyya:gxøaMg dl;buKÁlwk
smaCikGñkeRkam»vaT eGaykan;EtxitxMRbwgERbgeFIVkarRbNaMgRbECgKñaya:gsRsak;sRsaM tMrg;tamTisedA
eTArkeKaledArYmEtmYy. srubmk ckçúvis½yKWCaGVIEdleyIgemIleXIjBI GtItkal bc©úb,nñkal nigGnaKt
kal.
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 1 rkSasiTi§
I.GgÁkardwknaM (Organization)
GgÁkardwknaMRtUvkMNt;ckçúvis½yeGayc,as;las; sMrab;karpøas;bþÚr. eyIgGacpøas;bþÚr eFVIeGaymankar
rIkcMerInlUtlas; nigeFIVeGayRbesIreLIg kalNaGgÁkardwknaMmanemdwknaMEdlmanckçúvis½yc,as;las;. GgÁkar
dwknaMl¥xøaMg CaGgÁkardwknaMEdlmaneKalbMNgFM ehIyyUrGEgVg. cMeBaHkarbegIátGgÁkardwknaM eyIgRtUverobcM
eGay)anc,as;las;BI eKalbMNg eKaledA TwsedA ebskkmμ yuT§saRsþ ]bkrN_eRbIR)as; kll,ic FnFan
edIm,IFanakareCaKC½y. kareCaKC½yenH CakmøaMgmYyman\Ti§BlbMputsMrab;GgÁkardwknaMeTAelI\riyabfGñk
eRkam»vaT BIeRBaHfa FmμCatiénmnusSEtgEtQrxagGñkQñH KμannrNamñak;cg;enAxagGñkcaj;enaHeT. GgÁkar
dwknaMEdldwknaMeTArkPaBeCaKC½y qab;rh½s kan;EtRbesIr EtebIGgÁkardwknaMGUsbnøayyUr vaGaceFIVeGayGñk
eRkambgÁab;Føak;Twkcitþ Ebk)ak;épÞkñúg Gs;kmøaMg xatbg;eBlevla RTBüsm,tþi nigGacbraC½y)an. karerobcM
eGaymanyuT§saRsþQñHrbs;GgÁkardwknaMenH RtUvpþl;plRbeyaCn_GIVmYyEdlskásmnigsñaédrbs;buKÁlwk eFIV
eGaybuKÁlwk smaCikTaMgLayTukcitþ eCOCak; nigmankmøaMgcitþ ebþCJacitþeFIVkic©karenaH edayKμanenOyht;.
RtUvcaMfa emdwknaMminGaceFIVGIV²mñak;ÉgsMercdl;eKaledAtamckçúvis½yeLIy ebIKμankarcUlrYmBIGñkeRkambgÁab;
b¤KμankarKaMRTcUlrYmBIRbCaBlrdæExμr.
karbegIátGgÁkardwknaMnImYy² RkumkargarRtUverobcMdak;eQμaHGgÁkardwknaMenaH eGaysmRsbtamckçú
vis½y dUcCa KNbkS rNsirS shB½n§ shPaB shrdæ shCIB sm<½n§ KN³kmμkar KN³kmμaFikar GgÁkar
smaKm rdæaPi)al clna.l. erobcMEsVgrknimitþsBaØasMKal;rbs;GgÁkardwknaM EdlmanGtßn½yRKb;RKan;
¬LÚkU¦. eQμaHnignimitþsBaØaenH eFIVya:gNaeGay xøI xøwm c,as;las; gayGan gayyl; gaycaM gayB¤ EbøkBIeK
ehIymanGtßn½yRKb;RKan; gayRsYlGacTak;TajcMNab;GarmμN_KaMRTBIRbCaBlrdæTUeTA. bnÞab;mk eyIg
RtUvEsVgrkTItaMg TIsñak;kar b¤mUldæanc,as;las;sMrab;GgÁkardwknaM edIm,IdMeNIrkarkargar. eyIgRtUvBicarNa fa
etIeyIgKYrdak;TItaMgenATINa? kEnøgNa? EdlmaneRbobelIKUrRbkYtRbECgrbs;eyIg manskþanuBl eRbobxag
citþsaRsþ eRbobxagneya)ay sMbUrFnFansmÖar³ bec©kviTüa gayTMnak;TMngBt’man gayTak;TajkmøaMgKaMRT
mank,ÜnxñatKm<IyuT§saRsþeRcInminecHrIgs¶Üt briyakasl¥ ¬GakasFatu ekþA RtCak; esIm s¶Üt ePøog Føak;Twkkk
eRKaHFmμCati¦.l. eyIgRtUvdwknaMRkumkargar erobcMEpnkar edayBicarNanUvsMNYrmYycMnYn etIRtUvbegIát
GgÁkardwknaMGIV? maneQμaHGIV? nimitþsBaØaGIV? edIm,IbMeBjebskkmμGIV? maneKaledAGIV? eFIVya:gem:c
edIm,IeCaKC½y? GgÁkardwknaMenaHmanmUldæanenAÉNa?. bnÞab;mk emdwknaMnigRkumkargarEdlerobcMGgÁkar
dwknaMeFIVya:gNaeGaymanlkçN³ rs;revIk Tn;Pøn; Etrwgbwug Gacbt;EbntamkaleTs³ rhUt)ansMerc
tamckçúvis½y . kñúgkarbegIátGgÁkardwknaM emdwknaM b¤RkumkargarRtUvsikSaeGaysÁal;c,as;GMBIKUrRbkYtRbECg
nigsikSaeGaysÁal;c,as;GMBIxøÜneyIg sÁal;eGayc,as;GMBIsßankarN_CMuvij munniwgeyIgcab;epþImQaneCIgecj
RbkYtRbECg ebIniyayBITahanvij RtUvsikSaeGayc,as;faQñHsin munnigecjc,aMgeFIVsRgÁam. cMENk
GñkvinieyaKTunvij RtUvsikSaeGayc,as;fa)ancMeNjsin eTIbeFIVvinieyaKTun. ebIeyIgdwgc,as;faeyIgQñHenaH
eyIgRtUvecjmuxeFIVkarRbkYt EtebIeyIgmindwgc,as;faeyIgQñHeT mincaM)ac;ecjRbkYteLIy.
1-begáItRkumkargarEdlmanqnÞ³dUcKña (Team work with the same willing)
karbegIátRkumkargareTA)anluHRtaEtmanckçúvis½y karebþCJacitþ karTukcitþKña eFIVeGayRkumxitxMrYmKña
nigmanEpnkaryuT§saRsþBitR)akdedIm,IsMercckçúvis½y. karbegIátRkumenH mincaM)ac;xVl;fa eyIgCamnusSminqøat
min)aneronx<s; ehIyKitfaeyIgminGacbegáItRkumkargar)anenaHeLIy EtGIVEdleyIgman KWxøÜnrbs;eyIg nig
eKalkarN¾mYycMnYnEdlerobrab;xagelICakareRsc sMrab;karbegáItRkumkargar. karerobcMbegIátRkumkargarRtUv
eFIVtamckçúvis½yrbs;GgÁkardwknaM edayeRCIserIsRkumEdlmanlkçN³sm,tþiRKb;RKan;l¥elIseKbg¥s; RkumEdl
manÉkeTs ehIyFanafamansmtßPaB eFIVkic©karsMercdl;eKaledAEdl)ankMNt;. RkumEdlmanqnÞ³EtmYy
manqnÞ³l¥ CalkçN³RkumemdwknaMEdlxøaMg. karbegIátRkumkargareRbobRbdUceTAnwgRkumkILa)al;Tat;mYy Edl
xøaMgBUEkehIymansmtßPaBelgTaMgGs;Kña edIm,IRbkYtCamYyRkumkILa)al;Tat;epSg²eTot mñak;²enAkñúgRkumRtUv
xitxMelgTaMgGs;Kña eKaledAEtmYyKt;KW Tat;)al;bBa©ÚlTI. cugbBa©b; ebIRkumNamYymanBnÞúeRcInCag RkumenaH
manC½yCMn³ ehIyTTYl)anBanrgVan;. cMENkkardwknaMRbeTsCati RkumdwknaMGgÁkarsßab½nNamYy manlkçN³
dUcKña eTaHCakardwknaMRkumtUc b¤kardwknaMRkumFMk¾eday eGayEtRkumkargarenaH EbgEckkargarc,as;las;
maneKalbMNgEtmYy dUckILa)al;Tat;enaH RBmTaMgRkumkargarxitxMRbwgERbgeFIVkargarrYmKña RkumenaHR)akd
CaTTYl)aneCaKC½y . dUcenH ebIsinCaeyIgbegIátRkumkargarsMrab;eFIVCaemdwknaMCatiExμr RkumkargarenaH
RtUvkarerIs edIm,ImkbMerI Cati sasna nigRbCaCatiExμr dUcFøab;)anerobrab;enAkñúgesovePAPaK1 rYcmkehIy.
RkumemdwknaMenHRtUveGaytMélelICnesñhaCatiExμrBitR)akd EdlmanlkçN³RBmCaemdwknaM edIm,ImkdwknaM
RbeTsCati CYyrMedaHRbeTseyIg eGayman\sSr³PaB snþiPaB RbCaFibetyüBitR)akd RbCaBlrdæman
esckþIsux rYcputBIPaBRkIRk GyutiþFm’ GMeBIBukrlYyepSg². RkumEdlRtUveRCIserIs RtUvmansmtßPaBxøaMgxag
neya)ay esdækic© eyaFa c,ab; bec©kviTüa BaNiC¢kmμ ksikmμ eTscrN_ b:UlIs TUrKmnaKmn_ Bt’man .l.
buKÁlTaMgenHKWCaGñkEdlh‘anniyay h‘aneFIVskmμPaBRKb;Ebbya:g edIm,ICatirs;kñúgyuT§saRsþrYmEtmYy eRkam
GgÁkardwknaMEtmYy eRkamemdwknaMEtmñak;. bnÞab;mkRkumRtUvbegIátTisedA viFIsaRsþ KMnit EpnkaryuT§saRsþ
meFüa)ay FnFan edIm,IsMercckçúvis½yenaH. müa:geTot kareFIVkargarCaRkumenH minRtUvecaTRbkan;fa
GñkenHxus GñkenaHRtUveLIy EtebICYbbBaða RtUvelIkbBaðamkedaHRsay tamk,Ünc,ab; tameKalkarN_ eday
minedaHRsaybBaðatamkareRbIGarmμN_eLIy. RkumkargarbzmEdlpþl;GTiPaB CabuKÁlmanmanlkçN³ 8
cMNucdMbUgdUcxageRkam³
1-GñkesñhaCatiExμrBitR)akd ¬ExμrsuT§¦
2-esμaHRtg;cMeBaHCati nig GgÁkardwknaM
3-køahan muHmut
4-TTYlxusRtUvral;kic©kar
5-R)akdniym hμt;ct;kargar
6-lHbg;x<s; ¬eBlevla RTBüsm,tþi GayuCIvit¦
7-smtßPaB ¬cMeNHdwg nig bTBiesaFn_ eTBekaslü¦
8-KuNFm’ ¬RBhμvihaFm’ nig TsBiFFm’¦citþTUlay
RkumkargarsMedAelIRkumkargarEdlmaneKalbMNgrYmKña manCMnajepSg²Kña EtGacbMeBjkargar
KñaeTAvijeTAmk. eKsegáteXIjRkumkargar EbgEckCaeRcInRbePTepSg²Kña dUcCa RkumkargareFIVtammuxgar
RkumkargarEdleFIVkargarcMruHmuxgar RkumkargarEdleFIVkarcat;EcgedayxøÜnÉg RkumkargarkMNt;Etmñak;Ég Rkum
kargarq¶ay². emdwknaMminRtUvKitxøÜnÉgfa CaGñkRKb;RKg CaGñkRtYtRta nigcg;eFIVCaemeKeLIy. smaCikRkum
RtUvebþCJaya:geRCAedIm,IkarlUtlas;smaCikRkum edayCYyGPivDÆn_KñaeTAvijeTAmk nigkareCaKC½y nigCaRkum
kargarmYymanGtßRbeyaCn¾ sMrab;GgÁkardwknaM.
1-1-GtibrimaFnFanmnusSrbs;GgÁkardwknaM (Maximum of Human Resource in the Organization)
edIm,IBRgIksmaCikeGaymancMnYneRcIn smaCikcas;²RtUvCYybeRgonsmaCiknImYy² smaCikfμI²rbs;
RkumkargareGayecHkargar eGayecHdwknaM nigCYysmaCikd¾éTeTotTaMgGs;eGayrIkcMerInbnþ. KμancMeNHdwg
kargar kic©kar nig eKalbMNgNa RbesIrCagcMeNHdwgdwknaMrbs;buKÁlmñak;²enaHeT.
KYrkt;cMNaM RkumkargarPaKeRcIn minEmnCaRkumkargarBitR)akd BIeRBaHkarRbmUlpþMúTMnak;TMng EtCamYy
nig ecAhVay. buKÁlnImYy²RbNaMgRbECgCamYynigGñkdéTeTotsMrab;GMNac kitüanuPaB nigtMENg min
RbkYtRbECg edIm,IsMerceKaledA. karCECkBiPakSa sikSaGMBIbBaða b¤eFIVKMerag minRtUvRbKl;eGaybuKÁlNamYy
b¤RkumNamYy EtRtUveFIVkaredayRkumkargarTaMgGs;Kña. RkumkargarEdlkMNt;fal¥bMput KWCaRkumEdlsgÇwm
elIskmμPaBrbs;xøÜnÉg Gacbt;EbnlμmEdlGacpøas;bþÚredIm,IeGayeKalbMNgrbs;eKpÞal; KWeKalbMNgrYm
)ansMerc. RkumkargarRtUverobcMk,Ünc,ab; kardwknaMedIm,ICYyeGaysMerceKalbMNg nigkarGnuvtþn¾. Rkumkargar
RtUvepþatelIkarrIkcMerInkargar nigkareFIVskmμPaB karGnuvtþn_ eRbIRKb;]bkrN_ edIm,IdwknaMTaMgGs;Kña dUcCakar
beRgon karRbwkSa nigkarGegátCaedIm . enAkñúgkargar eyIgGaceRbIkarTMnak;TMngFmμta dUcCa bgðajkareKarB
EføgGMNrKuN nigelIktMekIgsñaédrbs;eK. GarmμNrbs;emdwknaMRkumRtUvbgðajBIkarebþCaJcitþ PkIþPaB emaTnPaB
nigTukcitþenAkñúgRkumrbs;Gñk. eyIgRtUvbegIátsaxatamtMbn;sMxan;² nigpþl;GMNaceGayBYkeKsMerccitþ.
CYnkal eyIgRtUvbþÚrevnKña epÞreGaysmaCikxøÜn edIm,IeFIVkarsMrbsMrYl b¤dwknaMGgÁRbCMuepSg². CaFmμta GgÁkar
dwknaMvaytémø emdwknaMtamskmμPaB nig\riyabf. b:uEnþ meFüa)ay Edll¥bMputedIm,IvaytémøPaBCaGñkdwknaM
enaH GaRs½yelIkarbMpusKMnitBIRkumdwknaMEdlenACMuvijemdwknaM.
1-FatupSMénRkumkargar
emdwknaM
eKalbMNgRkumkargar
karcUlrYmbegIát eFIVskmμPaB edayRkumTaMgGs;Kña
2-kMritRkumkargar
eFIVviPaKTan Tinñ½y nigcMeNHdwg
rYmcMENkkñúgdMeNIrkarsMerccitþ nig QaneTArkÉkcänÞ
eFIVkarsMerccitþ
eFIVkic©karsMerccitþkargarEdleKdak;eGay
3-karTMnak;TMng
ebIkcMhr esμaHRtg; nigkarbþÚrBt’man manRbsiTæPaBrvagsmaCikRkum.
karTukcitþ
karebIkTUlay kñúgkarriHKn; nigTukcitþKña
KMnitrbs;kmμsiTæ
PaBs¥itrmYtedayeKebþCJaedIm,IGaNtþiEdleKyl; nigGtþsBaØaNRkumkargar.
1-2-RkumkargareFIVtammuxgar (Functioning Team)
karTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkardwknaMenH CaFmμtaeKepþatelIemdwknaMpøÚvkar eTaHbICaRkumkargareFIVkarenA
kñúgmuxgarCak;lak;enHk¾eday. RkumkargarmankarelIkTwkcitþya:gxøaMg RbsinebIkardwknaMepþatelIeKaledArYm
cat;TukeKaledArYmCasar³sMxan;. smaCikeCOCak;faRkummansmtßPaBGacsMerceKaledA. Rkumkargarnig
GnuvtþkargarxøaMgCagmun eBlEdlsmaCikRkumdwgtYnaTIc,as; nigmanCMnajc,as;las;Cagmun. karGnuvtþ
yuT§saRsþ EdlRkumkareFIV faetImanRbsiT§PaBb:unμancMeBaHkargarEdleFIV?. kardwknaMEdlBak;B½n§nigkarGnuvtþ
yuT§saRsþenHmandUcCa eFIVEpnkarBIrebobEdleRbIbuKÁlwk nigEbgEckFnFaneGaymanRbsiT§PaB eFIVEpnkar
Gnuvtþn_yuT§saRsþeGaymanRbsiT§PaB cUlrYmCamYyGñkÉkeTsedIm,IeFIVEpnkarRbtibtþikarsMrab;Rkum naMRkum
kargareGayeronGnuvtþn_ RbmUlBt’manGMBIyuT§saRsþEdleKGnuvtþn_manRbsiT§PaBBIRkumepSg²eTot.
karTukcitþ nigshRbtibtþikargareTAvijeTAmk CaktþasMxan;. eTaHbICaRkummaneTBekaslübiunRbsBV
erobcMl¥ya:gNak¾eday k¾GacbraC½y)anEdr ebIsinCaxVHkarTukcitþKña PaBs¥itrmYt nigshRbtibtþikar
BIsmaCikenAkñúgRkumenAeBlGnuvtþn_ebskkmμ. CaBiess karshRbtibtþikarmansar³sMxan; eBlRkumtMrUveGay
pþl;Bt’man smÖar³ FnFan nigkarCYyKñaeTAvijeTAmk eFIVkarCamYyKñaenAkñúgry³eBlyUr nigkñúgsßanPaBlM)ak.
karKaMRTxagneya)ay nigFnFan. karGnuvtþn_RkumeTA)an GaRs½yelImanFnFanEdlcaM)ac;sMrab;eFIVkar.
FnFanEdlBak;B½n§enaH manmUlniFifvika ]bkrN_ smÖar³ rbs;rbreRbIR)as;sMrab;eFIVkar.
1-3-RkumkargarEdleFIVkargarcMruHmuxgar (Mixed Function Team)
tamkarsegátRkumkargarEdleFIVkarcMruHmuxgar mantYnaTIsMxan;² dUcCa edaHRsaybBaða cat;Ecg
KMeragkar b¤begIáteKalneya)ay. tYnaTITaMgenaH manbegIátckçúvis½y erobcM karcUlrYm kareFIVEpnkar. begIát
ckçúvis½ypþl;eGaymaneKaledArYmmYy erobcMCYyeGayRkumEfrkSackçúvis½y karcUlrYmBIsgÁm CYyeGayman
PaBs¥itrmYtépÞkñúg nigEpnkarxageRkA CYyeGaykarsMerccitþRkumCamYyKUrRbkYtRbECgxageRkA. eyIgGac
niyayfaCaRkumkargarma:RTIs RkumkargarenHrYmman Rkumkargar Rkummuxgar kmøaMgkic©kar RkumedaHRsay
bBaðaKN³kmμkar nigRkumKMeragkarBiessCaedIm . RkumkargareFIVkic©kar GaRs½yelIkic©RbwgERbgrYmKña. Rkum
kargarenHmancMnYntic mansmaCikcMnYn BI 2 eTA 25 nak; kEnøgxøHmanBI 5 nig 9 nak;. CMnajmñak;Gac
pþl;famBlenAeBlEdlRkumkargarmanKMnitEbøkKña b¤manKMnitepSgKña nigmanCMnajeRcInmuxdak;bBa©ÚlKañ.

1-4-RkumkargarEdleFIVkarcat;EcgedayxøÜnÉg (Self Management Team)
enHRtUvkMNt;eKaledAeGayc,as; nigGTiPaBedIm,IeFIVkar sMerccitþkargar sMrbsMrYlkic©xitxMRkumkargar
TaMgmUl nigpþl;karvaykartMélkarrIkcMerInRkum nigEktMrUvkarGnuvtþn_yuT§saRsþ. kargarRtUvEtCakargarman
RbeyaCn_ kargarEdlmann½y mansar³sMxan;. RkumkargarenH CaRkumEdlmanmnusScMnYnticCaGñkeFIVkargar
nigmansiTi§sMerckargar. cMENkkarpþl;rgVan;epSg² RtUvpþl;CaRkum ehIytMrUveGaybuKÁlGPivDÆn_CMnajrbs;eK
tamRkumtMrUveGayeFIV. RtUvmankarKaMRTBIneya)ay BIfñak;dwknaMxagelI rYmTaMgkarEbgEckFnFan GMNacsmrmü
EdlRbKl;eGay edIm,IeFIVkargareGaymanRbsiT§PaB. smaCikRtUveroneGayecHBIrebobsþab; nigrebobTMnak;
TMngmanRbsiT§PaB .
1-5-RkumkargarEdleFIVkarcat;Ecgmñak;Ég (Single Management Team)
CaGñkerobcMbøg;kargaredayxøÜnÉg eFIVkarcat;EcgedayxøÜnÉg. CaGñkmanKMnitdwknaMedayxøÜnÉg
TaMgkarpþÜcepþIm eFIVskmμPaB skmμbþÚrpþac; edayminrgcaMbBa¢a b¤manGñknaMeFIVenaHeLIy CakardwknaMEdlekIteLIg
BIqnÞH. dUcenHcab;taMgBIkarerobcMEpnkaryuT§saRsþ karGnuvtþn_eFIVskmμPaB nigkarGnuvtþn_PaBCaemdwknaM
TaMgRsugEtmþg. emdwknaMCaGñkcab;epþImeFIVkic©karTaMgGs; eFIVedayPaBeCOCak; eFIVedaymankmøaMgcitþ.
etIemdwknaMRtUveFIVxøHeTot? emdwknaMGacR)ab;GñkepSgGMBIskmμPaBRkum nigsñaéd dwknaMRbCMuviPaKdMeNIrkareRbI
nimitþsBaØaedIm,IsMKal;Rkum begIánelIkTwkcitþedIm,IkarshRbtibtþieTAvijeTAmk.
1-6-Rkumkargarq¶ay² (Distanced Team)
CaRkumkargarEdlenAtMbn;PUmisaRsþdac;edayELkBIKña ehIykMr)anCYbKñapÞal; EteKGacCYbKñaeday
TMnak;TMngtamkMuBüÚT½r bec©kviTüaTUrKmnaKmn_ dUcCa GIutaENt GIuEml vIDIGU TUrs½BÞéd .l. Rkumkargar
enHbegIáteLIgsMrab;kargarCak;lak; dUcCakarsMerccitþCayuT§saRsþ edaHRsaybBaðarYmKña eFIVEpnkarelI
RBwtþkarN_fμI² sMrbsMrYlskmμPaBkñúgcMeNamGñkEbk)ak;kñúgGgÁkardwknaM RkumkargaenHekItmanedaysarEt
bec©kviTüa eFIVeGaymanPaBgayRsYledIm,IcUlrYmtamviFIepSg²EdleKRtUvkar.
k-eKalbMNgrYm (Common Goals)
bnÞab;BIerobcMRkumkargarEdll¥ehIy RkumkargarRtUvCYbRbCMuedIm,IEsVgrkcMNucrYmmYy EdlmaneKal
bMNgrYmKña ÉkPaBKña samKÁIKña sMrab;eFIVdMeNIreTATaMgGs;Kña. eKalbMNgrbs;Rkumkargar CaeKalbMNg
rbs;RbCaBlrdæExμrcg;)an CaeKalbMNgrbs;CatiExμrTaMgmUl. TaMgemdwknaMRkum TaMgRkumkargar CatMNag
eGayRbCaBlrdæExμr CatMNageGayCatiExμr CatMNageGayplRbeyaCn_CatiExμr. eKalbMNgrYmenH eFIVeGay
fñak;elInigfñak;eRkammanKMnitdUcKña manqnÞ³dUcKña yl;eXIjdUcKña vaCaktþamYYynaMeGayGgÁkardwknaMenaHQaneTA
rkeCaKC½yya:gR)akd minfaGgÁkardwknaMenaHtUc b¤FM b¤RbeTsenaHtUc b¤FMeLIy.
dUecñH eyIgTaMgGs;KñaCaRbCaCatiExμrRKb;RsTab;énsgÁm man RBHsgÇ nisSit bBaØvnþ yuvCn yuvnarI
kmμkr ksikr BaNiC¢kr mRnþIraCkarRKb;RbePT GgÁkarRKb;sßab½n eTaHCars;enATINak¾eday TaMgkñúgRbeTs nig
eRkARbeTskþI maneKalbMNgrYmKñaEtmYy KWeFIVya:gNaeGay Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr rYcputBIGaNaniKmn_

kumμúynisþyYnEbbfμI¬lYclak;¦ nig rbbkumμúynisþpþac;kar h‘un Esn edIm,IeGayCatiExμrTaMgmUlman \sSr³PaB
vibulPaB snþiPaB RbCaFibetyüBitR)akd ]tþmPaB dUcRbeTsnanakñúgBiPBelak.
x-tMrUvtamsßankarN_ (Adjust to Situation )
sßankarN_CaGñkkMNt;eGayeyIgerobcMEpnkaryuT§saRsþTaMgLay minEmnEpnkarkMNt;sßankarN_eT.
dUcenHGgÁkardwknaMnImYy² RtUvkMNt;erobcMbnÞat;neya)ay erobcMEpnkaryuT§saRsþeGayRsbeTAtamsßankarN_
. eyIgCaemdwknaMneya)ay CaGñkTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHGayuCIvit Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr RtUvsÁal;
sßankarN_neya)ayGnþrCati neya)aytMbn; nigneya)aykñúgRbeTseGay)anc,as; edIm,IerobcMGgÁkardwknaM
eGaymanlkçN³elceFøaeLIgRsbtamsßankarN_enaH nigCakþIsgÇwmdl;RbCaBlrdæExμrRKb;rUb.
]TahrN_dUcCa enAqñaM 1930 CaqñaM Edlmanvibtþiesdækic©BiPBelak edayplitplelIsesckþIRtUvkar
eBlenaHelak r:UEsVl CaesdæviTU)anecjmkeFIVCaRbFanaFibtIGaemrik edaHRsayvibtþiesdækic©BiPBelak
)aneCaKC½y RbCaBlrdæGaemrik)ane)aHeqñateGayelakCab;CaRbFanaFibtIGaemric 4 GaNtþiCab;Kña EdlCa
RbFanaFitI1rUbdwknaMshrdæGaemrikyUrCageK edIm,ICakartbsñgsgKuNelak.
enAeBlsRgÁamelakelIkTI 2 Cb:un Galøwm:g; GIutalI eFIVsRgÁamedIm,IvatTIRKb;RKgBiPBelak eBlenaH
RkummçageTot r:UsIu )araMg Gg;eKøs )aneRbIkmøaMgT½Btbtvij nigRtUvbBa©b;eRkayBIGaemrikcUlkñúgsRgÁam
ehIyTMlak;RKab;EbkelITIRkugrbs;Cb:un 2 RKab;enATIRkug hIr:UsIuma: nig Naga:saKI ehIy)anbBa©b;sRgÁamelak.
eRkayBIbBa©b;sRgÁamelakelIkTI 2 GgÁkarshRbCaCatibegIáteLIg enAqñaM 1945 RbkaseGayRbeTs
nImYy²sMerceCaKvasnaedayxøÜnÉg eBlenaHeKeXIjman mhatμak;Kn§I TamTarÉkraCüBIGg;eKøs )ansMercenAqñaM
1947. RbeTsepSg²eTot dUcCa siugkarBYr ma:eLsIu \NÐÚensIu hVwliBinTamTarBI hULg; nig B½rTuykal;.
cMENkenA\NÐÚcinvij hU CImij )aneFIVsRgÁamrMedaHxøÜnecjBIGaNanIKm)araMg rhUt)anQñH)araMgenAeDonebonPU
)araMgcuHsn§isBaØaRbKl;ÉkraCüenA éf¶TI 20 kkáda 1954 enATIRkughSWENv. GkuslEtExμreRkam RtUvyYn)an
RtYtRtabnþ cab;taMgBI)araMgkat;TwikdIeGayyYn éf¶TI 4 mifuna 1949 rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ .
kalBIéf¶TI 7 mkra qñaM 1979 Caéf¶EdlyYn)anEkERbneya)ayTmøak;kumμúynisþcas; QøanBanExμr
elIkBYYkkumμúynisþfμI eFIVsRgÁamrvagGñkts‘U nig yYn nigRkumGay:gyYn h‘un Esn rhUtdl;mankarekob
sgát;BIRbeTsmhaGMNac dUcCa Gas‘an cin nig Gaemrik eGaydkkgT½BecjenAqñaM 1989 eRkayBIemrbs;xøÜn
shPaBsUevotRtUvdYlrlM ehIyerobcMeGaymankic©RBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIseLIgenAéf¶TI 23 Extula qñaM1991
Exμrxat yYncMeNj. cMENkbc©úb,nñenH etIeyIgRtUveFIVya:gdUcemþcedIm,IeGayRtUvnigsßankarfμIenH?
K-PaBs¥itrmYt (Cohesion)
PaBs¥itrmYtrbs;RkumdwknaMenAkñúgGgÁkardwknaM s¥itrmYtCamYykargar s¥itrmYtCamYyshesvik Rkum
kargarmann½yfa CaRkumkargarmYy EdlsamKÁIKña ÉkPaBKña ecHCYyKña eTAvijeTAmk søab;rs;TaMgGs;Kña minrt;
ecalKña ts‘UBüayam Gt;Fμt;TaMgGs;KñakñúgeKalbMNgrYmEtmYy rhUt)aneCaKC½ydl;TIbBa©b;. CaRkummYyEdl
sÁal;Parkic© tYnaTIxøÜnÉgc,as; ehIyxitxMeFIVkargartamtYnaTIerog²xøÜn. karTMnak;TMngkargarBIfñak;eRkam
eTAfñak;elI BIfñak;elImkfñak;eRkammindac;. eFIVesckþIraykarN_BIlT§plkargar TMnak;TMngkargar Epñkrdæ)al
karpþl;Bt’manepSg²dl;KñaeTAvijeTAmk karcuHRtYtBinitü karCYbRbCMuKñaedIm,IbegIátEpnkarEdlmanlkçN³
rs;revIk sVahab; mutRsYc begIáncMNab;GarmμN_sMrab;smaCik smaCika buKÁlwk. eFIVya:gNaeGayemdwknaMkMBUl
kNþal nigfñak;eRkam manskmμPaBskmμmindac; minrGak;rGYl nigQb;e)aHbg;kargarecalBak;kNþalTI edIrxus
TwsedA nigeKalbMNgrYmCaedIm. PaBs¥itrmYtenH eyIgRtUveFIVya:gNa dUcCa «Buk nig kUn b£dUcCa Rcva:k;.
X-rwgbwug maMmYn mutRsYc (Firm and Decisive)
GgÁkardwknaM b¤RbeTsCatimYyrwugbwugmaMmYneTA)an GaRs½yelIRbCaBlrdæenaHrwgbwugmaMmYn EdlekItecj
mkBI TI 1-emdwknaMl¥ 2-neya)aydwknaMl¥ 3-RbB½n§RKb;RKgl¥ 4-sßanPaBhirBaØvtßúminecHrIgs¶Üt¬esdækic©¦
5-bec©kviTüaTMenIb 6-sμartIbuKÁlwkrwgbwug eFIVkarecjBIqnÞ³BitR)akd 7-vin½yl¥ nigmanktþabnÞab;bnSMCaeRcIn
eTot. edIm,IeGayGgÁkardwknaMenaHmanlMnwgeTA)an RtUverobcMeFIVya:gNaeGaymantulüPaBKñarvagGMNacTaMg
3 GñkbBaØtþi GñkRbtibtþi nigtulakar. kalNaGgÁkardwknaM b¤ RbeTseFIVtameKalkarN_c,ab; eKarBc,ab;
manyutþiFm’ mansIlFm’ CaRbeTsnitirdæBitR)akd enHCacMNucmYYyrwgbwugmaMmYn. GMNacTaMgbIenHesIμKña dac;
edayELkepSgBIKña mineRkamcMNuHGMNacNamYy. kMNt;GaNtþiemdwknaMRtwmEt 2 GaNtþi edIm,Ipþl;»kas
dl;GñkepSg²eFIVkarRbNaMgRbECg elIkTwkcitþGñkCMnan;eRkayeGaymanTwkcitþcUlrYm dwknaMtamKMnitfμI²pg.
ktþaTaMgenHGaceFIVeGayGgÁkardwknaMenaHrwugmaM)an eRBaHmñak;²xitxMeFIVkaredIm,IbeBa©jsmtßPaBeGayeKeXIj
ehIyKitfaéf¶NamYy eKnwgman»kasmkdwknaMdUcKñaEdr.
GñkbegIátc,ab;RtUvKitplRbeyaCn_rYm plRbeyaCn_saFarN³ plRbeyaCn_CatiExμrCaFM c,ab;karBar
GñkTn;exSay c,ab;karBarplRbeyaCn_RbCaBlrdæ minEmnsMrab;bMerIplRbeyaCn_buKÁl b¤plRbeyaCn_Rkum
dUcsPaKNbkSRbCaCn bMerIEtplRbeyaCn_KNbkS eFIVtambBa¢aCnpþac;kar h‘un Esn Etmñak;ÉgenaHeT.
cMENkGñkGnuvtþn_c,ab;RtUveKarBc,ab; RtUveFIVtamc,ab; minRtUveyaKyl; xøacGñkFM GñkmanGMNac eFIV)abEt
RbCaBlrdætUctacenaHeT RtUveFIVtameKalkarN_c,ab;EdlmanCaFrman edayKμanelIkElgbuKÁlNamñak;eLIy.
RbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;mansiTi§esμIKñaenAcMeBaHmuxc,ab; KμannrNamñak;enAelIc,ab;eLIy. GCaJkNþalCaGñk
vinicä½ykargar tulakarCaGñkkat;kþIedayÉkraCü RtwmRtUvyutþiFm’ RtYtBinitüdMeNIrRbRBwtþeTArbs;GñkRbtibtþi
FanaedaHRsaybBaðavivaT edayEp¥kelIkc,ab; \tlMeGog edIm,IFanakarTukcitþ yutþiFm’enAkñúgGgÁkardwknaM
eCOCak;BIsaFarN³Cn BIRbCaBlrdæExμr. GgÁkardwknaM b¤RbeTsEdlmanlkçN³rwgbwugmaMmYn eTaHCaGgÁkar
dwknaM enaHtUck¾eday k¾GacRbkYtRbECg ykC½yCMnHelIGgÁkardwknaMEdlFM)anEdr eGayEtGgÁkardwknaMenaH
manEpnkarl¥ Cak;EsþgdUcCa RbeTsRb‘uyeN EdlmanRbCaBlrdætic TwkdItUc Etrs;enAedayÉkraCü
nigsb,Úrsb,ayeTotpg edayKμanRbeTsNaemIlgay QøanBaneLIy. ekaHTIm½rCaRbeTsmYytUc EdlGac
erIbMr:HrYcxøÜnecjBIGaNaniKmn_ \NÐÚensIufμI²enAqñaM 2001 . kardwknaMminsMedAelImankmøaMgtic b£eRcIn mankmøaMg
FMb¤tUceLIy eGayEtRkumkargar GgÁkardwknaMmanlkçN³rwgbwug maMmYn k¾GacmaneCaKC½yelIGgÁkardwknaMFMEdr.
GgÁkardwknaMEdlmanemdwknaMxøaMg eTaHCakUnecAxageRkamexSay k¾GaceFIVeGayGñkeRkam»vaTxøaMg)an EtebI
emdwknaMexSay eTaHbIGñkxageRkamxøaMgya:gNak¾eday k¾minGacdwknaMxøaMg)anEdr. ]TahrN_ dUcCam¢úlEdl
CavtßúmYytUc EteyIgGacykvamkeFIVCaRbeyaCn_)anCaeRcIn GaRs½yeTAtameTBekaslürbs;GñkeRbIR)as;.
EteyIgkMuemIlgaymú¢ltUcfaminGacsmøab;stVFM dUcCaeKa RkbI dMrI esHeGayesaH eBlEdlm¢úlenaHmanCatiBis
eTaHbICastVdMrIFMb:uNÑa k¾m¢úlGaceFIVeGaydMrIenaHsøab;)anEdr enHCaPaBrwgbwugmaMmYnrbs;m¢últUcenaH. cMENk
kaMbitvij eTaHCakaMbitFMmandgeRsabmasb:uNÑak¾eday EtebImuxkMabitenaHminmuteT minGacykeTAeRbIR)as;
CaRbeyaCn_)aneLIy eRBaHminGackab;GIVmut EtebIkaMbitmuteTaHCadgeFIVBIeQIk¾eday k¾kaMbitenaHmantMél
GacykeTAeFIVCaRbeyaCn_)anEdr edaysarkaMbitenaHmut. ebImnusSvij CabuKÁlEdlmansmtßPaBeFIVGIVmYy
BitR)akd.
2-begIátrcnasm<½n§ nigkarEbgEckParkic© tYnaTI (Establish Structure and Delega tion)
karbegIátrcnasm<½n KWedIm,IEbgEckkarTTYlxusRtUvkargareGayc,as;las;enAkñúgGgÁkardwknaM. ebI
eyIgmin)anEbgEckkargarc,as;las; eFIVeGaykic©karmanPaBRcbUkRcbl;enAGgÁkardwknaM eFIVeGaybuKÁlwk
minsÁal; Parkic© tYnaTIeFIVkargar GaceFIVeGayEbk)ak;Kña ehIykargarminGacdMeNIrkareTAya:grlUneLIy.
eyIgRtUvkMNt;muxgar tYnaTI TMhMkargarkñúgkarsMerccitþ karEbgEckFnFannImYy² dUcCaRbFanmanmuxgareFIVxøH?
manParkic©GIVxøH? cMENkGnuRbFan GKÁelxaFikareFIVxøH? smaCiktamkariyal½ynImYy² nigbuKÁlwkepSg²eTot
edayerobcMmnusSeGayRtUvkargar tamcMeNHdwg CMnaj bTBiesaFn_ nigeTBüekaslü. karbegIátrcnasm<½n§
RtUvBicarNafa etIRbePTrcnasm<½n§EbbNamYyEdleyIgRtUvykmkGnuvtþn_ edIm,IeGaykargarelOn man
RbsiT§PaB l¥RbesIrCagmun. rcnasm<½n§GacEckecjCa rcnasm<½n§EbbPUmisaRsþ¬GñkTTYlxusRtUvtamtMbn;
tamTIVb tamtMbn; tamRbeTs tamPUmiPaK tamextþ Rsuk XMu PUmi¦ rcnasm<½nEbbmuxgar ¬tamÉkeTs
rbs;buKÁlwk¦ rcnasm<½n§tamRbePTRbCaBlrdæ¬RBHsgÇ nisSit RsþI kmμkr RKUbeRgon mU:tUDub .l.¦
eyIgGacniyayepSgfa rcnasm<½nEbgEckecjCa EbbExSedk¬mñak;TTYlxusRtUveFIVkareRcInmux¦ ExSQr
¬mñak;TTYlxusRtUvEtmYymux BIelIdl;eRkam¦ Ebbma:RTIs ¬bBa©ÚlKña tamParkic© nigtYnaTI¦.
k-GMNackñúgkarsMerccitþ (Authorities of Decision Process)
edIm,IeGayc,as;las; GMNackñúgkarsMerccitþenH eKRtUverobcMcgRkgenAkñúgc,ab; manc,ab;rdæFmμnuBaØ
c,ab;tamRksYgepSg² raCRkwtü Rkwtü Rkm saracr RbkasCaedIm. cMENkÉenAtamGgÁkardwknaMtUc²vij
eKEckenAkñúgc,ab;lkçnþik³ c,ab;bBa¢aépÞkñúg b£bMramepSg². etIsßab½nRbtibtþimanGMNacsMerccitþelIGIVxøH? TMhM
b:unμan? RbFan GnuRbFan nig GñkTTYlxusRtUvtamEpñknImYy².
x-GMNacEbgEckFnFan (Financial Divided Authorities)
edIm,IEbgEckFnFaneGaymansmFm’ yutþiFm’ etIGñkNamanGMNackñúgkarEbgEckFnFanenH.
etIGñkNamansiTi§sMerckñúgkarcMNayFnFan? etIkarEbgEckFnFanmanKMeragRtwmRtUvb£mYyya:gNa? etIkar
EbgEckFnFanenH tamEpnkaryuT§saRsþ KMeragrbs;GñkRbtibtþikar sMeNIrCaGñksMerc?
K-GMNacEtgtaMg nigbBaÄb;kargar (Authorities of Assignment and Dismiss)
eyIgRtUvEbgEck kMNt;eGayc,as;las;enAkñúgc,ab; dUcCac,ab;rdæFmμnuBaØ c,ab;lkçnþik³CaedIm.
etInNamansiTi§eRCIserIs EtgtaMgbuKÁlwk tMeLIgbuNüskábuKÁlwk nignNaCaGñkmansiTi§bBaÄb;kargarbuKÁlwk

eBlbuKÁlwkmankMhus b¤RbRBwtþpÞúyBIc,ab; bTbBa¢aepSg²Edl)ankMNt;. karEtgtaMgb¤bBaÄb;kargarbuKÁlwk
RtUveFIVCasaFarN³ edIm,Ipþl;dMNwg ENnaMbuKÁlwkenAkñúgGgÁkardwknaMeGayTTYldMNwgpg.
X-GMNaceFIVeGayGgÁkardwknaMsMerceKaledA (Authorities for Achieving the goals)
kareRCIserIskargar edIm,IRbKl;GMNacTTYlxusRtUveGayGñkeRkambgÁab;Gnuvtþn_kargar RtUveFIVtam
eKalbMNgrbs;kargar dUcerobrab;CUnsegçbxageRkam. munnwgRbKl;kargareGayGñkeRkambgÁab; emdwknaMRtUv
BicarNadUcxageRkam?
1-vaCakic©karEdlGñkeRkambgÁab;eFIV)anl¥CageyIg ¬kargarÉkeTs¦
2-vaCakic©karEdlRbBaJab; EtminEmnGaTiPaBx<s;
3-vaCakargarEdlTak;TgGaCIBrbs;GñkeRkambgÁab;
4-vaCakargarEdlRsYlpg nig Bi)akpg
5-kic©karBi)aklμm
etIeyIgRtUvRbKl;kargarya:gdUcemþc?
1-bBa¢ak;karTTYlxusRtUveGayc,as;
2-FanafaGñkeRkambgÁab;RBmTTYlykkarTTYlxusRtUv
3-pþl;dMNwgdl;GñkepSgeTot ebIeKcg;dwg
4-erobcMeGayGñkeRkambgÁab;TTYlBt’mancaM)ac;
5-pþl;karKaMRT nigCMnYy Etminykkic©karmkeFIVCMnYs
6-kMhusTukCabTBiesaFn_eronsURt
3-eRCIserIsemdwknaM (Choose Leader)
kareRCIserIsemdwknaMrbs;GgÁkardwknaMmYy CaBiesskarerIsemdwknaMfñak;Cati manParkic©sMxan;bMput
sMrab;GgÁkarsßab½n sMrab;RbeTsCatienaH eRBaHfa ebIeyIgeRCIserIsemdwknaMl¥ GgÁkardwknaMRbeTsCati
nwg)ansux snþiPaB suPmgÁl rIkcMerInrugerOg EtebIeyIgerIsemdwknaMxus eFIVeGayRbeTsCatienaHedIrfyeRkay
Føak;cuHCaedIm. cMeBaHkarerIsemdwknaMsMrab;dwknaMRbeTsExμr ritEtmansar³sMxan;sMrab;BlrdæExμrTUeTA EdlRtUvEt
ykcitþTukdak; BIeRBaHfaemdwknaMCati eRbobbIdUcCaGñkebIkLan EdleyIgTaMgGs;KñaCaRbCaBlrdæExμr rab;lan
nak;enACiHxageRkay ebIsinCaerIsemdwknaMxus erIsemdwknaMEdlGatμaniym elaPln;EtGMNac buNüs½ká
RTBüsm,tþi eRbobdUcCaerIsGñkebIkLan EdlminecHebIkLan dUcCaBYk h‘un Esn etIvasnarbs;CatiExμr
vasnarbs;eyIgCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;KñaeTACaya:gNa? dUcbkSBYk h‘un Esn min)anbMerIplRbeyaCn_eGay
RbCaBlrdæExμr min)ankarBarplRbeyaCn_CatiExμr eFIVeGay)at;bg;TwkdI RbCaBlrdæRkIRklM)akevTna
GMeBIBukrlYy GyutþiFm’ bkSBYk lYcRTBüsm,tþiCatimkeFIVRTBübuKÁl suxelIKMnrTukçraRsþExμr sb,ayelITwkEPñk
RbCaBlrdæExμr etIBYkenHsmeFIVCaemdwknaMCatiExμr EdlCaEm: Ca« enaH)anEdrb¤eT? h‘un Esn EdleRbI
GMNacpþac;kar minbMerIplRbeyaCn_eGay Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr EteRbIEl,gq<inEPñkeGayeKyl;fa
RbCaBlrdæExμrCaGñke)aHeqñateGayKNbkSRbCaCn. tamkarBit lT§ple)aHeqñatCakarerobcMbMP½nþrbs;BYk
kumμúynisþpþac;kar EdlmanyYnenAeRkayxñgEtb:ueNÑaH. eyIgRtUvdwgfa kareRCIserIsemdwknaM KWCakareRCIserIs
tMNagrbs;eyIg edIm,IedIrtYCMnYseyIg karBarplRbeyaCn_ EsVgrkplRbeyaCn_CUnCatiExμrTaMgmUl ehIyEbg
EckFnFaneGaymansmFm’ eTAdl;CnrYmQamExμrTaMgGs;. eyIgCaRbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;RtUvykcitþTukdak;
tamdanTegIVrbs;emdwknaM eyIgRtUvTTYlxusRtUvTaMgGs;Kña cMeBaHkareRCIserIsemdwknaM RtUvsÁal;c,as;fa etI
emdwknaMNaEdlmansmtßPaBdwknaMeGayCatirIkcMerIn CaemdwknaMesñhaCatiExμrBitR)akd . eyIgRtUvmanlkçNH
viinicä½yeGayRtwmRtUv munnwgeyIgerIsbuKÁlNamñak;mkeFIVCaemdwknaMCatiExμr edayEp¥kelI]tþmKti yutiþFm’
stism,CBaØ³ minlk;]tþmKti edIm,IEtluybuNüs½ká EtecalCatiExμrTaMgmUleGayFøak;cuH. emdwknaMminbMerI
plRbeyaCn_Cati k,t;Cati lk;Cati dUcBYk h‘un Esn eyIgRtUvEtedaHdUrecjCadac;xat. kareRCIserIs
emdwknaMEdll¥ sMrab;fñak;Cati nigGgÁkardwknaMRtUveRCIserIs nigvaytMélBIRKb;mCÄdæanCMuvij 360 dWeRk dUcCa
saFarN³Cn vaytMélxøÜnÉg emdwknaMpÞal; GñkeRkam»vaT shesvikRkumkargar. shrdæGaemrik eKman
lkçxNÐsMrab;buKÁl EdlGaceFIVCaRbFanaFibtI)an eKRbkYtRbECgKñaenAkñúgbkSnImYy²sin bkSRbCaFibetyü
nig bkSsarFarNrdæ EtmaneKalbMNgrYmKña eFIVedIm,IplRbeyaCn_CatieKdUcKña. kareRCIserIsvaytMélRtUv
eFIVtameKalkarN_ edaymin)aneFIVtamEtGarmμN_ edays¥b; b£RsLaj;bkSBYkniymeLIy. BinitüemIlsñaéd
EdlecjBIkarxitxMeFIVkargar. KN³kmμkarerobcMe)aHeqñatRtUvmanyutþFm’ ÉkraCü CaGCJakNþal minsßiteRkam
\Ti§BlGñkneya)ayNamYyeLIy.
eyIgRkeLkemIlkare)aHeqñat erIsemdwknaMenAkñúgRbeTsExμrfμI²vij enAéf¶TI 27 Exkkáda qñaM 2008
RKan;EtkarerobcMqakelçanedIm,IbMP½nþEPñkRbCaBlrdæExμr mtisaFarN³ nigmtiGnþrCatiEtb:ueNÑaH minEmn
CalT§plecjBIqnÞ³RbCaBlrdæExμrBitR)akdeT EtvaCakarerobcMrYcCaeRsceday KNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn
EdlmanyYnenABIeRkayxñgRtYtRtaelI. KNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn EdlCakUnGukrbs;yYn )aneFIVrebobenH
taMgBIeRkayrdæRbharenA éf¶TI 5-6 kkáda 1997 dUcCakare)aHeqñat qñaM 1998 qñaM2003 knøgmk.
vaCakarerobcMKNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn b:ueNÑaH eRBaHfaKN³kmμkarCatierobcMkare)aHeqñat eFIVtam
bBa¢aKN³bkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn RbB½n§eXasnaminÉkraCü. h‘un Esn eFIVtambBa¢ayYn ebIsinCa h‘un Esn
mineFIVtamyYn vasnadUc Eb:n suvNÑ EdlRtUv say b‘Ufg h‘un Esn XubXitCamYyyYncab;yk
eTAdak;KukenARbeTsyYn Gs;ry³eBl 10qñaM 5 Ex nigvasnadUc can; sIu EdlRtUveKcak;fñaMsmøab;
enAelIynþehaH. Rtg;cMNucenH sUmelIk]TahrN_Rbvtþielak Eb:n suvNÑ EdlmineFIVtambBa¢ayYn.
tamsMdIelak Eb:n suvNÑ eBleKcab;elakenaHKWman h‘un Esn nig say b‘Ufg. h‘un Esn
)anGanesckþIsMerccitþrbs;mCÄwmbkSbdivdþRbCaCnkm<úCadktMENgTaMgGs; edaysarkMhusmYycMnYn dUcteTA³
1-bgEb:n suvNÑ RbqaMgrbbkumμúynisþ ksagesdækic©TIpSaesrI 2-ykBn§elIeyokNamenARBlanynþehaH
RbqaMgnigEpnkarbegIát k 5 3-KMnitCatiniymceg¥otcg¥l;RbqaMgniKmeyokNam minGnuBaØatieGayniKmeyok
Nammkrs;enAkñúgRbeTsExμr.
enAéf¶TI 13 FñÚ 1981 eL dwkf mkCYb ¬´minniksμanfabgÉgh‘aneFIVGBa©wg h‘anRbqaMgnigeyIg´
¬yYn¦ bgÉgdwgeTfa TahanyYnenAkñúgRbeTsExμr man 180 000 nak; bgÉgbegIátKN³kmμkarGenþaRbevsn_
begáItKN³kmμkarRBMEdn bgÉgcg;RKb;RKgRbeTsedayxøÜnÉg eTaHCaeBleRkay minmanTahanyYnk_eday
RbeTsExμrminGacegIbeTANarYceLIy ebIGñkNaha‘nRbqaMg ´Rc)ac;eGaym:dæ ¦.
tamsmþIEdlyYnniyayxagelI srbBa¢ak;eGayeXIjfa h‘un Esn minEmnCaemdwknaMCatiExμrBitR)akd
eT h‘un Esn RtUvyYnelIkbnþúbmktaMgBIyYnkan;kab; QøanBanTwkdIExμréf¶ 7 mkra 1979emøH edIm,IbkSkumμúynisþ
yYnsMercEpnkarshB½n§\NÐÚcinEtb:ueNÑaH.
4-RbB½n§RKb;RKgrdæ)al (Administrative system)
RbB½n§RKb;RKgrdæ)al CaRbB½n§eFIVeGaydMeNIrkarrdæ)alRbRBwtþeTA)anl¥ GacRKb;RKgkargarmanRbsiTi§
PaB. karRKb;RKgrdæ)alCakic©karmYycMnYnTak;TgeTAnigPar³kic©kariyal½y dUcCakargarTTYleP¶ov ParHkic©
rbs;elxaFikardæan nig KNenyü karRbCMu nig dMeNIrRbRBwtþieTAkargar bec©kviTüaeTAelIesvakmμnigkarriyal½y
kMuBüÚT½r bNþajkMuBüÚT½r GIuntaENt nigRbB½n§Bt’man.l. karTMnak;TMngtameGLicRtUvnic tamRbiysNIy nig
tamTUrs½BÞcl½t. karrkSaTukBt’man nig karRKb;RKgÉksareGLicRtUnik RbB½n§sMNMuÉksarRbcaMqñaMCaedIm
k-kariyal½y nigmuxgarenAkñúgkariyal½y (Office and Function in the Office)
kariyal½ymanmuxgarCakEnøgTTYl nigEbgEckBt’man. karTTYlBt’manBImCÄdæanepSg²TaMgkñúg
GgÁkardwknaM nigBIRbPBxageRkA dUcCa TTYlBt’manBIrdæaPi)al TTYlBt’manBIRbCaBlrdæ ¬karbþwgtva:kar
sMNUmBr¦ TTYlBt’manBIKUrRbkYtRbECg ¬karvayRbhar ecaTRbkan; karecjesckIþEføgkarN_¦ Bt’mansßab½n
hirBaØvtßú ¬GaRtakarR)ak; FanaKar GaRtabþÚrR)ak;¦ RBwtiþkarN_neya)aykñúgnigeRkARbeTs sßanPaBesdækic©
dMeNIrkavivDÆbec©kviTüa nigc,ab;TMlab;CaedIm. enAkñúgGgÁkardwknaM mankargarCaeRcInEdlRtUveFIV dUcCa
eFIVr)aykarN_ eFIVkMNt;ehtuGgÁRbCMu GnusarN³épÞkñúg KNenyücugeRkay nigÉksarépÞkñúgepSg²eTot.
x-karKUrbøg;kariyal½y (Office design)
erobcMKUrbøg;karriyal½y EdltMrUvtamGgÁkardwknaM etIGgÁkardwknaMRtUvkarerobcMkariyal½y tamRbePT
EbbNa? KUrbøg;tamkariyal½yEdlebIkcMhr CarebobEdlbiTTVa nigmanRckrebog b¤karriyal½yEdlman
eTsPaBl¥ RbkbedayeRKOgsgðarwm tamrebobFmμCati EdlmantubEtg mankEnøgkMsanþepSg² tam
cMNg;cMNUlcitþ dUcCamankEnøgelgkILa TUrTsSn_ manrUbPaBemIlepSg². enAkarriyal½yRtUverobcMeGay
man]bkrN_kariyal½ydUcCa ma:sIunftcmøg TUrdak;Éksar sMNMuÉksar mansIune)aHBumÖ ]bkrN_enAelItu
kMuBüÚT½r Rkdas .l.
K-Parkic©rbs;GñkTTYlePJov (Duty of Receptionist)
GñkTTYlePJovRtUvEfrkSakEnøgTTYlePJoveGay)anl¥. enAkEnøgTTYlePJovRtUverobcM eGayman
sNþab;Fñab; erobrys¥at hammineGayCk;)arI mankEnøgGgÁúyRsYlsMrab;ePJov manesovePA TsSnavdþI karEst
sMrab;GanpgEdr. ebIsinCamanePsC¢³KYrTukenACitédGñkTTYlePJov. GñkTTYlePJovRtUvmanesovePANat;CYb
esovePAsMrab;kt;RtaePJov nigb½NÑePJov. manesovePATUrs½BÞ hVak; bBa¢IelxTUrs½BÞEpÞkñúg elxTUrs½BÞsMrab;
eBlGasnñ dUcCa b:UlIs GKÁIP½y eBTüCaedIm. RbRktiTin nigtu.

eyIgCaGñkTTYlePJovcaMfa GñkTTYlePJovCamuxmat;rbs;GgÁkardwknaM sMrab;ePJovcMeBaHkarTak;TgdMbUg.
eBlTTYlePJovGñkTTYlePJovRtUvrYsrayrak;Tak;b:uEnþkMueGayxøaMgRCul nigsVaKmn_ePJovCapøÚvkar edayCMrabsYr
CaedIm. sVaKmn_edayrIkray bnÞab;mkRtUvRtYtBinitüeQμaH nigsYrfaetIePJovcg;CYbnrNa? ePJovEdlman
kt;RtaenAkñúgkarNat;CYb ehIykt;RtaenAkñúgesovePAvtþman. sMNUmBreGayePJovcuHhtßelxa elIesovePA
vtþman TaMgecj nigcUl edIm,IkarBarRbugRby½tñTukCamun eBlmanGasnñ EdlekIteLIgCayfaehtu eyIgGac
dwgfaGñkNaxøH? cMnYnb:unμannak;enAkñúgGKarenaH. pþl;b½NÑCUnePJov nig ykRtLb;mkvijeBlEdlePJov
ecjBIsßab½neyIg. eBlEdlePJovmkdl; GñkTTYlePJovRtUvpþl;Bt’mandl;GñkEdlePJovRtUvNat;CYb. ebIsinCa
kñúgkrNIERbRbYl EdlePJovminGacCYbPøam² edaysarkic©karCab;rvl;epSg² GñkTTYlePJovRtUvsMuGP½yeTas
cMeBaHkarBnüaeBl ehIyRtUvpþl;Bt’mandl;ePJov eFIVkarNat;sarCafμI ebIsinCaePJovminGacrgcaM)an.
Parkic©epSgeTot dUcCa RtUvedaHRsayBakübNþwgepSg² GñkTTYlePJJovRtUvEtecHKYrsm nig suPaB
Tn;Pøn; RKb;eBlevla ehIyRtUvsþab;ya:gRbugRby½tñ eBlEdlePJovTUrs½BÞmk nigecosevogkarrMxanepSg²
b£sþab;minyl;Gtßn½y. kt;RtaeGay)anBisþaGMBIkarbwþgtva: BaküsmþIrbs;ePJov edayRbugRby½tñ mineqøIybdiesF
nig eqøIyRsbcMeBaHkarbþwgtva:rbs;ePJovPøam² TuksMrab;tYnaTIeGayGñkmansmtßkic©Bak;B½n§. eyIgCaGñkTTYl
ePJovmanParHCYysMrbsMrYl CYykic©kar b¤bBa¢ak;bBaðaepSg². Par³kic©mYycMnYneTot dUcCa eFIVkarenAkEnøg
CUndMNwg eqøIyTTYlTUrs½BÞ ma:sIunEhVk nigsarsMeLg KitluyTUrs½BÞ TMnak;TMngtamTUrs½BÞkñúgRbeTs nig
eRkARbeTs CaedIm.
X-Parkic©rbs;elxaFikar (Duty of Secretary)
elxaFikarKYrEt rYsray rIkray suPaBrabsar Tn;Pøn; nigmansNþab;Fñab;l¥. elxaCaGñkmanÉkeTs
xagTMnak;TMngTaMgsresr nigpÞal;mat;. CaGñkEdlgayRsYlkñúgkarTMnak;TMng nigmanÉkeTsviC¢aCIv³RKb;
eBlevla. CabuKÁlEdlmanqnÞ³ecHCYykic©karedayminerIskargar nigmanKMnitpþÜtepþImedaHRsaykargar enA
eBlmanvibtþi. elxaFikarEckecjCa elxapÞal; CMnYykar CMnYykarCan;x<s; nigGKÁelxaFikar. GKÁelxaFikar
mantYnaTIsMrab;eFIVEpnkar nigerobcMkargar eFIVkarNat;CYbePJov erobcMeFIVdMeNIr eRtomerobcMsMrab;karRbCMu nig
erobcMsniñsiT.
g-c,ab; nignitiviFI (Rule and Regulation)
erobcMeGaymanc,ab;TMlab; sMrab;smaCik smaCika buKÁlwkmRnþIraCkar RbCaBlrdæ enAkñúgGgÁkardwknaM
c,ab;sMrab;RbeTs eGaymansNþab;Fñab; CaRbeTsnitirdæmYyEdlRbCaBlrdæcg;)an. RbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;
RtUvmansiTi§esrIPaB esμIrKñacMeBaHmuxc,ab; TaMgGs;KñaRtUvsißtenAeRkamc,ab;. kMueGaymanEtc,ab; EtKμan
GñkGnuvtþn_c,ab; KμanGñkeKarBc,ab;dUcrbbRtYtRta h‘un Esn sBVéf¶. c,ab;eFIVeGayGgÁkarsßab½n RbeTsCati
manvin½y mansNþab;Fñab; esckþIéføfñÚr . c,ab; nignitiviFIepSg² RtUveFIVeGayRsbeTAtamc,ab;GnþrCati
c,ab;CatiénRbeTsnImYy² nigeKarBsiiTi§mnusSCaktþacMbg. c,ab;rdæFmμnuBaØCac,ab;cMbgrbs;RbeTs cMENktam
GgÁkardwknaMtUc² c,ab;lkçnþik³ nigbTbBa¢aépÞkñúgmansar³sMxan;sMrab;dwknaMGgÁkardwknaMeGay)anl¥. c,ab;RtUv
bMerIplRbeyaCn_TUeTAsMrab;GgÁkardwknaM sMrab;RbeTsCati nigRbCaBlrdæ. GñktMNagraRsþCatMNageGay
RbCaBlrdæBitR)akd minEmntMNageGaybkSenaHeLIy dUcenHGñkbegIátc,ab;RtUvbMerIeGayplRbeyaCn_
Blrdæ. edIm,IeGayc,ab;manRbsiT§PaBRtUvmanGñkGnuvtþn_c,ab;manRbsiT§PaBEdr edIm,IbgçMeGaymankareKarB
c,ab; ebIc,ab;manEtelIRkdas c,ab;manEtelIbbUrmat;rbs; h‘un Esn enaHminEmnCac,ab;eT EtCaGMNacpþac;kar
GMNacéRBEtb:ueNÑaH. dUcenH GñkbegIátc,ab;RtUvyl;eGayc,as;GMBIGtßn½yénc,ab; edIm,IBnül;bkRsayeTA
GñkGnuvtþc,ab;eGayyl; kMueGaymankaryl;RcLM b¤bkRsay xuscMeBaHc,ab; cMENkRbCaBlrdæ EdlCa
GñkeKarBk¾RtUvyl;dwgGMBIc,ab;EdredIm,IeKarBtam. srubmk xagEpñknitibBaØtþi nitiRbtibtþi nignititulakar
RBmTaMgRbCaBlrdæRtUvyl;dwgGMBIc,ab;TaMgGs;Kña.
c-RbB½n§RtYtBinitü (Controlling System)
edIm,IeGayGñkGnuvtþn_kargar eFIVkargarRbkbedaykarTTYlxusRtUv nigmanRbsiiT§PaBenaH RbB½n§RtYt
BiinitümantYnaTIsMxan; edIm,IBinitüemIlfa GñkGnuvtþn_eFIVtamKMeragRtwmRtUv ehIyecjlT§plmkl¥ manKuNPaB
TTYleCaKC½y. eTaHbICamankareKgbnøM karminTTYlxusRtUvya:gNak¾eday k¾RbB½n§RtYtBinitüGacTTYlBt’man
)anRKb;RKan;. RbB½n§RtYtBiinitüenH begIátsMrab;RtYtBinitüelIkarGnuvtþn_kargar nigkarRbtibtþikargarenAkñúg
RbeTsb¤GgÁkarsßab½nNamYy. RbB½n§RtYtBinitüRtUverobcMeGaymancab;taMgBIfñak;yuT§saRsþ fñak;Rbtibtþikar nig
fñak;bec©keTs. kalBIdMbUgeLIyRbB½n§RtYtBinitüeKeRbImnusSedIm,IBinitü Etbc©úb,nñenH eKeRbIRbB½n§bec©kviTüa
edIm,IRtYtBinitü dUcCa páayrNb kMuBüÚT½r masWunftsV½yRbvtþi Rbdab;RsUbsMelg eRKOgma:sIunCaedIm.l.
enAeBlcUleFIVkar eKmanma:sIun vayema:gcUl nig ema:gecjBIkariyal½y. enARbeTsrIkcMerInmYycMnYn eKeRbI
ma:sIunftsV½yRbvtþiBinitüemIlRKb;skmμPaBkargarrbs;buKÁlwk nigGñkEdleFIVxusc,ab;edayminGaceKcputBI
RbB½n§RtYtBiinitüs½VyRbvtþieLIy. rhUtdl;eKbegIátCaPñak;garesIubGegát b¤Pñak;garcarkmμ edIm,IeFIVkaresIub
GegátkargarsMxan;² EdlRbB½n§bec©kviTüaminGacRtYtBinitü)an CaBiessenAkñúgerOgneya)ay nigerOgkgT½B
Edlbec©kviTüaminGacdwgBIEpnkarsm¶at;rbs;sRtUv manEtcarkmμeT EdlGacykkic©karsm¶at; b¤Epnkarsm¶at;
rbs;sRtUv. GñkRtYtBinitüRtUvEtÉkraCü nigRtUvelIkTwkcitþ edIm,IeGayGñkRtYtBinitümanyutþiFm’ eFIVkarsMerccitþ
edayÉkraCü.
q-RbB½n§eFIVEpnkar (Planning System)
RbB½n§eFIVEpnkar KWCaEpñkmYydac;edayELk EdlsMrab;erobcMEpnkareGaydMeNIrkarRbtibtþikarkargar
enAkñúgsßab½nRksYgGgÁkardwknaM. RbeTsCatiGacdMeNIrkarl¥eTAmux rIkcMerIneCaKC½y GaRs½yelIGñkerobcM
Epnkar)anl¥ GnuvtþRtwmRtUvtamEpnkar. RbB½n§Epnkar CaGñkerobcMEpnkaryuT§saRsþ EpnkarRbtibtþikar
Epnkarkl,yuT§. ebImanEt EpnkaryuT§saRsþ EtKμanEpnkarkl,yuT§eT minGacdMeNIrkar)aneLIy )anRtwmEt
Rsém:. karerobcMkmμviFIepSg² erobcMKMeragkargarCaedIm. edIm,IerobcMRbB½n§enHeGay)anl¥ eyIgRtUverIs
buKÁlwk EdlmanÉkeTs RtUvnigckçúvis½yrbs;GgÁkardwknaMmkeFIVEpnkar eTIbGgÁkardwknaMenaHGacdMeNIreTA)an.
C-crnþBt’man nigTMnak;TMng (Information and Communication System)
crnþBt’man nigkarTMnak;TMng mansar³sMxan;Nas;sMrab;GgÁkardwknaM. ebIsinCacrnþBt’maneyIgl¥
elOn Tan;eBlevla enaHkarerobcMEpnkarepSg²)anl¥. crnþBt’man KWCakarpþl;Bt’manr)aykarN_ ehtukarN_
bBaðaEdlekItmanenAkñúgGgÁkardwknaM b¤ eRkAGgÁkardwknaM. crnþBt’manGaceGayeyIgdwgBIsßankarN_ RbeTs
Cati RBwtþkarN_ ehtukarN_GIVEdlekIteLIg. eKGaceFIVkarTMnak;TMngtam TUrs½BÞ sareGLicRtUvnic viTüúTak;Tg
karepJIsar karsresrsMbuRt karbBa¢ÚntamPñak;gar.l. crnþBt’manenH CaEPñkCaRcmuHrbs;GgÁkardwknaM.
enAEpñkBt’manenHRtUvsikSaGMBIkarRbmUlBt’man viPaKBt’man bBa¢ÚnBt’man pSBVpSayBt’man eGay)an
Tan;eBlevla. Bt’manEckecj CaBt’mancMhr nigBt’mansm¶at;. cMeBaHBt’mancMhr CaBt’manEdleK
ecjpSayCasaFarN³tam karEst TUrTsSn_ tamvibsay GIuntaENt.l. EtBt’mansm¶at; CaBt’mansMxan;
EdleKminpSBVpSay Bt’manEbbenHsMxan;Nas;sMrab;GgÁkardwknaMnImYy²RtUvdwg. eRBaHfa Rtecok EdlxøaMg
KWCaRtecokEdlsþab;B£GIVEdleKminniyayecjmk minEmnsþab;B£rnÞH b¤pÁrlan;eLIy. EPñkEdlPøWCa
EPñkEdlemIleXIj kñúgTIggwt emIleXIjkEnøgEdleKbiT)aMg emIleXIjGIVEdleKmineGayeyIgemIl minEmn
emIleXIjRBHGaTitüenaHeT. GñkEdlxøaMg KWeFIVGIVEdlGñkd¾éTminGaceFIV)an b¤eFIVeGayPñMmYyGacrMkil)an.
CaTUeTAdMeNIrkarnigTMnak;TMngBt’manEdlTTYl)an tMrUveGayykmkviPaKBicarNa cMra:j;bEnßm
munniwgykeTAeRbIR)as;manRbsiT§PaB nigEckcayeTAkEnøgepSg²eTot etIBt’manenaHcMeNj b¤xatsMrab;
GgÁkardwknaM . eKEckmeFüa)ayTMnak;TMngecjCa 4 ya:g
pÞal;mat; CYbRbCMuTl;muxKña TUrs½BÞ karRbCMutamvIDIGU
sresr sMbuRt r)aykarN_ GnusSarN nig kMNt;ehtu
tamsareGLicRtUnic dUcCa karepJIsartameGLIcRtUnic nig karEhVk
tamkaremIleXIj dUcCa niyaytamGIutaENt snñisITtamvIDIGU
Q-rkSaTuk nigkarBarBt’man (Keep and Protect Information)
enAeBlEdlmanBt’man eKRtUvrkSavaTukedIm,IeFIVCaÉksareyag. eKGacrkSvaTuksMrab;RbB½n§RKb;RKg
ÉksareGLicRtUnic b¤RbB½n§sMNMuÉksar. Bt’mansm¶at; Bt’mansMxan; KYrrkSaTukeGaymansuvtßPaB l¥edIm,I
karBar mineGaybBa©ÚlkñúgTinñin½ybEnßm karEkERbepSg² kuMBüÚT½rRtUvdak;elxsm¶at; b¤cak;esarva.
RbB½n§Bt’manCaviFIsaRsþmYysMrab;erobcMTinñin½y nignitiviFI edIm,Icab;ykdMeNIrkar rkSaTuk nigplit
Bt’manmanKuNPaBkñúgeKalbMNgeFIVkarsMerccitþ. kMriténkarsMerccitþ EckecjCa 3 KWfñak;Rbtibtþikar fñak;
kl,yuT§ nigfñak;yuT§saRsþ. fñak;yuT§saRsþsMrab;yuT§saRsþry³eBlEvg RtUvkarbTBiesaFn_ karvinicä½y
GBÖnþrjaN Bt’manxageRkA nigxagkñúgBit. karsMerccitþfñak;kNþal RtUvmanry³eBlmFüm tMrUveGayman
karvinicä½yxøH eRbIr)aykarN_BIfñak;RbtibtþikarpÞal; nigBt’manBIxageRkA. karsMerccitþfñak;eRkam Rbtibtþikar
RbcaMéf¶ RtYtBinitü nigelIkElgskmμPaBr)aykarN_BImYyéf¶eTAmYyéf¶.
cMeBaHkarepJIrtaméRbysNIy_ eBlEdleKepJIcUlmk RtUvmancuHhtßelxa cuHelxsMbuRtcUl dak;tam
RbePTsMbuRt sMbuRtTUeTA sMbuRtÉkCn sMbuRtpÞal;xøÜn Rbjab; sm¶at; . cMeBaHsMbuRtebIkcMhrCaTUeTA GacebIk
)an EtsUmkMuebIk ebIsinCasMbuRtepIJCUnbuKÁl CaÉkCn ebIKμankarGnuBaØat. vayRtakalbriecäT eBlebIksMbuRt.
BinitüeRsamsMbuRtedIm,IFanafabiT. EckcaysMbuRteTAkEnøgEdlRtUvepJI. kt;RtaesovePAecjcUl.

j-dMeNIrkarhirBaØvtßú niigParkic©KNenyü (Financial system and Accounting duties)
eyIgRtUverobcMRbB½n§RKb;RKghirBaØvtßúeGayc,as;las;. skmμPaBrbs;KNenyü dUcCa rkSaesovePA
vik½yb½Rt erobcMkarkt;RtacMNUl nigcMNay esckþIEføgkarsMrbsMrYlFanaKar nigR)ak;ExbuKÁlwk. cMeBaHGgÁkar
dwknaMPaKeRcIn manbBaðacMeBaHhirBaØvtßú edaykarRKb;RKgminl¥. cMeBaHRbeTsCativij karRKb;RKgcMNUl
rbs;fivikaCatinig karcMNaymantmøaPaB ecosvagGMeBIBukrlYy eKgbnøMfvikarCati . RbeTsExμreyIg
GMeBIrBukrlYy manplb:HBal;sMxan; RKb;sßab½nCati EdleFIVeGay)at;bg;fvikarCati kñúgmYYyqñaM 250 landuløa
eTA 300 landuløa. edIm,IeGayhirBaØvtßúGgÁkardwknaMenaHl¥ RtUvcMNUleGayeRcInCagcMNay b¤cMeBaHesdækic©
RbeTsvij RtUvnaMecjeGayeRcInCakarnaMcUlb¤elIktMekIgplitplkñúgRsuk. etIRbPBhirBaØvtßúrbs;eyIgTTYl)an
mkBIRbPBNaxøH? GIVCaskþanuBlsMrab;esdækic©Cati? etIsßanPaBhirBaØvtßúya:gdUcemþc? hirBaØvtßúenHmantYnaTI
sMxan;Nas; eFIVeGayGgÁkardwknaMGacdMeNIrkareTA)an. ral;karcMNayepSg²RtUvmanvik½yb½Rt Edlecj
mkBIRbPBEdlGacTukcitþ)an dUcCavik½yb½RtecjBIma:sIunKitluyCaedIm.
]TahrN_ RbeTsrUsSIedaysarEtneya)ayvatTIrbs;xøÜn enAkñúgTIVbGWur:ub )aneFIVeGaycMNay CaeRcIn
elIkgT½BkñúgGMLúgsRgÁamRtCak; rvagRbeTsGaemrik nigshPaBsUevot eRkayBIsRgÁamelakelIkTI 2.
eBlEdlRbFanaFibtI kU)aqUv eLIgkan;GMNac eBlenaHsßanPaBhirBaØvtßúrbs;shPaBsUevotFøak;dl;)at
ehtuenHehIyeFIVeGay kU)aqUv EkERbneya)ayebIkcMhr nigerobcMrcnasm<½n§sarCafμI RbB½n§esdækic© nig
RbB½n§kariyaFibetyü. elak)aneFIVkarTMnak;TMngCamYybs©wmRbeTs shrdæGaemrik edIm,Ikat;bnßykar
eRbIR)as;fvikaelIkEpñkeyaFa.
cMENkenAqñaM 1997 EdlmanvibtþihirBaØvtßúenAGasIu CaBiessRbeTséf EdlnaMeGayrIkral
dalb:HBal;dl;RbeTsmYycMnYnEdleFIVTMnak;TMngBaNiC¢kmμCamYy dUcCa kUer:xagt,Úg Cb:un r:UsSI ma:eL \NÐÚensIu
nighVwliBInCaedIm. . vibtþienHekIteLIgedaysarEt rMelaHrUbiyb½NÑ Edl)anx©ImkvinieyaKelIehdæarcnasm<½n§
sMNg; ehIyTIbMputGñkvieyaK)andkecj nigdkTunecj eTIbeFIVeGayKμanhirBaØvtßú naMeGaymanvibtþienH
ekIteLIg. mUniFirUbiyvtßúGnþrCati)aneGaydk DIbUsiud cMnYnBak;kNþal 50 PaKry EdlCacMnYndkeRcInelIseK
TaMgGs;.
5-ynþkarsMrbsMrYl (Coordination System)
RKb;GgÁkardwknaMEtgEtCYbbBðaa edayeCosminput ehtuenHehIyGgÁkardwknaMRtUvmanynþkarsMrab;
sMrbsMrYlenAeBlEdlmanbBaðavivaTekIteLIgenAkñúgépÞkñgú GgÁkardwknaM. ynþkarsMrab;sMrbsMrYlmanbegIátCa
GaCJakNþal begIátCaKN³kmμkaredaHRsayvivaTepSg² nigmanc,ab;sMrab;Gnuvtþn_ ehIyKN³kmμkar
RtUvÉkraCü. ebIsinCaenAkñúgynþkarsMrbsMrYlfñak;CatiKW xagnititulakar. tulakarRtUvEtÉkraCü yutþiFm’
RtwmRtUv edayminsßimeRkamGMNacneya)ay buKÁlmanGMNacNamYyeLIy. eRkayBIcb;sRgÁamelakelIkTI 2
edIm,IerobcMBiPB elakeGaymanreboberobry eK)anbegIátGgÁkarshRbCaCatienAqñaM 1945 EdlmanRbeTs
mhaGMNac shrdæGaemrik )araMg Gg;eKøs rUsSI nigcin EdlCasm<½n§mitþRKb;RKgBiPBelak. enAkñúg
sRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 3 EdlCaCemøaHrvagkarQøanBanrbs;yYnkumμúynisþ nigBYkkumμúynisþExμrrNbyYn CamYy
ExμrRtIPaKI RtUv)ancuHkic©RBmeRBogsn§isBaØasnþiPaBenATIRkugRkug)a:rIséf¶TI 23 tula 1991 edayman
RbeTs\NÐÚensIu nig)araMgCaGñkeFIVkarsMrbsMrYlkñúgkic©karenH eRBaH\NÐÚensIu nig)araMgCaRbeTsÉkraCü min
Bak;B½n§enAkñúgCemøaHenaH. enAqñaM 1993 RbeTsExμr)anerobcMkare)aHeqñatEdlerobcMRtYtBinitüedayGgÁkar
shRbCaCati. dUcenH GgÁkarshRbCaCati edIrtYnaTIya:gsMxan;sMrab;sMrbsMrYl edaHRsaybBaðaCYyBiPBelak
eGaymansnþiPaB. cMENkÉkardwknaMkñúgRbeTsmantulakar CaGñkvinicä½y kat;kþInUvRKb;bBaðaEdl ekItman
enAkñúgRbeTsdUcenHehIytulakaRtUvEtÉkraCü. ebIenAkñúgGgÁkardwknaMtUctac RtUvmanKN³kmμkarÉkraCü
sMrab;edaHRsaysMrbsMrYlbBaðaedayyutþiFm’. ynþkarsMrbsMrYlenH ebIsinCamanbBaðavivaTekIteLIg dMNak;kar
dMbUg eKeFIVkarcrcarrvagPaKICemøaH bnÞab;mkEsVgrkGaCJakNþal ebIsinCaPaKICemøaHminsuxcitþeTIb Gacdak;
bNþwgCapøÚvc,ab;eTArktulakarCYyedaHRsay.
k-KN³kmμkar (Committees)
karbegIátKN³kmμkarsMrab;; sMrbsMrYlRtUverIseLIgedayÉkraCü CaGñkmanÉkeTsxagc,ab; nigbT
BiesaFn_xagc,ab; edIm,IsMrbsMrYl edaHRsaybBaðavivaT.
x-karRbCMu (Meeting)
karCYbCMuKña CacMNucmYyEdleyIgGacbeBa©jKMnit sikSaKMnit eronsURtBIKñaeTAvijeTAmk nigeFIVeGay
manPaBsñitsñalKña. karRbCMueyIgGackMNt;sMrab;ry³eBleTotTat; karRbCMusamBaØ ¬GacmYyExmþg tamkar
kMNt;rbs;Rkumkargar¦ b¤ karRbCMuvisamBaØ ¬karkMNt;eBlevlaERbRbYltamkal³eTs³¦ karRbCMuedayRkum
kargarBiesstamfñak; karRbCMuFMEdlCakarRbCMuTUeTARbcaMqñaM EdlehAfa mhasniñ)aT. karRbCMuRtUvmankarkt;
RtakMNt;ehtuGgÁRbCMueGayc,as;las; erobcMrebobvir³GgÁRbCMu rYcpþl;dMNwgdl;GñkcUlrYmRbCMu ya:gehacNas;
1 s)þah_mun edIm,IeGayGñkcUlrYmRbCMu eKeRtomxøÜnrYcCaeRsckñúgkarcUlrYm. eRkayBIGgÁRbCMusMercGIVmYy eyIg
RtUverobcMCar)aykarN_ esckþIEføgkarN_ snñisITkarEst pþl;dMNwgeTARKb;sßanTUt sßab½nTak;Tg bNþaj
sarBt’man. edIm,IelIkTwkcitþdl;GñkcUlrYmRbCMu eyIgRtUvbgðajR)ab;BIplRbeyaCn_EdlniwgTTYl)anmkvij
sMrab;GñkcUlrYm. enAéf¶RbCMu eyIgRtUverobcMeGaymansnþisux bdisNæakic© karcuHeQμaH nigBiFIkareGay
)anRtwmRtUv. eyIgRtUvKitKUrkarcMNayepSg²rbs;GñkcUlrYmdUcCa karcMNayelIéføeFIVdMeNIr sñak;enA mðÚbGahar
nigÉksarepSg². eyIgRtUverobcMkmμviFIkalviPaKeGayc,as;las; etImuneBlcUlrYmRbCMuRtUveFIVGIVxøH? eBlRbCMu
RtUveFIVGIVxøH? nig eRkayBIRbCMuRtUveFIVGIVxøH.
sUmelIk]TahrN_karRbCMu enAéf¶TI 20-23 Ex mkra qañM 2008 sIþBI siTi§CnCatiedImPaKtic
enAGasIuGaeKñy_ EdlmanryHeBl 3 éf¶ ehIymankarcUlrYmtMNagnanaénGgÁkarGnþrCati tMNagGgÁkar
shRbCaCati mantMNagGgÁkarsiTi§mnusSGgÁkarshRbCaCatimkBITIRkughSWENv tMNagGgÁkarsiTi§mnusSGasIu
hVr:ummkBIbNþaRbeTsCag 10 CaedIm. eBlEdlGñkcUlrYmeFIVdMeNIreTAdl;sNæaKarRbCMuenaH eKmanbiT
pøaksMrab;;bgðajGMBIbnÞb;EdlRtUvRbCMu . enAeBlEdleTAdl;kEnøgRbCMu GñkcUlrYmRtUvcuHeQμaHenAkñúgbBa¢Ivtþman
edaymanTTYlePJov 2 nak;sMrab;ENnaM. eK)anpþl;kmμviFIGgÁRbCMunigENnaMR)ab;BITIkEnøgRbCMu. kaRbCMuman
ry³eBl 3éf¶tamrebobvir³GgÁRbCMu. enAeBlRbCMuenaH KwelIkeLIgGMBIbBaðasiTi§mnusSrbs;CnCatiPaKtic
EdlRtUv)anrMelaPsiTi§esrIPaBedaysarrdæaPi)al CaBiessKW elIkeLIgrvagGCJaFrevotNamEdleFIVkarrMelaP
siTi§CMenO sasna eFIVTukçbukemñj elIbgb¥ÚnExμreRkameyIg nig Cnpþac;kar h‘un Esn EdlCa]bkrN_
neya)ayrbs;yYn. enAkñúgeBlRbCMu eKmanerobcMeBlevlasRmak 10-15 naTI edIm,IeFIVkarRss;RsUb TwkEt
kaehV b¤nMCaedIm. kñúgeBlsMrakenaH eyIgGaceqøoteBlCECkBIbBaðaepSg²CamYytMNagnanaEdlcUlrYm
kñúgBiFIenaH. enAkñúgkic©RbCMuenaH eKerobcMeGaymanGahar 3 eBl eBlRBwk eBléf¶ nig eBll¶ac ehIyenAéf¶
cugbBa©b;eK srublT§plkargarEdlecjmkBIkarRbCMu eKnaMeTATTYlTanGahareBll¶ac edaymankareFIVdMeNIr
kMsanþeTotpg .
K-GaCJakNþal (Referee)
GaCJakNþal CaCnEdlÉkraCü s¥ats¥M esμaHRtg; yutþiFm’ sMrab;edaHRsaybBaða nigCYyrkyutþiFm’
dl;buKÁlwk smaCik smaCika EdlmanbBaða. GaCJakNþalRtUvmancMeNHdwgxagc,ab; nigyl;dwg
GMBIc,ab;TMlab;enAkñúgGgÁkardwknaM. eyIgRtUvkMNt;GNtþisMrab;GñkeFIVGaCJakNþaledIm,IkMueGayGaCJakNþalGag
nigmanGMeBIBukrlYy lMeGogeTArksmaCikepSg² nigGacCMrujeGayGaCJakNþalfμI²beBa©jsmtßPaB RbkYt
RbECg ehIyman»kassMrab;mnusSl¥TUeTA.
II.c,ab; vin½y RkmsIlFm’ (Rule, Discipline and Morale)
edIm,IFanakareCaKC½ykñúgGgÁkardwknaMnImYy² vin½yl¥CaktþasMxan;Nas;. c,ab; nigRkmsIlFm’
eFIVeGay smaCik smaCika manreboberobry manvin½y sNþab;Fñab;l¥RbesIr. ebIcg;eGayBiPBelak
mansniþPaB sNþab;Fñab; RtUverobcMeGayRbeTsnImYy²mansnþiPaB reboberobryl¥ sNþab;Fñab;l¥Camunsin.
ebIcg;eGayRbeTsCati mYymansnþiPaB reboberobryl¥ RtUverobcMRkumRKYsarénRbeTsnImYy²mansuxsnþiPaB
manvin½yl¥sin. ebIcg;eGayRkumRKYsarnImYy²manvin½yl¥ sNþab;Fñab; mansuxsnþiPaB suPmgÁl RtUvGb;rM
erobcMKMnitbuKÁlmñak;²eGays¶b; manrebobl¥ . dUecñH muneBlerobcMRbeTsCatieGaymansnþiPaB man
sNþab;Fñab;l¥ RtUverobcMcitþKMnitrbs;buKÁlmñak;eGay)anl¥ mansNþab;Fñab;l¥sin eTIbRkumRKYsarl¥ sgÁml¥
RbeTsCatil¥ nigBiPBelakl¥. cMENksßab½ndwknaMtUc²vij RtUvmanGñkerobcMbegáItc,ab; GñkGnuvtþn_c,ab;
Gñkvinicä½yc,ab; edIm,IeGayc,ab;manRbsiT§PaB. c,ab;RtUveGaysmaCik smaCika buKÁlwkkñúgGgÁkar dwknaM)andwg
ebIsinCac,ab;sMrab;RbeTs rdæaPi)al b¤sßab½nBak;B½n§RtUvpSBVpSay beRgondl;RbCaBlrdæeGayyl;dwg
GMBIc,ab;enaH edIm,IeFIVeGaysmaCik smaCika RbCaBlrdæyl;dwg ykeTAGnuvtþn_kñúgsgÁmmanerobry
ecosvagmanbBaða mkBIkaryl;GMBIc,ab; . dUcCac,ab;cracrN_CaedIm RbCaBlrdæmaneRKaHfñak;eRcIneday
min)andwgGMBIc,ab;cracrN_ edIm,Ikat;bnßyeRKaHfñak;cracrN_ RbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;RtUvyl;dwgBIc,ab;cracrN_
EtminEmndUcb:UlIscrcrN_enATIRkugPñMeBj caMsgát;krRbCaBlrdæCMritTaluyenaHeLIy Cak;EsþgenAéf¶mYy
eBlEdlesμr CiHm:UtUkBa©as;mYy ma:k qalI eTIbmkBITICnbTdac;Rsyal Rsab;EteBlEdlCiHm:UtU
bt;eTAsþaMkac;RCug eTApøÚvneratþm Rtg;eBTüGgÁDYg Rsab;Etb:UlIs mksMLútTarluy dUcCaecarbøn;m:UtU. ´
bg;luyeGayeKGs; Cag 12 000 erol EdlkalenaHb:UlIsTarsMLútykm:UtUeTAb:us nigTaluy 60 000 erol
enHehIysgÁmExμrbc©úb,nñ KμanKuNFm’ seNþasRbNI cMeBaHCnrYmQamExμr GñkTn;exSayeT EtmanEtCiHCan;
GñkTn;exSayEfmeTot. c,ab;minbMerIplRbeyaCn_eGaymYyRkumtUc b¤c,ab;bMerIplRbeyaCn_eGaybreTs
dUcCaBYk RtYtRta h‘un Esn begáItc,ab;pþl;dIsm,TaneGay GñkvinieyaKyYn mkkab;éRBeQI ehIycab;ykdI
edayykelsfa vinieyaK nigGPivDÆn_ EttamkarBitRkumh‘unenaH)andeNþImykdIRbCaBlrdæ deNþImdIcMkar
ekAs‘URbCaBlrdæExμr Cak;EsþgenAextþkMBg;cam enAbwgekt yYn eQμaH Lúg )anrwbGUsykdIcMkarekAs‘U
RbCaBlrdæExμrenAbwgekt ehIyEfmTaMgedjkmμkrExμrmineGayeFIVkarenATIenaHeTot edayyYnykEtkmμkr
CnCatiyYnKñaeKmkeFIVkarCMnYsvij EfmTaMgminGnuBaØateGayExμrcUlkñúgcMkarenaHeTotpg . ebIsinCaExμreyIg
cUleTAkñúgcMkarekAs‘U edIm,IerIsC½rekAs‘U EdlenAelITwkdIExμresaH EteKeGaysnþisuxcMkarekAs‘U)aj;smøab;Exμr
RkIRk edayecaTfacUllYcekAs‘UeK. vahak;dUcCIvitRbCaBlrdæExμr KμantMélesμIrnigC½rekAs‘U EdlenA
elITwkdIExμrxøÜnÉg edayKμannrNaCYyrkyutþiFm’GIVeLIy. CivitExμrEdlsøab;CabnþbnÞab;enAelITwkdIxøÜnÉg h‘un
Esn minEdlykEPñkemIleLIy EtebIeyIgniyayBIerOgyYn hUrcUlmkrs;enAkñúgTwkdIExμrCabnþbnÞab;
tamkarGnuBaØatieday h‘un Esn huk LgDI rdæaPi)alRsemalyYn EdlCasmaKmn_TaMg 19 extþRkug
eKfaGñkRbkan;BUCsasn_. sUmbgb¥ÚnGs;elak GñkGanCYyBicarNaBI sm½y b:ul Bt rdækm<úCa nig sm½y h‘un
Esn \LÚvetIxusKña b¤dUcKña ebIExμrenAEtsøab; ExμrRtUveKbeNþjecj edIm,IdeNþImdIFøI ExμrenAEtRkIRkrebobenH.
1-begIátc,ab;lkçnþik³ bTbBa¢aépÞkñúg (Establish Statute and Regulation)
karbegIátc,ab;enH CakarbegIátxñatKMrUsMrab;karGnuvtþn_enAkñúgGgÁkardwknaM eFIVeGayGgÁkardwknaM mantMél
mYyBitR)akd. eyIgsegátemIleragBum< e)aHBum< esovePA b¤e)aHBum<karEst eKRtUverobcMBum<rYcCaeRsc
eTIbe)aHBum<CaeRkay. karerobcMc,ab;enHeFIVeGaykargarTaMgLay dMeNIrkareTAelOn manvin½y tamxñat
KMrUEtmYy eFIVya:gNaeGayGgÁkardwknaMmantMélmYyrwgmaMEdlbgðajBI eKalbMNg TwsedA ebskkmμ nignitiviFI
dwknaM. sMrab;kareFVIdMeNIrmYy eyIgRtUvsÁal;pøÚv manmeFüa)ay maneKaledA nigTwsedAc,as;. ebIsinCa
minTan;manpøÚv eyIgRtUvbegIátpøÚvCamun pøÚvRtUvs¥atl¥edIm,IFanasuvtßiPaBeBleFIVdMeNIr eFIVdMeNIrelOn cMNay
Gs;FnFantic eBlevlatic. EtebIsinCaeFIVpøÚvmin)anl¥ kareFIVdMeNIrrGak;rGYl CYb]bsKÁ CYnkal
minGacdl;eKaledA edaysarpøÚvmins¥at. dUcenH GgÁkardwknaMEdlbegIátc,ab;RtUveFIVeGayl¥ c,ab;ecjBIRkum
kargar minEmnecjmkBIbuKÁlNamYyedayFanafa GñkTaMgGs;GacGnuvtþn_)antamc,ab;enaH. c,ab;l¥ eFIVeGay
kardwknaMl¥ KμanbBaðaekIteLIg. RKb;RbeTsEtgEtmanc,ab; eTaHCaRbeTskumμúynisþ saFarNrdæ raCaniym
b¤esrIk¾eday. EtRKan;Etc,ab;RbeTsnImYy²manlkçN³xusKña tamcrikneya)ayrbs;RbeTsenaH.
2-TTYlxusRtUvRkmsIlFm’ (Responsible for Morale)
emdwknaMRtUveFIVCaKMrUnaMmuxeKRKb;Ebbya:g edIm,IeGayGgÁkardwknaMenaHeFIVdMeNIreq<aHeTAmux GgÁkardwknaM
minGacmandMeNIrkareTAmux)aneT ebIsinCaemdwknaMenArYjraxageRkay minedIrmuxenAxagmuxeK. ebIcg;eGay
eKeFIVGIVmYy emdwknaMRtUvGnuvtþn_muneK dUcCastVGeNþIkeBlEdlvaeFIVdMeNIreTAmux vaRtUveGItecjmk eTIb
eFIVdMeNIreTAmux)an. dUcenH edIm,IeGayeKeKarBc,ab; manRkmsIlFm’ emdwknaMRtUvelIktMekIgkarGnuvtþn_
ehIyRtUvGnuvtþmuneK eKarBc,ab; elIktMekIgc,ab; elIktMekIgRkmsIlFm’ CaKMrUdl;GñkeRkam»vaTeFIVtam.

3-tMélRkmsIlFm’ nigqnÞ³ (Morale and Willing)
emdwknaMRtUveFIVmun RtUvGnuvtþn_muneK nUvGIVEdlcg;eGayeKeFIV. dUcCakarpþl;tMélelIRkmsIlFm’ RtUv
elIktMélbegIátbriyakaseGaysißtesßrtaMgBIedImdl;cb; edaymineFIVtamkarnwkeXIj tamGarmμN_enaHeLIy.
begIátsIlFm’ nigviBaØaNsIlFm’ KWCasμartI menaseBa©tna nigsaμrtIrbs;mnusSmñak;². GIV²Edl emdwknaMeFIVGac
manplb:HBal;dl;GgÁkardwknaM. emdwknaMKYrEtdwgCanic© nUvskmμPaB nigkarsMerccitþrbs;xøÜnÉg Gacman\TiæBl
elIsmaCik buKÁlwkGñkeRkambgÁab;rebobNa. GnuBaØatieGayRkumrbs;elakrYmcMENkkñúgkar eFIVEpnkarkarsMerc
citþ nigdMeNIrkaredaHRsaybBaðaepSg². RtUvykcitþTukdak;Rkumrbs;elak eTaHbICaelak minmanRtYtBinitü
karrs;enApÞal;xøÜnrbs;eKk¾eday elakRtUvEtmankarxVayxVl;sMrab;BYkeK. karpþl;Bt’man dl;BYkeK bnþkarTMnak;
TMng ebIkcMhrgayRsYlTMnak;TMng TukeGaymnusSmankarKitBicarNa RtYtBinitüCIvitrbs;BYkeK. erobcMeGay
kargarmansar³sMxan; rePIb nigmankarRbNaMgRbECg. eFIVeGaymnusSmñak;man GarmμN_fa CabuKÁlsMxan;enA
kñúgRkumnImYy². mnusSRtUvkarkargarEdlmansar³sMxan; fIVebIvaCakargar EdlenOyht; KUreGayFuj
minsb,ayya:gNak¾eday. BYkeKRtUvdwgfavamansar³sMxan; nigcaM)ac;sMrab;karrs;ran énGgÁkardwknaM.
pþl;RbwkSamnusSEdl eFIVkic©karRbqMagnig RbqaMgnigeKalbMNgGgÁkardwknaM .
4-PaBxøaMg PaBeCOCak; PaBR)akdniym (Strength, Cofindence and Realistics)
GgÁkardwknaMGaceCaKC½y)an edaysmaCik smaCika shesvik enACMuvijmanPaBeCOCak; manTMnukcitþ
ehIyxitxMRbtibtþikargarya:gskmμ. eKeCOCak;eTA)an luHRtaGgÁkardwknaMmanPaBR)akdniymdwgc,as;munfa
nigsMerceCaKC½ycMeBaHkic©karGIVEdleFIV. GgÁkardwknaMxøaMgCagKUrRbkYtRbECg mann½yfa maneRbobxag
yuT§saRsþ Rbtibtþikar bec©keTs hirBaØvtßú ]brkrN_ smÖar³ citþsaRsþ emdwknaM PUmisaRsþ kmøaMgeRcInCag
xøaMgCagTaMgsμartI nigbrimaN. EtebIsinCabraC½y RtUvTukCabTBiesaFn_Civit ehIyRtUvgakemIlmkeRkay
sikSaBIEpnkarsareLIgvij rkemIlcMNucexSayEdlnaMeGaybraC½y rYcehIyeFIVEpnkarfμIteTAeTot eday
minGs;sgÇwmeLIy ebIdYlkEnøgNaegIbedIreTAmuxeTot edayminedIrfyeRkayeLIy. GgÁkardwknaMEdlxøaMg
KWbegIátkþIsgÇwmCanic©. kþIsgÇwmekItmanluHRtaEteyIgmanckçúvis½yBitR)akd.
III.dMeNIrkar (Process)
edIm,IdMeNIrkarkargareGay)anl¥ eyIgRtUvmanEpnkarc,as;las;l¥ ehIynigmanhirBaØvtßúRKb;RKan;
bMeBjtamEpnkar . eyIgRtUverobcMFatupSMeGay)anRKb;RKan; FnFansmÖar³ FnFanmnusS bec©kviTüa dI GaKar
GñkKaMRT. edIm,IdMeNIrkareGaysUbinkøayCakarBit GgÁkardwknaMRtUvmanGñkerobcMEpnkaryuT§saRsþ GñkRbtibtþi
kargar Gñkbec©keTsCaedIm ebImindUecñHeT GIV²)anRtwmEtkþIRsm½yb:ueNÑaH. eyIgGaceRbobeFobdMeNIrkar
eTAnigm:UtUmYyEdlGaceFIVdMeNIreTAmux)an. edIm,IeFIVdMeNIreTA)an RtUvmanGñkebIk m:UtU nigsaMgsMrab;cak;m:UtU
EtcMeBaHGgÁkardwknaMvijRtUvmanEpnkar emdwknaM nighirBaØvtßú eTIbGacdMeNIrkargareTA)an. dMeNIrkar
GgÁkardwknaM RtUvEbgEcktamdMNak;karc,as;las; edayeRCIserIsykdMNak;karmYyEdlmanGaTiPaB mk
Gnuvtþn_CabnþbnÞab;. karRKb;RKgdMeNIrkarCaParHrbs;emdwknaMEdlRtUveFIV edayelIktMekIgeGay mankarvivDÆn_
fμI²Canic© karEbgEckFnFan eFIVFnFanmansßanPaBl¥ CaGñkedaHRsaybBaðad¾eqñIm GacBüakrN_ dwgBI
vibtþiekItman GacbegIát nigcat;Ecgfvikar GacbegIát nigcat;EcgeBlevla nigEpnkarkargar CaGñkerobcM
RKb;RKgKMeragd¾eqñIm GacRKb;RKgvibtþieBlEdlvapÞúHeLIg nigGacvas;EvgdwgGMBIlT§pl.
1-karGnuvtþPaBCaGñkdwknaM (Practice Leadership)
manniymn½yCaeRcInniyayGMBIkarGnuvtþn_PaBCaGñkdwknaM EtsUmelIkniymn½yrbs;kgT½BmUyeKfa
PaBCaGñkdwknaM KWkareFIVeGayman\Ti§BlelImnusS edaypþl;eKalbMNg TwsedA nig karelIkTwkcitþ xNHeBl
Rbtibtþikar edIm,IsMercebskkmμ nigeFIVeGayGgÁkardwknaMRbesIreLIg rIkcMerIneLIg sMerceKaledA.
edIm,IeGayGgÁkardwknaM b¤RbeTsCatimYyrIkcMerInnigsMerceKaledA)an RtUvGnuvtþPaBCaGñkdwknaMCa
caM)ac; mann½yfa ktþaEdlnaMeTArkeCaKC½yGaRs½yelIkarGnuvtþn_PaBCaGñkdwknaM minEmnGaRs½yelIbuKÁlNa
mñak;Gs©arü b¤k¾GaRs½yemIleXIjfaGgÁkardwknaMenaHxøaMg FM manGMNacsBVRKb;Ebbya:genaHk¾eTEdr. kar
GnuvtþPaBCaGñkdwknaM mann½yTUlMTUlayNas;sMrab;emdwknaMEdlcg;eGayRbeTsCatirIkcMerIn sMerctam
ckçúvis½y b¤facMeBaHGñkesñhaCatiExμrEdlmanbMNgCYyRbeTsCatieGaymansiTi§esrIPaBeBjeljenaH. kar
Gnuvtþn_PaBCaGñkdwknaMCakarcaM)ac;bMput RtUvelIkTwkcitþCanic©dl;buKÁlwk smaCik GñkeRkambgÁab; edIm,IeGay
xitxMeFIVkarsMercdl;eKaledA. karGnuvtþPaBCaGñkdwknaMRtUvmanEpnkarl¥c,as;las; karerobcMRtwmRtUv kar
Gnuvtþn_kic©karhμt;ct; edaymankarRtYtBiinitüRtwmRtUv. BinitülT§plEdTTYl)anBIkarRbtibtþikar braC½y
b¤eCaKC½y. ebIbraC½y eyIgRtUvsikSaBImUlehtuEdlnaMeGaybraC½y b¤braC½ymanxatbg;GIVxøH? ebIeCaKC½y
etIeCaKC½yrebobNaxøH?cMNayFnFanb:unμan? etIkarcMNayFnFanTaMgGs;TUTat;nigpleCaKC½yenaH etITTYl
plRbeyaCn_mkvij smnigFnFan Edl)ancMNayb¤eT?.
sUmelIkerOgmYyenAkñúgRBHBuT§sasna KWerOgstVbkSI nig dMrI edIm,IbBa¢ak;GMBIktþaEdlnaMeTArkeCaKC½y
minGaRs½yelIfa kmøaMgticb¤eRcIn kmøaMgtUcb¤FM manFnFanb¤Gt; EtktþaeCaKC½yRtUv BwgelIkarGnuvtþPaB
CaGñkdwknaM . emdwknaMEdlmanKMnit smtßPaB cMeNHdwg bTBiesaFn_ GaceFIVEpnkarl¥\tex©aH nignaMeGay
eCaKC½y. ebIsinCaemdwknaMsÁal;BIFmμCatic,as; rwtEtpþl;kmøaMgcitþya:gxøaMg eGayeyIgxitxMBüayamRbwgERbg
eGaydl;eKaledA BIeRBaHfaenAkñúgBiPBelak mnusSekItmkKμanGIVRKb;ya:gdUcKña KWmanEtrUbragkaymk
EtcMENk smÖar³epSgeTot CavtßúEdlmnusSbegIátTaMgGs; tamkarsikSaeronsURt BIGñkR)aCJl¥ b¤ekItenA
mCÄdæanepSg²Kña eTIbeFIVeGayvasnamnusSepSg²Kña. mnusSGacbegIát)ansmÖar³RKb;ya:g edIm,IbMeBjtMrUv
karmnusS. dUcenHeyIg CaemdwknaMminRtUvGs;sgÇwmfa eyIgminGaceFIVGIVekItenaHeT. dUcCaerOgstVbkSI
nigstVdMrI ebIeRbobeFobstVdMrI nigstVbkSIxusKñaq¶ayNas; minKYreGayeCOfa stVbkSItUcmYyGaceFIVeGay
stVdMrId¾FMGacsøab;)anenaHeT. eBlEdlstVdMrI)anedIrCan;kUnrbs;stVbkSIsøab; edaystVdMrIGag faxøÜnÉgFM
mankmøaMgxøaMgCag ehIyemIlgaystVbkSI faminGaceFIVGIVxøÜnekIt edIrCiHCan;eK eBlenaH stVbkSIQWcab;
eRBaHEtdMrIedIrCan;kUnxøÜnsøab;. TIbMput stVbkSI)anerobcMEpnkaredIm,Ismøab;dMrIFMenaHxanEt)an. dMNak;karTI1
stVbkSI)anehIreTAcikEPñkTaMgBIr rbs;stVdMrIeGayxVak; bnÞab;mkdMNak;karTI2 stVbkSI)aneTAcrcarTak;Tg
CamYystVruy edIm,IeGaystVruyenaH eTABgdak;EPñkdMrITaMgBIreGayxVak;. dMNak;karTI 3 stVbkSIeTATak;Tg
CamYystVhIug eGayeTAyMenAelIkMBUlPñM edIm,IbeBaäateGaydMrIyl;RcLMfa TIenaHmanTwk EtpÞúyeTAvij
TIenaHCakMBUlPñM eBldMrIenaH)aneTArkkEnøg stVhIugyMEdlenAelIkMBUlPñM edaynwksμanfaCakEnøgmanTwk
TIbMputdMrI)anFøak;cuHBIelIkMBUlPñMdl;enAkþIsøab;eTA. enAkñúgerOgenH bBa¢ak;R)ab;fa ktþaEdlnaMeTArkeCaKC½y
KWGaRs½yelIEpnkarl¥ dUcCa stVbkSItUcmYyEdl GaceFIVeGaystVdMrId¾FMmYysøab;)an. eyIgminRtUv emIlgay
smtßPaBrbs;xøÜneyIgmñak;² faminGaceFIVGIV)anenaHeLIy KWeyIgTaMgGs;Kña RtUvtaMgcitþdUcCastVbkSIenH edIm,I
GayuCivitRbeTsCatirbs;eyIg rYbrYmKñaKit rYbrYmKñaeFIV rYbrYmKñaedaHRsay eCOfaKμanGIVEdlCa]bsKÁsMrab;eyIg
CaRbCaCatiExμreLIy.
k-begIátdMNak;karkargar (Establish Stage)
karbegIátdMNak;karkargarCakarsMxan;mYyedIm,IeGayeyIgecHEbgEckkargartamlMdab;lMeday kMueGay
EpnkarmanPaBRcbUkRcbl;. dMNak;karTI1 eyIgRtUveFIVGIVxøH? enAkEnøgNa? nrNaCaGñkTTYlxusRtUv?
ry³eBlb:unμan? cMNayfvikarGs;b:unμan? etIdMNak;karnImYy²smRsbtamTwsedA? nigeKaledAcugeRkayb£eT?
tamdMNak;kalkargarnImYy²begIáteGaycMTwsedA eKaledArYmcugeRkay. Cak;EsþgedIm,IsMercEpnkarRtYtRta
enARbeTsTaMgbI enA\NÐÚcin dMNak;karTI1 yYn)anerobEpnkarRtYtRtaRbeTscm,a: bnÞab;mkdMNak;karTI 2
yYn)anerobcMEpnkarRtYtRtaTwkdIExμreRkam dMNak;kalTI 3 CadMNak;kalcugeRkay yYnRtYtRtaelIRbeTslav
nig RbeTsExμrbc©úb,nñ.
x-begIátlkçxNÐkargar (Working Condition)
karerobcMeGaymankic©snüa nigc,ab;bTbBa¢aepSg²edIm,IeGaymanTMnukcitþ. karbegIátlkçxNÐkargar
enaH edIm,IeGaymankarTTYlxusRtUvc,as;las;. kalNalkçxNÐkargarl¥ mnusSeBjcitþeFIVkargar kargar
rIkcMerIn sßab½nGgÁkardwknaMrIkcMerIn RbeTsCatirIkcMerIn. lkçxNÐkargarenaH KWRtUvmanc,ab;kargar elIk
TwkcitþTaMgGñkvinieyaK nigCYyRbCaBlrdæ briyakaskargarTaMgkñúg nigeRkAGgÁkardwknaM karTTYlR)ak;ebovtS
eBlQb;sMrak eBlmanCm¶W BiFIbuNü R)ak;bMNac;epSg² karbNþúHbNþal kareRCIserIsCabuKÁlwkCaedIm.
K-begIátRbB½n§kargar (Establish Working System)
karbegIátRbB½n§kargarenH CaktþasMxan;²sMrab;eGaykargardMeNIrkar)aneTArlUn. RbB½n§kargar dUcCa
RbB½n§rdæ)al RbB½n§Bt’man ¬karEckcayBt’maneTAbuKÁlwk smaCik karTTYlBt’manBIsmaCik eGay)an
Tan;eBlevla¦ RbB½n§hirBaØvtßú ¬karcMNayepSg²rYmTaMgRbB½n§cMNayelIsmaCik buKÁlwk smÖar³ esvakmμepSg²
cMNUl¦. RbB½n§bec©kviTüa RbB½n§RsavRCaveFIVEpnkar kareXasnaCaedIm.
X-crwklkçNGgÁkardwknaM Characteristics of Organization)
etIGgÁkardwknaMenaH epþatsMxan;elIGIV etIGgÁkardwknaMCalkçN³neya)ay b¤CaGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al
minEsVgrkR)ak;cMeNj b¤ CaGgÁkarEpñkGb;rMbNþúHbNþaltamÉkeTs esdækic© c,ab; b¤ sgÁmepSg². GgÁkar
dwknaMepþatelIeyaFa dUcCa rNsirSrMedaHeyokNamxagt,Úg GgÁkarrMedaH)a:elsÞIn. GgÁkardwknaMEpñkesdækic©
dUcCa GUbiuc Gas‘an dab;bilyUFIGU GWur:ub CaedIm. GgÁkardwknaMEdlCacrwklkçN³neya)ayGnþrCati mandUcCa
NatU GgÁkarshRbCaCati GgÁkarelIkElgeTasGnþrCati nigsßab½ntamtMbn; nigGnþrCatiepSg².

2-karbBa¢a (Command)
edIm,IbBa¢aeGaymanRbsiT§PaB emdwknaMcaM)ac;RtUvsÁal;kargareGayc,as;. emdwknaMCaGñkman
bTBiesaFn_cMeBaHkargarenaHya:gc,as;las; eTIbkarbBa¢armWugma:t; hμt;ct; ehIyGñkeRkambgÁab;manTMnukcitþ
mankmøaMgcitþeFIVkar. karbBa¢aGacCakarbBa¢apÞal;mat; karbBa¢aedayRbeyalCalaylkSGkSr tamry³sMbuRt
tamry³c,ab; saracr b¤RbkasepSg². karbBa¢aenaHRtUvFanafa GñkEdlTTYlkargarenaHyl;dwgkargar
c,as;las;. emdwknaMEdlBUEk KWRtUvdak;mnusSRtUvkargar dak;mnusSeGaycMÉkeTsrbs;eK. emdwknaMRtUv
ecHRbemIlsßankarN_TaMgGs;Camun. dUcenH karbBa¢amanRbsiiT§PaB RtUvsÁal;sßankarN_ PUmisaRsþc,as;
ecHkargarenaH maneKalbMNg TwsedA ebskkmμ eKaledA karelIkTwkcitþ CaedIm.
k-eKalbMNg (Goal)
emdwknaMRtUvRbmUlGñkeRkambgÁab; smaCik buKÁlwkmkBnül; ENnaMGMBIsßankarN_TaMgGs; EdlnigekIt
eLIgeBlRbtibtþikargar CaBiessBI]bsKÁTaMgLayEdlGacekItmanenAeBleFIVkargar b¤faeRKaHfñak;ekIt
eLIgCayfaehtuNamYy Bnül;R)ab;BIPar³kic© tYnaTI R)ab;Bt’manTMagLayEdlBak;B½n§. emdwknaMRtUvR)ab;
GMBIeKalbMNgeGaysmaCikTaMgGs;)andwg edIm,IdutqnÞ³GñkeRkambgÁab;eGaysÞúHsÞarRbwgERbgeFIVkar karelIk
Twkcitþdl;smaCik buKÁlwkeGayBüayameFIVeGay)anl¥bMputedIm,IsMerceKalbMNg. cMENkÉeKalbMNgenaH
minEmnCaplRbeyaCn_rbs;buKÁlNamñak; eKalbMNgbuKÁl b¤RkumNamYy EtCaeKalbMNgrYm CaplRbeyaCn_
rYmTaMgGs;Kña CaplRbeyaCn_CatiExμrTaMgmUl. enAeBlEdlR)ab;GMBIeKalbMNgdl;smaCikehIy emdwknaMRtUv
sYrbBa¢ak;bEnßmeTot edIm,IFanafa smaCikTaMgGs;yl;c,as; GMBIeKalbMNgenaHTaMgGs;Kña. dUcCaRKUbeRgon
mñak;EdleTAbeRgonsisS caM)ac;RKUbeRgonenaH RtUvecHemeronenaHc,as;Camunsin rYcehIyeTIbRKUbeRgonerobcM
KMeragemeroneTAbeRgonsisS eGaymansisSyl; ecH caM GacGnuvtþn_)an edayKitfa kñúgmYyema:gEdl
xøÜnbeRgonenaH etIGIVEdlCaeKalbMNgFMenAkñúgxøwmsaremeron edIm,IeGaysisSTaMgyl; caM GaceFIV)an eday
minEmnRKan;EtniyayeGaysisSsþab;enaHeT.
x-TwsedA (Direction)
kartMrg;TwsedAeGaycMnigeKalbMNg nigeKaledACakarsMxan;Nas;sMrab;emdwknaMRtUvRbkan;yk. kal
NaemdwknaMminedIrtamTwsedAEdlkMNt;enaHeT GaceFIVeGayvegVg ehIycMNayeBlevla FnFan \tRbeyaCn_
minsMercdl;eKaledA nigeKalbMNg. emdwknaMRtUvdwgGMBITwsedAEdlRtUveTA ehIytMrg;eTArkeKaledA Edl
kMNt;. CaBiessCYyRtYtBinitüemIl tMrg;TwseGaybuKÁlwk GñkeRkam»vaT eFIVkic©kareGaycMTwsedA. sMrab;
TahaneKkMNt;TwstamRtWvis½y CIPIEGs nigmanEpnTI edIm,IeFIVdMeNIreTArkeKaledA etIRtUvkMNt;Twsb:unμan?
eRkayBIkMNt;TwsenAelIEpnTIehIy RtUvedIrtamTwsEdlkMNt;enaH ebIedIrxusTwskMNt;enaH eFIVeGayvegVg
mindl;eKaledAeLIy. b:uEnþeBlEdlman]bsKÁtampøÚv dUcCamansÞwg manGUr éRBsþúkRkas; eyIgGacbt;vag)an
EtRtUvcaMGIVEdlkMNt;TwsenaH eyIgGacbt;Ebn)an emIlTwsenaHedaykMNt;cMNay nigeKaledAbnþeGay
cMTwsdEdl.

K-eKaledA (Objective)
GIV²TaMgGs;Etgmankarcab;epþIm nigmanTIbBa©b; cMeBaHkardwknaMdUcKñaEdr RtUvmaneKaledAc,as;las;.
dUcCaGñkebIkLanRkugmYy RtUvmaneKaledArbs;eK faetIRtUveTAQb;kEnøgNamYyc,as;las;. cMENkemdwknaM
vijRtUvbgðajGñkeRkambgÁab;eGayc,as;las;GMBIeKaledAEdlRtUveTA R)ab;BIpøÚv nigehtukarN_TaMgLay Edl
ekIteLIgenAtampøÚv EdleFIVdMeNIrtMrg;eTArkeKaledAenaH. etImanGIVekIteLIgxøH? man]bsKÁGIVxøH? manPaB
gayRsYlGIVxøH? cMNayeBlb:unμanema:g? b:unμanéf¶? PUmisaRsþqøgkat;sÞwg GUr PñM val PUmi Rsuk edIm,Idl;eKal
edAenaH. enAeBlEdleTAdl;eKaledAenaH eyIgRtUveFIVGIVxøH? eFIVya:gem:cbnþeTot? enAkEnøgeKaledAenaH
manGIVxøH?. eKaledAKWcMNucEdleyIgRtUvtMrg;eTArkTaMgGs;Kña vaCacMNucyuT§saRsþmYyedIm,IeFIVeGayeyIgbnþ
dMeNIrkareTAmuxeTot)an. enAeBldak;eKaledA eyIgRtUvcgcaMcMNucTaMgGs;enH ³
- BYkeKRtUvEtR)akdniym nigGacrkSaeKaledAenaH)an
- BYkeKKYrEtxitxMedIm,IeFIVeGayGgÁkardwknaMRbesIreLIg
- mnusSTaMgGs;RtUvcUlrYmkñúgkardak;eKaledA
- kmμviFImYyRtUvEtmaneKbegIát edIm,IsMerceKaledAnImYy²
X-ebskkmμ (Mission)
emdwknaMRtUvkMNt;eGayc,as;GMBIebskkmμnImYy² etICaebskkmμGIV² etIebskkmμenaHRsbnigTwsedA
b¤Gt;? dUcCaebskkmμRsavRCavRbtibtþikarcitþsaRsþ ebskkmμeXasna ebskkmμvayrMxan ebskkmμvay
yksmÖar³xμaMg ebskkmμvaykan;kab;TItaMg ebskkmμvaykMeTcehdæarcnasm<½n§ TaMgesdækic© nigsμartI
b¤ebskkmμbeBaäatsRtUveGaycUlkñúgGnÞak; júHjg;sRtUveGayEbk)ak; bMEbkrcnasm<½n§sRtUvCaedIm. ebIcMeBaH
GñkdwknaMneya)ayvij ebskkmμedIm,IcuHsYrsuxTukç ebskkmμedaHRsaybBaðaCUnRbCaBlrdærgeRKaH ebskkmμ
RtYtBinitüRBMEdn. ebskkmμrbs;GgÁkarsiTi§mnusS cuHCYypSBVpSayBIsiTi§ elIktMekIgsiTi§ karBarsiTi§mnusS
CYyCnrgeRKaHCaedIm.
g-karelIkTwkcitþ (Motivation)
kardwknaM nigkarelIkTwkcitþRtUvedIrTnÞwmKñaenAkñúgkardwknaM. ebIKμankarelIkTwkcitþ k¾minGacbBa¢abuKÁlwk
eFIVkarmanRbsiT§PaBEdr. karelIkTwkcitþl¥ buKÁlwkeFIVkarGs;smtßPaBl¥ kargarTTYllT§pll¥pgEdr.
karelIkTwkcitþsMedAeTAelIbMeBjtMrUvkarmnusSeGay)antamtMrUvkar edIm,IeGayBYkeKepþatEtelIeFIVkargarEt
b:ueNÑaH. karEdlbMeBjtMrUvkarcaM)ac;nUvGIVEdleKcg;)an karCYybuKÁlwkeGaysMerceCaKC½ydl;eKaledA GIVEdl
buKÁlwkR)afña ehIyCatMrUvRsbeTAnigTwwsedAsßab½nGgÁkardwknaM. PaBpÞúyKña cMeBaHkardwknaMrebobkumμúynisþ
xusKñaBIkardwknaMrebobesrI RbCaFibetyü. kumμúynisþbgçMmnusSeGayeFIVkar mnusSeFIVkarTaMgmineBjcitþ
mnusSeFIVkarTaMgP½yxøac plkargarecjmkminsUvl¥ KuNPaBkargarminl¥ edaykumμúynisþ minKitBIsiTi§mnusSeT
EtKitEtelITinñplkargar eFIVeGaykarRbkYtRbECgcaj;BYkesrI. BYkkumμúynisþRTwsþIl¥ EtkarGnuvtþmin)anl¥.
cMENkBYkesrIvij eKelIkTwkcitþmnusSeGayeFIVkar edaypþl;CaR)ak;Exl¥smlμm rs;enA)anedayesckþIéføfñÚr

R)ak;bMNac; KitBIsiTi§mnusS¬suxPaBrbs;mnusS suvtßiPaB¦ nigelIkTwkcitþmnusS eGayeFIVkaredaykarRbNaMg
RbECgKñayksñaéd pþl;»kas eGaytMélcMeBaHmnusSTUeTA dUcKña)anbeBa©j sñaéderog²xøÜn.
cMeBaHRbeTsrIkcMerIn karbNþúHbNþalGb;rMCaktþasMxan; CamUldæanRKiH PaKeRcIn eKbNþúHmnusSman
KMnitesñhaCati RsLaj;TwkdIeGayRbCaBlrdærbs;eK manckçúvis½yFM eFIVkargaredIm,IRbeyaCn_Cati karrIkcMerIn
sMrab;Cati. edaysarkarelIkTWkcitþenH eFIVeGaymnusSkøahanmuHmut lHbg;RKb;Ebbya:g edIm,ICati
xitxMeFIVkic©kar edIm,IbMerIplRbeyaCn_CatieKTaMgGs;Kña. ebIsinCaeK)ansagsñaéd eFIVGIVedIm,ICatieK enaHCatieK
eGaytMél elIktMekIg pþl;emdayCavirCn vIrburs vIrnarI qøak;eQμaHelIRkaMgmas eFIVkEnøgeKarBbUCa eFIVrUbbdimakr
edIm,IrMlwknUvKuNUbrdl;virCnTaMgenaH. eBlEdlTahanrbs;Gaemriksøab;kñúgsmrPUmi eTaHbICaeRcInqñaMknøg
k¾edayeKykcitþTukdak;xøaMgNas; rhUtdl;edIrrukrkq¥wgrbs;TahanmktMkl;Tuk.
CaBiess karelIkTwkcitþmYyeTotenaH KWeBlcuHebskkmμ b¤eBleFIVkargar emdwknaMRtUvmansmÖar³
RKb;RKan; dUcCabec©kviTüa ]bkrN_eRbIR)as; hirBaØvtßú nigkarykcitþTukdak;sMrab;RkumRKYsarrbs;eKCaedIm.
eyIgRtUvpþl;plRbeyaCn_eGaysmrmüsMrab;smaCik buKÁlwkNaEdllHbg;xitxMeFIVkar minKitBIGayuCIvit
edIm,IRbeTsCati. ebIviPaKBIkILakr)al;Tat;vij eyIgq¶l;fa etIehtuGIV)anCaRkumnImYy²xitxMelg)al;? BIeRBaH
eKmankarelIkTwkcitþTaMgpÞal;xøÜn nig karelIkTwkcitþRkum CaBiessxøaMgCageKbg¥s;KWBanrgVan;. eBlEdlRkumNa
mYyTat;)al;bBa©ÚlTIQñH eKmaneQμaHl,I nigTTYlplRbeyaCn_epSg² . srubmkkarelIkTwkcitþmnusS
GaRs½yelIktþaBIrya:g 1-tMrUvkarBitR)akd 2-karTTYlyknUvkarcat;viFankarBitR)akd nigCYybMeBjtMrUv kar
BitR)akd.
]TahrN¾ eBlEdlelakXøan)ay EtelakRtUveFIVkic©karbBa©b; BIeRBaHCitdl;eBlkMNt;. ebIelak
XøanxøaMg elaknigTTYlTan. ebIelakXøantic² elaknigbBa©b;kic©karpÞal;édsin. müa:geTot elakman
tMrUvkarBIr. elakcg;bBa©b;kic©kar nig elakcg;eTATTYlTanGaharéf¶Rtg;. elakeRCIserIsmYykñúgcMeNamTaMgBIr
eRBaHelakRtUvEbgEckGTiPaBrvagtMrUvkarTaMgBIenH. ebIelakeCOfa eKedjelakecjBIkargar elaknigmineTA
TTYlTanGahareT elakRbEhlRtUveFIVkic©kareGaycb;sin. ebIelakeCOfa elakKμanbBaðaeT b¤elakKitfa
RbEhlbBa©b;kic©karTan;eBl eBlenaHelaknigTMngCaeTATTYlTanGaharsin. mYyeTot ebIelakcg;dak;
TNÐkmμ sUmkMudak;TNÐkmμbuKÁlikEdlminGaceFIVkargar EtKYrdak;TNÐkmμcMeBaHGñkEdlmansmtßPaBeFIVkar
b:uEnþminman qnÞ³ b¤ kMudak;TNÐkmμebIKμankarelIkTwkcitþedIm,IeCaKC½yvij.
ktþaTaMgenHCakarelIkTwkcitþsMxan;²³
1-R)ak;Exl¥Cak;lak; Tan;eBl plRbeyaCn_eRcIn sniþsuxkargar eKalbMNgrYm.
2-RtUveKarBGμkTaMgenaHCanic© eGaytMél CMenO RkmsIlFm’.
3-eFIVeGaykargarmancMNab;GarmμN_Canic©.
4-pþl;karTTYlsÁal;kargarl¥Canic© tMeLIgbuNüskái
5-pþl;»kasdl;BYkeKkñúgkarGPivDÆn_CMnaj.
6-man»kaseLIgzan³kñúgfñak;dwknaMCan;x<s;
7-pþl;rgVan; b½NÑsresIr emday nimitþrUb sMbuRt esckþIEføgGMNrKuN
3-karRKb;RKg (Management)
karRKb;RKgnigkardwknaMmindUcKñaeT . kardwknaMeFIVkic©karEdlRtwmRtUv . karRKb;RKgeFIVkic©kareGay)an
RtwmRtUv. Parkic©RKb;RKgrbs;emdwknaMRtUvRKb;RKgEpñkyuT§saRsþ RKb;RKgmnusS RKb;RKgdMeNIrkar nig
buKÁlwklkçN³pÞal;xøÜn. emdwknaMCaGñkEdlfa GñkRKb;RKg CaGñkRtYtBinitü CaGñkeFIVeGayRtUvtamemdwknaM.
karRKb;RKgman Epnkar erobcM Gnuvtþ b¤dwknaMeFIV tMrg;Tws nigkarRtYtBinitü. RKb;EpñknImYy²RtUvRKb;RKg
eGayc,as;las;. dUcenH edIm,IRKb;RKgelIkic©kareGay)anl¥ RtUvmanÉkeTskic©karenaH nigRtUvykcitþ
Tukdak;elIbec©kviTüaeTot bNþúHbNþalmnusSbEnßm eRBaHkarvivDÆfμI²rbs;sgÁm dUcCakarRKb;RKgBt’man
RKb;RKghirBaØvtßú RKb;RKgkarGnuvtþkic©karTUreTACaedIm. CaBiess RtUvbNþúHbNþalerobcMmnusStaMgBIekμg
EdlCamUldæanRKiHd¾sMxan;.
edIm,IyYnRtYtRtaRbeTsExμr yYnmin)anbNþúHbNþalcMeNHviC¢asMxan;²dl;ExμrenaHeT yYnbeRgonbNþúH
bNþalExμreGayecHEtkab;smøab; karBarGMNaceGayyYnEtb:ueNÑaH dUcenHyYnbgðat;beRgonEtkl,iccarkmμ
kl,yuT§kgT½B menaKmn_kumμúynisþniymyYn eGayExμrlg;kñúgyuT§saRsþrbs;eK rhUtdl;eBlyYnEkøgePTCaExμr
eFIVCacarkmμGs; RtYtRtaTwkdIenARKb;TIkEnøg tamEpnkar shB½n§\NÐÚcin eBlenaHExμrBi)aknigerIrYcBInwmrbs;yYn
dUcExμreRkam nigExμrenAsUrinbUrIraM eRBaHyYnkMBugEteRbIneya)aycitþsaRsþ dUcéfeFIVelIExμrsUrinEdr. yYn)andak;
bNþajcarkmμ TaMgExμr TaMMgyYn RKb;TwsTI edIm,IcaMXøaMemIlRtYtBinitüya:gm:t;ct; mineGayExμrkMerIkrYc
CaBiessBYkvasþab;tamRbB½n§TUrs½BÞ Cak;EsþgRkumh‘unTUrs½BÞyYn 097 EdlkMBugEtEckcayeGaynisSiteRbIeday
\tKitéfø edIm,IRKb;RKgBt’mankñúgRbeTsExμr ebIGñkKitKUrRbeTsCati KitKUrTwkdI KitKUrGnaKtkUnecA RtUvva
ecaTRbkan; cab;dak;Kuk )aj;smøab; edayKμanRtaRbNIeLIy.
4-karRtYtBinitü (Controlling)
karRtYtBinitümansar³sMxan;Nas; edIm,IeGaykargarsMerceCaKC½yl¥tamEpnkar. karRtYtBinitüRtUv
manRbB½n§ÉkraCüsMrab;RtYtBinitükarRbRBwtþeTAcMeBaHdMeNIrkarkargar. RbeTsmhaGMNac)anbegIátRbB½n§
bec©kviTüaTMenIbdUcCa páayrNbedIm,IRtYtBinitü RbB½n§kuMBüÚT½r nigbec©kviTüaepSg² edIm,IeGayRtYtBinitükic©kar.
CYnkal eKmanPñak;garsm¶at; dUcCa sIuGayeG kareseb nigPñak;sg¶at;tamsßab½nnImYy edIm,IeFIVkaresIubGegát
kic©karTaMgLayEdlcaM)ac;. RbB½n§RtYtBinitükic©karRtUvmanc,ab;taMgBIkareFIVEpnkar karerobcM karGnuvtþn_
lT§plCaedIm. sMrab;b:UlIs eKdak;kamara:sMrab;cab;rUbPaBCnTuc©rit enHCaRbB½n§RtYtBinitüsV½yRbvtþi man
RbsiT§PaB b:UlIsmanRbsiT§PaBkñúgkarGnuvtþc,ab; mnusSxøacc,ab; eRBaHmnusSminGaceKcecj BIRbB½n§RtYtBinitü
enH)aneLIy ebIsinCaeKeFIVxusc,ab;.
IV.karRbNaMgRbECg (Competition)
karRbNaMgRbECgEtgEtekIteLIg\tQb;QrenAkñúgBiPBelak nigenARKb;TIkEnøgsMrab;karrs;enArbs;
mnusS. sgÁmmnusSeRbobdUcCa stVRmwKEdlEtgEtdeNþImplRbeyaCn_KñaeTAvijeTAmk\tRsakRsan.
RbeTsFMmhaGMNacmankmøaMgxøaMg eRkbCBa¢k;plRbeyaCn_BIRbeTstUctacTn;exSay edayxøÜnmancgáÚm
maneFμjdUcCastVeta stVxøaCaedIm. cMENkRbeTstUctac dUcCastVQøÚsEdlrgcaMEtcMNIrbs;stVFMEtb:ueNÑaH.
cMENkmnusSenAkñúgsgÁmk¾dUcCaKñaEdr GñkmanGMNacGñkFMeKgRbv½Ba© deNþImplRbeyaCn_GñktUctacTn;exSay
tamRKb;rUbPaB. \LÚvBiPBelakkMBugEtQaneTArkliTi§RbCaFibetyü EdlsiTi§GMNac mantMélesμIrKña CamnusS
dUcKña edaymnusSsißtenAeRkamc,ab;TaMgGs;Kña. kardwknaMrebobRbCaFibetyüenH CakardwknaMRtUvriHrkviFI
eFIVya:gNaeGaymnusSRbNaMgRbECgKña edIm,IeGaykargarkan;EtmanTinñplkMritx<s;. karRbNaMgRbECgenaH
RtUveFIVeLIgedayRtwmRtUvnigyutþiFm’. edIm,IeGaymnusSRbkYtRbECgKña eFIVRbeyaCn_dl;mnusS nigsgÁmCati
tamry³eKalkarN_RbCaFibetyü mankarerobcMe)aHeqñatsMrab;eRCIserIsemdwknaMCaedIm CaKnøiHeGaymnusS
beBa©jsmtßPaB RbNaMgRbECgKña xitxMeFIVRbeyaCn_sMrab;RbeTsCati. RbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;man»kasdUcKña
edIm,IeTAdwknaMRbeTs tamry³kare)aHeqñat EdlCakarvaytMélrbs;mnusS. kardwknaMRtUverobcMeGay
mankarRbNaMgRbECg eFIVkargardUcCaGñkrt;RbNaMg. mnusSxitxMeFIVkargar edayeKrMBwgfa eKnigTTYl)an
plRbeyaCn_GIVmYyBitR)akd.
1-karh‘anRbfuy (Take Risk)
emdwknaMeRbobdUcCastVGeNþIk² enAeBlEdlvaeFIVdMeNIr vaRtUveGItk,alecj rYcehIyeTIbvaecjdMeNIr
eTA. ehtudUcenH ebIelakcg;eFIVemdwknaM elakGñkRtUvh‘anRbfuy BuHBar]bsKÁRKb;Ebbya:g eFIVkic©karRKb;
ya:gEdlGñkdéTminGaceFIV)an eFIVkic©karEdlEbøkcMElkdac;BIeK xusBIeK eRbobdUcstVGeNþIk EdlRtUveGIt
kecjsin munnigeFIVdMeNIr. CaBiessRKb;]bsKÁEdlmnusSTUeTAminh‘an eyIgCaemdwknaM køahan h‘annaMmuxeK
eFIV minxøacsøab; xøac)at;bg;RbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn xøac)at;bg;GMNacbuNüs½ká EtemdwknaMRtUvah‘anRbfuy lHbg;
RKb;Ebbya:g eBlevla RTBüsm,tþi GayuCivit naMmuxeFIVedIm,IplRbeyaCn_rYm edIm,IplRbeyaCn_Cati edIm,I
GayuCivitCatiExμrTaMgmUl. eRBaHfa KμanbuKÁlNaEdlecosputBI vivdþrbs;FmμCati ekIt cas; QW søab; )aneLIy
mnusSeTogBIsøab;ecosminrYc ehtuenHekItmkmYyéf¶eGay)aneFIVRbeyaCn_mYysMrab;CatiExμr KWmantMél
xøaMgNas; CagekItmYyryqñaM dwknaMbMpøajCatiExμr dUcBYkTm,il pþac;kar bMerIyYn h‘un EsneTot.
GayuCIvitCatieyIg FMCagGayuCivitrbs;buKÁleyIgmñak;eTot. karh‘anRbfuyenH eTaHCadwgfaeRKaHfañk;ekItman
mYyCMhanenAcMeBaHmuxk¾eday b:uEnþedIm,IesckþIsuxrbs;RbCaCatiExμr GayuCivitCatiExμr edIm,IkUnecAExμr
CMnan;eRkay emdwknaMRtUveFIVCaKMrUedIrmuxeK. sUmelIk]TahrN_kalEdlsm½ysRgÁamCamYyyYnQøanBan
TwkdIExμr emT½BeQμaH ekA Em:n )andwknaMT½BcuHc,aMgenAsmrPUmiTwkdIExμr eBlenaHyYn)ansÞak;vay ehIyeFIVeGay
kgT½Brbs;Kat;)anTl;xñgKña nigcMkarmIn Tal;Rck eTAmuxminrYc eTAeRkayminrYc CaehtueFIVeGayKat;Bi)ak
kñúgkarsMerccitþ Kat;)anbBa¢aeGaykUnTahanedIrmuncUleTAkñúgcMkarmIn EtKμankUnTahanNah‘anedIrqøgkat;cMkar
mIneLIy cMeBlenaHevlayb;eTot. eBlenaHmanEtemT½BpÞal;ecjmuxedIrmuneK Kat;)andwknaMTahan
eFIVdMeNIrqøgkat;cMkarmIn rhUt)ansuvtißPaB. enHCakarbBa¢ak;BIvirPaBrbs;emT½BExμr Edlh‘anRbfuylHbg;CIvit
edIm,IkarBarRbeTsCatisMrab;kUnExμrCMnan;eRkay.

2-karvaytMél (Assessment)
karvaytMél RtUveFIVeLIgedayyutþiFm’ nigmaneKalkarN_c,as;las;. karvaytMélRtUveFIVeLIg
edaymCÄdæan CMuvijKW 360 dWeRk. karvaytMélEdll¥ RtwmRtUv yutþiFm’ eFIVeGaymnusSmankmøaMgcitþeFIVkar
karvaytMélxus eFIVeGaymnusS)ak;Twkcitþ. karvaytMél eKvaytMélelIlT§plkargar vaytMélelIsñaéd
vaytMélelI\riyabf vaytMélelIlkçN³sm,tþiCaemdwknaM vaytMélelIkarRKb;RKgnigdwknaM. eyIgman
taragvaytMélbuKÁlwk vaytMélemdwknaM smaCik smaCikac,as;las; dUcCa vaytMéledayxøÜnÉg vaytMél
BIshesvik vaytMélBIGñkeRkambgÁab; vaytMélBIsarFaN³Cn vaytMélBIemdwknaMpÞal; vaytMélBI
Rkumkargar. kñúgdMNak;kalvaytMélnImYy²RtUverobcMkarvaytMélenaHeGaymantMél faetIeFIVkarvaytMél
enaHedIm,I)anGIVCacMbg eRKOg\sSr³ys tMeLIgbuNüská pþl;rgVan;epSg²CaedIm. RtUvbegIátKN³kmμkar
ÉkraCüsMrab;vaytMélkargarTaMgenaH. karvaytémøelIkarGnuvtþn_kargar Ca]bkrN¾elIkTwkcitþmYyd¾man
GMNacbMputcMeBaHemdwknaM. karvaytMélmanTisedA 3 dUcteTA³
1-edIm,IFanakarGnuvtþn_kargareGaymanyutiþFm’ nigcMTisedAcMeBaHtMrUvkarkargar. eFIVeGaysmaCik
smaCika buKÁlwk eFIVkarmanRbsiTæPaB edIm,Ipþl;rgVan;sMrab;kic©karrbs;BYkeK nigbuKÁlwkNaKμanRbsiTæPaB
RtUvdak;enAkEnøgeFIVkargarEdlexSay minsMxan;.
2-edIm,IbegIánkarGnuvtþn_kargar kñúgeKalbMNgeGaymankarrIkcMerInCak;lak;. ebIsineyIgmindwgfa
eyIgenAkEnøgNamYyeT eyIgmindwgfaxøÜneyIgenApøÚvNamYy eyIgeFIVem:cdwgfa eyIgGacsMedAeKaledA
EdleyIgRtUveTA?
3-edIm,IGPivDÆn_eKalbMNgGaCIB edIm,ICMrujeGaybuKÁlwk smaCik smaCika GacxitxMRbwgERbgeFIVkar
eGaysmRsbnigesckþIRtUvkarrbs;GgÁkardwknaMeGay)ankan;EtelOn .
3-tMrUvkar (Needs)
emdwknaMRtUvsÁal;FmμCatimnusSeGayc,as; sÁal;]bnisS½ymnusS sÁal;citþKMnitmnusS edIm,IeGay
dwgBItMrUvkarrbs;mnusS. tamelakma:søÚ )anEcktMrUvkarrbs;mnusSecjCa 5 EpñkepSg²Kña EdltMrUvkarTaMgenaH
Tak;TgnigjaNTaMgR)aMmYyrbs;mnusS. TI1 mnusSRtUvkarjaMuTwk )ay edIm,ICIvitrs;enARbcaMéf¶ mnusS
RtUvsemøokbMBak;CMrk edIm,IbiT)aMgerogkay nigCMrksMrab;sñak;enA. TI2 mnusSRtUvkarbridæanl¥ xül;brisuT§
edIm,IdkdegðImerogral;éf¶. TI3 mnusSRtUvkarsuxPaBl¥ ecosputBICm¶W ehIyebIsinCamanCm¶WRtUvmankar
ykTukdak;Büa)al elIkTwkcitþBIemdwknaM. TI4 mnusSRtUvkarsnþisux mansuvtßPaBrs;enA edayKμan
)armÖBIeRKaHfñak;epSg² P½yGnþrayekIteLIg. TI5 mnusSRtUvkarmuxmat;kñúgsgÁm cUlrYmkñúgsgÁm dUcCa sñaéd
eFIVplRbeyaCn_epSg²CYydl;sgÁmCaedIm. kalNaemdwknaMsÁal;GMBItMrUv karrbs;GñkeRkambgÁab;c,as; ehIy
GacbMeBjtMrUvkarenaH)an enaHemdwknaMBitCaTTYlkarKaMRTBIsmaCik RsLaj;rab;GanBIRbCaBlrdæmin xan.

V.ÉkeTs (Expertise)
etIsßab½ndwknaMrbs;eyIgepþatelIÉkeTsGIVc,as;las; cMENkRkumkargarEdlRbmUlpþúMbegIátckçúvis½y
enaH CaGñkmanÉkeTs CaGñkmanRbeyaCn_GaceFIVeGaykargarenaHsMerceCaKC½y. ÉkeTsmanCaeRcIn dUcCa
ÉkeTsxagc,ab; esdækic© neya)ay eyaFaCaedIm.l.
1-CMnajviC¢aCIv³ (Professional Skills)
CMnajviC¢aCIv³ CacMeNHdwgmYyBitR)akdrbs;mdwknaM. eRbobdUcCakaMbitmut EdlGackab;GIV)an eFIVGIV
ecjCalT§pl )anRbeyaCn_sMrab;mnusSTaMgGs; eFIVecjCaRbeyaCn_sMrab;CatiTaMgmUl. CMnajviC¢aCIv³
Rtg;cMNucenH emdwknaMecHTaMgRTwsIþnigkarGnuvtþ mansmtßPaBBitR)akd. ebIkalNaemdwknaMKμanCMnaj
viC¢aCIv³c,as;las; eRbobdUcCakaMbitEdlminmut minGaceRbIGIV)anCaRbeyaCn_eLIy eTaHCakaMbitenaHmandg
eRsabmasya:gNak¾eday. cMeBaHGñksikSaeronsURtvij eTaHCamansBaØab½Rtya:gNak¾eday EtebIsmtßPaB
BitR)akdminman etIeyIgGaceFIVGIV)anCaRbeyaCn_xøH edIm,IecjCasñaédBitR)akdenaH. eTaHCaeyIgkan;sBaØab½Rt
bNÐitya:gNak¾eday EtebIeyIgminGaceFIVGIVCaRbeyaCn_dl;sgÁmmnusS b¤eFIVGIVCaRbeyaCn_dl;CatieyIg
k¾sBaØab½RtenaHmantMélsMrab;EtxøÜnÉg sMrab;ykmkdak;taMg edIm,Ibg¥ÜteKEtb:ueNÑaH.
2-kareCaKC½y (Success)
kareCaKC½yCacMNucmYyelIkTwkcitþya:gsMxan;. kalNaemdwknaMEdlEtgEteCaKC½ykñúgkargar em
dwknaMEdlFøab;mansñaédl¥²kñúgkargar emdwknaMenaHmingay)ak;TwkcitþeLIy EtgEtmankarrMBwgTukx<s;.
kalNaemdwknaMmankarrMBwgTukx<s; emdwknaMEtgmankþsI gÇwm kþIsgÇwmeFIVeGaymanTwkcitþ vaGacnaMeTArk
eCaKC½yya:gR)akd. emdwknaMRtUvsÁal;c,as;pøÚvEdlnaMeTArkeCaKC½y mann½yfa emdwknaMmanEpnkarsMrab;QñH
rYcCaeRsc.
3-KMnit (Concept)
eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvmanKMniteRcIn eRbIKMnitKitKUrBicarNaeRcInCageRbIbec©keTs. KMnitenATIenHsMedAeTA
elIKMnityuT§saRsþ. ebIeyIgcg;QñHsRtUv RtUvvaylukxagyuT§saRsþ RtUvykQñHxagyuT§saRsþ. kalNa
yuT§saRsþeRkameK eTaHCafñak;Rbtibtþikar fñak;klyuT§QñHk¾eday EtenAEtcaj;eKdEdl. edIm,IeGayeBj
smtßPaBCaemdwknaM RtUvecHtaMgBIfñak;bec©keTs rhUtdl;fñak;yuT§saRsþ. QñHKMnit KWQñHGIVTaMgGs;. KMnit)an
mkBIkarsikSaBIGñkR)aCJ bNÐit RsavRCavBIk,Ünc,ab;Km<Ir. emdwknaMRtUvsVHEsVgrkKMniteGayeRcInCageK
tamry³karsikSaRsavRCav CaBiess KWkarGanesovePAl¥ TaMgTgnigKMnitdwknaMFM² dUcCayuT§saRsþ kardwknaM
neya)ay esdækic© c,ab;CaedIm.
4-karTMnak;TMng (Communication)
karTMnak;TMngrvagemdwknaMnigGñkeRkambgÁab; CaktþasMxan;Nas;edIm,IeGayGñkeRkambgÁab;sÁal;BI
ckçúvis½y. BIeRBaHfa ebIGñkeRkambgÁab;mindwgGMBIckçúvis½y eFVIeGaykardwknaMenaHexSay. emdwknaMRtUvbgðajxøÜn
eGayeKeXIj eFIVeGayeKemIlral;kic©karTaMgLay. karTMnak;TMngsMxan;elIbuKÁlwklkçN³pÞal;xøÜnrbs;emdwknaM
EdlGacsMrbxøÜn)aneTARKb;sßankarN_TaMgGs; man\riyabfviC¢mancMeBaHbuKÁlTaMgLay. emdwknaMEdlman
RbsiT§PaBkñúgkarTMnak;TMng RtUvCaGñksþab;eGaymanRbsiT§PaB karsþab;GñkdéTedayykcitþTukdak; yl;Gtßn½y
ehIybeBa©jnUvkayvikar \riyabfviC¢man Caktþal¥sMrab;TMnak;TMng. niyayPasal¥ CaPasaelIkTwkcitþ
CaPasaniyaymanGtßn½yxøwmsar manRbeyaCn_dl;Gñksþab; maneKaledA manTwsedAc,as;las;. RtUvKitfa
PasaniyayCaPasaKaMRT GBüaRkitüb¤RbqaMg . ebIsinCa karTMnak;TMngtamsMbuRt b£GIuEm:l emdwknaMRtUvRbug
Rby½tñcMeBaHkarsresreGay)anl¥ RtUvdwgBIeKaledAEdlRtUvsresr eFIVbBa¢IsresrcMNucsMxan;² RtUvmanKMnit
c,as;las;enAkñúgkarsresr erobcMKMnit PsþútagKaMRTKMnit minRtUvsresrRcbUkRcbl; kñúgvKÁnImYyRtUvEjkKMnit
sMxan;epSg²Kña eRbIRbeyaKxøImann½yRKb;RKan; c,as; nigCak;lak; eRbIBaküRtwmRtUv vKÁ Xøa karsnñidæan ehIyRtUv
BiinitüEktMrUvsareLIgvij. emdwknaMeFIVCaRKUbeRgon eFIVCaGñkbgwVkeK CaviFIgayRsYlTMnak;TMngbMput.
karbBa©úHbBa©Úl CaktþasMxan;sMrab;karTMnak;TMng edaybgðajBIehtupl bgðajBIGtßRbeyaCn_epSg² bgðajBI
sar³sMxan; nigkar)at;bg;plRbeyaCn_rbs;eKCaedIm. karTMnak;TMngenH eFIVeGaydUcCaRcva:k; kMueGay
dac;GarmμN_TaMg 6 eLIy.
5-karbuinRbsBV (Talent)
GñkecHdb;minesμIGñkRbsBVmYy. karbiunRbsBVsMedAelIGñkmanbTBiesaFn_ Føab;eFIVkargarenaH
eCaKC½y. enHminEmnmann½yfa GñkecHKμanRbeyaCn_enaHeT EtGñkEdlbiunRbsBVGaceFIVkargargayRsYl
ehIyl¥Cag elOnCag cMeNjTaMgeBlevla nigFnFan. dUcenHkarbiunRbsBVrbs;emdwknaM EdlCabuKÁlGcäriy
mancriklkçN³ eTBekaslürbs;eKBIkMeNItEtmþg . emdwknaMEdlGcäriy manlkçN³RBmCaemdwknaM taMg
BIkMeNIt lkçN³sm,tþixageRkA kayvikar criklkçN³ citþKMnit PaBqøatevogév ehIyCaGñkeron qab;ecH
qab;caM. CabuKÁlEdlebIkKMnitTUlayTTYlKMnitfμI² mankareKarBrab;GanBIRKb;mCÄdæanmnusSTaMgGs;.
6-karBüakrN_ (Forecast)
ÉkeTskñúgkarBüakrN_ mann½yfa emdwknaMGacBüakrN_dwgGMBIGnaKtkal BüakrN_dwgGIVEdlnig
ekItmaneLIg. emdwknaMGacBüakrN_dwgfa braC½y b£eCaKC½y . emdwknaMGacemIleXIj GIVEdlenAkñúgTIggwt
GIVEdleKlak;)aMgedayeRbIcarkmμeGayykBt’man b¤tamjaNBiess. emdwknaMGacsþab;B¤GIVEdleKminniyay
ecjmk. CaBiess emdwknaMGacdwgGMBIEpnkarsm¶at;rbs;sRtUv)an eBlenaHehIyemdwknaMGacBüakrN_)an
RKb;ya:g.
7-karéqñRbDit (Creative)
KMnitécñRbDit CacMNucsMxan;sMrab;emdwknaM edayminrgcaM b¤gab;RkLacaMEtbBa¢a b¤eFIVtamsPavKti
eFIVGIVdEdl²eT. emdwknaMRtUveFIVGIVEdlxøÜnKitfa l¥RtwmRtUv manRbeyaCn_ edaymincaM)ac;sMukarGnuBaØateLIy
eRBaHfa karsMukarGnuBaØatBi)akCagBaküfasMueTas. emdwknaMRtUveFIVkic©karedayxøÜnÉg edIm,IsMerceKaledAeday
mincaM)ac;sYr b£ENnaMBIGñkd¾éT. karécñRbDitekItecj BIkareronKit eroneFIVedayxøÜnÉg. etInrNamYyEdlnwk
sμanfa ExSRTmanEt 2 esaH EteKGacécñRbDitelgePøg )aneRcInrab;minGs;enaH enHCakarécñRbDitrbs;Gñk
elg. enARbeTseCOnelOn eKerobcMkmμviFIsikSaeGaysisSeronKit RbDiteFIVkic©karedayxøÜnÉg cab;taMgBItUc

dUcCakaeronKUsKMnUr nigbegáItkic©kar sMNYrepSg²Ebøk beRgonmnusScas; b¤enACamYymnusScas;Edlman
bTBiesaFn_kargar. eyIgRtUverobKMnitmnusSeGayl¥Camunsin enaHkic©karGIV²nigl¥CaeRkay.
8-GBÖnþr³jaN (Tuition)
emdwknaMRtUvmanR)aCJaevogévelIsCnTaMgBYg edayKiteXIjPøam²nUvGIVEdlcg;edaHRsay CaCnEdlqøat
qab;ecH qab;caM yl;dwgbBaðaTaMgBYg. emdwknaMmanjaNmYyBiessGacdwgBIehtukarN_fanigmanGIVekIteLIg.
jaNenHemdwknaMRtUvrkSaTukeGay)an eRBaHCalkçN³Biess EdlGacdwgsßankarN_munCanic© ehIyenAeBl
EdljaNenaHbeBa©jeGayeyIgdwgGMBIerOgGIVmYy eyIgRtUveFIVtamjaNenaH edIm,IeGayjaNenaH enACab;Ca
mYyeyIg. kalBIenAekμg² esμrFøab;manbTBiesaFn_enHCaeRcIndg CaBiesseBlEdlenAkMBugsikSa esμrGac
TsSTaydwgfa elakRKURtUvecjviBaØasaRtg;cMNucNamYy ehIyCak;Esþg viBaØasarecjcMGIVEdlesμr)anKitTuk.
enAqñaMRblgsBaØb½RtbzmPUmi esμr)anebIkesovePAKNitviTüa nigesovePACIvviTüa ehIyjaN)anR)ab;fa
emeronenHRtUvecj lMhat;enHnigecjeBlRbLg. esμr)anR)ab;mitþP½RkEtKμannrNamñak;ykcitþTukdak;eLIy
EteBlEdlviBaØasarRbLgecjmkdUcebHbiT emeron nig lMhat;Edlesμr)anemIlnigR)ab;mitþP½Rk EdleFIVeGay
esμryl;GaceFIV)anRtwmRtUv ehIyTIbMputesμr)anRbLgCab; EdlesμrmankþIeRtkGrya:gxøaMg.
9-karpþÜcepþIm (Initiative)
KMnitpþÜcepþImmansar³sMxan;sMrab;emdwknaM eFIVeGayemdwknaMmanPaBskmμ sVahab; eFIVeGaykargar
rs;revIk. kalNaemdwknaMmanKMnitpþÜcepþImeRcIn eFIVeGayRbeTsCatirIkcMerIn GgÁkardwknaMenaHrIkcMerInskmμ.
ehtudUcenHehIy eTIbeKkMNt;GNtþiemdwknaM BIeRBaHfa ebIsinCaeyIgTukemdwknaMdEdlenaH eGayenAdwknaM
eFIVeGaykargarywt kargarminrs;revIk kargarminskmμ BIeRBaHemdwknaMGs;KMnitpþÜcepþIm nigmanqnÞ³exSay
kalNaqnÞ³exSay eFIVeGaykardwknaMexSayeTAtamenaHEdr. emdwknaMCaGñkeRbIKMnit dUcenH emdwknaMRtUv
manKMnitpþÜcepþImeRcInCageK. emdwknaMKitrkbegIátEpnkarfμICanic© eFIVya:gNaeGayRKb;vis½yTaMgGs;dMeNIr
karskmμrIkcMerInTaMgGs;. KMnitpþÜcepþIm CaKMnitEdlecjmkfμI ehIyEbøkdac;xusBIeK EdlGñkdéTminGac
niwksμandl;.
10-KMnitfμI (Innovative)
emdwknaMRtUvrkKMnitfμImkdak;xøÜnCanic© tamry³karsikSaRsavRCav tambNÑal½y tamGIuntaENt tam
ryHkarGanesovePAepSg² tamry³karcUlrYmsikçasala karerontameGLicRtUcnic karerontamsalabnþ
karTsSn³kic©sikSatamRbeTsrIkcMerIn.l. karRbwkSaCamYybNÐit GñkR)aCJepSg² edIm,IykCaKMnitmk eFIVkar
BicarNa. KMnitfμIminEmnekIteLIgedayÉkÉgenaHeT EtekIteLIgBIkarsikSaRsavRCavbEnßmfμI² b¤bnþkarsikSa
eTot. emdwknaMRtUveFIVya:gNaeGayKMnitrbs;xøÜnenAfμICanic©. karsikSaeronsURt RtUvedIrTnÞwmKñanigkardwknaM.

CMBUkTI2

sßankarN_RbeTsExμr
I>ktþaEdlnaMeGayRbeTsExμrrIkcMerInrugerOg (Factors which Become Khmer Empire)

RbeTsExμrFøab;CaRbeTsmhaGMNacrugerOgmYykñúgstvtSTI12 EdlGñkRbvtþisaRsþCaeRcIn)ancg
RkgTuk CaBiessmanPsþútagdUcCaR)asaTGgÁrvtþ nigR)asaTCaeRcIn Edl)ancarwkTukCaPsþútagsMrab;;kUnecAExμr
CMnan;eRkayeGay)andwg eXIj nigmanemaTnPaB faExμrFøab;CacRkPBmYyEdlrugerOgBIGtItkal. GaNa
cRkExμr cab;epþImrIkcMerInrugerOgcab;BIstvtSTI 9 kñúgraCü surüvrμ½nTI 2 mkdl;stvtSTI 12 rC¢kalRBH)aT
C½yvrμ½nTI 7 eRkayeBlEdlExμr)anTTYlÉkraCüBIRbeTscm,a: nigbBa©b;sRgÁam. RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 2 )aneFIV
eGayRbeTsmanÉkPaB nigsamKÁIPaBkñúgrgVg;CatiExμrEtmYy Exμr)anrYbrYmkmøaMgKña GPivDÆn_GaNacRkrbs;xøÜn
eGayrIkcMerInya:gxøaMg TaMgxagvis½yesdækic© eyaFa nigsgÁmkic©. dMNak;kalrugerOgrbs;GaNacRkExμr
manry³eBl 3 stvtS. sm½yenaHcRkPBExμrmanTwkdIFMTUlMTUlay esdækic©CatirugerOg RbkbeTAeday
zamBlxøaMgxagEpñkeyaFa nigsil,³sMNg;GgÁr . sm½ymhanKrExμrmanTwkdIFMeFg latsn§wgelIRbeTsExμr
bc©úb,nñ ExμreRkam Lav éf eRCayma:LayUCaedIm. kalenaHExμrmanRBMRbTl;xageCIgCab;niwgRbTscin
xaglicCab;RbeTs ma:LayU xagt,ÚgCab;smuRT xagekItCab;RbeTsyYn. GriyFm’Exμrnasm½yenaH rugerOg
eRbob)andUcCaGriyFm’ Rkic r:Um kalBIsm½ybUraNEdr. R)asaTEdlRbkbedayk,Úrk,ac;rcnaCaeRcIn Cavtßú
mantMélkñúgelak )anbnSl;TukCasñaédnigekrþ×tMENleGaykUnecAExμrCMnan;eRkayCasPþútag nigmanemaTnPaB
d¾Gs©arüsMrab;CatiExμreyIg. TwkdI R)asaT TaMgGs;enHCakMNb;RTBümhasalrbs;buBVbursdUntaeyIg ksagTuk
eGayCatiExμrTaMgmUl CaGcäriyvtßúmYy EdlRbeTsd¾éTminGaceFIV)andUc nigCaemaTPaBbMput sMrab;CatiExμreyIg
EdleyIgTaMgGs;Kña CaCatiExμr RtUvnaMKña karBar EfrkSaTuk. emIleXIjsñaédd¾FMeFgenH ebImin)ansag
RbeyaCn_GIVmYyCUnCati sUmCYyrkSakarBar EfRbeyaCn_sagsñaéd EdlenAsl;eGayKg;vgS kMueGaybreTs
deNþImplRbeyaCn_ RtYtRtaeyIg dUcsBVéf¶ EdleyIgCaCatiExμrrgkarQWcab; BIkarekobsgát;CiHCan; RbCaBlrdæ
ExμrCaGñkTn;exSay. etIRBlwgdUnta buBVbursExμreyIg)anesaysuxb¤eT? ebIkUnecAExμrCMnan;enH RtUvrgTukçevTna
edaysarEtemdwknaMmYycMnYntUc k,t;;]tþmKti lk;Cati suxcitþbMerIplRbeyaCn_eGaybreTs EdlCasñaéd
rbs;dUntaeyIgxitxMksagTukmk. ktþamYycMnYnEdlnaMeGayExμrmanGriyFm’rIkcMerInrugerOgmandUcteTA³
1-emdwknaMl¥ ¬esñhaCati smtßPaB nigeFIVKMrUnaMmux lHbg;RKb;Ebbya:g¦
2-neya)aydwknaMÉkraCü
3-karRKb;RKgrdæl¥
4-sm,ÚrFnFan
5- KμankareRCotERCkBIbreTs
6- karcUlrYmBIRbCaBlrdæExμr ¬ExμreGaytMélelICatiExμrxøÜnÉg¦
7-KitplRbeyaCnCatiFMCagplRbeyaCn_buKÁl

TwkdIExμr kalBIExμrCa cRkPBGgÁr
1-emdwknaMl¥ ( Good Leaders)
dUc)anerobrab;enAkñúgesovePAemdwknaMCatiExμrPaK 1 EdlniyayGMBIemdwknaMl¥ emdwknaMesñhaCatiExμr
BitR)akd. emdwwknaMEdll¥CaemdwknaMEdlEsVgrkplRbeyaCn_ esckþIsuxsuPmgÁlBit² CUn Cati sasna
RbCaCatiExμr edayminEmnsuxéf¶enH sMrab;søab;éf¶Es¥kenaHeT RtUvsuxCanirnþ CaCatiExμr . CaemdwknaMEdl
manKuNFm’ mansmtßPaBRKb;RKan; mansuxPaBl¥TaMgpøÚvkaynigpøÚvcitþ GaceFIVeGayRbeTsrIkcMerInrugerOg
RbCaBlrdæmanesckþIsux suxPmgÁl dUckalkñúgrC¢kalRBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 2 RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 7 nig sUrüvrμ½nTI 2
CaedIm. RBHmhakSRtTaMgGs;enH manlkçN³sm,tþiKb;RKan;CaemdwknaM edayecjBIsmtßPaBxøaMgBUEk man
suxPaBl¥ manKuNFm’ TsBitraCFm’ esñhaCatimatuPUmi ha‘nlHbg;RKb;Ebbya:gedIm,IdwknaMRbeTsCati eGayrIk
cMerInrugerOg KYrCaTIeKarBbUCa minEmnCaRBHmhakSRtelaPln; GMNac ehIyelIkbnþúbedaybreTsenaHeLIy.
RBHraCanasm½yenaH CaBiess RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 2 )aneRbIneya)aybRgYbbRgYmCati ÉkPaBCati samKÁIPaB
épÞkñúgRbmUlRbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgeGaysißtenAeRkamkardwknaMRBHGgÁEtmñak; . enAelIPñMKUeln RBHGgÁR)arB§eFIVBiFI
eTvraC edaycat;TukRBHGgÁCa RBHGaTieTB EtminxøacjejItcMeBaHsRtUv EdlyayIBIxageRkA RBHGgÁegIbbHe)ar
CamYycam eFIVsRgÁamvaylukrhUt)anÉkraCü EdlenAkñúgraCRBHGgÁesayraCBIqñaM¬802-850¦. RBHmhakSRt
ExμrPaKeRcInkan;liTi§eTvraC RbCaBlrdæExμrcat;TukRBHraCaCaRBHGaTieTB. emdwknaMExμrTukplRbeyaCn_CatiExμr
esckþIsuxRbCaBlrdænigplRbeyaCn_saFarN³FMCagGIV²TaMgGs; karBarplRbeyaCn_ CUnCatmatuPUmi ya:g
muHmut Gg;Gac køahan mineGayxμaMgsRtUvdeNþImelIplRbeyaCn_Exμr QøanBan rMelaPelIGFibetyüExμr
eLIy. RBHmhakSRtExμreFIVCaKMrUl¥naMmuxRKb;Ebbya:g esñhaCatimatuPUmiExμr lHbg; kmøaMgkaycitþ eBlevla
GayuCIvit edIm,IkarBarTwkdI BUCsasn_ RbCaBlrdæ nigkarIkcMerInrugerOgrbs;RbeTs edaysißtenAeRkam
emdwknaMEtmñak; EdlRbwgERbgrYbrYm ÉkPaBKña mineQøaHRbEkkEhkhYr rvagExμr nigExμr G;teGanGaFüaRs½y
RsLaj;Kñaya:gs¥itrmYt minelaPln; muxmat;GMNacpÞal;xøÜneLIy. Cak;Esþg RBH)aT C½yvrμ½nTI7 suxcitþGn;
cMeBaHCatiExμr mineQøaH kab;cak;rvagCatiExμrxøÜnÉg edIm,IEtGMNacraCblø½gÁeT EtRBHGgÁsuxcitþrgcaM»kas
QøanBanrbs;breTs¬cam¦ eBlenaHcam)aneFIVKt;esþcExμr eTIbRBHGgÁegIbeLIg\txøacjejIt rMedaHExμrecj
putBIkarkan;kab;rbs;cam. cm,aMgenAeBlenaHmankMritxøaMgenAmþúMR)asaT)ay½nnig R)asaTbnÞayqμar. RBHGgÁ
)anbbYlesþccamc,aMgvayluk rhUtdeNþIm)annKrcm,a:eFIVCacMNuHeTotpg. RBHraCaEdlmansmtßPaBxøaMg
man RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI2 C½yvrμ½nTI3 \RnÞvrμ½nTI1 yesavrμ½nTI1 hasSvrμ½n GIusvrμ½nTI2 C½yvr½μnTI4 hsSvrμ½nTI4
racRnÞvrμ½nTI2 C½yvrμ½nTI5 ]TayTitüvrμ½n TI1 C½yvrμ½nTI1 surüvrμ½nTI1 ]TayüTitüvrμ½nTI2 hsvrμ½nTI3 C½yvrμ½nTI6
dara:n; \RnÞvrμ½nTI1 sUrüvrμ½nTI2 dara:n; \RnÞvrμ½nTI2 yesavrμ½nTI2 RTihUva:NaTitüvrμ½n nigRBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI7.
RBH)ansUrüvrμ½nTI2 nigRBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI7 EdlCaRBHraCa )anksagR)asaTGgÁr KμannNadwgBIkalbriecäT
c,as;las;eT EttamGñkRsI ma:dwELn sðwtU fa RBH)aTsUrüvrμ½nTI2 esayTIvgÁtcenøaHqñaM 1150 nig 1155
cMENkRBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 7 esayTIvgÁtenAqañM 1201. eBlEdl RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 7 esayTIvgÁtenaH
RbeTsCitxagmin)anTTYlBt’manenaHeT b:uEnþCaeRcInqñaMeRkaymk eTIbeKdwg. eqøot»kasEdlRBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI
7 cUlTIvgÁt; edaymanCMnYyBIBYk m:ug eKal esomcab;epþImerIbMr:H egIbeLIgpþac;xøÜnecj begIátCardæÉkraCü
suexaT½yeLIgenAstvtSTI13. emdwknaMExμrsm½yenaH mansmtßPaBxøaMgxageyaFa GacdwknaMT½B c,aMgQñH
sRtUvQøanBanmkBIRbeTsCitxag. emdwknaMExμreFIVeGaymanÉkPaBCati samÁIPaBmYyya:grwgbwug eGaytémø
eTAelIkarBit KW sc©³ eGaytMélelIGñkesñhaCati GñkR)aCJ bNÐit BwgelICMhrxøÜnÉgCaedIm. RBH)aTsUrüvrμ½nTI
2 nig RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI7 CaRBHraCaEdlykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHsuxTukçRbCaraRsþRBHGgÁxøaMgCageKbg¥s; CaRBHraCa
RbkbedayKuNFm’ nigTsBitraCFm’. RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI7 EtgEteFIVsmaFiCaerogral;éf¶ eFIVeGayRBHGgÁman
citþRtCak; manmenayiT§i nigmanR)aCJaqøatevogév GacdwknaMRbeTsExμreGay)ansuxsniþPaB Rbkbeday
ckçúvis½yEvgq¶ay smøwgeXIjGnaKtc,as;las; dUcCasagR)asaTCaeRcInTukrab;Ban;qñaMsMrab;kUnecACMnan;eRkay
CaedIm. eFIVkic©karbc©úb,nñ)aneCaKC½yRbkbedayyuT§saRsþ tamk,Ünxñat Km<Ir RtwmRtUv edayRBHGgÁ)an
GnuvtþkardwknaMtam RTwsIþRBHBuT§sasna nigRBhμBaØsasna. emdwknaMExμrnasm½yenaH EtgEtRbEmRbmUl Gñk
R)aCJCatiExμrTaMgGs; nigRbeTsCitxageGaycgRkgCaKm<Irk,ÜnxñatedIm,ICapøÚv sMrab;ExμrCMnan;eRkayrab;Ban;
CMnan;eTotGnuvtþn_tam EtGkusledayesom)anvayRkuglEgVk nig)andeNþImykKm<Irk,ÜnxñatmkRbeTs
eKGs;. RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 7 RtUvRbCaBlrdæExμr fVayRBHnamfaCa RBHmhavir³kSRt ExμrEtmYyRBHGgÁKt; KμanBIr
EdlxitxMeFIVeGayvisalPaBExμr l,IxÞrxÞarelIBiPBelak. RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI7 eLIgRKgraCüenARBHCnμayu 60 qñaM
¬ÉksaxøHfa RBHCnμ 56 enAqñaM 1181¦. RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI7 dwknaMRbeTstampøÚvRtUvkøayCamhabursén
RbvtiþsaRsþ KμanesþcGgÁNaeRbobesμIr)an.
2-neya)aydwknaMÉkraCü (Independent Politics)
k-neya)ayeRkARbeTs (Foreign Politics)
GaNacRkExμrCaRbeTsmhaGMNacmYy EdlmanGriyFm’rugerOgdUc RbeTseGhSIb nigRkugr:Um.
neya)ayeRkARbeTsExμrkalenaH Exμr)aneFIVsRgÁamvatTITwkdI ykRbeTsCitxagCacMNuH Etcgsm<½n§PaBCamYy
RbeTsFM dUcCa PUma cin nig\NÐaCaedIm . RbeTstUc²ykmkeFIVcMNuH tMrUveGaypþl;sYysarGakr mnusS
GñkR)aCJeGaymknKrExμr. RbeTsExμrmanTMnak;TMngBaNiC¢kmμ TMnak;TMngCamYycin \NÐa nig eGhSIb eRBaHkal
enaHExμrGacmanplitplksikmμ eFIVERskñúgmYyqñaM 2-3 dg nigGaceFIVsib,kmμeTotpg. RbeTscm,a: nig
GaNÑamCacMNuHrbs;nKrExμr. RbeTsCitxagminTan;man»kasmkdeNþIm nigTRnÞanplRbeyaCn_ExμreT.
ekaHCVa)anFøak;exSayenAkñúgraCsniþvgS bNþalmkBIsRgÁamCamYyRbeTsGaNaÑm¬yYn¦ . RbeTsCitxagmin
Tan;mankMlaMgRKb;RKan;vayluknKrExμrenAeLIy kalenaHcam)ancat;TukyYnCasRtUvTImYyrbs;eK. cMENÉ
RbeTsesomenACakulsm<½n§énRbeTscinPaKxagt,Úg tMbn;yYNanénRbeTscin. RbeTsesomnasm½y enaHmin
Tan;ekItCardæenAeLIy rhUtdl;stvtSTI13 eTIbekItCardæmYyeLIg EdlesþcExμr rama: )aneFIVkarpþac;xøÜnecj
begIát)anCardæÉkraCü suexaT½y. cMENkÉRbeTsyYnminTan;rYcBIGaNaniKmn_RbeTscinenAeLIy dUecñHRbeTs
enHminTan;)aneRtomxøÜn erobcMRbeTseGay)anl¥ Cab;c,aMgCamYyRbeTscm,a: mineRbIneya)ayvatTI
TwkdIenAeLIy. GaNacRkExμrmanTMnak;TMngl¥CamYyRbeTsmhaGMNac RbeTstUc² xøbxøacsMueFIVCacMNuH
ÉRbeTsCVa)anrUbrYmenACMuvijeRkamRBHmhakSRtExμrEtmYyRBHGgÁ. eRkayBIRbeTsyYn)anTTYlÉkraCüBIcin
enABak;kNþalstvtSTI10 yYn)ancab;epþImkMerIkeLIg ehIyeFIVsRgÁamCamYYycam rhUtyYnelbykTwkdIRbeTs
cm,a:)anenAqñaM 1687.
srubmk GaNacRkExμreRbIneya)ayBRgIkTwkdI nigvayykRbeTsCitxag dak;CacMNuH karerobcMkgT½B
[)anxøaMgBUEkCakic©karmYycm,gkñúgcMeNamkic©kardéTeTotnasm½yenaH. lkçN³xøaMgBUEk edaymanTahan
eRcInnigyueT§abkrN_ bribUN’ehIyl¥²elIssRtUvCitxag. kgT½BCaGñkCYyelIksÞÜyGriyFm’[eLIgx<g;x<s;
kgT½Bmanreboberobry k,ÜnyuT§sa®sþ nigTwkcitþesñhaCati EpñkeyaFaxøaMgekItmaneLIg)an k¾GaRs½y
edaykarerobcM karhat;hVwkhVWn karGb;rM¬kmμviFIsikSa smÖar³sikSa nigKuNPaB¦ nigKMrUl¥ GMBIemdwknaM
¬EtsMrab;bc©úb,nñ RtUvmanFnFanmnusS yuT§saRsþ nigbec©kviTüa¦.
x-neya)aykñúgRbeTs (Local Politics)
GaNacRkExμrenAkñúgmhanKrd¾rugerOg Rbkan;neya)aybRgYbbRgYmCatiExμrEtmYy ÉkPaB samKÁIPaB
épÞkñúg TaMgemdwknaM nigRbCaBlrdæExμrRtUvykplRbeyaCn_CatiExμrCaFM. karGnuvtþn_neya)ayenH cab;BI
GaNacRkExμrerIbMrHrYcBIkarkan;kab;rbs;cam. kalenaHRBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI2 enAkñúgstvtSTI9¬802-850¦ )an
R)arB§BIFIeTvraCenAPñMKUeln edIm,IRbmUlRbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs; enACMuvijEtRBHGgÁmñak; eKalbMNgerIbMr:H
ecjBIkarRtYtRtarbs;cam cugeRkayRBHGgÁ)ansuKtenArlYs. emdwknaMnigRbCaBlrdæRtUv)anbNþúHqnÞ³Ca
GñkesñhaCatiExμrdUcKña ehIyRbwgERbg erIbMr:H eFIVsRgÁamCamYycamTaMgGs;Kña rhUtTTYl)anÉkraCü. eRkayBI
)anÉkraCü putBIsRgÁammk RBHraCa)ancab;epþImerobcMRbeTsCati edayepþatsMxan;eTAelIkarGPivDÆn_vis½yGb;rM
suxmalPaBRbCaBlrdæ nigkarGPivDÆesdækic©RbeTs. karGPivDÆn_esdækic©epþatelIksikmμCaktþaGTiPaB nig
BRgwgvis½ykarBarCatiedIm,ITb;sáat;sRtUvQøanBanBIxageRkA. kalenaHRbCaBlrdæExμrmancMnYnRbmaN 10
lannak;. kñúgcMeNamvis½yTaMgGs; manEtvis½yeyaFaeTEdlrwugmaMxøaMgCagvis½yepSg²eTot. ExμrmankgT½B
eRcIn køahanmuHmut RbkbedayR)aCJa CMnajeyaFac,as;las; hWVkhVWnRtwmRtUv nig]bkrN_swkRKb;RKan;
manT½BdMrI esH nigGavuFyuT§P½NÐman sBVsareBI niges,ogmÖÚbGaharbribUrN_. karsamKÁI nigÉkPaBrwugbwug
rbs;Exμrcab;epþImmanBI RBH)aT\RnÞvrμ½nTI1 mkdl;C½yvrμ½nTI2. kgT½BExμrnaeBlenaH )anelIksÞÜyeGay
manGriyFm’rugerOg nigmanvin½ysNþab;Fñab;erobcMl¥. RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI7 )anelIksÞÜyeGaymansasnaTaMgBIr
KW RBhμBaØsasna nigRBHBuT§sasna. karTTYlykeGaymansasnaTaMgBIrenH eFIVeGayRbeTs)ansux
RbeTss¶b;KμankarbHe)ar nigminEbk)ak;épÞkñúg. RBHraCasm½yenaHmanGMNacxøaMgNas; GMNacTaMgGs;
sißtenAelIRBHraCa KW GMNacnitibBaØti GMNacRbtibtiþ GMNactulakar. RBHraCaCatMNagRBHGaTieTB.
karepþatsMxan;elIvis½yksikmμ nigkareFIVBaNiC¢kmμtameqñrsmuRT EdlplitplnaMecjeBlenaH manplitpl
éRBeQI dUcCaPøúkdMrI xñayrmas Es,kstV degáarRkvaj xøwmc½nÞ.l. ehIyplitplTaMgGs;enaH manEtGñk
enAkñúgéRBeT cMENkGñkRbma:j;)anmkRtUvlk;fVayesþc nignamWunmRnþIEdlCaGñkmansiTi§ nigmeFüa)ay
naMecjniglk;ecjeTAeRkARbeTs. KμanGIVEdleKGacplitenAkñúgRkugenAeLIyeT esdækic©sißtenAelIesdækic©
FmμCatienAeLIy. emdwknaM)anbegIát RbB½n§FarasaRsþxVat;ExVg CIkRsH CIkRbLayTwkbBa©ÚlERs edIm,ICa
kargayRsYldl;dMNaMksikmμGacplitRsUv)anCaeRcIndg TTYl)anTinñplx<s; ehIyelIsBItMrUvkarrbs;
RbCaBlrdælk;ecjeTAeRkARbeTs. eKeXIjmanCIk)aray_d¾FMeFgCaeRcIn dUcCa )arayN_Twkføa b¤)aray
xaglic )arayN_ \RnÞatdak )arayN_ rhal; )arayN_ yesaFrtdak edIm,IykTwkeGayRbCaBlrdæeRbIR)as;
nigedIm,Ipþl;Twkdl;ERscMkar nigdMNaMdaMduHnanapg. eKeXIjmansuPasitExμrmYyniyayfa eFIVERsnigTwk eFIVswk
nig)ay eFIVneya)aynigcMeNHdwg. EtkardwknaMRtUvGnuvtþtamRTwsIþfμIRtwmRtUv EdleFIVeGayRbeTsCati rIkcMerIn
BitR)akd dUcCakareFIVERs RtUvmanbec©keTsksikmμ bec©kviTüaEfmeTotedaypøas;bþÚrKMnitcas;min rIkcMerInecj.
cMENkeFIVswkvij k¾eyIgminRtUvBwgEtelI)aymYymuxEdr KWeyIgRtUvhVwkhat;ÉkeTseyaFa taMgBIfñak;BlTahan
dl;fñak;embBa¢akar eGayecHBitR)akd mansmÖar³swkRKb;RKan; es,og nigmanyuT§saRsþRtwmRtUv.
3-karRKb;RKgrdæl¥ (Good Governance)
karRKb;RKgnasm½yenaH KW karRKb;RKgrebobmCÄkar GMNacsißtenAelIfñak;kNþal KW esþc. karsMerc
kic©karepSg² RtUvecjBIGMNackNþal¬RBHraCa¦. ebIeyIgeRbobeFobmkRbB½n§bc©úb,nñ RbB½n§RKb;RKgEbbenH
eKehAfaRbBn§RKb;RKgEbbpþac;kar. kardwknaMykRBHraCaCaFM RBHraCaCaGTieTB EtRBHraCanasm½yenaH
KitplRbeyaCn_CatiFM esñhaCati ykcitþTukdak;suxTukçRbCaBlrdæ RbkbedayKuNFm’ nigTsBitraCFm’.
rdæ)alépÞkñúgmanemkRnÞajRbcaMextþnImYy² EdlkalenaHExμrmanextþcMnYn 64 ¬kMBUlR)asaT)ay½n 64¦
tMNageGayextþExμr. karrIkcMerInxagesdækic© edayvis½yksikmμ nigxagviciRtsil,³ k,ac;rcna k¾rIkcMerIn
xøaMgdUcCaksagR)asaTburaNCaeRcIn R)asaTGgÁrvtþ EdlRbkbedayk,ac;rcna\tex©aH. RbCara®sþExμrman
CMenOelIGTieTB nigesþcfaCaGñkmanbuNü. sar³sMxan;énGriyFm’ExμreyIgRtUv)aneKrMlwkeLIgfa CaGriyFm’
mYyl¥CageK munGriyFm’rbs;GaNacRkr:UmaMg EdlenAEtmanlkçN³RbesIrCagGriyFm’énGaNacRkcin.
RbeTscinsm½yenaH minTan;GacplitGIV²)anRKb;y:agedayxøÜnÉgenAeLIyeT b:uEnþGaNacRkExμrGacplitvtßú
epSg²)anedayédxøÜnÉg)an. mhanKrExμrsm½yburaNrIkcMerInrugerOg manktþaCaeRcInGnueRKaHdUcCa
manRTBüsm,tiþ FmμCatibribUrN_¬vtßúFatuedIm stV RTBüelIdIeRkamdI stVRKb;RbePT¦ RbCaBlrdæmancMnYntic Et
10 lannak; rs;enAelITwkdIFMlwVgelIVyRbkbeday]tþmPaB. kalsm½yenaHRBHraCaExμr )anksagrdæFanIGgÁrFM
sagsg;pøÚvfñl;sMrab;dwkCBa¢Ún plitplksikmμ sagsg;pÞHsMNak;)ancMnYn 121 nigmnÞIeBTücMnYn 102.
KμanRbeTsNamYyén]b,TIVbenH GacBRgIkesdækic©)an dUcGaNacRkExμrnasm½yenaHeT eRBaHkarBRgIkesdækic©
RtUvkarvtßúFatuedIm. GaNacRkExμrkøayCaCMBUkRbeTsEdlman PUmisaRsþmansßanPaBRbesIr nigkMNt;ya:g
twgEtg kñúgkarRbNaMMgRbECgxagmhaGMNac. RbCaBlrdæ)ansßitenAkñúgsniþPaBeBjCaeRcInTsvtSedayKμan
kareRCotERCkBIxageRkA CaBiesskñúgsm½yrugerOgdl;kMBUlcugeRkay eRkamkarRKb;RKgRBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 7
CaRBHraCaeKarBFmμaFibetyü mkdwknaMRbeTsCati.
4-sm,ÚrFnFan (Plenty of Resource)
FnFanenATIenHsMedAeTAelIFnFanFmμCati nigFnFanmnusS. RbCaBlrdæExμrRbkbeTAedaykaréqñ
RbDitx<s; TwkdIFM éRBeQICaTICMrkdl;stVéRBRKb;RbePT dImanTwkdI manCICati manTwkeRsacRsBdMNaMksikmμ
bribUN_ sMbUrcMNIGaharstV edaysarePøogFaøk;eCaKCaMRtCak;RtCMudl;pldMNaM manEpøpáal¥. FnFanEr:enARKb;TI
kEnøg manmaseBRC Ekvkg R)ak; s<an; Edk nigvtßúmantMélCaeRcIneTot EdlExμreyIgminTan;)anRsavRCavGs;.
pøÚvTwk bwgbYr xVat;ExVg eFIVeGaysm,ÚredayRtIenAkñúgbwgTenøsab sMrab;pÁt;pÁg;elIsBIesckIþRtUvkarrbs;
RbCaBlrdæ. RbCaBlrdæmanCIviPaBFUrFar sb,ayrugerOg minxVayxVl; nigGIVeLIy. FnFansmÖar³mYycMnYn
)anmkBIeGaysYysarGakrénRbeTsCitxag EdlCaRbeTscMNuH. cMENkEpñkxagt,ÚgénrdæenH BwgEp¥kEt
elIkardutéRBeFIVcMkardaMRsUvCamUldæan Rbkbrbrb)aj;bRgÁb;hUb.
5-KμankareRCotERCkBIbreTs (Without Foreign Interference)
RbeTsExμrmanÉkraCü sniþPaB KμankareRCotERCkBIbreTs KWeRkayBI RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 2 )annaM
RbCaBlrdæegIbeLIgbHe)areFIVsRgÁam rMedaHExμreGayrYcecjBIkarkan;kab;rbs;cam. BIeBlenaHmk GaNa
cRkExμr mankarÉkPaBmYyya:gTUlMTUlay edaysßitenAeRkamemdwknaMEtmñak; EdlxøaMgBUEk ehIycat;Tuk
faCaGñkmanbuNü eTvraC. GaNacRkExμrman»kas ksagRbeTsCatieGayrIkcMerIn TaMgxageyaFa esdækic©
ehdæarcnasm<½n§CaeRcIn. karEdlKμanbreTseRCotERCkenH mkBIkardwknaMkalenaH minEmneRbIyuT§saRsþkarBar
eT EteRbIyuT§saRsþvayluk. RBHraCaExμrEtgEtelIkT½BeTAvayRbeTscm,:a nig RbeTsGNaÑam edayminTuk
»kas eGayeKvaylukmuneLIy.
6-ExμreGaytMélelICatiExμrxøÜnÉg (Raise up Khmer Value)
ExμreGaytMélxøÜnÉgenH Rtg;fa ExμrecHRsLaj;Kña CYyKñaeTAvijeTAmk ÉkPaBKña rYbrYmKña minsþab;
eyabl;eFIVtambreTs EteGaytMélelIExμrKñaÉg sþab;eyabl;ExμrKñaÉg mineCOBakübreTsxageRkA naMeGayExμr
Ebk)ak;enaHeLIy. ExμrsuxcitþbUCaRKb;Ebbya:g edIm,IkarBarCatimatuPUmi ebIkalNasRtUvcUlQøanBanyayI.
EtExμrrs;edaysuxsnþiPaBCamYysgÁmRKYsarExμrdUcKña.
7-KitRbeyaCn_CatiFMCagRbeyaCn_buKÁl
(Care more about national interest than individual interest)
TaMgemdwknaM kgT½B RbCaBlrdæ)antMkl;plRbeyaCn_CatiCacMbg FMCagplRbeyaCn_buKÁl.
plRbeyaCn_sMedAeTAelI TwkdI GFibetyüPaB RbCaBlrdæ neya)aydwknaM rdæaPi)alCaedIm. ebIsin
CaktþaTaMgGs;enH )at;bg;plRbeyaCn_ xUcxat RtUvdUrecjEkERbecj. emdwknaM)aneGaytMélelICnesñhaCati
matuPUmi sc©³Fm’ yutþFm’ KuNFm’ ehtuenHehIybuKÁlmñak;²xitxMksagsñaéd eFIVRbeyaCn_CUnCatimatuPUmi.
buBVburseyIgsuxcitþlHbg;QamRss; sac;Rss; edIm,IEfrkSakarBar TwkdI vtßßúmantMélepSg² edayminsux
citþenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;breTs b¤ tbtCamYysRtUvQøanBanedayminxøacjejIt edIm,IeGaykUnExμrCMnan;
eRkay )anrs;enAya:gsuxsanþelIkMNb;maskMNb;R)ak;d¾mhasalenH k¾eRBaHEtBYkKat;TaMgenaHKitBI pl
RbeyaCn_CatisMrab;eyIgCaExμrCMnan;eRkayenHÉg.
karsnñidæan (Conclusion)
karerobrab;EvkEjkmkxagelIenH min)anl¥itl¥n;l¥eT EtCaRKwHsMxan;² KMnitsMxan;² sMrab;GñksikSa
RsavRCav ykeTAsikSabEnßmGMBIGriyFm’GgÁr. RKwHneya)ay ¬KWÉkPaB nigsamKIÁCati rYmedaykgT½BmYyxøaMg
ehIyerobry¦ RKwHesdækic© KWneya)ayTwkd¾biunRbsBV ksikmμGtipl sib,kmμ nigBaNiC¢kmμeRkARbeTs
ehIyeyIg)anrab;bBa©ÚlkñúgRKwHTaMgenHnUvktþaxøHeTot manktþamrtkBIGtItkal ktþamnusS nigRbCaBlrdæ
nigemdwknaM b:uEnþetIeyIgGaccat;TukfaRKb;RKan;ehIyb¤enA ebIeyIgenAxVHktþaCamUldæanmYyeTot KWRKwHvb,Fm’
)anesckþIfakarecHdwgsBVsareBIEdlFmμtaRtUvecj BIkareronsURt nigkarGb;rM BIKm<Irk,Ünxñat BIGñkR)aCJbNÐit
nigsasnaCamøb;sMrab;BwgBak;GaRs½y nigCapøÚvedIr. CaBiess RtUvykKMnitécñRbDitrbs;GñkR)aCJExμreyIg
eBlenaHEdlsagnKreRBagRBat erobcMEkécñrcnabfbreTsmYycMnYneGaymanlkçN³CaExμr.

II.ktþaEdlnaMeGayRbeTsExμrFøak;cuH (Factor Cause Khmer Failed)
bnÞab;BRI BH)aTC½yvrμn½ TI7 cUlTIvgÁteTA enAqñaM 1219 cRkPBExμr)ancab;epþmI regÁaHregIÁr edaysar
kareRCotERCkBIxageRkA esom nigcam karEbk)ak;épÞkúñgsRgÁamsasna sRgÁamdeNþmI GMNac nigktþaepSg²
Edlnwgerobrab;xageRkam. GaNacRkExμr)anFøak;cHu dundabCabnþbnÞab; edaysarsRgÁamvwkvrminecHcb; sRgÁam
sasna bgáedayRBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 8 nigcab;BIrC¢kalRBH)aTniBVanþ)aTstvtSTI 14 rhUtdl;stvtSTI 19 Edl
manry³eBl 5 stvtS eFIVeGayTwkdIGaNacRkExμrrYmtUc RbCaBlrdærgTukeç vTna )at;bg;]tþmPaB kitüanuPaB
ya:gxøaMgrhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶enH. enAcenøaHstvtSTI14 nig stvtSTI19 GaNacRkExμr)anFøak;cuHdundab
ya:gxøaMg KWCasm½ykald¾exμAggwtrbs;Exμr. emdwknaMexSay elaPln;GMNacBwgbreTs mçagBwgyYn mçagBwg
esom eFIVsRgÁamEhkhYrExμr nig Exμr edIm,IEtGMNacraCblø½gÁ sþab;breTs tamkarjúHjg;rbs;eK neya)aydwknaM
minÉkraCü karRKb;RKgrdæexSay karQøanBanBIbreTs¬yYn cam esom¦ Ebk)ak;épÞkñúg vibtþiraCvgS
karminTukcitþExμrnigmineGaytMélExμrKñaÉg .l. ktþaTaMgGs;enaHeFIVeGayExμrFøak;cuH bgávinasskmμ RbCaBl
rdæ Exμrsøab;)at;bg;Civit køayCaRbeTsmYyTn;exSayRkIRkCaeKelIBiPBelak. TwkdIExμrEdlFMlwVgelIVy
\LÚvenHenAsl;Et 181 035 KILÚEm:Rtkaer:¬manEttYelx¦ EdlRtUvyYnRtYtRta KUsvasneya)ayBIeRkay
xñgeTot.
1-kMesayemdwknaM (Poor Leaders)
emdwknaMEdlKμanlkçN³sm,tþiRKb;RKan; GaceFIVeGayRbeTsCatiFøak;cuHGnþray edaysarEtkarKitxus
eFIVxus KYbpSMneya)aydwknaMKμanÉkraCüsßitenAeRkamKMnabbreTs Caplvi)akmYyya:gxøaMgcMeBaHkarsMerccitþ
elIkic©karneya)ayepSg² eFIVeGay)at;bg;TwkdI )at;bg;plRbeyaCn_Catirbs;xøÜn. karRKb;RKgEdlminmank,Ün
xñatc,ab;c,as;las; kardwknaMRKb;RKgtamrebobsPavKti minsegátemIlrkKMnitfμItamRbeTsrIkcMerIn. emdwknaM
EdlminelIkTwkcitþeGaymankarRbkYtRbECgKña edIm,IeRCIserIsemdwknaMl¥bMputsMrab;RbeTs enHCacMNucexSay
énRbB½n§dwknaM RKb;RKgRbeTs. kareFIVsRgÁameRCotERCkBIbreTs nigEbk)ak;épÞkñúgdeNþImGMNacKña eday
eRkamyuT§saRsþbreTs breTsCaGñkerobcMEpnkar KUsvasyuT§saRsþeGayExμrlg;kñúg])aykl,. Ca»kas
eGaybreTseqøotykTwkdIExμr deNþImplRbeyaCn_BIExμreyIg ebIk»kaseGayeKerobcMRbeTs GPivDÆn_RbeTs
rIkcMerInelOnCagRbeTsrbs;eyIg. emdwknaMGtμaniymKitEtplRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn deNþImEhkhYrRTBü
sm,tþiCatimkdak;RTBüsm,tþibuKÁl min)aneFIVplRbeyaCn_eGayCati edaykþIvegVgnigGMNac buNüs½ká luykak;
RTBüsm,tþienaHCaerOgsMxan;CagplRbeyaCn_CatiExμr ktþaTaMgenHehIyCaedImehtueFIVeGayCatiExμrFøak;exSay.
emdwknaMKμansmtßPaB Etcg;)anGMNacRKb;RKgRbeTsCati eFIVeGayEbk)ak;raCüvgS mþgehIy mþgeTot
eQøaHRbEkkKña bgsmøab;b¥Ún b¥Únsmøab;bg \tQb;Qr karEhkhYrKñarvagExμr nigExμr edIm,IraCblø½gÁ
tamkarlabBN’rbs;breTssgxag EdleFIVeGayExμrEbk)ak; kab;smøab;KñaÉg x©IédExμrsmøab;Exμr eGayEbk)ak;
samKÁI Qb;KitKUrsuxTukçlM)akRbCaBlrdæ.. karEbb)ak;épÞkñúgenH Cakarpþl;»kaseGaysRtUv hucdgkaMbit
eGaysRtUv begIát»kaseGaysRtUvmankmøaMgxøaMgCag mkCiHCan; eFIV)abdeNþImykplRbeyaCn_rbs;Exμr
nigdeNþImykTwkdIExμr. emdwknaMmineGaytMéleTAelICatirbs;xøÜnÉg sþab;breTs BwgbreTsedIm,IGMNac .
enAkñúgRbvtþisaRsþExμr )anbBa¢ak;fa Exμrcab;epþImmansRgÁam kñúgrC¢kalRBHraCa RBHnamfa RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 8
min)aneRbIneya)aybRgYbbRgYmCati edaylubecalRBHBuT§sasna ehIykan;EtRBhμBaØsasna CaehtueFIVeGay
mankarbHe)areLIg ekItsRgÁambMpøajrUbsMNaksasna RBHBuT§ ekaslubrUbRBHBuT§ecal dUcmankarekaslub
cmøak;enAtamsrsrR)asaTGgÁrvtþ EdlCasñaédrbs;RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI7 CaedIm. edaymanCMnYyBIBYkm:ugeKal
esom)anegIbbHe)areLIgpþac;xøÜnecjRbqaMgnigGaNacRkExμr begáItCardæÉkraCümYyeQμaH suexaT½y enAstvtS
TI13 edayesþc RsI\RnÞTwtüa ¬1240-1270¦. esom)anbnþeFIVsRgÁamCamYyExμrbnþeTot edayelIkbnþúb
emdwknaMfμI EdlminEmnCaBUCBgSvrμ½neTot eQμaHta Rtsk;Ep¥m EdlRbvtþisaRsþExμrRtUv)anlubbM)at; ehIyman
erOgniTanmYyekIteLIg EdlminEmnCaRbvtþisaRsþBitR)akd KWerOgtaRtsk;Ep¥m.
bnÞab;mkGaNacRkExμrk¾Føak;kñúgsRgÁamvwkvr deNþImraCKña edayesþcBwgelIbreTsCitxag mçagBwgyYn
mçageTotBwgesom. esþcExμr)aneTABwgyYneGayCYyc,aMg CamYyesþcExμrGgÁepSgeTot edIm,IRBHraCbl½gÁman
dUcCaesþcGgÁsU¬1659-1672¦ GgÁtn; GgÁc½nÞ GgÁnn; GgÁGwm GgÁTg ¬ramaFibtI¦¬1747-1748 nig
1756-1757¦GgÁmuI ¬1834-1841¦ . cMENkkSRtEdleTABwgesomxøHenAeRkam\Ti§Blesom ehIy
c,aMgCamYyesþc EdlBwgyYnenaH manesþc RsIsureyaBN’ ¬1602-1618¦ FmμraCaTI 3 GgÁs¶Ün ¬1749-
1755¦ GgÁeGg GgÁGwm GgÁDYg ¬1841-1859¦GgÁeBA CaedIm. eRkaymkeFIVeGayExμrQb;TukcitþExμrKñaÉg
edaysarEtsRgÁamdeNþImGMNaccuHeLIgenH eFIVeGay)at;bg;CMenOeCOCak;dwknaMRbeTsedayxøÜnÉgrhUtdl;raC
rbs;RBH)aTGgÁDYg. RBHGgÁxVayxVl;GMBIkar)at;bg;RbeTsExμr edaykarelbTwkdI karQøanBan BIRbeTsCitxag
minecHcb; RBHGgÁk¾rkmeFüa)aydak;RbeTseGaysßitenAeRkamGaNanIKmn_)araMg EtenAkñúgraCRBHGgÁminTan;
)ansMerceT eRBaHkarTMnak;TMngmin)ansMerceRBaHesþcesomcab;sMbuRt EdlRBHGgÁepJIeGay)araMg)an. eTIb
mkdl;RBH)aTneratþmCabuRtc,grbs;esþcGgÁDYgeTIbkarTak;TgCamYy GñkpSaysasna)araMg)ansMerc ehIy)an
cuHhtßelxaRbKl;eGay)araMgkan;kab; 11 sIha 1863. RbeTsExμr)ansßitenAeRkamGNaniKm)araMg cab;BI
eBlenaH rhUtmkdl;)araMg)anelIkbnþúbGtItesþc sIhnu eGayeLIgesayraCüenAqñaM 1941 eBlEdlRBHGgÁ
kMBugeronenAéRBnKr.
k-neratþm sIhnu (Norodam Sihanouk)
esþc neratþm sIhnu RbsURtenAéf¶TI31 Extula qñaM1922 CabuRtrbs;RBH)aT suramRmit nig
RBHmataRBHnamkusm³. RBHGgÁ)ansikSaeronsURtenAviTüal½ysIusuvtß nigbnþkarsikSaenAéRBnKr ¬TwkdIExμr
km<úCaeRkam¦. eBlRBHGgÁkMBugsikSaenAviTüal½ysasUlU)aéRBnKr )araMgelIkbnþúbRBHGgÁeGayeLIgesay-
raCü enARBHCnμ 18 RBHvsSaenAqñaM1941. eRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;)araMg mankarbHe)arRbqaMg nigGNaniKm
)araMgekIteLIg edIm,ITamTarÉkraCü enAqñaM 1942 edayGacarü Ehm ecov nigeBaFi kMe)ar EdleKehafa
sRgÁamq½Rt. )araMg)anbBa¢aeGay esþc sI hnu cab;Gacarü Ehm ecov b‘un can;ml; nigGñkmYycMnYneTot
eTAdak;Kuk enAekaHRtLac. enAeBlenaHclnaExμr\sSr³ dwknaMeday sWug g:ukfaj; k¾RbqaMgCamYyRBHGgÁEdr.
enAqñaM 1945 eBlEdlCb:uneFIVsRgÁamQñH)araMgenA GasIuGaeKñy_ sWug g:ukfaj;eLIgeFIVCanaykrdæmRnþI
EteBlEdlCb:uncaj;sRgÁamelIkTI 2 eBlenaH semþc sIhnu)an GnuBaØateGay)araMgRtYtRtaRbeTsExμrsarCafμI
ehIyRBHGgÁ)anRtUv)araMgelIkeGayesayraCüeTot. dl;enAéf¶TI 4 Exmifuna qñaM 1949 )araMg)ankat;TwkdIExμr
eRkameTAeGayyYnCapøÚvkarEtmþg. RBHGgÁmanTIRbwkSa PaKeRcInCaCnbreTsdUcCa hSakma:Ey ¬)araMg¦ RBHGgÁ
minsUvTukcitþExμrb:unμaneT Cak;Esþg bc©úb,nñRBHGgÁmanGgÁrkSCnCatikUer: b¤cinCaedIm ykRbBn§carkmμ yYn¬m:Unic¦
CaedIm CaBiesskñúgnamRBHGgÁCaesþc RBHGgÁminEdlsresrGkSrExμreT RBHGgÁsresrEtPasabreTsPasa
)araMg ehIyKg;enAEtbreTs Kg;enAcin kUer:xageCIg RBHGgÁminEmnCaesþcExμreT RBHGgÁCaesþcbreTs. semþc
sIhnu )ankuhke)akR)as;Exμr faRBHGgÁCabitaÉkraCü CaGñkeFIVkaMePøIgeQIedj)araMgecj EttamkarBitRbeTs
CaeRcIn)anTTYlÉkraCüeRkayBIsRgÁamelakelIkTI2 )anbBa©b; EtExμrvij)araMg)anRbKl;ÉkraCüeTAeGayyYn
EdlCaGñkeFIVsRgÁamQñH)araMg yYntMNag\NÐÚcin bnÞab;BIyYncuHhtßelxa elIsn§isBaØaGnþrCatienAhSwENv éf¶TI
20 kkáda 1954. sUmCYyBicarNaRtg;cMNucenH. eRkayBI)anÉkraCü kñúgnamCaesþcEpndI KμanKMnitdwknaM
RbeTsCati RsLaj;GMNac dak;raCüeTAeFIVneya)aybegIátKNbkSsgÁmraRsþniymenAqñaM 1955 dwknaM RbmaN
Cag 5 qñaM RbeTs)anFøak;kñúgsRgÁam BukrlYy esdækic©Føak;cuHedaysarcaj;e)akyYn. buKÁlwk lkçN³semþc sI
hnu CabuKÁlcecs rwugrUs minsþab;eyabl;Gñkd¾éT CaBiess semþcsgÇraC CYn Nat CaGñkR)aCJ GñkesñhaCati
)anhammineGayRBHGgÁeFIVkumμúynisþnaMeGayCativinas Etsemþc sI hnu minRBm eTAcuHhtßelxas¶at;²CamYy
yYnpþl;TwkdIeGayeyokkugdak;T½BcMnYn 5 extþ enAEx emsa 1965. b:uEnþeRkaymk semþcsgÇraC CYn NatRtUv
suKtedayGaf’kM)aMg. sI hnu CaesþcelμaPRsIeRcIn cUlcitþsb,ay eRcog nigsil,³ Cak;EsþgRBHGgÁman
mehsIRsIsñMrab;ry eRcog sEmþgelçan EdlxusBIcriklkçN³emdwknaM. kardwknaMRbeTsKμanEpnkarc,as;las;
edayeFIVtamGarmμN_nwkeXIj nigeFIVtamkarKUsvasrbs;BYkkumμúynisþ cin nig yYn. cMNucsegçbGtIt esþc
sIhnu mandUcxageRkameTot ³
• RBHGgÁRtUVv)anEtgtaMgeday)araMgeGayeLIgesayraCüenARBHCnμ18 RBHvsSaenAqñaM 1941.
• bNþúHbNaþlenARkughaNUy TwkdIkm<úCaeRkam.
• RBHGgÁ)anGHGagfaRBHGgÁTTYlÉkraCüBI)araMg b:uEnþKat;)aneFIVmindwgminB¤BIkic©RBmeRBogkat;
TwkdIkm<úCaeRkameGayyYn 4 mifuna 1949.
• TMnak;TnM gsm¶at;CamYyyYneGayeyokkugcUlmktaMgT½BenAkñg ú RsukExμr EdlRbeTskm<úCakal
sm½yenaHCaRbeTsGBüaRkitü¬minQrxagkumμúynisþ nig minQrxagesrI¦.
• RBHGgÁ)anGnuBaØateGay s>r>G Tmøak;RKab;EbkenAkm<úCa edayminpþl;dMNwgeGayRbCaCnExμr
dwgedIm,I)aneKcq¶ayBIkEnøgTmøak;RKab;EbkenH.
• enAedImqñaM1970 neratþm sIhnu )aneFIVButCaQW ehIyyageTARbeTs)araMg b:uEnþtamBit
eTARBHGgÁ)aneKcBIbBaðaEdlxøÜnRBHGgÁ)anbegIáteLIg nigminGacRKb;RKgelIevotkugEdl
manvtþmanelITwkdIExμr 60 000nak;eTA 80 000nak;.

ln; Nul nig srImt³ )aneTA)araMgehIysMueGayRBHGgÁyagRtlb;mkvij b:uEnþRBHGgÁ )anbgçM
•
eTACamYyGKÁmehsIrbs;RBHGgÁvij bnÞab;mkRBHGgÁ)ancUlrUYmCamYyExμrRkhmBIeb:kaMgmk
begIátrNsirSrYmCatikm<úCa 23 mina 1970. RBHGgÁCa emExμrRkhm.
• karKaMRTyYnrbs;RBHGgÁ)ansMlab;RbCaCnsøÚtRtg;Cag 2 lannak; rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgbBaØvnþ 20°
• kare)aHeqñatenAqñaM1993 EdlmankarKaMRT nigRtYtBinitüBIGgÁkarshRbCaCati cMNayfvika
Gs; 2>8 ekadiduløa kalenaHRbCaCn 90° )anecjeTAe)aHeqñat eTaHbImankarKMramkMEhg
dl;CIvit nigkarbMPitbMP½yk¾eday. b:uEnþmgþ eTot GtItesþc sIhnu)anbMpøajecalsubinþ
rbs;RbCaCnedayGnuBaØateGay hu‘n Esn kan;GMNacbnþ ehIyedjGgÁkarshRbCaCati
eGayecjBITwkdIExμr. ehtuplenH edaysarRBHGgÁmankarcuHhtßelxasm¶at;CamYyhu‘n Esn
CakUnGukyYn enAqñaM1987.
• RBHmhakSRtneratþm sIhnu manGKÁmehsICapøÚvkarcMnYn5 ¬pat; kn§úl sIu suvtißBgSmunñI sIu
suvtißmunIeksn semþcRBHraC neratþm nrlkSN_ m:m munñIvNÑ nig mñag munic ¬munInaf
sIhnu¦ehIynigmanRsIsñMepSg² eTot CaeRcIn RBmTaMgmanbuRtcMnYn 14.
• semþc sIhnu )anKaMRT h‘un Esn 100 PaKry elIk h‘un Esn Cavir³burs
sarubmkGtItesþc sIhnu CaesþcRkhm Edlgb;gl;menaKmn_kumμúynisþ minKitKUrBIGayuCIvit
RbeTsCati plRbeyaCn_RbeTsCatixøÜnÉg edIm,IEtGMNacraCblø½gÁ. RBHGgÁdwknaMRbeTsCatinaMeGayFøak;
mhnþray søab;mnusSrab;lannak;kñúgsm½yExμrRkhm RbeTsCatiexÞcxÞIedaysarsRgÁam nig)at;bg;TwkdICaedIm.
eyIgsegáteXIjfa GtItesþcsIhnuenH minKitKUrBIsuxTukçrbs;raRsþRbCaeLIy Kg;enAEtbreTs . karEdlbMpus
bMpuleGayExμrTaMgGs; cat;Tukfa sIhnu CaGñkmanbuNü sIhnu CabuKÁlGs©arü CaBakübMpusrbs;BYkkumμúynisþ
EdlkMBugeRbIedIm,IykeQμaH sIhnu e)akR)as;RbCaBlrdæExμr eGaylg;eCOGIVEdlminBit eCOxül; edIm,ITuk»kas
eGayBYkkumμúynisþdeNþImplRbeyaCn_Exμr RtYtRtaExμr sMercEpnkarrbs;eK kñúgkarelbykTwkdIExμr eday
viFIRtCak; ¬neya)aycitþsaRsþ¦ TIbMputExμrmanEtsMbkRbeTs ExμrmanEteQμaH ExμrCaCnCatiPaKtic RtUvyYn
RtYtRtaRbeTsedayRsYlbMput. tamBakürbs;bNÐitNarBaØKIrITiRt suxcitþeGayGñks¥b;´ eRBaHńiyaykarBit
R)ab;Gñk CaCagGñkRsLaj;´ EdlńiyaykuhkR)ab;Gñk. sIhnu minEmnCaemdwknaM BitR)akdeT BIeRBaHGIVEdl
Kat;eFIVxus ehIyxuseTot EtKat;minRBmlatRtdagkarBitBIkMhusrbs;xøÜn b¤sMueTas RbCaBlrdæExμresaH
kMhussIhnumandUcCa dUcCaKat;dwknaMRbeTseGayFøak;cUlsRgÁam eFIVeGayExμr søab;rab;lan nak; Kat;xitxMlak;
kMhusminRBmecjmkTTYlxusRtUv EbCaTMlak;kMhusdak;GñkenH GñkenaHCaedIm. ebIsinCa eyIgmin)ansikSa
GMBIneya)ay RbvtþisaRsþExμr nigPaBCaGñkdwknaMeGay)ansIuCMerAeTenaH eyIgminGacvaytMélfaya:gNa
cMeBaHsgÁmCatiExμr)aneT? BIeRBaHGñkFMEdlmanGMNacEtgeFIVGIVRtUvTaMgGs; biTsiTi§esrIPaBmineGayniyay
karBit biTBt’man mineGayTTYl)ankarBit EtGñktUceTaHCaeFIVRtUv esñhaCatiya:gNak¾eday EtRtUveKTMlak;
kMhusdak;ecaTfak,t;Cati ehIycab;dak;Kuk b¤smøab;ecaleTotpg TegIVGs;enH RbeTsCati minGacrIkcMerIn)aneT
emdwknaMMCatiExμrCMnan;eRkay² RtUvecosevogcMNucTaMgGs;enaH. cMNucexSayrbs; RBH)aTneratþmsIhnu
KWminmanlkçN³sm,tþiRKb;RKan;CaemdwknaM rab;taMgBIsmtßPaB KuNFm’ CaedIm eRBaHGtμaniym eFIVGIVtamGarmμN_
l;g;menaKmn_kumμúynisþyYn cin dwknaMKμanckçúvis½yc,as;las;.
sIhnu nig paM va:n;dug

x-ln; nl; (Lon Nol)
elak ln; nl; ekItenAéf¶TI 13 Exvicäkar qñaM1913 enAextþéRBEvg. Kat;)ansikSaenAsalaviTüal½ysIusuvtß
ehIybnÞab;mkbnþkarsikSaenAshrdæGaemrik. elak ln; nl;manÉkeTsxageyaFa CabuKÁlEdlesμaHRtg;
cMeBaHsemþc neratþm sIhnu. Kat;Føab;eFIVCanaykrdæmRnþI nigCaesnaRbmuxenArbbsgÁmraRsþniym. eRkaymk
Kat;RtUv)aneKEtgtaMgeFIVCa GKÁnayknKr)al CaembBa¢karkgT½B CardæmRnþIRksYgkarBarCati eFIVCa
naykrdæmRnþI. Kat;)aneFIVCaRbFanaFitI eRkayBIeFIVrdæRbhar enAéf¶TI 18 Exmina qñaM1970 kñúgrbbsaFarN³rdæ
Exμr. elak ln; nl; KWCaGñkesñhaCatiExμrmYyrUb Edl)aneFIVsRgÁamtbtCamYyyYneyokkug EdlQøanBan
RbeTsExμr. eBlEdlKat;eFIVCaRbFanaFibtI Kat;min)aneRtomxøÜnrYcral;kñúgkardwknaMrbbsaFarNrdæ b¤ karerobcM
neya)ayRbeTseT BIeRBaHsßankarN_RbfucjúctMrUv. dMNak;kalenaHkumμúynisþGnþrCati kumμúynisþyYn
kMBugEtrIkduHdal. elak ln; nl; )anFøak;exSayEpñksuxPaB edaymanCm¶Wsøab;mYycMehogxøÜn ehIy)an eTA
Büa)alenA haév: Gs;ry³eBl Cag 2 Ex k¾RtLb;mkRbeTsExμrvij. elak ln; nl;CaGñkeCOelImnþGaKmn_
GUmGam edaycMNayR)ak;CaeRcInelICMenOenH. kardwknaMrbs;Kat; eKsegáteXIjman GMeBIBukrlYyCaeRcIn
edaykarerobcMmin)anl¥ eRBaHfamRnþIraCkarmYycMnYnEdleFIVkarenAkñúgsarFarN³rdæ EtKaMRTrNsirSrYbrYmCati
km<úCadwknaMeday esþc sIhnu. TIbMput kumμúynisþEdldwknaMedayyYneyokkug QñHenAéf¶TI 17 emsa 1975
ehIy)anbMBak;C½yCMnHenHeTAeGayBYkkumμúynisþExμr EdldwknaMeday sIhnu ehAfaExμrRkhm. eBlenaH elak
ln; nl; )anePosxøÜneTAhaév: nab:unμanéf¶munTahan b:ul Bt cUlkan;kab;TIRkugPñMeBj enAéf¶ 17 emsa 1975.
Kat;nigRkumRKYsar)aneTArs;enAhaév:rhUtdl; qñaM1979 eTIbKat; )anpøas;bþÚreTArs;enA xlIv:kja: rhUtdl;TTYl
mrN³PaBenAqñaM 1985.
elak esnaRbmux ln; nl;

K-b:ul Bt b¤ saLuút sr (Pol Pot ) or Salot Sar
elak b:ul Bt ekItenAéf¶TI 25 Ex]sPa qñaM1928 enAextþkMBg;FM EdlmaneQμaHedImfa sa Luútsr.
Kat;man»kassikSaenAviTüal½yneratþm enAextþkMBg;cam. b:uEnþeRkaymk Kat;TTYl)anGaharrUbkrN_eTA
sikSaenARbeTs)araMg BIeRBaH mþaymIgRtUvCaGñkraMr)aM)aeL sñMrbs; esþc sIhnu . enARbeTs)araMg Kat;sikSaEpñk
GKÁIsnI EteBlEdlkMBugsikSaenATIenaH Kat;)ansikSaneya)ay edayeBjcitþnigmenaKmn_kumμúynisþ rbs;kal
ma:kS ehIy)anRbqaMgrbbraCaniymrbs;esþc sIhnu. eRkaymk semþc sIhnu )ankat;pþac;GarharUbkrN_
ehIyKat;)anRtLb;mkkñúgRbeTsExμrvij edayminTan;)aneroncb;enAeLIy. b:ul Bt )ancUleFIVkarts‘URbqaMg
rbbskþiPUmi rbs; sIhnu kñúgGMLúgqñaM 1951. eRkaymkKat;)anbegIátsalabeRgoneQμaHfa km<úCbuRt. Kat;
CamnusS EdlmankarKitKUrEvgq¶ay manlkçN³sm,tþirmTmü suPaBrabsabMput nig manR)aCJasÞk; manevaha
CamnusSmanrUbrags¥at)atKYreGaycab;citþ BaJjwm rYsray minsUvniyaysIþ EdleFIVeGayKat; manRbCaRbiy
cMeBaHnisSitTUeTA. Kat;mandMeNIrrh½srhYn KWCabuKÁlmñak;EdlBUEkTak;TajcitþhVÚgGñksaþb;. eRkayBIman
)atukmμekIteLIgenAsMLÚt eFIVeGaysIhnuxJal; bBa¢aeGaysmøab;)atukr xøHRtUvkat;kGs;rab;mWunnak; rdæaPi)al
sIhnu )anRbkasedjcab;BYkEdlRbqaMgRBHGgÁman saLútsr exovsMpn h‘U nwm h‘Uyn;CaedIm. saLuútsr
)ancUleTACamYybkSkumμúynisþRbCaCnkm<úCaenAqñaM1951 enACamYyTUrsamut EdlenAeRkambkSkumμúynisþrbs;
yYn. eRkayBIrdæRbhar 18 mina 1970 b:ul Bt RtUvbgçMcitþedaysar yYn nig cin)aneGay cUlrYmCamYysemþc
sIhnu begIátCarNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCaenA éf¶TI 23 mina 1970. eBlenaH b:ul Bt CaembBa¢akarkgT½BrMedaH
CYrmux.
b:ul Bt CaGñkdwknaMmYyrUbyklMnaMtamrbb haVsIus pþac;kar xVHKuNFm’ EdlTTYlkarerobcMbNþúH
bNþal elIkGMNacCUnedayyYnkumμúynisþ éf¶TI 17 Exemsa qñaM1975. TaMgsemþc sIhnu nig b:ul Bt
edIrkñúgl,ickl,yYn. b:ul Bt lg;kñúgmenaKmn_viC¢akumμúynisþ rYmCamYysIhnu RbqaMgCamYyBYkesrI EdlCaGñk
EdlesñhaCati eFIVeGayxUcRbeyaCn_Exμrya:gxøaMg ePøcKitBIyuT§saRsþ sikSaeGaysIuCMerA KitBIGayuCIvit
RbeTsCati plRbeyaCn_Cati GayuCIvitRbCaBlrdæ. enHCasmþIsarPaBrbs; b:ul Bt Edl)anniyayeday
mindwgxøÜn lg;eCOyYn eTIbEtPJak;xøÜneRkayBIeBlEdleFIVdMeNIreTACYb eL yn; enAhaNUy. Kat;)aneFIVdMeNIr
efμIreCIgGs;ryHeBl 2 ExknøH. eBleTAdl; eL yn; )anpþl;ÉksareGayemIl Kat;emIledayl¥itl¥n;
rYcTajsnñidæanfa {´)aneXIjtaMgBIqñaM 1930 dl;qñaM 1965 ÉksarTaMgGs;rbs;bkSkumμúynisþevotNam
)anniyayBIbkSbdivtþRbCaCnkm<úCa niglav dUcCaEmkFagrbs;bkSevotNam. bkSTaMgBIrGnuvtþn_c,ab;maK’a
neya)ay nigyuT§saRsþrbs;bkSevotNam. munnig´)aneXIjÉksarTaMgGs;enH edaypÞal;xøÜn´ éCOTukcitþ
elIevotNam. b:uEnþeRkayBIGanÉksarTaMgGs;enaHeTA ´Qb;eCOelIeKehIy éXIjfa eK)ancat;taMgGgÁkar
bkSenAkñúgRsukeyIg edIm,IsMercTwsedAyuT§saRsþEtmYy KW shB½n§\NÐÚcin. eK)anbegIátbkSEtmYy edIm,ItMNag
eGayTwkdI bBa©ÚlKñaEtmYy.} Rtg;cMNucenH emdwnaMeRkay²RtUvcaMfa Qb;BwgbreTsCitxag RtUvBwgExμrxøÜnÉg
eCOExμrKñaÉg.

eBlEdlyYncUlQøanBan enAéf¶TI 7 mkra 1979 Kat;)aneKcmktamCayEdn ehIyvaytbt
CamYyyYnQøanBan. rhUtdl;kic©RBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIs enAéf¶TI 23 tula 1991. Etmin)ancUlmke)aHeqñateT
eRBaHKat;emIleXIjfa yYn)anbgáb;enAkñúgKNbkSRbCaCn enAkñúgTwkdIExμr. ExμrRkhm)aneFIVkarts‘UCamYy
KNbkSRbCaCneTotrhUt dl;qñaM 1997 eTIbeFIVsmarNkmμ. elak b:ul Bt )ancUlmrN³PaB enAéf¶TI 17
emsa 1998 enAkñúgxÞmmYy edaysareraKBüaFienAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg.
sa Lútsr ehAb:ul Bt
X-h‘un Esn (Hun Sen)
h‘un Esn ekItenAéf¶TI 4 Exemsa qñaM1951 ¬1952¦ enAextþkMBg;cam eQμaHedIm Nal;
Edlman»BukeQμaH nag ExSRsLay cin kat;yYn nig mþayeQμaH b:uk manRbBn§yYn eQμaH b‘un ehog
ERbeQμaHCa b‘un ra:nI sBVéf¶ . h‘un Esn CasisSeronfñak;TI 7. bnÞab;mk)ancUleFIVCaTahanExμrRkhm
tamkarGMBavnavrbs;esþcsIhnu. eBlcUleFIVTahanExμrRkhm CaemRkum EdlRtUvyYnkumμúynisþ)an bNþúHbNþal
enAkñúgéRBma:KI. eRkayBIkarkab;smøab; ExμreGayclacl yYn)anpøas;bþÚrneya)ayfμI KWyYn)ancUlmk
QøanBanExμr naéf¶ 7 mkra 1979 edayelIkbnþúb h‘un Esn sMrab;bMerIneya)ay. enAqñaM 1979 yYn)anelIk
h‘un Esn eFIVCardæmRnþIRksYgkarbreTs eRkaymkeBlEdl Eb:n suvNÑ RtUvyYncab;dak;KukenA haNUy nig can;
sIu RtUvyYncak;fñaMsmøab;. sUmCMrabfa eKalkarN_erIs bkSCnrbs;yYn eKerIsEtGñkniymcUlcitþyYn. naqñaM
1985 h‘un Esn RtUveKEtgtaMgCanaykrdæmRnþI kñúgrbbsarFarN³rdæRbCamanitkm<úCa EdlCarbbxusc,ab;eRBaH
minTTYlsÁal;edayGgÁkarshRbCaCati. enAqñaM 1987 h‘un Esn )aneTAcrcarCamYysIhnu enATIRkug hSakata
RbeTs\NÐÚensIu nigeFIVCabnþbnÞab; ehIyQaneTArkkic©RBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIs EdlmanGñkRsI mUsuxhYr CaCMnYy
kñúgerOgenH. rhUtdl;kare)aHeqñat 1993 erobcMedayGCJaFrbeNþaHGasnñ GgÁkarshRbCaCatisMrab;km<úCa
eBlenaHKNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn )ancaj;eqñat edayeqñat)anQñHxagKNbkShVwunsiunbiuc dwknaMeday
neratþmrNriT§. h‘un Esn)anRbkaspþac;xøÜn eFIVGb,Kmn_enAeRtIyxagekItTenøemKgÁ b:uEnþedayman esþc sIhnu
edIrtYrCaGñkpSHpSar begIátrdæaPi)alehIyRbKl;eGayman naykrdæmRnþIBIr neratþm rNriTi§ naykrdæmRnþI TI 1
h‘un Esn naykrdæmRnþITI 2. enAéf¶TI 5-6 kkáda qñaM 1997 h‘un Esn )aneFIVrdæRbhar smøab;BYkGñkesñhaCati
GñkRsLaj;RbCaFibetyüenAkñúgKNbkShVinsiunbiuccMnYn 280nak; EdldEgðtamesþckumμúynisþ sIhnu ehIyelIk
GMNacÉk]tþm Giug hYt CMnYs. GñkRbCaFibetyü GñkesñhaCatimYycMnYn EdlenAesssl;)anrt;enAtMbn;

GUsμac; EtRtUvneratþmrNriTi§ehAcUlmkvij ehIyRtUv h‘un Esn smøab; cab;dak;KukCabnþbnÞab; edayecaTRbkan;
nig begIátRBwtþikarN_epSg² edIm,IecaTRbkan;eTot dUcCa sIuEGvEGv KN³kmμkarCMnajTI 14 clnamhanKr
CaedIm. h‘un Esn eFIVCanaykmRnþICabnþbnÞab;mk minEmnRbCaBlrdæExμre)aHeqñat ecjBIwqnÞ³BitR)akdeT
vaCakaerobcMrbs;KNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn EdlmanyYnenABIeRkayxñg. dUcenHebIeyIgviPaKlkçN³sm,tþi
emdwknaMrbs; h‘un Esn minxusnigsemþc sIhnu nig taRtsk;Ep¥mb:unμaneT eRBaHKμanlkçN³RKb;RKan;CaemdwknaM
rab;taMgBI suxPaB dUcCaBikarEPñkmçag KμanKuNFm’ esñhaCatixøÜnÉg ehIyRtUvbreTs¬yYn¦ elIkbnþúbGMNac
eGaysMrab;bMerIneya)aydUc semþcsIhnu nigtaRtsk;Ep¥mEdr. h‘un Esn Gtμaniym elaPln;GMNac lYcnig
lk;RTBüsm,tþiCati ykmkdak;Casm,tþibuKÁl nigeGaybreTs deNþImEhkhYrRTBüsm,tþiExμr edaysuxcitþ
sßitenAeRkamGaNaniKmn_yYn. CaBiess CakUnGktBaØÚ eFIVeGaymþaybegIátrbs;xøÜnsøab; edayRcaneGaydYl
b:Hk,alnigekAGI Føak;xøÜnQIrhUtdl;mþaysøab; edaysaRKaMRKa . lkçN³sm,tþisegçb h‘un Esn mandUc
xageRkam³
1-yYnelIkbnþúb h‘un Esn eFIVCacarkmμbMerIneya)ayeGayyYn edIm,IeFIVCarnaMgbiT)aMgExμrbMP½nþExμr.
2-h‘un Esn cuHhtßelxakat;TwkdIeGayyYn nigGnuBaØatieGayniKmn_yYnmkrs;enARbeTsExμrtam
sni§sBaØa 25 qñaM nigsn§isBaØa 1970 1980 1982 1985.
3-h‘un Esn GnuBaØateGayyYnkab;éRBeQI rwbGUsRTBüsm,tþiExμr.
4-h‘un Esn eFIVtambBa¢ayYn cab;ExμrbBa¢ÚneGayeTAsøab;enAtMbn; k 5 .
5-eRkamelsGPivDÆn_ h‘un Esn cuHhtßelxaeGaydIsm,TaneGayyYncMnYn 99qñaM tMbn;GPivDÆn_
RtIekaNenA rtn³KIrI mNÐlKIrICaedIm ¬dIyYnya:gRsYl¦ .
6-h‘un Esn suxcitþeGayyYnRtYtRtaRbeTsExμresÞIrRKb;vis½y .
7-h‘un Esn BMumansuxPaBRKb;RKan;eT KWCamnusS)at;sésRbsaTeRBaHxVak;EPñkmYycMehog KWCamnusS
eqvqav kMeralcUl Ck;)arI nig eRbIeRKOgjan.
8-h‘un Esn CamnusSKμansmtßPaBdwknaMBitR)akd GMNacyYnelIkeGay.
9-h‘un Esn CaCnpþac;karKμanKuNFm’ eFIVtambBa¢ayYn .
¬yYnesom QremIlsb,aycitþ eBlExμreQøaHKña eFIVsRgÁamExμrKñaÉg¦
h‘un Esn
2-neya)aydwknaM (Political Leadership)
k-sgÁmraRsþniym
eRkayBITTYl)anÉkraCüBI)araMgenAéf¶TI 9 Exvicäka qñaM 1953. RbCaBlrdæExμrsgÇwmfa)ansuxsnþiPaB
ÉkraCü nigsuPmgÁl eRkamkardwknaMrbs; semþc neratþm sIhnu. KNbkSneya)ayepSg²cUlmkkñúgKNbkS
sgÁmraRsþniymEtmYy edayRbCaRbiyrbs;Kat;fa CabitaÉkraCü deNþImÉkraCüBI)araMg eRkayBIsnñisiT§
)an;DugenAqñaM 1955 nigkareRbIhwgSaelIKNbkSRbCaFibetyüCaedIm. enAéf¶TI 21 emsa 1955 sI hnu
)andak;raCüeFIVneya)ay edaysnüafamineLIgRKgraCüvijeToteT. sIhnu eLIgRKgraCüsarCafμI b:uEnþéf¶TI 24
ExkBaØa qñaM1993. rbbRKb;RKgGMNacsßitenAelImnusSEtmñak; eRBaHkalenaH RBHGgÁCaRbmuxrdæpgnig
CanaykrdæmRnþIpg. sPasißtenAeRkamGMNacrbs;sIhnu enAeBlEdlsPamineFIVtamneya)aysIhnu sPaRtUv
EtrMlayecaleRCIstaMgfμI² dUcCakñúgGaNtþirbs;naykrdæmRnþI Eb:n nut eBlEdlRBHGgÁyageTAeb:kaMg enAqñaM
1968 Rsab;Etman)atukmμekIteLIgenATIRkugPñMeBj eBlRBHGgÁyagmkvij RBHGgÁ)anrMlaysPaecal eday
ecaTfa dwknaMminekIt. enArbbsgÁmraRsþniym sPaRtUvrMlayecalCaeRcInelIk. sIhnu )andak;raCümkeFIV
neya)aybegIátCabkSsgÁmraRsþniymenAqñaM 1955 EdlCabkSmYypþac;kar pþÜlrMlMKNbkSneya)aydéTeTot
edaykl,icepSg² kñúgeKalbMNgkan;GMNacpþac;mux CaBiess ykRbCaRbiyPaBÉkraCüBI)araMg Edltamkar
BitCaÉkraCü Edl)araMgRbKl;eGayyYn eday)araMgcaj;yYnenA eDon ebon PU eRkaysRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 2
cuHsn§isBaØa RbKl;ÉkraCümkeGay\NÐÚcin enAéf¶TI 20 kkáda 1954. karxitxMts‘Urbs;GñkesñhaCati
mYycMnYnEdl)antva:taMgEt BIesþcsIhnuenAkñúgraCbløg½ ÁeRkam )araMgRtYtRta. CMnYykarrbs;esþc sIhnu man 3
nak; sm sarI ln; nl; nig GU FYn. kare)aHeqñatenAqñaM 1955 RbCaBlrdæ)ane)aHeqñateGay
KNbkSsgÁmraRsþniym Edlman esþc sIhnuu CaRbmux. RbeTs)ans¶b;KμansRgÁam Gs;ry³eBlCag 10 qñaM .
ExμrminTan;rIkcMerInxagbec©kviTüa nigFnFan mnusSxøaMgenAeLIyeT EtyYneyokmij )anbgáb;eFIVskmμPaBs¶at;²
enARbeTsExμrcab;taMgBI qñaM 1946 emøH ¬tamcMkarekAs‘UkMBg;cam nigtamsMLÚt¦. bnÞab;mkRbeTsExμr
RtUvFøak;kñúgePIøgsRgÁam vinasexøacpSarQWcab; niraRsþRBat;R)as; Em:« bgb¥Ún jatisNþanCaTIRsLaj;
søab;)at;bg;CIvitRbCaBlrdæExμrrab;lannak; ¬sRgÁam\NÐÚcinTI 2¦. sm½ysgÁmraRsþniym RbCaBlrdæExμrmanEt
cMnYn 6lanknøH ebIeFobeTAnigRbeTsyYnman 40 lannak; nigRbeTsesommancMnYn 30lannak;. enAcenøaH
eBlenaHKWCadMNak;kal énsRgÁamRtCak;rvag kumμúynisþnigesrI. cMENkRbeTsExμreRkamkardwknaMrbs; sI hnu
)ancab;ykneya)ayGBüaRkitü KWsnñisiT§)an;DugenARbeTs\NÐÚensIu qñaM1955 EdleBlenaHBiPBelak
RtUvmanb:Ul 3 KW sUevot cin nig shrdæGaemric. RbeTsExμrRbkasneya)ayGaBüaRkitmann½yfamincUl
xagesrI nig kumμúynisþ. EtenAExemsaqñaM 1965 semþc sI hnu )anlYccuHhtßelxas¶at;² CamYyyYnxageCIg
¬ yYnkumμúynisþ¦ CaehtubegIát»kaseGayyYncUlmkdak;T½BenAkñúgTwkdIExμr cMnYn 5extþ eFIVsRgÁamenA
elITwkdIExμr lMeGogeTArkkmμúynisþ. sRgÁamcab;epþImeqH enARbeTsExμrcab;BIqñaM 1965 enAeBlEdlyYn
kumμúynisþykTWkdIExμreFIVCasmrPUmi TIlanRbyuT§ eFIVeGayExμr søab;rab;lannak;.

esdækci ©Føak;cuHcab;taMgBITsvtSTI1960 edaysarGMeBIBukrlYy GesßrPaBneya)ay edaysaryYneFIVviecäT
kmμesdækic© dUcCae)aHBum<luyEkøgkøaymkTij mðÚbGahar Ggár edayeGaytMéléføCardæ EdleFIVeGay)at;bg;
cMNUlfvikardæ GtulüPaBesdækic© begIátvibtþisgÁm elgEl,gkasIuNU EdlsBVéf¶køayCasNæaKar ExmbUDiya:
Na. CaBiess yYn)aneFIVeGaysßankarl¥k;kkr bgárCavibtþiépÞkñúgeLIg edaymçagxageyokkug¬ExμrRkhm nig
sIhnu¦ nig mçagxageTotExμresrI¬ln; nl;¦. mRnþIraCkarPaKeRcInRbRBwtþGMeBIBukrlYy edayesdækic©cab;Føak;cuH
cab;taMgBIqñaM 1960 eRkay BIyYne)aHBum<luyEkøgkøaymkTij eKa nig RsUvGgáreTAciBa©wmT½ByYneyokkug.
RbCaBlrdæExμrenAmancMnYntic mancMnYnRbmaN 6>5 lan nak; ebIeFobeTAnigRbeTsCitxag EdlRbCaCn eKman
30 lan eTA 40 lannak;. RbCaBlrdæPaKeRcIncMnYn 90 PaKry CaGñkeFIVERscMkar nigmanCMenOeTA
elIRBHBuT§sasna Rbkbrbrksikmμtam TMenomTMlab; RbéBNI BIdUnta dUcCaeFIVERscMkar edayeRbI]bkrN_bUraN
mnusS nigstV CaedIm. TinñplksikmμmankMritx<s; nigsm,ÚreTAedaysm,tiþFmμCatiRKb;RbePT eFIVeGay
BYkKat;manCIvPaBFUrFar Etmin)ansikSaeronsURteRCARCHeT¬CaBiessRsþI¦. RbCaBlrdæExμrPaKticbMput
Edlerondl;fñak;DIbøÚm ehIyk¾CaGñkEdlGs©arübMput. eRBaHfaenAqñaM 1955 RbeTsExμrenAminTan;manskl
viTüal½y enAeLIyeT GñkeronPaKeRcIneTAeronenAéRBnKr nigeTAeronenARbeTs)araMg rhUtdl;qñaM 1960 eTIb
RbeTsExμr mansklviTüal½y 1 eLIg KW sklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj. enAtamCnbTRsukERs RbCaBlrdæman
EtsmÖar³ EtxVHkarcMeNHdwgeronsURtx<g;x<s;. RbeTsExμrCaEdndIsuvNÑPUmi sm,ÚredayePaKRTBüFmμCati dUcCa
éRBeQI RtI stVéRB Er: nigFnFansmuRT EdlCacMNIrbs;RbeTsCitxagcg;elbRt)ak;. karEdlsMbUreday
FnFan FmμCatienaH)anbgárGMeNaydl;ksipl manTinñplx<s; GacnaMecjeTARbeTseRkA. karsMbUreday
vtßúFatuedImenHehIy eFIVeGayeyIggayRsYlkñúgkarrkvtßúFatuedImedIm,Iykmkplit. dIEdlmanCICatipþl;nUv
Tinñpl ksikmμya:gx<s;enHehIy eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrmanCIvPaBFUrFar nigKμanxVl;xVay. RbCaBlrdæExμr
eRcInEteFVIsMrab;EtRKYsar minEmnplitsMrab;naMecjeRkARbeTs. BaNiC¢kmμnaMecj eRcInCagnaMcUl eFIVeGay
esdækic©mankarrIkcMerIn. karEdlmanePaKplFmμCatieRcIn ehIymanRbCaBlrdætic eFIVeGayRbeTsmantMrUv
kartic ehIyRTBüsm,tiþhUrehor elIsesckIþRtUvkarenaH begIáteGaymanCIvPaBFUrFardl;RbCaBlrdæ Etkar
eFVsRbEhsGMBIkardwknaM nigrbs;emdwknaM kñúgkarEfrkSabI)ac;rbs;;RTBüeGayKg;vgS RtUvyYnerobcMEpnkar
vaylukcUlmkkñúgRbeTsExμr kkUrsßankarN_eGayFøak;cUlkñúgsRgÁam. RbeTs)anTTYlÉkraCüeBjelj
rYcBIkarykBnæEdlCabnÞúkd¾F¶n;mYy sMrab;RbCaCatiExμr BIGaNaniKmn_)araMg. b:uEnþTnÞwmnigkarsm,Úrsb,ay
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bnÞab;. karFøak;cuHesdækic©bNþalmkBI eyokkugcUlmktaMgTIlMenAkñúgRbeTsExμr ehIyeFIVeGayExμrGesßrPaB
nig yYneyokkug eFIVviecäTkmμesdækic© e)aHBumÖluyEkøgkøay Tij RsUvGgár nigeKaRkbIExμreTAciBa©wmT½Brbs;yYn
rYmTaMgmaþyekμk semþc sIhnu CaGñkrksIuCamYyyYn cMeNj 250 duløakñúgmYYyqñaM eFIVeGayesdækic©ExμrFøak;cuH
ya:gkMhuk. TahaneyokkugmancMnYn 65000 nak;)anmktaMgTIenAkñúgTwkdI RbeTsExμr PaKxagekIténRbeTs.
cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmkRbeTsExμr )anFaøk;cUleTAkñúgePIøgsRgÁam edaysaryYnmindkfyecjBITwkdIExμr EfmTaMg
lukluycUleRCAeTA²mkkñúgTwkdIExμr. karEdlsI hnu CYyyYneyokkugCasm¶at;enH KW sI hnu cg;eRbIneya)ay
eRbIsBIr cg;niyayfa RtUvCamYyxagkumμúynisþedaysm¶at; EtCacMhr Rbkan;neya)ayGBüaRkitü minkan;xag
kumμúynisþ nigesrI. mann½yfa sIhnu KWkumμúynisþ kumμúynisþ KW sI hnu. edaysmøwgeXIjfaBYkesrI
minGacQñHkumμúynisþ)aneT TaMgenA\NÐÚcin nigGnþrCati BIeRBaHeBlenaH KWCasRgÁamRtCak; Edlkumμúynisþ
kMBugEtrIkraldalya:gxøaMg KW manRbeTscMnYn 97 CaRbeTsRbkan; rbbkumμúynisþtam m:akS elnIn. cMENk sI
hnu kan;ykrbbkumμúynIsþEbbcin EdlbegáItsnñisIT)an;Dug enA ya:kata dwknaMedayelak RbFanaFibetyü sI
kaNU GMBI sniñsITmincUlbkSsm<½n§¬semþcsIhnu Gn;citþ CamYYyGaemricEdlminykcitþTukdak;. EtcMeBaH
snñisiT§)an;Dug CU eGLay s‘UkaNU )anTHédGbGr ya:gkgrMBg. karEdleRbIneya)ayGBüaRkitenH cg;beBa©os
sRgÁamrvagkumμúynisþ nigesrI. edaysmøwgeXIjfa kumμúynisþkMBugEtrIkraldal kumμúynisþGacrkSaGMNac
bl½øgÁeGayRBHGgÁ eTIbRBHGgÁCYyyYn eyokkug edaysm¶at; edayeRbIl,iceGaysRtUvvayKña. EtpÞúyeTAvij
neya)ayenH)anedIreRkamyuT§saRsþ neya)aykumμuynisþyYn Edlfax©IpøÚv edIm,IeLamB½T§ykbUrI¬TwkdI¦.
eRBaHfa eBlEdlyYndak;T½BelITwkdIExμr tambeNþayRBMEdnExμr yYnenaHmann½yfa yYn)aneRbIl,icxI©pøÚvExμr
edIr. yYn)ancMeNjTwkdI EdlyYndak;T½B ehIyeRbIR)as;ykesdækic©Exμr eFIVeGayExμrGsniþsux bgá mhnþray
dl;RbCaBlrdæExμr nig RTBüsm,tiþExμr eFIVeGayTwkdIExμr CaTIlanRbyuT§søab;mnusSGs;rab;lannak;. eBlEdl
yYn)andak;T½BelITwkdIExμr eBlenaH yYnmin)andkT½BecjeT RBmTaMgeRCotcUlbnþicmþgmkkñúgTwkdIExμr ehIy
hUCImij)ansmøab;xøÜn enAéf¶TI 9 Ex kBaØaqñaM 1969 edIm,IdutqnÞ³eGayRbCaBlrdæeKxitxMeFIVtamEpnkarhU CImij
eGay)ansMercdl;eKaledA minEmn hU CImij caj;neya)ay sI hnu dUcBYkcarkmμ kumμúynisþ edIrniyayenaHeT.
kalEdl hUCImij søab; KWedIm,IbM)at;snüarvag sIhnu nig hUCImijEdl sIhnu GnuBaØateGayT½ByYntaMg
TIenAelITwkdIExμr. dUecñH l,icrbs; sI hnu enAeRkaml,icrbs;yYn. ehtuenHehIy)anCaExμr RtUvvinasGnþray
rhUtmkdl;eBlenH.
x-saFarN³rdæExμr (Khmer Republics)
cab;BIéf¶TI 18 ExmIna qñaM1970 KWCaéf¶cab;epþImsRgÁamrvagBYkkumμúynisþeyokkug EdlkMBugEtratt,at
enAelITwkdIExμrPaKekIténRbeTs edaymanT½BRbmaN 60000 eTA80000nak; EteRkayeBlEdl semþc
sIhnu begIátrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCaenARkugeb:kaMgéf¶TI 23 mIna 1970 edIm,I biT)aMgGnþrCatieGayeXIjfaenH
CasRgÁamsIuvileTAvij ExμrsIhnu b:ul Bt enAxagkumμúynisþEdlmancinCaGñkKaMRTxagkarTUt smÖarHswk
nigyYnCaGñkCYybgðat;beRgonklyuT§kgT½B nigmenaKmn_neya)ayepSg² edIm,IeFIVsRgÁamedjBYkesrIecj man
ln; nl; esrImt³ EdlKaMRTedayshrdæGaemrik. GñkEdlQrxagesrI Edlmanéf nigeyokNamxagt,Úg
CaedIm. dUcenHehIy eyIgeXIjfa Exμrmçagkumμúynisþ ExμrmçagxagesrI vaysmøab;ExμrKñaÉg edayKμanRtaRbNI
CaBiessRkumkumμúynisþEdllg;kñúgmenaKmn_kumμúynisþyYn. eyIgsegáteXIjfa sRgÁamenA\NÐÚcinelIkTI 2 nig
TI3 suT§EtmankarKaMRTedaykumμúynisþ cin nigr:UsSIú. sRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 1rvagyYneyokmij nig)araMg
edIm,IeGayYnedj)araMgecjBI\NÐÚcin k¾cinCaGñkKaMRTyYn. sRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 2 yYn nigGaemrikkaMg k¾
KaMRTedaycinEdr EteBleRkaybBa©b;sRgÁam\NÐÚcinenAéf¶TI 30 emsa 1975 yYn)andUreTArkCMnYy BIshPaB
sUevotvij. sRgÁamcab;BIqñaM 1970 ln; ln; QrenAxagesrI smÖar³swk hirBaØvtßúKaMRTedayshrdæGaemrik
eFIVsRgÁamCamYyyYneyokkug edIm,IkarBarTwkdI BIkarb:unb:gvatTITwkdIrbs;kumμúynisþyYn EdlcUllukluy
TwkdIExμr tamkarGnuBaØatrbs; esþc sIhnu EdlQrenAxagkumμúynisþyYn nigcin . vaCakarlM)akbMputsMrab;
]tþmesnIy_ nl; nl; naeBlenaH BIeRBaHfa karerobcMkgT½BmYyd¾xøaMgehIyrwugmaMPøam² minGaceFIVeTA)an
EtKYrCaTIemaTnPaB cMeBaHkmøaMgesñhaCatiExμr edIm,IbuBVehtukarBarTwkdI BIkarQøanBanrbs;yYn RbCaBlrdæExμr
RKb;rUbPaKeRcInTaMgnisSit bBaØvnþ eTaHCa min)anhat;eronviC¢akgT½BeGay)ansÞat;CMnajk¾eday k¾køahanegIb
eLIgedaymintk;søút c,aMgvaylukedjyYn eyokkug EdlmanbTBiesaFn_xageyaFaya:gsem,Imrab;sibqñaM.
virPaBd¾Gg;GackøahanenH CaKMrUEdldk;Cab;enAkñúgRkeGAebHdUgGñkesñhaCatiExμr kUnExμrCMnan;eRkayRKb;rUb
eGaymankmøaMgcitþ edIm,IkarBarCatiTwkdIrbs;xøÜn BIkarb:unb:grMelaPQøanBanelICatiTwkdIExμrBIbreTs. karebIk
RbtibtþikarswkEdlmaneQμaHfa ecnLa )aneFIVeGaykgT½BsaFarNrdæExμr søab;ya:geRcIn BIeRBaHkgT½BPaK
eRcInmin)anhVwkhat;RtwmRtUv ekμgx©I RbyuT§CamYykgT½BeyokkugEdlmanbTBiesaFn_sRgÁamCag 20 qñaMmk
ehIyenaH. EtedaykmøaMgesñhaCati karBatiCati matuPUmieTaHCabUCaCIvitk¾minesaksþayeLIy. eKaledA
rbs;yYnKWeFIVsRgÁamvatTITwkdI nigsmøab;srsrRTUgExμreGayGs;b£sKl; EdlRsbeTAnigneya)ayGnþrCati
EdlmhaGMNackumμúynisþ nigmhaGMNacesrI kMBugEtsßitenAkñúgsRgÁamRtCak; shPaB sUevot EdlCa
emkumμúynisþrbs;xøÜnenaH KW yYn)anBRgIk\Ti§BlkumμúnisþenAelI\NÐÚcinEtmþg. yYnkumμúynisþerobcMyuT§saRsþ
eFIVeGayRbeTsExμrman PaBvikvr RcbUkRcbl; edaysarePIøgsRgÁamqabeqH esdækic©Føak;dundab mnusS søab;rab;
lannak;. b:uEnþesrIminGacQñHkumμúynisþeLIy edaysarkalenaH TaMgkumμúynisþcin sUevot enAkMBugmankmøaMg
xøaMgxøa mincg;eGayesrIcUlmkdeNþImplRbeyaCn_enA\NÐÚcineTot cinCaGñkenABIeRkayxñgyYnya:geBjTMhwg
kñúgsRgÁamTaMgBIrelIkenaH. Gaemrik)andkkgT½BecjBI\NÚÐcin edaysarnisSit 4 nak;)ansøab;edaykareFIV
)atkmμedIm,IeGayGaemrikbBa©b;sRgÁamenA\NÐÚcin. eBlenaHCa»kasrbs;BYkkumμúynisþQñHelIBYksaFarN³rdæ
enAéf¶TI 17 emsa 1975. ehIyenAéf¶TI 30 emsa 1975 CasRgÁamrvagyYnxageCIg nigyYnxagt,Úg
k¾cb;dUcKña EtExμrmin)ancb;eLIy edayvegVg nigkarkab;smøab;KñaCabnþbnÞab;. eBlenaHmanCMnYyrbs;sUevot
mkCYyyYnxageCIg nigCMnYyGaemrikmkCYyyYnxagt,Úg cMENkÉCMnYyrbs;Exμr nigRTBüsm,tþiCaeRcIn RtUv)an
yYnRbmUlrwmGUseTARbeTseKTaMgGs;. b:ul Bt KaMRTedaycin cMENkyYnKaMRTedaysUevot EdlCaehtunaM
eGayExμrRkhmmçagyYn mçagxagcin)aneFIVsRgÁamCamYyyYneTot BIeRBaH cin nig sUevotk¾man CemøaHenAtam
CayEdn. edaymankarKMramkMEhgBI sUevot etsIuveBg )angakeTArkGaemrik.
K-rbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü (Cambodia Democractic Regime)
rbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü EdlbgáeGaymanRbCaBlrdæExμrsøab;rab;lannak; edayGyutþiFm’enH eyIgmin
GacelIkmkniyayRtwmEtqñaM 1975 enaHeT. EteyIgRtUvEvkEjkbkRsay viPaKRBwtþikarN_neya)ay
taMgBIedImkMeNItbkSkumμúynisþ\NÐÚcinbegIáteLIgna éf¶TI 3 kumÖ³ 1930 EdlCaedImehtueGaykumμúynisþekIt
eLIgenARbeTsExμr. neya)ayBiPBelakrbs;RbeTsmhaGMNac kareqøot»kasrbs;RbeTsCitxag CaBiess
yYn EdlmanmhicätaelbTwkdIExμr eRbImenaKmn_kumμúynisþbMEbkExμreGayEbk)ak;tamcrnþneya)ayrbs;
sRgÁamRtCak;rvagkumμúynisþ¬sUevot¦ nig elakesrI ¬shrdæGaemrik¦ eRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI 2 bBa©b;.
dUcenHeyIg RtUvsikSaEvkEjkrkb£sKl;rbs;va tamdMNak;kalRBwitiþkarN_neya)aynImYy² EdlCaedIm
ehtunaMeGayekItman rbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüenHeLIg. nrNaCaGñkerobcMeGaymanrbbenHeLIg. eyIgeXIj
fa ebIsinCaKμansRgÁameyokNamekIteLIg ehIyeyokkugenABaseBjTwkdIExμr EdlykeQμaH sI hnueTAeRbI
k¾rbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü EdlmanmnusSsøab;rab;lannak; minGacekIteLIg)anEdr eRBaHsmtßPaB b:ul Bt
dUcerobrab;xageRkamminGacykC½yCMn³)aneLIy ebIminBwgyYnkumμúynisþenaH. etIktþaGIVxøHEdleFIVeGayman
karkab;smøab;enAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü?. dMNak;kardMbUg eyIgRtUvsikSaGMBIkumμúynisþevotNam EdleK
cat;TukfaCakumμúynisþTMenIb ehIyTTYl)aneCaKC½ysMrab;CnCatievotNam.
enAmundMNak;kalénsRgÁamelakelIkTI 2 EdlCadMNak;karsßitenAkñúgvibtþiesdækic©BiPBelakenAqñaM
1930 nigkarRbTajRbTg; deNþImplRbeyaCn_ RbNaMgRbECgKña rvagRbeTsmhaGMNacEdldak;GaNaniKmn_
elIRbeTstUctac RbeTsTaMgbIenATwkdI\NÐÚcin)ansßitenAeRkamGaNaniKmn_)araMg eBlenaH RbeTseyokNam
CaRbeTsRkIRkmYyEdlmanRbCaCnyYneRcIn ehIyTwkdItUc BMumanskþanuBlesdækic©l¥ sMrab;ciBa©wmCatirbs;xøÜn
eGay)anrwgbwugmaMmYn. yYn)ansMLwgeXIjmkPaKxagt,ÚgEdlman TwkdIExμreRkam nigTwkdIExμrCaedIm.
CemøaHrvagRbeTsFM² sRgÁamelakelIkTI 1 nigelIkTI2 eFIVeGayb:HBal;dl;RbeTstUc² EdlenAeRkamkar
RtYtRtarbs;eK dUcCaRbeTs Exμr Lav yYn CaedIm. eqøoteBlenaH hU CImij )anecjdMeNIrtamk)a:l;rbs;)araMg
edayEkøgxøÜneFIVCacugePA edIm,IecjeTAsikSaBIbreTsmkCYyGPivDÆn_Catirbs;eK edaymunniwgecjBIRbeTsyYn
eTA)araMg hU CImij )anRbkasR)ab;RbCaCneKfa eKnigeTAsikSaBIbreTs ehIyRtLb;mkCYyeRsacRsg;
RbeTsCati nigRbCaCnevotNamvij. hU CImij )aneTAdl;RbeTs)araMg eFIVCacugePAenATIenaH nigsikSaBIRbeTs
enaH. bnÞab;mkecjBIRbeTs)araMgeTAeFIVCaGñke)assMramenARbeTsGg;eKøs. hU CImij ecjBIRbeTsGg;eKøs
eTAshrdæGaemrik ehIycugeRkayecjmkRbeTsr:UsSIú EdlCakEnøg hU CImij )ancUlCasmaCikbkS
kumμúynisþGnþrCatirbs;ma:kSelnInenATIenaH. bnÞab;mk hU CImij cUlmkeFIVCaCagb:Hkg;enARbeTséf nig
bYsCaRBHsgÇ ehIyRtLb;cUleTAenARbeTscinvij. enARbeTscin hUCImij )anbegIátclnaneya)ay
enATIenaHCasm¶at; Edlman pMava:n; dug v: egVonya:b; CaGñkcUlrYmkñúgbdivtþn_enaH. manclnaCaeRcInbegIáteLIg
EtclnaEdlmanRbCaRbiyCageK KWCaclnaneya)ay EdlbegIáteday hU CImij. hU CImij RtUvcincab;dak;Kuk
mYyry³enAkñúgRbeTscin. EteRkaymkRtUvcinedaHElgvij eday hUCImij )ansnüa CamYycinfaedj)araMg
ecjBI\NÐÚcineGay)an ehIycinCaGñkKaMRT. bnÞab;mkhUCImij)anbegIátbkSkumμúynisþ\NÐÚcinenAéf¶TI 3 kumÖ³
1930 enATIRkughugkug. hU CImij maneQμaHTaMgGs; 19 ehIyeQμaHedImeQμaHfa egVog éGkuk. hUCImij)an
RbmUlRbCaBlrdætamCnbT eGayKaMRT edIm,IeFIVkarts‘Uedj)araMg bþÚrrbbesþc )av éd ecjenAqñaM1945.
kñúgenaHTaMgExμr nigLav )ancUlrYmCamYyyYnkñúgbkSkumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin edayyYn eXasnafa ts‘UedIm,Iedj
)araMgecj. ehtuenHehIy eyIgsegáteXIjfa rbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü Edlmankarkab;smøab; ekItecjBIkar
erobcMEpnkarBIyYnkumμúynisþ Edlman hU CImij Caemekøagrbs;bkSkumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin eRkayBIsikSaCafμI eBl
EdlemT½B eRTOg mijya:g esþc mij ma:g eFIVmin)ansMerc. cMENkExμrkumμúynisþedIrtam CabkSbdivdþRbCaCn
km<úCa EdlyYn)anbegáIteLIgenAqñaM 1951 Gacarüman ¬swug g:ukmij¦CaRbFan. bkSenHCasaxaenAeRkam
kardwknaMrbs;bkSkumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin. eRkayBIedj)araMgecjBI\NÐÚcin)anTTYlÉkraCü bnÞab;BI)araMgcuHsni§sBaØa
RbKl;ÉkraCümkeGay\NÐÚcin enAhSwENv enAéf¶TI 27 kkáda 1954. yYn)an erobcMeFIVsRgÁambnþeTot
edIm,IykTwkdIExμr eFIVCasmrPUmi. yYn)ansMuTwkdIExμrPaKxagekIt edaycuHhtßelxas¶at;² CamYy sI hnu enA
Exemsa qñaM1965 edayykelsfaeFIVsRgÁamrMedaHeyokNamxagt,Úg ehIysRgÁamcab;epþImeLIgenAExmkra
1959 edayecaTfa ega Dijyim Ca]bkrN_neya)ayrbs;GaemrikkaMg. bkSbdivtþn_RbCaCnkm<úCaEdlyYn
bnøMxøÜneFIVCaExμreQμaH swug g:ukmij \LÚvenHkøayCaKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa. enAqñaM 1954enaH TaMg swug g:ukmij
TaMgevotmij nigExμr)anesøokBak;ÉksNæanCaevotmij eLIgk)a:l;tamBYkevotmij eTAsikSamenaKmn_BIhaNUy
EtExμrEdleTAhaNYynaeBlenaH minfaxøÜneTAeFIVeLIy. smaCikbkSkumμúynisþ eyokmijGs;sgÇwm edayyYn
eKniyayfa eBlenHeKQb;eFIVkarts‘UedayGavuFehIy eKeFIVkarts‘Uneya)ayvij. yYnmin)anbgðat;beRgon
GIVeGayExμrecHBitR)akdeLIy yYneGayExμrcaMEteFIVtambBa¢arbs;eK dUcBYkh‘un Esn sBVéf¶ Cak;EsþgenA
sm½yenaH ExμreFIVCaembBa¢akar Etkic©karsMerc nigcat;EcgTaMgGs;eRsc EtelIyYnEdleFIVGnuembBa¢akareTAvij.
l,icd¾EdlenH RtUvyYnykmkeRbI elIExμrCabnþbnÞab;rhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶enH dUcCaGMNacdwknaMneya)ay
RKb;RKgBitR)akdedayyYn EtelIk h‘un Esn tMNag taMgeQμaH sIhnu CaExlbiT)aMg. edayemIleXIjdUcenaH
TUsamut nigsaLútsr)anrkpøÚvRtLb;mkRkugPñMeBjvij saLútsr )anvilRtLb;mkvij enAtampøÚveday
CECkCamYyyYn eQμaH paM va:n; )ar EdlFøab;Gb;rMExμrfa yYnnigExμr dUcCa mat;nigeFμj EteBlenH yYn)an
niyayfa {karts‘UGavuFcb;ehIy RtUvts‘Uneya)ayvij EdleFIVeGayBYkGñk ts‘UevotNamGs;sgÇwm.} Rtg;enaH
ehIybBa¢ak;eGayeXIjkumμuúynisþExμr TaMg sI hnu nig b:ul Bt KμanyuT§saRsþneya)ayÉkraCü edayxøÜnÉgeT
eFIVeLIgtamKnøgyuT§saRsþrbs;yYnCaGñkerobcM edIm,IEtplRbeyaCn_CatieKEtb:ueNÑaH . b:ulBt eTIbdwgPJak;xøÜn
eRkayBIeTACYbCamYy eL yn; enAqñaM 1965 . eyIgKYrBicarNaemIl ebIb:ul Bt eTAeFIVCaelxa rbs;TUsa mut
EdleRkamkardwknaMrbs;swug g:ukmij cuHrcnasm<½n§ KMnitdwknaMepSg² RtUvedIrtamGñkNa. cab;BIqñaM 1957 b:ul
Bt nYn Ca EtgEtCYbCMuKñaenApÞHTU samut kñúgmYyGaTitü 2 b¤ bIdg edIm,IBinitüsPaBkarneya)ay nigeFIVeGay
clnakMerIksaeLIgvij. b:ul Bt )anrkviFIedaHédecj begIátneya)aymYyfμIeGayÉkraCü enAqñaM 1960
EdlkalenaH b:ul Bt CaGñkerobcMlkçnþik³ eKalkarN_neya)ayCamYy nYn Ca TU samut ehIyepJIreTAsaxa
bkSepSg²rbs;bkS. snñi)aTerIsemdwknaMfμI )anbegIáteLIgelIkTI1 enAqñaM 1960 Edlman b:ul Bt TU samut
nYn Ca edIm,IeKalkarN_neya)ayfμI kMNt;yuT§saRsþfμI naMeGaymankarEbk)ak;CemøaH CamYyyYn. eBlenaHb:ul
BtCamnusSTI 3 elxabkS. 1960 b:ul Bt )anerobcMbegIátbkSfμIeTotEdl mineGayyYndwg CamYynYnCa nigTU
samut enHbgðajeGayeXIjfa yYnlUkcUlya:geRCAenAkñúgkic©karépÞkñúgExμrtaMgmunrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüemøH
dUcbc©úb,nñenHEdr mancarkmμyYnbgáb;eFIVkarenABaseBjExμr manCaGaT× sux Kg; cay saMgyun huk LgDI b‘un
sm eCIg Ék b‘un ra:nI CaedIm. edaysarehtuTaMgGs;enHehIy )anCamankarsmøab;vikvreBjRbeTsExμr
søab;CabnþbnÞab;kñúgrdækm<úCa k 5 rdæRbha 5-6 kkáda )aj;smøab;bnþbnÞab;mk edayKμanrkXatkr eXIjeLIy.
kñúgsRgÁamRtCak;rvagkumμúynisþ nigesrI. kardeNþImKñaRtYtRtaBiPBelak )anekIteLIgrIkraldal
eFIVeGayRbeTstUctacTTYlrgeRKaH CaBiessRbeTsExμrEtmþg. edayhU CImij manEpnkarrYcCaeRsc hU CImij
suxcitþlHbg;CIvitrbs;xøÜn edIm,IRbeTsCatieK edaysuxcitþeGayeKsmøab;enAéf¶TI 9 ExkBaØa qñaM1969
eRkayBIRbCMufñak;dwknaMkMBUl². karsøab;enH hU CImij bgðajBIkarlHbg;CIvit edIm,IbuBVehtuCati dutqnÞ³eGay
CnCatiyYnkan;EtmanKMnitesñhaCatiEfmeTot bnþeFIVtamEpnkarrbs;hUCImij. müa:gvijeTot hU CImijeFIVEbb
enHedIm,IedaHédecjBIcin EdlFøab;CYyBIeRkayxñg ehIygakeTAP¢ab;TMnak;TMngCamYyshPaBsUevotvij nig
edIm,ITukCaemaX³nUvkic©RBmeRBognanaEdlxatplRbeyaCn_cMeBaHCatieK Edl)anekIteLIg eBlEdl hU Cimij
cuHkic©RBmeRBog. eqøot»kasenAkñúgsRgÁamRtCak;rvagkumμúynisþnig esrI ¬r:UsIu nig Gaemrik¦ eRkameKal
neya)ayfarMedaHeyokNamxagt,Úg yYnkumμúynisþ)ancab;epþImts‘UedayGavuFvij enAqñaM1959 edayyk
elsfa ega Dij yim Ca]bkrN_rbs;GaemriksMrab;QøanBan . hU CImij)anerobcMbMEbkExμr TaMgExμreRkamnig
ExμrelI edIm,IeGayeFIVsRgÁam sMlab;ExμrKñaÉg edaymçagQrxagkumμúynisþ¬eyokkug¦ nigmçagQrxagesrI
eyokNamxagt,Úg ¬ega: Dijywm¦. eyokkugykeQμaH sI hnu eTAR)ab;ExμreRkamfa eFIVsRgÁamcb;edIm,IrMedaH
km<úCaeRkammkvij. cMENkExμrenAxagelIÉenHvij mçagxagln; nl; mçagxagsemþc sI hnu nigb:ulBt
EdlRbCaBlrdært;cUléRBma:KI tamkarGMBavnavrbs;semþc sI hnu tamviTüúpSayBIeb:kaMgmk. b:uEnþenAeRkayxñg
cin yYnTaMgBIr TaMgkumμúynisþ nigesrI enHCaGñkerobcMEl,gneya)ayedIm,IbMEbkExμrCaBIr x©IédeGayExμrsmøab;Kña
eQøaHKña EdlplRbeyaCn_ cin yYn CaGñkcMeNj TaMgesdækic© TwkdI eBlRbCaBlrdæExμrsøab; Føak;exSay
edaysarEtsRgÁam. eyIgeXIjfaeBlEdlGaemrikdkfyecj BI\NÐÚcintaMgBIcuHhtßelxaenAhSwENv sþIBIkar
Qb;)aj;KñaenAqñaM1973 b:uEnþsRgÁameyokNamxageCIg nigxagt,ÚgminTan;bBa©b;eT eyokkugenAeFIVsRgÁam
CamYy ExμrsaFarN³rdæ. sRgÁamRtUvbBa©b; 13éf¶eRkaymkKWenAéf¶TI 30 emsa 1975 eRkayeBl
EdlyYn)anQñHelIExμrsaFarN³rdæ 17 mkra 1975 ehIyelIkC½yCMnHenaH elIkGMNaceGay sI hnu b:ulBt
ExμrRkhm. esadnakmμ)anFøak;mkelIExμr edaysarExμrlg;menaKmn_kumμúynisþEdlyYn )ancab;eTAbNþúHbNþal
nigExμreyokmijmYycMnYn bnþkab;smøab;ExμreTot edayePøcKitBICatiExμr QamC½rExμr ¬edaylg;menaKmn_yYnfa
BYkbriva BYkRbtikiriya EtQamExμrCaGñkhUr ExμrGñkrgTukç ExμrEdl)at;bg;plRbeyaCn_¦ cMENkyYn Qr»b
édemIl caMTTYlplRbeyaCn_BIExμr bnþcUlmkQøanBan kan;kab;TwkdIExμr EtmþgenAéf¶ 7 mkra 1979.
rdæaPi)alrbs; semþc sIhnu )anRbkascab; cMnYn 34 nak; EdlkñúgenaHman sa Lútsr pgEdr ehIy
sa Lútsr )anrt;ecjBITIRkugPñMeBjtaMgBIéf¶RbkasdMbUg ehIyrt;eTAcUlkEnøgts‘Urbs;rNsirSrMedaHeyokNam
xagt,Úg EdlenAtambeNþayRBMEdnPaKxagekIt tMbn;tanij enATIenaHCaéRBEdlKμanBnøWéf¶cUl)an. enAqñaM
1965 KN³kmμaFikarmCÄwm)ansMerceGaybkS eFIVkarTMnak;TMngCamYYybkS kumμúynisþeyokNamvij CamYyeL
yn;. sa Lút sr )anrgcaMkaryl;RsbBIhaNUy rhUtdl; edImExemsa eTIbeFIVdMeNIreTAhaNUy tampøÚv
lMhUCImij Gs;ry³eBl 2 ExknøH)aneTAdl;TIenaH . b:uEnþ eLyn;minrIkray sb,ayb:unμaneT edaysarkar
CYbcrcar CamYysemþc sI hnu rYcehIy. eL yn; )anpþl;ÉksaeGay sa Luútsr emIl ehIyeBlenaH sa
Lútsr emIlÉksar ya:gm:t;ct; PJak;xøÜndwgfacaj;e)akyYn ehIyTajesckþIsnñidñanfa {´)aneXIjfa taMgBIqñaM
1930 dl;qñaM 1965 ÉksarTaMgGs;rbs;bkSkumμúynisþevotNam )anniyayBIbkSbdivtþRbCaCnkm<úCa nig lav
dUcCaEmkFag rbs;bkSevotNam. bkSTaMgBIrGnuvtþc,ab; maK’aneya)ay nig yuT§saRsþrbs;bkSevotNam .
munnig´)aneXIjÉksarTaMgGs;enHedaypÞal;xøÜn´ éCOTukcitþelIevotNam. b:uEnþeRkayBI)anGanÉksa
TaMgGs;enHeTA ´Qb;eCOelIeKehIy éXIjfaeKcat;taMgGgÁkarbkSenAkñúgRsukeyIg edIm,IseRmcTwsedA
yuT§saRsþEtmYy KW shB½n§\NÐÚcin . eK)anbegIátbkSEtmYy edIm,ItMNageGayTwkdIEdlbBa©ÚlKñaEtmYy.} sa
Luútsr sñak;enaTIenaH minmankarsb,aycitþeT ehIy)anR)ab;m©as;pÞHeKfacg;eTAcin Kat;enATIenaH )an 1 Ex
ehIyeBlEdleTAcin Kat;mankarsb,aycitþCagmun . enAkñúgrbbkm<úCaFibetyümanmenaKmn_neya)ay
epSg²Kña EckecjCa 3 KW Gñkrwg ExμrRkhm GñkmFüm sIhnuniym GñklMeGogkumμúynisþeyokNam Exμr
eyokmij¬ExμrrMedaH¦. RkumExμrRkhmKWCaRkumEdlRbqaMgCamYyrbbskþiPUmirbs; sIhnu BIqñaM 1950 EtKμan
eKalkarN_eKaledAc,as;las;eT eFIVtamEtyuT§saRsþyYn TTYlmenaKmn_kumμúynisþrbs;ma:kSelnIn BIRbeTs
)araMg edayKμanÉkraCü BwgbreTs sþab;cinyYnbgçMehIycUlrYmCamYy sIhnu vij. RkumTI 2 CaRkummFüm
EdlniymRsLaj;KaMRTsemþcsIhnu. cMENkRkumTI 3 CaRkumEdllMeGogeTArkyYnkumμúynisþ ehIyTTYl
karbMBak;bMb:n menaKmn_BIyYn CaBiessRkumRbma:t;Rbm:g;EdlyYncab;eTAtaMgBIqñaM 1946-1950 kalBI
eyokmijeFIVskmμPaB Casm¶at;enAkñúgTwkdIExμr dUcCaeFIVkarenAkñúgcMkarekAs‘UenACb;emmat;kMBugcam nigtam
sMLÚt enAextþkMBt CaedIm.
dUc)anerobrab;mkehIy KMnitneya)ayrbs; hUCImij manKMnitesñhaCati ehIyerobcM eFIVbdivdþmYyfμI
EdleKemIleXIjfa manEtedItamliTi§kumμúynisþma:kSelnIn eTIbGaceFIVeGaybdivdþn_eK)anTTYleCaKC½y )an
plRbeyaCn_CatieK rhUtdl;eKcat;TukkumμúynisþevotNamCabdivdþn_EdlTTYleCaKC½y ehIymanlkçN³
TMenIb. hU CImij )ancUlbMerICasmaCikkumμúynisþGnþrCati edaymankar]btßmKaMRT hirBaØvtßú BIkumμúynisþenH
bkSkumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin enHmanCMnYyBI cin TaMgsmÖar³sik bec©keTs hirBaØvtßú. kalenaH hUCImij CaGñk
hVwkhat;kmμaPi)alrbs;eKpÞal; enAPaKxageCIgénRbeTséf enAPaKxagt,ÚgRbeTsLav nigenARbeTscin.
fñak;dwknaMsMxan;² eKykeTAbNþúHbNþalenAshPaBsUevot. dUcenHehIy Lav Exμr )anbegIátbkSkumμúynisþEdl
enAeRkamyYnCaemekøag edIm,IeFIVsRgÁamQøb b¤sRgÁamT½B éRBCamYy)araMgedj)araMgecjBI\NÐÚcin. )araMgman
karKaMRTBIshrdæGaemrik xagEpñkesdækic©. enAkñúglkçnþik³rbs;bkSkumμúynisþExμrEdlmaneQμaHfa bkSbdivdþn_
RbCaCnkm<úCa EdlRbkas enAqñaM 1951fa TwsedArbs;bkSeFIVkarts‘Uya:gmwugma:t;dac;xat edIm,IkMeTc
GaNaniKmniym)araMg Gaemrik nigbriva ¬sMedAelIExμrGñkesñhaCati bBaØvnþ¦. CaBiessenAkñúgmhasnñi)at
bkSkumμúynisþ\NÐÚcinrrbs;yYn)anniyayfa {eTaHbICaRbeTsTaMgbI ekIteLIgedayBUCsasn_epSgKña manPasa
epSgKña RbéBNIepSgKña GtþcrwkepSgKña ¬citþKMnit¦ tamkarBitRtUvbegIátCaRbeTsEtmYyKt; edayminGacbMEbk
bdivdþedayELkBIKña)aneLIy . ehtuenH edIm,IRbqaMg niwgsRtUvrbs;bdivdþn_¬EdlrYmkmøaMgEtmYyenAkñúg
\NÐÚcinTaMgmUl¦ bkSkumμúynisþ nigRtUveRbIkmøaMg rbs;\NÐÚcinedIm,ITb;Tl; edaysißtenAeRkamkardwknaMrbs;
\NÐÚcin.} dUcenH eyIgRKan;EtviPaKtamTwsedAenH nwgRBwtþikarN_EdlekItman eXIjfa yYn)anlUkédya:geRCA
tamEpnkaryuT§saRsþ kumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin mkkkUrkkayépÞkñúgenAkñúgrbbkumμúynisþkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü dUccarkmμ
yYnbnøMeFIVenArbb h‘un Esn sBVéf¶ edayykliTi§kumμúynisþCameFüa)ay. kgT½BExμrrMedaH CakgT½Brbs;yYn
CaGñkbegIátkgT½BExμrrMedaH PaKeRcInCaGñkenAéRBEvg nigeyokkug EdlBak;rUbesþc sIhnu faCakgT½BsIhnu
niym EttamkarBitkgT½BenH TTYlbBa¢aBIhaNUy. cab;BIqñaM 1975 mkRbeTsExμr minTTYl)ansnþiPaBEdr
karvayKñarEb:s rb:syYn)anrkelsCMemøaHRBMEdn kalenaHCemøaHRBMuEdnTwk EdlevotNamTamTaeGayExμrEk
ERbRBMuEdnsmuRTenAEx ]sPa qñaM 1976edIm,Idak;sm<aF pþl;»sanvaTmkelIExμr. yYn)anrMelaPelIGFibetyü
bgáCemøaHRBMuEdnTwk tamBityYn)ancuHhtßelxa TTYlsÁal;elIRBMEdnExSeRbvey: rYcehIyrvag semþc sI hnu
rNsirSrMedaHeyokNam xagt,Úg edayeKminKit samKÁIPaB mitþPaB dUcGIVEdl sI hnu nigb:ul BtKiteLIy .
EtyYneK bdiesFedaymindUcGIVEdl sIhnu KitBIKuNExμrCYyeKpþl;CMrk eGayeyokkugenAtamCayEdn edayeK
niyayfaKμanmUldæanc,ab;c,as;las;. 1 ExeRkay BI»sanvaTsRgÁampÞúHeLIgya:gxøaMgenAtamRBMuEdnsmuRT nig
sRgÁamenAtamCayEdnextþRkecH. b:uEnþeKaledAsMxan;sRgÁamrbs;ExμrenAeBlenaH KWkarcrcarsRgÁamenaH
k¾edIm,IcrcarkarTUtEdr. enHCaemeronsMrab;Gñkneya)ayExμrCMnan;eRkay eGaydwgBIkardwknaMneya)ay nig
mehcätarbs;RbeTsCitxag BaküfamitþPaB shRbtibtþikarbs;yYn CaBakükarTUtEtb:ueNÑaH EteKaledABit
R)akdelbRt)ak;TwkdIExμr dak;cMNuHshB½n§\NÐÚcin. eBlEdlmanCemøaHenaH cinCaGñkKaMRTxagrbbkm<úCa
RbCaFibetyü edaycinFøab;)anCYyyYn EtyYn)angakeTArkRbeTsrU:sSI ehIybnþsgát;ExμrRkhmeTot eday
kalenaH cink¾manCemøaH CamYyshPaBsUevot enAtamCayEdn EdleFIVeGaycingakeTArkGaemrik edIm,I
kMueGaysUevotKMramkMEhg. BYkkumμúynisþTaMgyYnxageCIg nigkumμúynisþExμr)anbBa©b;sRgÁam ehIybnþkab;smøab;
Exμr GñkesñhaCatiEdlQrxagesrI edayBYkvaecaTfa BYkRbtikiriya RkumesGIuGarCaedIm. Exμrsøab;rab;lan
nak;enAkñúgrbbb:ul BtedaymanyYnbgáb;kñúgExμrRkhm. enAeBlEdlExμrmanPaBvwkvredaykar eFIVvT§gSnarbs;
yYn nigExμr eyokmij ¬ExμrMedaH¦ EdlbMBak;bMb:nBIhaNUy bBa¢apÞal;BIhaNUy mandUcCa kYy FYn esa Pwm
ehgsMrin h‘un Esn CasIum nigCaeRcIneTot )anebIkRbtibtþikarvaylukcUlRbeTsExμr CabnþbnÞab;cab;BIqñaM
1977 mk. edIm,IedaHdUrneya)ayfμI cMeBaHExμrkumμúynisþEdllMeGogcin eGayeTABYkkumμuynisþniymyYn
EdlxøÜn)an bNþúHbNþalTuk dUcCa ehg sMrin Ca sIum Ca suT§ say b‘U fg h‘un Esn can;sIu edIm,IeFIVeGay
RbeTsExμr cMNuHyYndUcsBVéf¶.l.
X-saFarN³rdæRbCamanitkm<úCa (Cambodian People Republic)
enAkñúgrbbsarFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa neya)aydwknaMrbs;RbeTs minÉkraCüeT eRBaHRbeTsExμr
TaMgmUlsißtenAeRkamkarkan;kab;edaykgT½BeyokNam Edl)ancUlmkQøanBanExμrenAéf¶TI 7 Exmkra qñaM
1979. karsMercneya)ayepSg² sißtenAelIyYnCaGñksMercTaMgGs;. sßanPaBRbeTsExμr nasm½yenaH
sißtenAkñúgsRgÁamvwkvr kab;smøab;bnþeTot bnÞab;BIrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü edayyYn)ancab;ExμreGayeFIV
Tahanmkc,aMgCamYYyExμrKñaÉg Gñkts‘UtamCayEdn nigcab;yuvCnExμreGaymkbMerIkmøaMgBlkr Edlehafa 5
søab;rab;Esnnak; enAtambeNþayRBMEdn. RbCaBlrdæExμrxitxMeFIVERscMkar EtRtUvRbmUldak;rYm semahPaB
rYcehIy yYnRbmUlykeTARbeTsrbs;va TaMgRTBüsm,tiþrbs;ExμrepSg²eTot. karTMnak;TMng PaKeRcIn Tak;Tg
RbeTskumμúynIsþmYycMnYn dUcCa \NÐa shPaBsUevot Kuy)a nig GahÁanIsßan CaedIm.
eBlEdlT½ByYn)ancUlmkQøanBanRbeTsExμr edayelIkbnþúbExμrmYycMnYn EdlmanyYnFøab;bNþúH
bNþal eGaybMerIneya)ayeGayxøÜn EteBlEdlelIk elak Eb:n suvNÑ Kat;min)ancg;eFIVtamneya)ayEdl
kMNt;edayyYnhaNUyeLIy edaycg;e)aHsnÞÚcrMlgPñM eTATak;TgpÞal;CamYysUevot eBlenaH Kat;RtUv)ansay
b‘Ufg nig h‘un Esn eFIVtambBa¢ayYncab;Kat;eTAdak;KukenAhaNUyGs;ryHeBl 10 qñaM 52éf¶ eyagtamelak
Eb:n suvNÑ EdlsmÖasenAviTüúGasIuesrI. yYnbBa¢ÚnCMnajkarrbs;eKmkeFIVkarRtYtRtaExμr ExμrKμansiTi§sMerckic©kar
GIVTaMgGs;rgcaMEtkarGnuBaØatBICMnajkaryYn eRBaHeBlEdlnaykrdæmRnþIbBa¢aeTAfñak;eRkam bBa¢aenaHKμan
RbsiT§PaBeT edayrgcaMkaryl;RBmBICMnajkarsin. neya)aycgsm<½n§PaB dUcCa rvagTIRkugPñMeBjCamYy
TIRkug hUCImij. extþtaEkv CamYyextétnij eRBaHkalenaHExμrsißtenA eRkamkarRtYtRtayYnTaMgRsug. sUm,Ih‘un
Esn RtUvyYnCaGñkesñIreGayEtgtaMgCa rdæmRnþIRksYgkarbreTsEdr. CnCatiyYn)anhUrcUlmkrs;enAkEnøg
sMxan;² dUcCa PñMeBj c,arGMeBA ehIyyYn )anrwbGUsRTBüsm,tþi kab;eQIecjBIRbeTsExμr sUm,IEtensaT
k¾yYnGUscab;kUnRtIeTARbeTsvaeRscEtcitþ. Exμr)an)at;bg; plRbeyaCn_CaeRcIneTot )at;bg;TwkdI )at;bg;
siTi§esrIPaB edaysaRbeTssißtenAeRkamkar kan;kab;rbs;yYn. yYnGagelIRbeTsFM mankmøaMgxøaMgCag
RbeTsExμr kmøaMgxagT½B kmøaMgxagcMnYnRbCaBlrdæ Edlman sUevotenABIeRkayxñg eBlenaHyYn)aneRbIcugGavuF
QøanBanTwkdIExμr elIkbnþúbRkumbkSbdivtþn_RbCaCnkm<úCa nigeGaycuHhtßelxakat;TwkdIeGayyYn dUcCa
sni§sBaØa EdleFIVeLIgeday ehg sMrin nigh‘un Esn CamYy ehVog kUfac; enAqñaM 1979 1980 1982 1983
1985 CaedIm. CaBiess KWkic©snüa 25 qñaM rvag ehg sMrin nig pan; va:n;dug EdlmanRbkarTI4 )anEføgfa
{PaKITaMgBIr suxcitþedaHRsaytamkic©crcaedaysnþiviFI nUvral;TMnas; Cayfaehtu kñúgTMnak;TMng eTVPaKIrbs;xøÜn .
PaKITaMgBIr nwgeFIVkic©crcar edIm,IcuHhtßelxa elIsn§isBaØa sMrab;rMlayRBMEdnCatiénRbeTsTaMgBIreday
GaRs½yelIRBMEdnnabc©úb,nñ ehIyPaKITaMgBIrsMerc citþmutmaM edIm,IEkERbRBMEdnenHeGayeTACaRBMEdn énsnþiPaB
nig mitþPaB sißtesßr rvagRbeTsTaMgBIr. } tamry³kic©snüaenH CabMNgR)afñarbs;yYn EdleFIVtamEpnkar hU
CImij edIm,IsMercshB½n§\NÐÚcin. yYn )ansmøab;Exμr bursExμr EdlCassrRTUvCati TukGñkTn;exSay narIePT
pþac;BUCsasn_Exμr edIm,IeFIVyYnnUb nIykmμenA elITwkdIExμrTaMgmUl. karbMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_kumμúynisþ
kab;smøab;ExμreGayenAsl;Et 10 eTA 20 PaKry )ansMerceCaKC½y ehIybnþcUlmkkan;kab;TwkdIExμrEtmþg.
RbeTsExμr eRkayéf¶TI 7 mkra 1979 rhUtdl; qñaM 1989 )anFøak;kñúgkumμúynisþyYnRtYtRtaTaMgRsug.
GIVEdlyYnelIkbnþúb ehg sMrin Ca sIum h‘un Esn edIm,ICaExlbiT)aMg GMeBIeXareXA QøanBanTwkdI
karbøn;ykRTBüsm,tiþExμr nigx©IédExμredIm,Ibnþkab; smøab;Exμr KñaÉgbnþreTotEtb:ueNÑaH. TahanyYnmancMnYn 40
000nak; nig RbCaCn 2lannak;. yYnmanEpnkar erobcMeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrkøayCaRbCaBlrdæPaKticrbs;yYn
dUecñHehIyyYn)an dak;RbCaCnExμrmYynak; yYn R)aM nak; enAkñúgCnbT nig yYn 5 nak; Exμr 1 nak;enAtamTIRkug
TIRbCMuCn nigtMbn;esdækic©.
cMNucmYyeTot Exμr)anrgeRKaHbnþeTot enaHKWEpnkar k 5 EdlyYn)ancab;bBa¢Ún ekNÐRbCaBlrdæExμr enAqñaM
1984 eTAqñaM 1987 RbtibtþikarsMrab;elIkTMnb; eFIVCarbgenAextþtamRBMuEdnCab;esom dUcCa )at;dMbg eBaFisaFi
]tþrmanC½y nigxagkñúgRbeTsdUcCa kMBg;FM esomram kMBg;s<W CaedIm. BlkrsMrab;kab;éRB tambeNþaypøÚv Edk
bwg b¤Tenø. nigelIkTMnb;CIkRbLay EdlmanRbEvg 800 Km tamRBMEdn esom nig RBMEdnlav. eFIVrbg
eFIVCBa¢aMgtamyuT§saRsþ h‘MuB½T§RbeTsExμr edaykalenaH RkumnImYy²manmnusSBI 60 000 eTA 100 000nak;.
EdlsßanPaBxøaMgCagrbbExμrRkhmeTot eRBaHmnusSRtUveFIVkarya:gticbMput 10 ema:g kñúgmYyéf¶ edaymankar
XøaMemIlBIkgT½B mðÚbGaharminRKb;RKan; xøHsøab;edaysarRKab;mIn CaBiess søab;edaysarCm¶WRKuncaj;
Edlelak eGmIra:l;da luysüÚlI )anpþl;CatYelx ya:gehacNas; manmnusS 50 000nak; )ansøab;.
cMENktYrelx EdlRKUeBTüRbKl;eGayenaH KW BI 5 PaKry eTA 8 PaKry sMrab;RkumnImYy ¬km<úCakñúgTIXMuXaMg
TMB½r 40-43.
enAeBlenaH manekIt clnats‘UeRBagRBateLIg tamCayEdn manCMrMGanesH bkSIcaMRkug RBMuvit GMBil
Ngcan GUbuk EdleKEbgEckCa 3 FM²mkKW hViun sIunbuic dwknaMedayKg;sIulas; EteRkaymkRtUvepÞr
eGaysemþc sIhnu ehIyenAqñaM 1982 k¾epÞreGay neratþm rNriT§ CaGñkdwknaMvij. km<úCaRbCaFibetyü
EdldwknaMedayexovsMpn. rN³sirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμr dwknaMeday elak sWn san. clnats‘UTaMg
enaHExμrRkhmmankarKaMRTBIcin cMENkrN³sirSrMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμr RtUv)anyYnvaysm¥at tamCayEdn
edayRbtibtþikarrdUvR)aMg enAqñaM 1984 eFIVeGayGñkts‘U)anrgeRKaHya:gxøaMgBIkarvayRbharenH. enAqñaM1982
eTIbExμrTaMg 3 PaKIbegIátCardæaPi)alnireTseRkARsuk Edlmanéf nigcin CaGñkKaMRT. éfKaMRTBIeRBaHykExμr
eFIVCarbgkMueGaykumμúnisþcUlmk cMENkyYnvijbnþsmøab;ExμrrhUtExμr)anePosxøÜnmkdl; RBMEdnsayFU enAqñaM
1986. cMNucenHminxusKñakalBIsRgÁamqñaM 1970 EdlyYn)anx©Iéd eGayExμreRkamsmøab;ExμrKña edaymçagxag
eyokkug mçagxagyYnesrI. bnÞab;BIExμrmçagenAxageyokkug ExμrRkhm nig ExμrmçagenAxagesrI eKeRbIviFId¾Edl
edIm,Ismøab;Exμr RKan;EtdUrrUbPaBEtb:ueNÑaH ExμrxagyYn dUcCa ehg sMrin h‘un Esn ExμrGñkts‘UxagsWn san
rNriT§. dl;qñaM1993 eKeFIVCacrcarsnþiPaB cab;ExμresñhaCatiEdlenA kñúgRTugRsab;smøab;tamkarecaTRbkan;
epSg². Etdl; qñaM1987 eTIbmankarCYy BICMnYyBIshrdæGaemrikcMnYn 5 landuløa edaysikSaBIcMNuc
exSayGñkts‘U EdlxVHbec©keTs nigyuT§saRsþkñúgkareFIVsRgÁamCamYyyYn eTIbcab;epþImeFIVkarhwVkhat;kgT½B
enAkøaMg dug TwkdIRbeTséf . ehIyeFIVkarvaylukeTAelIyYnenAelITwkdIExμrvij. edayGñkts‘UmaneRbobTaMg
karTUt maneRbobTaMgkmøaMgT½B elIkgT½ByYnenAkñúgRbeTsExμr CaBiess eBlEdlshPaBsUevot)andYlrlM
caj;shrdæGaemrik shPaBsUevot)anQb;pþl;CMnYydl;yYneTot eRBaHshPaBsUevotCYbnigvibtþiesdækic©
Gs;hirBaØvtßúBIkñúgTunbMrugeTot CaehtueFIVeGay kU)aqUv )andUryuT§saRsþgakeTArkshrdæGaemrikvij. RbeTsyYn
)anenAÉkekaBIqakGnþrCati edaymankarekobsgát;karTUt BIcin BIGas‘an nigshrdæGaemrik eRBaHyYn
)anQøanBan)anelIkT½BcUlmkluyRbeTsExμr Edlxusc,ab;GnþrCati sþIBIkarrMelaPGFibetyüPaB ÉkraCüPaB
rbs;RbeTsExμr. RbeTsyYnRtUv)aneKh‘uMB½T§esdækic© edayshrdæGaremric nigRbeTselakesrI EtRbeTsyYn
manshPaBsUevotenABIeRkayxñg nigpþl;CMnYyRKb;Ebbya:g. shPaBsUevotxatcMeBaH neya)ayenA
elITwkdI\NÐÚcin EtsUevotcMeNjBIxagGwur:ubxagekIt edIm,ITrUTat;nigkarxatbg;enH. shPaBsUevot)andk
GaNaniKmn_rbs;xøÜn ecjBiIRbeTsGakanIsßan cMENk\Ti§Blkumμúnisþ)anFøak;exSay CabnþbnÞab;enAelIBIPBelak
ehIy\Ti§BlkumμúynisþyYn)anFaøk;exSayenAelITwkdIExμr Edlmanrdækm<úCaCarbbmYYyxusc,ab;. eBlEdlyYn
emIleXIjcaj;eRbobxagkarTUt nigesdækic© yYn)anbþÚr\riyabf dUryuT§saRsþfμI edaysnüadkT½BecjBI
RbeTsExμreGayGs;enAqñaM 1988 edayminGnuBaØateGayGgÁkarshRbCaCati RtYtBinitüeLIy eRkamels
famkCYyExμr. EdleBlenaH yYn)aneFIVrUbragdUcdkkgT½B EtyYn)anTukT½BEdlesøokBak;sIuvilenAkñúg
RbeTsExμrbnþeTot ehIyeRbIeGay h‘un Esn CakUnGukmkeFIVkarcrcarCamYy sI hnuenA hSakata )a:taya:
EdlbgðajeGayeXIjfaCasRgÁamsIuvil dUcyYncin eFIVkalBIqñaM1970 . yYnGacedaHédya:gRsYlBIkar
efáaleTasfaQøanBanExμr. PaKITaMg bYn EdlmansaFarN³rdæRbCamanitkm<úCa tMNageday h‘un Esn
húVinsiunbiuc tMNageday sI hnu km<úCaRbCaFibetyü tMNagedayexovsMpn rN³sirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμr
tMNageday elakta swn san QaneTArkkic©RBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIs éf¶ 23 tula 1991 Edlman
RbeTs\NÐÚensIu nigRbeTs)araMgeFIVCashRbFan nigmanRbeTscMnYn 19 CahtßelxI. EdlGacQaneTArk
kare)aHeqñatmYyEdlerobcMeLIgeday GCJaFrbeNþaHGsnñGgÁkarshRbCaCatisMrab;RbeTsExμrenAqñaM1993
GMNacenAEtFøak;elIBYkkumμúynisþdEdlrhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶ ehIyyYnenAEtkan;kab; RtYtRtaBIeRkayxñg dUckal
BImundEdl. sI hnu nig h‘un Esn CaTIemagsMrab;eFIVtamEtExSjak;rbs;yYnEtb:ueNÑaH. dUcenH ebIGñk
neya)ayExμrenAEtedIrtamKnøgdEdl² eRkam\Ti§BlbreTs CaBiessGñkCitxag ehIyKμanKMnitdwknaMeday
ÉkraCüxøÜnÉgeT RbeTsExμr Cati sasna RbeTsCatiExμr nigKμanesckþIsux suPmgÁl BitR)akdeLIy eRBaHfa
yYnminEdlmanKMnitl¥eGayExμreyIg)ansuxeLIy. ebIisinCaGs;elakGñkGanTaMgGs;cg;c,as; sUmcuHeTAsikSa
emIlsßanPaBCak;EsþgenAkñúgRbeTsExμrenaHBitCadwgR)akdCaminxan.
sI hnu
neratþm rNriT§i exov sMpn h‘un Esn sWn san

g-RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa (The Kingdom of Cambodia)
cab;BIqñaM 1993 RbeTsExμr)anpøas;;bþÚrmuxmat;fμI bnÞab;BIsRgÁamCag 2 TsvtS rvagRkumclnats‘U nig
rbbrdækm<úCa edjyYnecjBIRbeTsExμr EdleKehAfasRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 3. kic©RBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIs)an
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shRbCaCati EtxagPaKIkm<úCaRbCaFibetyümin)ancUlrYmkñúgkare)aHeqñateT edaysMGagfamanT½ByYnenAkñúg
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EdlkalenaH manneratþmcRkBgS CaGñkdwknaMbegIáttMbn;GPiKmn_enH. karminyl;RsbcMeBaHlT§plénkar
e)aHeqñatenH h‘un Esn )aneFIVeGaymankarraMgsÞHcMeBaHkarerobcMrdæaPi)almYy EdlminGacedaHRsay)an
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GgÁkarshRbCaCatieGayecjBIRbeTsExμr edIm,IRBHGgÁedIrtYrpSHpSarCati EdlpSHpSarEckGMNaceGayBYk
kumμúynisþ RbeTsmYymannaykrdæmRnþI2 neratþmrNriTi§ naykrdæmRnþITI1 h‘un Esn naykrdæmRnþITI2.
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ExkBaØa qñaM1993. RbeTskm<úCak¾kaøyCa RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa EdltamrdæFmμnuBaØ RbCaFibetyü esrIBhubkS
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KNbkSRbCaCnenH edIm,Ibnþ»kaseGayBYkkumμúynisþrs;ranbnþeTotenAelITwkdIExμr eRBaHfa sIhnu k¾CaCn
kumμúynisþ Kat;KitEteFIVya:gem:ceGayraCblø½gÁenAKg;vgS ehIybiT)aMgkarBitnUvral;kMhusqÁgrbs;RBHGgÁ
knøgmkEtmin)anKit KUrdl;plRbeyaCn_RbeTsCatisMrab;eBlGnaKtfaya:gNaenaHeLIy. ebIsinCaTuk
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eTAvij. edaysaremIleXIj sI hnu CakUnGukya:gsMxan; sMrab;kumμuynisþTaMgBIr KWcin nig yYn sMrab;eRbIR)as;
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maneQμaH CamhavIr³kSRt RBHbitapSHpSarCati b¤ÉkraCüCaedIm eRBaHenAkñúgKNbkShViunsiunbiuc manGñk
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hU sux ecA sm,tþi RkUc eyOm Ca riT§IQut nigmYycMnYneTotsarubCag200nak;eTot. RtUvdwgfa RBHGgÁCa
Cnkumμúuynisþ cMENkKNbkSh‘VúnsIunbiucPaKeRcInCaGñkesrI nig RbCaFibetyü EdlmanGñkxøHeKniyayfa emTa
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plRbeyaCn_CatieT EtelμaPGMNac lg;menaKmn_yYnTaMgenaH eFIVtamEtRKUyYnrbs;va edIm,IeGayEtGMNac
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kUnecAExμr)andwgB¤Caminxan.
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mYycMnYn mkviPaKCaKMnitdUcteTA³

g-1-briyakasneya)ay (Political Environment)
karRKb;RKgsßankarN_ nigyl;dwgTaMgGs;GMBIRBwtiþkarN_neya)ay EdlkMBugekIteLIgenAkñúgRbeTsExμr
b¤eRkARbeTs CaBiess dMeNIrvivDÆn_neya)ayenAkñúgRbeTsExμr. bc©úb,nñenH ebIeyIgemIlRbeTsExμrBIsMbkeRkA
eyIgeXIjKNbkSRbCaCn EdlmanyYnenABIeRkayxñg kan;GMNackumμúynisþpþac;kar EtyksMbkRbCaFibetyü
mkBak;pøakbnøMRbCaBlrdæExμr. tamkarBitdMeNIrkarneya)ay nigRbB½n§RKb;RKgTaMgGs;EbbCakumμúynisþ
EdlsßiteRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;yYnBIeRkay. tamkardkRsg;ecjBIvibsay yUFUb (Youtube) h‘un Esn niyay
sarPaBpÞal;fa {ńiyayRtg;Etmþg KWfa´Gay:gyYn \LÚvmanTahanyYnCasIuvil 100 000 nak; enAkñúg
RbeTsExμr}. karEdlyYnerobyuT§saRsþeGaymanRBHmhakSRt KNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn nig sasnaRBHBuT§
enHRKan;EtktþacitþsaRsþneya)aymYy sMrab;eFIVCaKMrbbiT)aMgExμr edIm,IeGayExμrGs;citþfa GIV²TaMgGs;Carbs;Exμr
ExμrÉkraCü ExμrmansnþiPaB k¾b:uEnþ plRbeyaCn_CatiExμr TwkdIExμrTaMgmUlnwgRtUvFøak;elIkNþab;yYn CatiExμr
nwgsøab; eRbobdUcCadgáÚvdYgvacUlsIurUgdl;bNþÚleQI ehIyTIbMputeQIenaHRtUvsøab;ÉgEtmþg. yYncUlmk
RbeTsExμrrs;enAeRscEtcitþ rhUtdl;fμI²enHyYnmincaM)ac;manTidækar deNþImplRbeyaCn_Exμr RtYtRtaExμr
eFIVevecäTkmμepSg² kab;smøab;Exμr edaybnøMeFIVCaExμr manGtþsBaØaNb½NÑCaExμr nigmansiTi§e)aHeqñat EtExμrenA
elIdIxøÜnÉg ExμrmYycMnYnRtUv eK)aj;smøab;edaysaredIrerIsC½rekAs‘U edIm,IciB©awmCivit hak;dUcCaCivitBlrdæ
ExμrKμantMélesμIrnigC½rekAs‘UeLIy. RbCaBlrdæExμrBitR)akd RkIRk rehmrham sMuTaneK ehIyxitxMeFIVkar
Ca´bMerIeK CakmμkrsMNg;epSg² TTYlR)ak;ExtictYc min)anRKb;RKan; xøHeTotrt;mksMuTaneK xøHeFIVCakmμkrenA
eRkARbeTseTotpg.
RbeTsExμrsißteRkamGaNaniKmn_kumμúynisyYn Edlman KNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn nig esþc CarnaMgbiT)aMg

g-2-KNbkSneya)ay (Political Parties)
KNbkSRbCaCn KWCaKNbkSEdlyYnCaGñkbegIáteLIg manry³eBl 57 qñaMmkehIy dMbUgyYn)an
dak;eQμaH bkSbdivtþRbCaCnExμr enAqñaM1951 b¤sKl;rbs;vaekItecjBIbkSkumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin EdlyYn hU CImij
begIáteLIgdUcerobrab;bkRsayxagelI. ehtudUcecñH KNbkSRbCaCn CaGñkbMerI nigeFIVCaGay:gGnuvtþtam
neya)ayrbs;yYn. BYk h‘un Esn bMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayyYn edIm,IGMNaclYcCati lk;CatiÉg Etb:ueNÑaH. BYk
h‘un Esn Ca sIum nig ehg sMrin enHCamnusSrbs;ynY Edl)anelIkbnþúbeGaykan; GMNackalBITsvtS 1980
eBlEdlyYncUlmkQøanBanTwkdIExμrenAkñúgsRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI3 ¬GMLúgeBl sRgÁamRtCak;¦. ebIsinCa h‘un
Esn mineFIVtamneya)ayyYn vasnarbs;BYkenH nwgdUc can; sIu ¬cak;fñaMsmøab;elIynþehaH¦ Eb:n suvNÑ
¬yYncab;eTAdak;Kuk enAhaNUy¦ Caminxan. ehtudUecñH ehIy )anCayYnbegIát CaeKalkarN_neya)ay mitþPaB
snþiPaB nigshRbtibtiþkarrvagyYn nigExμr edIm,IbMP½nþRbCaBlrdæExμrfa yYnCaGñkmanKuNelIExμr. EttamBit
ExμrenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;yYn. yYneRbIl,ic smøab;TaMgExμreRkam TaMgExμrsBVéf¶ ExμrminmanÉkraCü ExμrKμan
siTi§esrIPaBeBjelj Exμr)at;bg; plRbeyaCn_CaeRcIn dUcCa kat;TwkdIeGayyYn cuHhtßelxa sn§isBaØa
bMeBjbEnßmCamYyyYn enAéf¶TI 15 Extula qñaM 2005 elIsTi§sBaØaxusc,ab; qñaM 1979 1980 1983 1985.
ExμrKμansiTi§kñúgkarniyay sþIeBjelj GMBIRbeTsCati RtUvyYneRbI h‘un Esn KMramsmøab;tamRKb;meFüa)ay
TaMgesdækic© sμartI nigGayuCIvit. CnCati yYn cUlmkrs;enAkñúgTwkdIExμrKRKwkKeRKg begáItsmaKm 19 extþRkug
begIátKNbkSneya)ay ¬KNbkS cMerInExμr KNbkSRbCaFibetyü¦CaedIm. yYn)aneRbIBYkyYnEdlecHExμr
b¤eRbIExμrxøHeGayTijdI deNþIm dIedayRsbc,ab; BIRbCaBlrdæExμreRkamelsfa vinieyaK nigGPivDÆn_. kar
)at;bg;dIFøIenH )aneFIVeGayb:HBal;dl; CIvPaBRbCaBlrdæExμrya:gxøaMg BIeRBaHfa RbCaBlrdæExμrsgwÇm
elITwkePøog nigmandIERscMkarbnþicbnþÜc EdlCaqñaMg)ayedIm,IciBa©wmRkBH. eBlEdleKrMelaPKMram deNþIm
dIFIørbs;Kat;ehIy etIRbCaBlrdæExμr)anGIVsMrab;ciBa©wmCivit cMEGtRkBH edIm,Irs;teTAeTot. dUecñH BYkCn
kumμúynisþ vaBUEkxag PUtPr kuhk bMP½nþEPñkeGayRbCaBlrdæExμr yl;RcLMvegVgNas;. eRBaHvasmøab;Gñk
ecHGs;ehIyenAsm½yb:ul Bt GñkEdlenArs;CaGñkEdlmin)ansikSaeronsURteRCARCH ehIyRtUvlg;kñúg
menaKmn_rbs;yYn EdlvaerobcMmk. vaeFIVGIVRKb;ya:gtameKalkarN_neya)ayrbs;yYn c,ab;eFIVeLIg edIm,I
karBarGMNac nigplRbeyaCn_GñkmanGMNac minEmnkarBarplRbeyaCn_CatiExμreT. c,ab;manEtelIRkdas
EtvaminGnuvtþtameLIy niyayeGaycM ebIGñkesñhaCatiExμrNaEdlh‘anRbqaMgneya)ayyYn BYkvaRtUvbBa¢a
eGaykUnGukva KW h‘un Esn tamcab;bRgáabsmøab;Pøam ]TarhrN_dUcCa Ca viC¢a RBHetCKuN sM b‘uneFOn
GñkkarEstExμr KIm sMbUr RBHsgÇExμreRkam smaCikKNbkSsmrgSI nigsmaCikKNbkSsiTi§mnusS edayKμan
rkXatkreXIjeT rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ. EtebIyYnsøab;enAelITwkdIExμrvij h‘un Esn nigbkSBYkERskEkþg²
tamRbdab;bMBgsemøg xVayxVl;xøaMgNas; eGayrkXatkr ykmkpþnÞaeTaseGay)an.
cMENkKNbkSneya)ayepSg² EdlCaGñkesñhaCati nigGñkRbCaFibetyü yYnvabBa¢aeGay h‘un Esn
rkvIFIsmøab;tamviFIepSg² tamrebobPavrkmμ bMEbkbM)ak;ExμrexÞcxIÞ Cak;EsþgdUcCa RBwtþikarN_EdlBYkkumμúynisþ
h‘un Esn )anRbDiteLIgedIm,Icab;TMlak;kMhuselIExμrGñkesñhaCatienAéf¶ 2 mkra 2009 dUcCacab; elak esam
Ék nigGñkesñhaCatimYycMnYneTot. h‘un Esn elμaPGMNac nigRTBüsm,tiþ lg;menaKmn_kumμúynisþyYn
ePøcKitGMBICatiExμr nigQamExμrdUcKña eFIVtamyYneRbIl,icdUc sm½y b:ul Bt Edlva)an smøab;Exμrrab;lan
nak;knøgmk. eFIVya:genH KWeFIVeGayExμreyIgTn;exSay RKb;Ebbya:g taMgBIesdækic© R)aCJa nigsμartI ¬Xøan exøA
xøac¦ edIm,IgayRsYlyYnRtYtRta deNþImplRbeyaCn_Exμr ehIyTIbMputyYnelbykTwkdIExμrTaMgmUl edayviFI
RtCak;bMput. yYnRKan;EtelIkbnþúbBYk elμaPGMNac buNüs½ká muxmat; smÖar³ BYklYcCati edIm,IplRbeyaCn_xøÜn
eGayeFIVCaKMrbbiT)aMg CatiExμr RbCaCatiExμr nigGnþrCatiEtb:ueNÑaH. dUecñH KμannrNaGacCYyExμr eRkABIExμrCYyExμr
xøÜnÉgeLIy.
KNbkSRbqaMgTaMgGs; RtUv)anKNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn eRbIl,ickumμúynisþbMEbkCaKNbkStUc²
EdlminGacykC½yCMnHelIKNbkSrbs;va)aneLIy eRBaHKNbkSRbCaCnmankgT½B TahanyYn nigRbCaCn
yYnsMrab;CYy. KNbkSRbCaCnmaneRbobxagesdækic© xageXasna edaysarBYkvalk;Cati niglYcBICatiExμr
CaeRcInqñaMmkehIy. RbB½n§Bt’mansißtenAeRkamGMNac nigkarRKb;RKgrbs;BYkva Bt’manminÉkraCü Bt’man
eFIVtamneya)ayrbs;BYkkumμúynisþ. BYkeK)anbiT)aMg RbCaBlrdæExμrmineGaydwgkarBitbiTsiTi§esrIPaB
RbCaBlrdæExμrmineGaytva:CaedIm. dUecñHebIeyIg viPaKelIKNbkSdéTeTot minGacykQñHelIKNbkSRbCaCn
EdlbMerIneya)ayeGayyYneT Etvak¾Gacbg¥ak;dMeNIrneya)ayyYn nigCYyeGayExμrPJak;rlwkmYycMnYnEdr.
ebIsinCaKNbkSNamYyQñHeqñateRkABIbkSRbCaCn k¾yYnbBa¢aeGay h‘un Esn eFIVvT§gSnaeday
mankarGnþraKmn_CMnYyBI esþc sI hnu b¤rdæRbhar dUckalBI h‘un Esn caj;eqñatkalBIqñaM 1993
ehIy)aneFIVrdæRbharsmøab; GñkesñhaCatiExμr enAéf¶TI5-6 Exkkáda qñaM1997 bnþeTottamEpnkaryYn.
ehutenH KNbkSneya)ayepSg²eTotenaH begáIteLIgRKan;EtsMrab;cMeNjneya)ayyYn nig h‘un Esn
eGayRbCaBlrdæExμremIleXIjfa CaRbeTsÉkraCü manRbCaFibetyü snþiPaB Etb:ueNÑaH. b:uEnþebIeyIgCa
GñkesñhaCatiExμrBitR)akdrYbrYmKñaCaFøúgmYy eTIbeyIgGacQñHyYnkumμúynisþ. eRbobdUcTwkhUrrYmBIéd TenøepSg²
cUlsmuRTEdlKμanGIVmkraraMg)aneLIy. ebIKNbkSNa b¤GñkesñhaCatiExμrNacg;eFIVneya)ayenARbeTsExμr
RtUveFIVitamKMnUsneya)ayrbs;KNbkSRbCaCn eRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;yYn Edlvas;kMriteGayniyay
eGayGnuvtþ. eRBaHyYnmanEpnkar tamyuT§saRsþminGacTukeGay KNbkSNaykC½yCMnHelIva)aneLIy.
eyIgemIleXIjya:gc,as;fa RbeTsExμrsBVéf¶ CaRbeTskumμúynisþ sißtenAeRkamGaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμI.
dUecñHehIy vasnaGnaKtCatiExμr nwgdUccm,a: nig km<úCaeRkamminxaneLIy ebIeyIgmints‘UerIbMrH.
RbFanbkS smrgSI RbFanbkS siTi§mnusS RbFanbkS neratþmrNriTi§ KNbkS RbCaCnkm<úCa

g-3-kat;eTasExμrRkhm (Khmer Rough Tribunal)
salakþIExμrRkhmenH begIáteLIgRKan;EtCaEl,gneya)ayrbs;BYkkumμúynisþ Edlman h‘un Esn
KNbkSRbCaCnCakUnGuk ehIylak;)aMgkMhus sI hnu TukeFIVCarnaMg sMrab;eKaledAcugeRkayrbs;yYn Edlcg;
elbykTwkdIExμrb:ueNÑaH. varwtEteFIVeGayExμrkan;EtvegVgeRCAeTA minGacrkXatkrBitR)akdeXIjeTotpg.
EteyIgCaCnrgeRKaHExμrRKb;Kñadwgc,as;fa XatkrBitR)akd KWBYkkumμúynisþyYn ¬\NÐÚcin¦ Edl)anerobcM
nigbMBak;bMb:nlTi§enHeLIgeGayExμr ¬Rkhm¦ eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrsøab;rab;lannak; TaMgExμreRkam nigExμr
bc©úb,nñ ehIyyYnbBa¢ÚnBlrdæxøÜnmkCMnYs eFIVCaExμrfμIelITwkdIExμrvij. sI hnu nig h‘un Esn CaCnkumμúynisþ
bMerIneya)ayeGaykumμúynisþ edIm,IGMNac nigplRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜnÉgnigbkSBYkEtb:ueNÑaH EtCnkumμúynisþ
TaMgenH min)anbMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayCatiExμr nigRbCaBlrdæExμreT. ehtudUecñH kMusgÇwmfa salakþIExμrRkhm
nigTTYl)anyutþiFm’BitR)akd eRBaHfa salakþIenHedIrkñúgKMnabneya)ayrbs;KNbkS RbCaCnEdlman
yYnCaemekøag. yYnvamincg;rkyutþiFm’eGayCnrgeRKaHExμrBitR)akdeT. b:uEnþ salakþIenH CayuT§saRsþ
neya)ayrbs;BYkkumμúynisþyYn CaGñkcMeNjb:ueNÑaH ¬ 1-ExμrenAEtEbk)ak;Kña QWcab;nig Exμr ¬Rkhm¦ b:ul
Bt 2-dwgKuN 7 mkra yYn h‘un Esn 3-RbCaBlrdæExμr enAEtmindwgkarBit fanrNaCaXatkrBitR)akd
4-ebIk»kaseGayyYnkumμúynisþRtYtRtaExμrbnþ ¦.
salakþIenHekIteLIgehIy EtGUsbnøayBnüaeBl vaRKan;EtCafñaMbnSabeFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμr EdlCa
CnrgeRKaHGs;citþTaMgGyutþiFm’b:ueNÑaH eRBaHkarBitenAEtmin)anlatRtdageGayRbCaBlrdæExμr dwgc,as; eLIy
fanrNaCaXatkrsmøab;Exμr mann½yfakaMbitminGaccitdgxøÜnÉgeLIy. éf¶ 17 emsa 1975 KWBYkkumμúynisþ
EdlyYnelIkGMNaceGayExμr ¬Rkhm¦ dUcKñanig éf¶ 7 mkra 1979 EdlBYkkumμúynisþ yYnQøanBan
elIkbnþúbGMNacExμr h‘un Esn Ca sIum nig ehg sMrin Edr cMENkÉ sI hnu EdlFøab;eFIVCaemExμRkhm
begIátExμrRkhm k¾minh‘anecj mksarPaBTTYlkMhuseTot.
dUecñH salakIþenHeFIVeGaycMeNjneya)ay 7 mkra rbs;yYn EdlEtgEtelIkeLIgfa yYnmkCYy
rMedaHExμr nigrwtEteFIVeGayExμrvegVgkan;EteRCA kñúgGnøg;menaKmn_kumμúynisþ. RbeTsExμrenAEtsißtenAeRkam
kNþab;édrbs;BYkkumμúynisþ EdlmanyYnCaemekøag. cMENkGnþrCatiEdlcg;;rkyutþFm’eGayRbCaBlrdæExμr
nigcg;bM)at;niTnþPaB )ancMNayluy\tRbeyaCn_mkeGayBYkCnBukrlYy. CnTTYlxusRtUvkMBUlCafñak;
dwknaMExμr ¬Rkhm¦BitR)akd min)anykmkpþnÞaeTaseT eFIVLb;ELr e)akR)as;RbCaBlrdæExμr eGayrgTukçevTna
edayrbbkumμúynisþ EdlyYnelIkbnþúbdak;elIRbeTsExμr taMgBIrbbExμrRkhmrhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ. srubmk
eKaledAplRbeyaCn_cugeRkayénlTi§kumμúynisþ KWcMeNjeTAyYn Edlcg;elbykTwkdIExμr dak;RbeTsExμr
CacMNuHrbs;yYn.
ebIcg;rkyutþFm’eGayExμr RtUvkat;eTas b:ul Bt nig sIhnu h‘un Esn yYn cin Edr

g-4-CemøaHdIFIø (Land Conflict)
edIm,IeGayCatiExμrFøak;exSayTaMgxag esdækic© eyaFa neya)ay nigekrþi×eQμaHsMrab;eFIVeGay
yYngayRsYlbMeBjeKaledA kñúgkarkan;kab;RtYtRtaelbykTwkdIExμr)an yYnEtgEteRbIyuT§saRsþ vaylukRKb;
meFüa)aymkelIRbeTsExμreyIgCabnþbnÞab; dUcCayYncab;epþImduteGaymansRgÁam enAelITwkdIExμrenAqñaM
¬1964-1975¦ eFIVeGayExμrkab;smøab;claclenAcenøaHqñaM ¬1975-1979¦ cUlmkRtYtRtaQøanBan
TwkdIExμr bøn;RTBüsm,tþiBIqñaM¬1979-1991¦ edayyYn)anRtYtRtaExμr tamrUbPaB xøaBak;Es,kla . yYnyk
GavKNbkSRbCaCn RbCaFibetyü esþcBak;bMP½nþEPñkRbCaBlrdæExμrrhUtdl;bc©úb,nñ. yYneRbI h‘un Esn
bnþdak;bBaðamkelIExμr CabnþbnÞab;minRBmedaHRsay dUcCa bBaðaCnGenþaRbevsnþyYn bBaðaBukrlYy
TMnijeLIgéfø karsmøab;mþgmYyCabnþbnÞab; rwbGUsdIFøI nigkab;éRBeQIykeTARsukyYnCaedIm. yYnykluy
mkCMritTijdIRbCaBlrdæExμrEdlRkIRk edayykeQμaHRkumh‘un Caelsfa vinieyaK nigGPivDÆn_. bBaðaTaMgGs;
enH BYkRtYtRta h‘un Esn minRBmedaHRsayeT TIbMput TwkdIExμrTaMgenHnwgkøayeTACakmμsiTi§yYn cMENkExμrman
Etsm,kRbeTs eQμaHfa km<úCa Etb:ueNÑaH. yYnmincaM)ac;eFIVsRgÁambgðÚrQamdeNþIm ykdIExμrdUckalmun²
eToteLIy enHehIyeKehAfa neya)ayRtCak;. tamRTwsþI s‘un s‘U GñkEdlBUEk xagyuT§saRsþ KWminEmnGñk
Edlc,aMgQñH sRtUvrab;rysmrPUmienaHeT EtKWCaGñkQñHsRtUvedaymincaM)ac; RbyuT§ b¤QñHsRtUvedayKμan
QamhUrmYydMNk; b¤QñHsRtUvedayminxUcxatsmÖar³GIVbnþicesaHeLIy.
edIm,IeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrlk;dIeGayyYn yYn)aneRbIyYnEdlecHExμr b¤ExμrEdlbMerIva ykluy
duløamkTijdI dMeLIgdIeGayéfø eFIVeGayGñkmanGMNacrwbGUsdIksikrRkIRk ykeTAlk;eGayBYkva ebIeTaHCamin
cg;lk; k¾BYkvaeRbIl,icepSg² edIm,ITij dUcCaKMrameGaylk; ebIminGBa©wgeT varwbGUsykTeT².
tamyuT§saRsþkumμúynisþyYn vakat;pþac;es,og kat;pþac;hirBaØvtßú luy nigkat;pþac; smÖar³ BIsRtUv ¬Exμr¦
edIm,IeGayExμrexSay. ebIRbCaBlrdæExμr minlk;dIeGayBYkva Kat;xøac)at;bg;TeT ehtudUcenH Kat;lk;TaMgsþay
TaMgcitþexøacpSar eRBaHdIenHehIyCaqñaMg)ayrbs;Kat;. yYneRbIl,iceRkamrUbPaBepSg²eTot eFIVeGayExμr
FujRTan; edaybgábBaðaepSg²dUcCa eKTijdIEdlh‘MuB½T§CMuvij dIrbs;Kat;ehIy eTIbeKbgçMeGayKat;lk; ebIminlk;
Kat;KμanpøÚvcUleTAdIKat; beBaäateGaypþiteméd faGeBa©HGBa©úH rYcehIyBYkeK)anelseqøIyTMlak;kMhusfa
RbCaBlrdæCaGñklk;dIeGayvavij b¤vabgáreGaymanCemøaHerOgra:vCaedIm. ExμrRtUvpøas;ecjBItMbn;sMxan;² dUcCa
tMbn;esdækic© BaNiC¢kmμ neya)ay eTAkEnøgEdldac;Rsyal kab;éRBrs;enAtamTICnbTCaedIm b¤ BYkvaecaT
KMramtamcab; tamsmøab;eGayrt;ecalRbeTsCatiCaedIm. RbCaBlrdæExμrEdlmancMnYn 85 PaKry Caksikr
kan;EtRkIRkya:b;yWun ERskehArkGñkCYyrkyutþiFm’ EtBYk h‘un Esn minedaHRsayCUnExμreLIy. Cak;Esþg
RbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgekμgcas; )anedIrtaMgBIextþ)at;dMbgmkpÞH h‘un Esn enAtaexμA extþkNþal edIm,IeGayCYy
EtTIbMputRtUvGgÁrkS h‘un Esn vayeFIV)abEbkk,al cMENkÉ h‘un Esn vij EbeTAkarBarBYkQμÜj vinieyaKyYnvij
edayniyayfa kMuniyayerOgdIFøI BIeRBaHxøacb:HBal;erOgCati.
karEdldIeLIgéfømkBImankMeNInRbCaBlrdæ b:uEnþtamBitkMeNInenaH vaminEmnCakMeNIncMnYn
RbCaBlrdæExμreT KWkMeNInCnCatiyYn EdlvacUlmkenAkñúgtMbn;sMxan;² dUcCaesdækic© bwgTenøsab PñMeBj
RkugRBHsIhnu kMBg;cam mat;TenøemKgÁ esomrab e)a:yEb:t EdlCaebHdUgExμr. BYkvaeron PasaExμreGayecH
vapøas;bþÚrBIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgepSgeTot eFIVCaGñkcMNUlExμrfμIedayExμreyIgRsukERscMkarmin)anyl;dwgBIbBaða
enHeLIy. cMENkRbeTsExμrmanRbCaBlrdæticRsab; vaeRbIneya)aypSBVpSayeGayRbCaBlrdæExμr eyIgBnüa
kMeNIteTAvij. enHehIyCa neya)ayyYnnUbnIykmμ enAelITwkdIExμr.
g-5-GMeBIBukrlYy (Corruption)
GMeBIBukrlYyCaCm¶WmYyya:gsahav EdlkMBugratt,atkñuúgsgÁmExμrbc©úb,nñ eRBaHCnpþac;kar kBa¢HbreTs
h‘un Esn elμaPGMNacbMerIplRbeyaCn_yYn KμanqnÞ³edaHRsaybM)at;GMeBIBukrlYyeGayGs;kúñgsgÁm ExμrTal;
EtesaH. Cnpþac;kar h‘un Esn KμanectnaedaHRsaybBaðaEdlkMBugRbQmmuxcMeBaHsgÁmExμreT EfmTaMgbegIát
bBaðaeGaykan;EteRcIneTotdUcCa kardeNIþmdIFIøRbCaBlrdæRkIRk ectnaeFIVdUcenH KWeKmanbMNgeGay
RbCaCatiExμrkan;EtRk nigexSayeTA² gayRsYl h‘un Esn bnþkan;GMNac bMpøajCati lak;)aMgkMuhus emdwknaM
mYycMnYn EdleFIVxuscMeBaHCatiExμrknøgmk CaBiess h‘un Esn manectnarkSakarBarrbbkumμúnisþeRkam
\Ti§BlyYneGaysißtesßrenAelIRbeTskm<úCaCaGmt³.
GMeBIBukrlYyenHCab£sKl; eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrsißtenAkñúgPaBRkIRk ehIyGñkRkkan;EtRkeTA²
CaBiess GñkRsukERscMkarkan;EtmanCIvPaBRkIRk KμanlT§PaBeronsURteRCARCH mansμartITn;exSayeTA²
KitEterOgCIvPaB lg;eCOkare)akR)as;rbs;BYkpþac;kar h‘un Esn Edl)annwgkMBugbMpøajplRbeyaCn_Cati
dUcCYyBRgwgGMNaceGayCnpþac;karEfmeTotb:ueNÑaH.
GMeBIBukrlYyCaTunmYysMrab;BRgwgGMNacbkSBYk h‘un Esn eGaykan;EtruwgmaM nigmanCIvPaBFUrFar
EtRbCaBlrdæExμrkan;EtRkIRkeTA )ak;s,atminGacegIbeLIgRbqaMgtTl;nigkareKobsgát; rbs;BYkmanGMNac
EdlykkardwknaMtamrebobkumμúynisþ eRkamGaNaniKmyYn.
GMeBIBukrlYyeFIVeGay)at;bg;fvikaCati kñúgmYyéf¶rhUteTAdl; 1 lan duløa ehIyebIKitkñúgmYyqñaM
CamFümRtUv)at;bg;cMnYn 250landuløa eTA300landuløa. etIluyGs;TaMgenaHCarbs;nrNa? luyTaMgenaH
Carbs;CatiExμr minEmnCarbs;bkSBYk h‘un Esn enaHeT etIeKmanR)ak;Exb:unμan ? )anCaman Lan vILa nig
RsIyYn cMENkmRnIþraCkar elakRKU GñkRKU kmμkr EdlminEmnbkSBYk h‘un Esn R)ak;ExtictYc minRKb;RKan;
ehIykan;RkIRkeTAvij.
rdæaPi)alpþac;kar h‘un Esn TTYl)anCMnYy nigxI©breTsrab;landuløakñúgmYyqñaM² etIluyTaMgenaHBYk h‘un
Esn ykeTANa? luyTaMgGs;enaHCaluyrbs;CatiExμr b¤Carbs; h‘un Esn Etmñak;Ég )anCanaMKña lYcykRTBü
sm,tþiCati ykeTAdak;enAFanaKareRkARbeTsrab;landuløa EtTukçevTnaRtUvFøak;elIRbCaBlrdæExμrTUeTA CaGñksg
vij. dUecñH RbCaBlrdæExμrRtUvCMBak;bMNulbreTs y:agehacNas; 1500 duløakñúgmñak;.
bBaðaTaMgGs;enH KWCaKMnitd¾exμARkxVk;rbs;Cnpþac;kar h‘un Esn bMerIyYn manectnaeFIVeGayCatiExμr Rk
nig exSay edIm,IbnþGMNacpþac;karbMpøajCati nigbMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayyYnEtb:ueNÑaH.

g-6-R)asaTRBHvihar
erOgR)asaTRBHviharEdleTIbekIteLIgfμI²enH tamBiteTA vaCacitþsaRsþneya)ay EdlerobcMedayyYn
eGayKNbkSRbCaCnbegáIteLIg edIm,IbEgVGarmμN_RbCaBlrdæExμreGayePøcerOgRkIRk TMnij eLIgéfø deNþImdIFøI
BukrlYy GyutþiFm’epSg² edIm,IeGaymtiCati nigGnþrCatiyl;RcLMfa kardak;R)asaTRBHviharcUlebtikPNÐ
BiPBelak eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrKaMRTe)aHeqñateGayQñH edIm,IbnþGMNac h‘un Esn KNbkSRbCaCn
teTAeTot EtvaCakarerobcMrbs;KNbkSRbCaCnEtb:ueNÑaH. tamkarBitR)asaTRBHvihaenH salakIþTIRkugLa
eG)ankat;kIþeGayExμrQñHesom éf¶ 15 mifuna 1962 dUcenHR)asaTRBHviharCakmμsiT§iExμrrYceTAehIy. b:uEnþ
sux Gan )ancuHhtßelxakat;dIeGayesom eFIVEpnTIfμI bgáCaCemøaHenHeLIg. karbegáItCemøaHerOgR)asaT
RBHviharrvagExμr nigesom Edlesomdak;T½BQøanBanTwkdIExμr edIm,IeGayExμrePøcyYnPaKxagekIt EdlcUl
mkeBjRbeTsExμr RbmaNCag 4 lannak;. yYneFIVeGayExμrRcbUkRcbl; manbBaðaminecHcb; x©IédExμreGay
bgársRgÁam GñkEdlrgeRKaHKWCatiExμr GñkEdl)anplRbeyaCn_ KWyYneTAvij. tamkarBiteTATaMgyYn nigesom
taMgBIGtItkal EtgEtelgEl,gq<inEPñkdak;Exμr edIm,IEtplRbeyaCn_CatieKb:ueNÑaH. eyIgCaExμrRtUvBinitü
sikSaRbvtþisaRsþExμreGayc,as; eyIgminRtUvBwgBak;TukcitþelICatisasn_déT CagCatisasn_xøÜnÉgeLIy.
RbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;Kña sUmkMuePøcplRbeyaCn_FM dUcCaTwkdIExμrTaMgmUl EdlyYnkMBugEtRtYtRtasBVéf¶
R)asaTGgÁrvtþ EdlyYn sux Kg; kMBugEtekIbluyykeTAeGayrdæaPi)alyYnCaedIm.
sUmeyIgBicarNafa eBlEdlesomQøanBan etIGas‘an b¤GgÁkarshRbCaCati CYyedaHRsaybBaða
eyIgb¤eT? dUcenHkMusMGagfamanGas‘an Exμrmin)at;bg;plRbeyaCn_ )at;TwkdIenaH eRBaHEpnkarGIVRKb;ya:g
eKeFIVRsbtamsßankarN_TaMgGs;. cMENkkarcrcar nigkardak;T½B vaCaEl,gneya)ayq<inEPñkExμreT KμancMeNj
GIVdl;Exμr eRkABIExμr )at;TwkdI Exμrclacl Gsnþisux nig P½yxøacb:ueNÑaH.
R)asaTRBHviharExμr BN’elOg sux Gan kat;dIeGayéf

4-kareRCotERCkBIbreTs¬sRgÁam¦
k-karQøanBanrbs;esom (Siam Invasion)
karcab;epþImratt,atrbs;BYkmugeKalcUlmkcin. esom)anrYbrYmCamYykulsm<½ntUc² dUcCa lav nig
GaNÑam EdlmanCMnYyBIm:ugeKalkMBugEteFIVkarratt,atenAGasIuGaeKñy_. RBH)aT\RnÞvrμ½n kan;RBHBuT§sasna
ehIy)anRbKl;ÉkraCüeTAeGayRbeTscm,a:. RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 8 KWCaesþcEdlkan;sasnaRBhμBaØ ehIyrMlay
RBHBuTæsasna EdlCaehtueFIVeGayRbeTsExμrFøak;enAkñúgvibtþisRgÁamsasna. eqøoteBlEdlExμrkMBugEt
manvibtiþépÞkñúg kareRCotERCkrbs;breTsnaqñaM1220 RbeTscm,a:)anvaylukcRkPBExμr Etmin)ansMerc
edaymanCMnYyBIBYkm:ugeKal RbeTsesom)anvaylukRbeTsExμr nigRbkasÉkraCüehAfa suexaT½yenAstvtS
TI13 . s®gÁamsasnaenAkñúgraC RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI8 Edl)anbþúÚrBIsasnaRBHBuTæeTAsasnahiNÐÚ enAqñaM
1283. kgT½Bmu:gehÁal)anvayc,aMgtamRBMEdn cRkPBGgÁreRkayBIRBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI8 RtUv)andeNIþm
raCedaykUnRbsarrbs;RBHGgÁ ehIy)andUreTACasasnaRBHBuTævij. kalEdlminGackarBarnUvRbB½n§FarasaRsþ
nigminGackarBarTwkCMnn; nigminmanTwkRKb;RKan;kñúgrdUvraMgs¶Üt eFIVeGayplitplrbs;ksikmμFøak;cuH esdækic©
k¾Føak;cuH nigCakarFøak;cuHéncRkPBGgÁr. tMhyRbCaBlrdæbNþalmkBIkarsøab;edaysarsRgÁam nig søab;eday
sar Cm¶WepSg²dUcCa RKuncaj; RKunQamCaedIm. enAqñaM1352 raCaNacRkesom)anRbkaseTACaGayuFüaeday
ra:ma:FitI 1. enAkñúgGtItkal cam)anbnþredIm,Idak;karKMramkMEhgeTAelIRckRBMuEdnPaKxageCIgénRbeTsrwt
EtF¶n;F¶reTAeTot KWclnalUtlas;eq<aHeTAxagt,ÚgénRbCaCnesom Edlqøak;CardæfμImYyenAkñúgTwkdIEdl Exμrkan;
kab;. dUecñH suexaT½yenAemNamxagelI)anRbkasÉkraCürbs;xøÜnÉgrYcputBIkarRKb;RKgrbs;ExμrenAqñaM 1219
¬ÉksaxøH 1201¦ KWCaqñaMEdlRBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI7cUlTIvgÁt;. eRkaymkenAstvtSTI13 GñkRKb;RKgmu:g
ehaÁlrbs;RbeTscin)aneFIVeGayGMNacExμreyIgexSay edayCMrujCnCatiesomeGay pøas;bþÚreTAkñúgGasIu
GaeKñy_ RbEhlCamankareqøIytbeTAnigkarKMramKMEhgenH kgkmøaMghñwg)anbnþeFIVkarRbqaMgCMTas;GMNac
ExμrTUTaMgRbeTskñuúgry³eBlénkarsuKtrbs;RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI7. RbeTscamenAPaKxagekIt nig RbeTsesom
enAPaKxaglic)anykbMENkmYyya:gFMénGaNacRkExμr. enAkñúgqñaM1431 GgÁrxøÜnÉgRtUv)anRKb;RKgeday
CnCatiesom nigExμr)anTTYlsareLIgvijnUv rdæFanIBIGtItkalsMrab;ry³eBld¾xøI. b:uEnþenAkñúgqñaM1434
Exμr)ancakecj BITIRkugGgÁrnig begIátrdæFanIfIμmYyeTotEk,rTIRkugPñMeBj. karpøas;bþÚrTIRkugmanCabnþbnÞab;
ecjBIRkugGgÁrmkekaHekr enAqñaM 928-944 ecjBIekaHekreTARkugGgÁrvijenAqñaM 1431 . ecjBIGgÁrqñaM
1431 eTATYl)asanqñaM 1431-1434. ecjBITYl)asaneTAPñMeBj qñaM1434-1505. ecjBITIRkug
PñMeBjeTA ]tþúgÁ 1505-1515 ecjBI]tugÁeTAeBaFisat; qñaM1515-1528. rYcecjBI eBaFisat;eTAlEgVk
1528-1566 . rYcehIyRtLb;eTARkugGgÁrvij qñaM1566-1576. rYcecjBIRkugGgÁrRtLb;mklEgVkvij
1576-1594.
ExμrcuHGn;exSaycab;taMgBI esþccam)anbBa¢ÚnkgT½BQøanBanExμr enAqñaM 1177 ehIy)ansmøab;
RbCaBlrdæExμr Gs;rab;lannak; dutbMpøajsalaeron pÞHsEm,g mnÞIreBTü vtþGara:m rtn³vtßúepSg² nig
RbmUlykePaKRTBüExμrya:gsnw§ksn§ab;eTARbeTscam. cMENkRbeTsesomEdlrs;enAtMbn;yUNan edayman
karKaMRTBIBYkm:ugehÁalpg )aneFIVkarbHe)arpþac;xøÜnecjenAGaNaextþsuexaéf KWenAqñaM 1290 esþcesom eQμaH
R)a rYg )anelIkT½BmkvaykMcat;Exμr enAGaNaextþ suexaT½y rYcmkbegIátCardæÉkraCüesomenAtMbn;enaH.
RbvtþisaRsþéfcab;epþImekItmaneLIg enAstvtSTI 13mk. cab;BIeBlenaH esom)anykTMenomTMlab;tamExμr
PasaExμr ehIymankarEkERbCabnþbnÞab;mk.
enAkñúgrC¢kalRBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 8 RbeTsExμrRtUvBYkm:ugehÁalelIkT½BmkQøanBanenAqñaM 1282
EtedayExμryl;RBmRbKl;sYysarGakr eTIbBYkenHdkT½BecjBIRbeTsExμr. edaysarkarcaj;sRgÁam
enAextþesomrab esom)ancBa©wmcitþsgswkExμrCanic©enAqñaM 1295 esom)anelIkT½BmkvayRkugGgÁrmþgeTot
EtRtUvbraC½y. enAqñaM 1297 esom)anelIkT½BmkeTot EtRtUvbraC½y ehIysRgÁamnaeBlenaH sahaveXaeXA
CageBlNa²TaMgGs;. enAqñaM 1312 esom)anTak;Tgya:gCitsñitCamYYycam esomvaylukExμrBITisxaglic
ÉcamvaylukExμrBITisxagekIt. b:uEnþBYkenHRtUvTTYlbraC½yral;elIk. enAqñaM 1351 esom)anelIkT½B
mkratt,atExμrmþgeTot esþcesom eQμaH ra:man: hIuiBiTI EdleFIVeGayExμrvinashinehacya:gF¶n;F¶rbMput
edaykgT½Besom)aneLamB½T§RkugGgÁrcMnYn 16 Ex ehIycab;ExμrCaeQøIycMnYn 90 000nak;.
enAqñaM 1420 esom)ancUlmkratt,atExμrelIkTI 6eTot. Etedaykarts‘UsiVtsVajBIemdwknaMExμr sRtUv
kTTYlbraC½y. edaysarsRgÁamQøanBanBIesomCaeRcInelIk bnþekIteLIgenAextþesomrab. edaysar
erOgTwkCMnn; xøaMgeBkBIbwgTenøsab eFIVeGaylicRkugGgÁr CaehtueFVIeGaygaycaj;sRgÁam bBaðaesdækic©
karEbk)ak;samKÁIKña kardeNþImraCüKña nigbBaðasasnapgEdr eTIbkñúgraCüRBH)aTBBaaya:t sMerccakecal
RkugGgÁrenAcugqñaM 1432.
enAqñaM 1587 esom)anelIkT½BmkvayRkug]tþúg EtRtUvbraC½y eRBaHbnÞaylEgVk mandaMedImb¤sSIya:g
Rkas;B½T§CMuvij nig )armIrbs;RBHeKa nigRBHEkv Edl)anKg;enAkñúgbnÞayenaH CaehtueFIVeGayesomTTYlbraC½y.
enAqñaM 1593 esom)anerobcMkgT½Brbs;eK edIm,IvaylukbnÞaylEgVkmþgeTot EtRtUvbraC½y. munnigdkT½BBYk
kgT½Besom)an )acR)ak;dYg eTAkKum<b¤sSI EdlB½T§CMuvijbnÞaylEgVkenaH rYcehIyeKdkfyeRkayvij.
eBlEdlesomdwgfaExμrkab;qáarb£sSIerIsR)ak;dYgGs;ehIy esom)anelIkT½BmkvayRkuglEgVk)aneCaKC½y yk
Km<Irk,Ünc,ab;ExμrenAkñúgRBHeKaRBHEkveTARbeTseK eTIbesom)anerobcMRbeTseK rIkcMerInrhUtmk.
x-karQøanBanrbs;yYn (Vietnamese Invasion)
enAkñúgraCüRBH)aTC½yeCdæaTI 2 qñaM 1630 RbeTsExμr)anFøak;kñúg\Ti§BlyYn. edayRBH)aTC½yeCdæaTI
2 )anerobGPieskCamYykUnRsIesþcyYn eQμaH kU CInCIn. kU CInCIn )annaMmknUvjatisNþan kgT½B Gñkbec©k
Ts tulakar vb,Fm’nigGriyFm_mktaMgTIlMenAenAelITwkdIExμr. yYn)aneRbIli,c ykRsIeFIVnuyedIm,IrMlay
BUCsasn_Exμr nigcam. esþcyYn)anbBa¢ÚnebskCn eTAcrcarCamYyesþcC½yeCdæaTI 2 edIm,IkMueGayykBn§Gakr
elICnCatiyYn EdltaMgTIlMenAenAtMbn;éRBnKr bc©úb,nñRtUvdUreQμaHeTACaRkug hUCImij.
eRkayeBlEdlRBH)aTC½yeCdæaTI2 cUlTIvgÁteTAenAqñaM 1626 PaBRcbUkRcbl; deNþImGMNacKña)an
begIátCasRgÁam enAkñúgPaBRcbUkRcbl;enaH kU CIn CIn )anbBa¢ÚnkgT½BmkbRgáabBYkbHe)ar ehIyykTIk
dIéRBnKr)anenAqñaM 1698. BIqñaM 1660 eTAqñaM 1672 kñúgraCüRBH)aTbrmraCaTI 4 ExμrsßitenAeRkam
GaNaniKmyYn. yYn)anbgçMeGayesþcbrmraCaenHcuHhtßelxaGnuBaØateGayyYneFIVCaGaNaBüa)al ehIyTTYl
ykCnCatiyYn nigcincMnYn 3000nak; eGaycUlmkrs;enAkñúgRbeTsExμr. esþcGgÁnn; )anykCnCaticin nigyYn
edIm,IeFIVsRgÁamdeNþImGMNacCamYyb¥ÚnGgÁsUr . esþcGgÁsUrk_)andeNþIm)anRkugPñMeBj cMENkÉGgÁsUr)an
ePosxøÜneTAkMBg;lYg. Gs;ryHeBl 157qñaM rhUtmkdl; qñaM1867 EdlTwkdIPUmiPaKTaMgenH )anFaøk;eRkam
karRtYtRtayYn. enAqñaM 1775 kñúgraCüRBH)aT]T½yTI 2 GaNaextþExμrenAkm<úCaeRkam tan Gan ehÁa kug Rtavij
nig suk RtaMg RtUvFøak;kñúgkNþab;édrbs;yYn. rvagqñaM 1813 yYn)anelIkT½BsnW§ksn§ab; mkvaylukcUlRkug
PñMeBj ehIyRtYtRtaelIPUmiPaKdIExμr elIkElgEtextþbI Edlesom)anykkalBIqñaM 1794. enAkñúgraCesþc
GgÁcnÞTI 2 qñaM 1806 dl; 1834 RbeTskm<úCa eyIgsißtenAeRkamGaNaniKmn_esþcyYn ya:Lúg . eRkayBIesþc
ya:Luúg suKteTA esþcyYn mij ma:g )aneLIgesayraCbnþ. eRkaymkRBHGnuCGgÁcnÞ KWRBH)aT GgÁDYg)anrt;
eTABwgesom ehIy)anvaybHe)ar BITisxaglic ry³eBlya:gyUr cugbBa©b; RBH)aTGgÁDYgRtUv)anelIkeGay
eLIgesayraCü.
5-mineGaytMélelICatixøÜnÉg (Not Self Value)
tamkarsikSaRbvtþisaRsþknøgmkeXIjfa cRkPBExμreyIgFøak;cuHedayRbkarepSg²CaeRcIn EtktþaKYr
eGaykt;sMKal;enaH KWfacab;BIesomeqøot»kaseBlEdlm:ugeKalvayratt,atcUlmkGasIu esomeqøotpþac;xøÜn
ecjCardæÉkraCüsuexaT½yenaH )aneFIVGaNacRkExμrcab;Føak;cuHedayPaBvikvrépÞkñúg nigkarvayluk BIxageRkA
EdlCaehtueFIVeGayExμr)at;bg;RbvtþisaRsþ ehIyelcecjCaRbvtþitaRts;kEp¥menHeLIg. edIm,IeGayrdæmYy
Føak;exSay eK)anrMelIgdl;b£sKl;énRbeTsenaHEtmþg dUcCabMpøaj ehdæarcnasm<½n§esdækic© rwbGUsk,Ün Km<Ir
ekNÐbNÐit GñkR)aCJ bBaØvnþ eGayeTAbMerIkargareGayeKCaedIm b£smøab;ecalkñúgkrNImineFIVtameK. karEdl
)at;bg;b£sKl;KW Km<Ik,Ünxñat GñkR)aCJ enHehIyeFIVeGayRbeTsCatiFøak;kñúgPaBvwkvr KμanPaBeCOCak;elIxøÜnÉg
ehIyFøak;])aykl,GnÞak;rbs;sRtUv edIm,Ieqøot»kasTajykplRbeyaCn_eyIg eFIVeGayRbeTsCatiFøak;
exSayeTA edaysarEtsRgÁamvikvr c,aMgEhkhYrKñarvagExμr nigExμr. ExμrElgmanCMenOelIxøÜnÉg Elg
eGaytMélGIVCaExμreTot EtelIktMéleGaybreTs TukcitþbreTsCagExμrxøÜnÉg BwgBak;breTs dUcCamçag BwgyYn
mçagBwgesom ehIybnÞab;mkBwg)araMg eRBaHEtkarelaPln;cg;)anGMNac buNüs½ká yss½ká min)anKitKUr
plRbeyaCn_RbeTsCatiCaFM GayuCIvitRbCaBlrdæ ExμrEbk)ak;KñasßitenAkñúgsRgÁam mþgehIymþgeTot Cag 5
stvtS. cMENkÉRbvtþisaRsþfμIknøgmkenH nigmkbc©úb,nñ ExμrkMBugEtBwgBak;breTs dUckalEdlExμr
vwkvrkñúgsRgÁamkalmun²Edr ExμrenAEtedIrKnøgdEdl² edaysarbreTsCaGñkerobcMpøÚveGayExμredIr. dUcenH
RbvtþisaRsþmansar³sMxan;Nas;sMrab;kUnExμrRKb;rUb RtUvsikSaEsVgyl;eGay)aneRCARCHykmkviPaKBicarNa
rkemIlehtupleGayc,as;las; edIm,IdwknaMRbeTsCatieCoseGayput BIpøÚvcas;EdlnaMRbeTsCati eGayvinas
kmμeTot.
RbvtþisaRsþcas;)anekIteLIgmkelIExμreyIgmþgeTot enAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü EdlExμreyIg
)at;bg;RbvtþisaRsþ nigsikSaRbvtþisaRsþminBit EdlKμanRbeyaCn_GIVdl;RbeTsCati cUreyIgsikSaRbvtþisaRsþenH
eFobeTAnigkar)at;bg;RbvtþisaRsþsm½yRtsk;Ep¥m k¾b:uEnþsMNagl¥edaysareBlenH manGñkR)aCJbNÐitExμr
eyIgenAeRkARbeTscgRkgÉksarBitTukeGaykUnExμrsikSa GñksikSaRsavRCavbreTsÉkraCü edaybec©kviTüa
nig Bt’manTMenIb. cab;BIrbb b:ul Bt mk ExμreyIgrg\Ti§BlBIkumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin ¬yYn¦edayExμredIrCan;Knøg
RbvtþisaRsþeTot mñak;²BwgbreTsEhkhYrKña rhUtdl;eBlbc©úb,nñenH RtUvFøak;eTAkñúgkNþab;yYnTaMgRsug ehIy
b:uEnþExμreyIgmYycMnYnEdllg;menaKmn_yYnenAminTan;PJak;xøÜn edaysayYneKeRbIneya)ayRtCak; tamkareRbI
carkmμrbs;eK nigtamkarbMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_neya)ayeGayExμr.
RbvtþisaRsþRtsk;Ep¥m nig RbvtþisaRsþ h‘un Esn EdlyYnelIkbnþúbmkenHminxusKñabunμaneT. KYrExμr
eyIgBicarNa ebIeyIgTukbeNþayeGay yYn eRbIcarkmμ h‘un Esn pþl;siTi§eGayniKmyYn pþl;dIsm,Tan 99 qñaM
eRkamels vinieyaK nig GPivDÆn_ enaH etIGnaKtRbeTsCatiExμr GacdUcTwkdI cm,a: nig TwkdIExμreRkamb£eT?.
6-KitRbeyaCn_buKÁlFMCagRbeyaCn_Cati (National Interest much more than Individual)
karEdl)at;b£sKl; dUcCak,Ünc,ab;Km<Ir GñkR)aCJbNÐit CaehtueFIVeGayRbeTsExμr Føak;cuHya:gxøaMg
mkdl;eBlbc©úb,nñ enHedaysarkarTTYlykmenaKmn_epSg² Edlminc,as;las; cMrUgcMra:s; minman
ÉkPaBKñaCaExμr eFIVeGayEbk)ak;nigyl;pøÚvxusfaRtUv yl;exμAfa s yl;fa sRtUv Camitþ yl;GaRkk;fal¥ ykfμ
faCadMueBRC EdlGIVCakarBitRtwmRtUvmin)anTTYlykmksikSaBitR)akd. rhUtmkdl;eBlenH eK)anerobcM
bEgVrGarmμN_Exμr eGayePøcKitKUrplRbeyaCn_FM plRbeyaCn_RbeTsCati vtßúmantMélBitR)akd EteKeGayExμr
eyIgeGaytMélelIluykak; nigsmÖar³rbs;breTsxøaMgCagvtßßúmantMélEdlmanrbs;CatiExμr dUcCa TwkdI R)asaT
GgÁrvtþ RTBüsm,tþiepSg²eTot edaymñak;xitxMbMpøajsm,tþiCatirbs;xøÜn edIm,Iykluy duløamkdak;ehAe)A:
xøÜnÉg. KitEteFIVFM minEmnedIm,IeFIVRbeyaCn_CUnCati b£CYyRbCaCatiExμrEdlTn;exSayeT EtedIm,IRbRBwtþ
GMeBIBukrlYy lYcCati lk;Cati mkdak;ehAe):ApÞal;xøÜn eFIVeGayCatiFøak;exSayeTAkþúgkNþab; yYnTaMgRsug
edayKμaneGIeBIeLIy. RbeTsCatimYyEdlrIkcMerIn Tal;EtemdwknaMnaMRbCaBlrdæRbeTsenaH xitxMTaMgGs;Kña
edIm,IeFIVCaRbeyaCn_dl;RbeTsCatienaHeTIbRbeTsrIkcMerIn EtebIemdwknaMGatμaniymminKIt BIeFIVplRbeyaCn_dl;
RbeTsCatiehIy RbeTsenaHFøak;exSayCaminxan. sßankarN_dUcsBVéf¶ minxusBIéf )acR)ak;dYg edIm,IeGayExμr
kab;Kum<b£sSIenaHeT cMENkeBlenH edIm,Ikab;éRBeQIykdI eK)acR)ak;duløaTijdIExμr etIluyenaHmkBINa?

CMBUkTI3

begIátkarpøas;bþÚr
I>begIátyuT§saRsþ (Establish Strategy)
ebIsinCaKμankarcaM)ac;pøas;bþÚreT KMnitPaBCaGñkdwknaMKWKμann½yeT. PaBCaGñkdwknaMminEmnGrUbIeT
tamKMnitelak )øatug vaKwCaskmμPaBGnuvtþn_ EdlmaneKaledACak;lak;enAkñugKMnit. karpøas;bþÚrenAkñúgGgÁkar
dwknaM eRbobdUcCakarebIkLaneTAmux EdlmaneKaledACak;lak;sMrab;eTAEdr. emdwknaMCaGñkeFIVeGayman
karpøas;bþÚrmYyy:agsMxan; b:uEnþeKminGaceFIVvaEtmñak;Ég)aneT eKenAEtmankarcaM)ac;karnUvCMnYyBIGñkd¾éT
mann½yfa emdwknaMKWCaGñkbegIátGñkedIrtam kic©karrbs;emdwknaMKWRtUvCMrujmnusSeGayeFIVkargar. ebIKaμnGñkedIr
tameT KWKμanemdwknaMeT. edIm,IeFIVCaemdwknaM nigpøas;bþÚreTA)anGaRs½yelIsßankarN_ emdwknaMl¥enAkñúg
kal³eTs³ b¤sßankarN_mYy minGaceCaKC½ykñuúgkal³eTs³b¤sßankarN_epSg²eLIy . elak Winston
Churchil EdlmankareCaKC½ydwknaMkñúgeBlsRgÁam nigbnÞab;mkbraC½yenAkñuúgeBlmansniþPaB edaykarcaj;
eqñatCaTUeTA. emdwknaMRtUvbegIátsßankarN_ begáIt»kas minrgcaMsßankarN_enaHeLIy.

1-ebskkmμ (Mission)
kñúgnamCakUnExμrmñak; EdlmanesovePAenHGanenAkμúgéd eyIgRtUvmansμartIPJak;rlwkdwgGMBIkatBVkic©
Parkic©sMrab;xøÜneyIgCaExμrmñak;² faetIeyIgRtUveFIVGIVCaRbeyaCn_cMeBaHCatimatuPUmieyIg? eyIgmañk;²RtUvmankatBV
kic©TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHRbeTsCatieyIgenAdMNak;kalenH edayminbeNþayeGaybuKÁlNamñak; RkumNamYysMerc
vasnaRbeTsCati eFIVGIVmYyEdl)at;bg;plRbeyaCn_Cati b:HBal;GayuCivitRbeTsCati tamEtcitþenaHeLIy.
eyIgRtUvEtdwgKuNdl;buBVbursExμreyIg eyIgRtUvEtsgKuNTwkdIExμr eyIgRtUvEtRsLaj;karBar CYyCatiExμr
minbeNþayeGayrlay)at;bg; edaysarEtbuKÁlGviC¢a BalelμaPGMNac lYcCati lk;Cati mñak; b¤ mYYyRkum
enaHeLIy. BIeRBaHfa CatiExμr mann½yfa RbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;enHehIyCaGñkkarBarEfrkSaCatirbs;xøÜn
minEmneXIj emdwknaMEdlyYnelIkbnþúb dUc h‘un Esn EdlbMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayyYn TukRbCaBlrdæExμr
EdlQamC½rCaExμr eGayrgTukçevTna ehIyeyIgenAnaMKñaQr»bédemIlfaCaGñkxøaMg GñkBUEkqøattammenaKmn_va
enaHeLIy. RbCaCatiExμreRbobdUcCaRkdass minEdl)aneFIVGIVmYyeGayb:HBal;dl;plRbeyaCn_Cati )at;bg;
plRbeyaCn_Cati k,t;CatiExμreLIy b¤ eyIg)andwknaMRbeTsnaMeGayExμrsøab;mnusSrab;lannak; b¤dwknaM
RbeTsFøak;Gnþray dUc sIhnu nigh‘un Esn eLIy. EteTaHbICa sIhnu h‘un Esn eFIVxusF¶n;F¶r ya:gNak¾eday
k¾emdwknaMTaMgenHminEdlTTYlxuseLIy EtgEtTMlak;kMhusdak;Gñkd¾éT minTTYlxusRtUv cMeBaHkardwknaMrbs;xøÜn
EfmTaMgGYtxøÜnfaCaGñkmanbuNü GñkxøaMgeTot. dUecñH eyIgRtUvrYbrYmKñaeLIg samKÁIKña eLIg eGayÉkPaB
CatiExμrEtmYy edIm,ICatiExμrrs;.
kñúgdMNak;kard_RbkbedayeRKaHfñak; EdlRbeTsCatienHCitdl;eRCaHmrN³ eyIgminGacQreGab
édemIlrhUtRbeTsExμrRtUvFøak;eTAkñúgkNþab;édyYnTaMgRsug dUcExμreRkamenaHeT eRBaHeyIgeXIjfa yYneRbI
neya)aycitþsaRsþ edayviFIRtCak; nigedayviFIekþA bMP½nþExμreyIg edayeyIgemIlEPñkTeTmineXIjeLIy
yuT§saRsþeK edIm,IRtYtRtaelbykTwkdIExμrtamEpnkaryYnhUCImij edayExμreyIgmanEteQμaHfa km<úCa

Etb:ueNÑaH EtplRbeyaCn_RKb;ya:gRtUvyYnCaGñkrwbGUsyk yYnCaGñkRtYtRtaExμr eFIV)abExμrtaml,icRKb;Ebb
ya:g.
dUecñHebskkmμd¾FMeFgsMrab;eyIgTaMgGs;Kña RtUvEtnaMKñaeRkakeLIg cgRkgKñaCaFøúgmYy edIm,IrMedaH
RbeTsExμrsBVéf¶enH ¬Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr¦ ecjBIGaNaniKmn_kumμúynisþyYnEbbfμIenH eGayCatiExμr man
ÉkraCü RbCaFibetyü siTi§esrIPaBeBjelj karBarCatimatuPUmiExμreGayenAsißtesßrKg;vgS sMrab;kUn
ecAExμrCMnan;eRkay. eyIgTaMgGs;KñaminRtUvlg;eCOtammenaKmn_yYn KNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn edayKμan
karsikSaRsavRCav RtiHriHBicarNaeGayyl;BI ehut nig pl BitR)akd emIleXIjyuT§saRsþyYnenaHeT
¬ebImin)ansikSaRsavRCavGMBIyuT§saRsþneya)ayeGaysIuCMerAeT eyIgminGacyl;dl;kll,icexμARkxVk; rbs;
kumμúynisþyYn nigkUnGuk sIhnu h‘un EsneLIy¦. yYnykKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa h‘un Esn CakUnGuk
eFVItamyuT§saRsþva ehIyesþc sIhnu CaExl nigBak;GavRbCaFibetyü snþiPaBEkøgkøayeGayExμr
eyIgemIleXIjnigEPñkfaExμrmanÉkraCü mansnþiPaB manRbCaFibetyü eRkayBIyYneRbIl,icerobcMEpnkar
smøab;Exμr bM)ak;sμartI sm½y b:ul Bt mk. EtebIeyIgsikSaRsavRCav emIledayR)aCJa eXIjfaExμrenA RkIRk
rgTukçevTna P½yxøac tamkarerobcMEpnkarfμIrbs;yYnEtb:ueNÑaH. ehtuGIVExμrenAEtRkIRk ebIeyIgmanRbCaBldæ
tictYc ehIysm,ÚredayRTBüsm,tþieBjRbeTs dUcCa Er:t,Úg mas eBRC éRBeQI RtIsac; dImanCICati
tMbn;eTscrN_ nigR)asaT. ehtuGIV)anenAEtmanGMeBIGyutþiFm’ BukrlYy kab;smøab;Exμr. ehtuGIV)an
CayYncUlmkrs;enAeBjTwkdIExμr TaMgsIuvil nigTahan manGtþsBaØaNb½NÑ mansiTi§e)aHeqñatelITwkdI ExμreRsc
Etcitþ. ehtuGIVyYnmansiTi§ebIk smaKmn_ 19 extþRkug edIm,IGIV? yYneFIVkarenAkñúgRksYgsMxan;²rbs;Exμr dUcCa
b:UlIs Tahan RksYgkarbreTsCaedIm.
2-eKalbMNg (Goal)
RbCaBlrdæExμr eyIgTaMgGs;KñamaneKalbMNg cg;pøas;bþÚrsgÁmCatiExμreGaymanÉkraCü mansiTi§esrI
PaBeBjelj manRbCaFibetyüesrIBitR)akd CYyRbCaBlrdæExμreGayrYcputBIPaBRkIRk P½yxøac GyutþiFm’ nig
GMeBIBukrlYyepSg² edIm,IeGayRbeTsCatimansuxsnþiPaBBiitR)akd rugerOg]tþúg]tþm esμIrmuxRbeTsnana
elIBiPBelak.
k-pøas;bþÚremdwknaM nigrcnasm<½n§ (Change Leader and Structure)
kardwknaMEdlmanlkçN³RbNaMgRbECgKñaedayesrI nigyutþiFm’ KWCadMeNIrkarEdlGacQaneTA
rkkarrIkcMerIn eRBaHfakareFIVEbbenH vaGaceGayemdwknaMmñak;²xitxMRbNaMgRbECgKña eFIVl¥cMeBaHCati ykcitþTuk
dak;cMeBaHsuxTukçRbCaBlrdæ tMkl;plRbeyaCn_CatiExμrCaFM xitxMGPivDÆn_RbeTsCatieGayrIkcMerIn. eyIgmin
GacTukemdwknaMcas;d¾Edl² eFIVCaemdwknaMrhUtenaHeT eRBaHKμanKMnitfμIsMrab;EkERbfμIeGayRbeTsrIkcMerIneLIy
eRbobdUcCaeyIgminRtUveRbIeKaRkbIcas;²eBkeT eRBaHvaGs;kmøaMg famBl TaMgR)aCJa sμartI KMnitfμI KμaneCOn
elOneTAmuxeToteT. eyIgRtUvEtpøas;bþÚrfμI edIm,IeGaykargarRbeTsCatidMeNIrkarelOnqab;rh½seTAmux
dUceyIgmankuMBüÚT½rcas;pøas;kMuBüÚT½rfμI kargarrIkcMerInelOn ehIymanRbsiT§PaBx<s;Cagmunya:gdUecñHEdr .
eyIgCaRbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;Cam©as;GMNac EdleRCIserIsdMNagrbs;xøÜn edayecjBIqnÞHBitR)akdrbs;xøÜn
edIm,IykmkbMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayeyIgTaMgGs;Kña minEmnerIsmksMrab;CiHCan; KMramkMEhg deNþImdIFøIeyIgeT
eyIgerIsbuKÁlNa EdlykRbeyaCn_RbeTsCatiCaFM sMrab;bMerIplRbeyaCn_eyIgTaMgGs;KñaCaCatiExμr. eyIgRtUv
eRCIserIsykemdwknaMEdll¥bMput The King of the King or The best of the best..
x-pøas;bþÚrneya)aydwknaM (Change Politics)
CakarBitehIy kardwknaMneya)aysMrab;CatimYy RtUvEtKitplRbeyaCn_sMrab;CatienaH CaCagpl
RbeyaCn_rbs;buKÁl b¤ minEmndwknaMneya)ayedIm,IbMerIplRbeyaCn_CatidéT dUcBYk h‘un Esn )annwg
kMBugeFIVenaHeT. eTaHCadwknaMneya)aytamEbbkumμúynisþ b¤ tamEbbesrI RbCaFibetyü tamEbbraCaniym
k¾eday k¾neya)aydwknaMenaHRtUvEtÉkraCü sMrab;bMerIplRbeyaCn_Catirbs;xøÜnÉgEdr. RKb;RbeTsnanaenA
elIBiPBelakeRkayBIsRgÁamelakelIkTI 2 RtUvEtmanÉkraCürag²xøÜn sMercvasnaRbeTsedayxøÜnÉg dUcCa
RbeTsenAGaRhVik \NÐÚcin¬Exμr lav yYn¦ \NÐa maeLsIu siugkaBU hiVlIBin PUma Rb‘ueN nigfμI²enH TIm½rxagekIt
kUsUvU: tamsn§isBaØaGnþrCati. eTaHCaGuIRsaEGl TIm½rxagekIt Rb‘uyeN CaRbeTstUcmYyk¾eday k¾RbeTsTaMgenH
kan;neya)aydwknaMCMhrÉkraCü edayminsßitenAeRkamKMnabRbeTsNamYy dUcRbeTsExμreLIy. GkuslEt
RbeTsExμr minRtwmEt)at;bg;TwkdIExμreRkam TwkdIExμrelIeT EfmTaMgneya)aydwknaMrbs;RbeTsExμrbc©úb,nñ
enAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;kumμúynisþyYneTot. karEdlneya)aydwknaMeRkam\Ti§BlyYnenHehIy EdleFIVeGay
CatieyIgKμanÉkraCü kñúgkarsMerceCaKvasnaRbeTsCatiedayxøÜnÉg tamsn§isBaØaGnþrCati b¤karR)afña cg;)an
rbs;RbCaBlrdæExμr EdlrgTukçevTna\tElð BImYyCMnan;eTAmYyCMnan;.
dUcenH eyIgcaM)ac;RtUvEtpøas;bþÚrneya)aydwknaMrbs;BYk h‘un Esn eGayeTACaneya)aydwk naMCatiExμr
EdlÉkraCü mansiTi§esrIPaBeBjelj tamEbbesrIRbCaFibetyü edIm,IbMerIplRbeyaCn_Cati sasna
RbCaCatiExμrvij.
K-pøas;bþÚrRbB½n§RKb;RKg (Change Regime)
karRKb;RKgtamRbB½n§kumμúynisþ minrIkcMerInelOndUcRbB½n§RKb;RKgBYkRbCaFibetyüesrIeLIy. kumμúy
nisþbgçitbgçMmnusSeGayeFIVkar edayepþatelIkic©kareRcInCagsuxmalPaBmnusS mnusSeFIVkarTaMgP½yxøac
KuNPaBkargarminsUvl¥ TinñplkargarTab esdækic©exSay. dUcenH tamkaremIleXIj kumμúynisþmin
KitKUrdl;siTi§mnusSeT edayKitKUrEtrdæb:ueNÑaH. cMENkesrIvij ykcitþTukdak;elIsiTi§esrIPaB suxmalPaB
mnusS RbCaBlrdæCaFM mnusSsb,aycitþeFIVkar eBjcitþkargar KuNPaBkargarl¥ niyayBit eFIVBit Tinñpl
kargarx<s; esdækic©rIkcMerIn.
eyIgRtUvpþl;siTi§GMNacdl;fñak;mUldæan edIm,IeFIVkarsMerccitþerIsemdwknaM nigeFIVkic©GPivDÆtMbn;EdlxøÜn
rs;enAedayxøÜnÉg minEmnecjBIGMNacmnusSEtmñak; b¤sMercEtBIfñak;elI dUcBYkRkum h‘un Esn eT. ral;bBaða
ekIteLIg fñak;PUmi XMu k¾ h‘un Esn CaGñkedaHRsay cuHemPUmiemXMu manParkic©eFIVkic©karGIVxøH? )anCaTukeGay
naykrdæmRnþIeFIVkarCMnYsvij mann½yfa naykrdæmRnþIdeNþImkargaremPUmi emXMu KμankarEbgEck Parkic© tYnaTI
karTTYlxusRtUvc,as;las;. ral;smiTi§plTaMgLayeFIVeLIgeday h‘un Esn Etmñak;Ég cuHÉNaeTA
RTBüsm,tiþCatiExμr . eyIgRtUvpøas;bþÚrRbB½n§RKb;RKgBI kumμúynisþ eTARbB½n§RKb;RKgRbCaFibetyüesrIvij.
RbB½n§RKb;RKgEbbesrI b¤ RbCaFibetyü KW GMNacsißtenAelIRbCaBlrdæ RbCaBlrdæmansiTi§esμIrKña
enAcMeBaHmuxc,ab; KμannrNamñak;enAelIc,ab;eLIy. GMNacTaMgbI nitibBaØtþi nitiRbtibtiþ nititulakar dac;eday
ELkBIKña esμIrKña. RbCaBlrdæmansiTi§TTYlBt’manBIRKb;mCÄdæan Gb;rMkMritdUc²Kña e)aHeqñatedayesrInig
yutþiFm’. RbB½n§sarBt’manÉkraCü niyaykarBit minlMeGogeTAbkSneya)ayNamYy ÉbkSneya)aynImYy²
eBlCab;CardæaPi)al RtUveFIVRbeyaCn_sMrab;CatiExμrTUeTA minEmnRbkan;bkSenH bkSenaHeLIy. CaBiess
sgÁmRtUveKarBc,ab; manyutþiFm’ elIktMekIgGñkesñhaCatiBitR)akd nigGñkmansmtßPaBBitR)akd eGaydwknaM
RbeTs.
X-bNþúHKMnitCatiniymTUlMTUlay (Open-Mined Nationalism)
eyIgRtUvEkERbpñt;KMnitExμreGayecHRsLaj;CatixøÜnsareLIgvij edayeGaytMélCatixøÜnÉg eCOelICati
ExμrxøÜnÉg sþab;eyabl;CatiExμr rYbrYmExμrsareLIgvij Qb;BwgBak;GñkdéT¬breTs¦eRBaHEtGMNacplRbeyaCn_
pÞal;xøÜn ecHCYyExμreTAvijeTAmk mankarseNþasRbNI emtþakruNa nigha‘nlHbg;RKb;Ebbya:g edIm,IkarBar
plRbeyaCn_Cati eFIVeGayCatirIkcMerInrugerOg. eyIgmuneFIVGIVmYy RtUvdMkl;plRbeyaCn_CatiExμrCaFM EteyIgRtUv
manshRbtibtþikarCamYyRbeTsCitxag GnþrCati b¤mhaGMNackñúgelak kñúgzan³CaCatimYyesμIrKña mitþPaBl¥
cMeBaHCatisasn_déTkñúgnamCamnusSCatidUcKña mansiTi§esμIrKñacMeBaHmuxc,ab;. edIm,IbgðajnUvsμartIesñhaCati
rbs;eyIg buKÁlwmñak;RtUvelIkTwkcitþExμr eGaytMélGIVCarbs;ExμrtamRKb;rUbPaB cab;BIkarCYyTijplitplTMnij
ExμreLIgeTA. CatiExμrman TwkdI RbCaBlrdæ rdæ rdæaPi)al GFibetyüPaB ÉkraCü CaedIm. edIm,IbNþúHeGayExμr
manÉkPaBCati rwgbwug samKIÁKña ksagRbeTsCati eGayrIkcMerIndUcRbeTsnana. eyIgRsLaj;karBarCati
EteyIgRtUvsMLwgemIlneya)aytMbn; nigBiPBelak EdleFIVdMeNIreq<aHeTAmuxTan;RbeTsrIkcMerInnana eTotEdr.
g-karBarkareRCotERCkBIbreTs ¬eRkam\Ti§BlbreTs¦(Foreign Interfere Protection)
karEdleyIgGackarBarBIkareRCotERCk deNþImplRbeyaCn_BIbreTs)anenaH luHRtaEt RbCaBlrdæ
rbs;eyIgxøaMg TaMgfamBl TaMgR)aCJa TaMgsμartI eTIbeyIgGackarBarplRbeyaCn_Cati)an GPivDÆCatieGayrIk
cMerInrugerOg ehIyeyIgGaccMeNjplRbeyaCn_BIKñaeTAvijeTAmk edIm,IeKaledA suPmgÁl suxsnþiPaB
TaMgGs;Kña. eyIgRtUverobcMRbB½n§karBareGay)anrwugmaM RbB½n§karBar manTaMgBIr EpñkxageRkA ¬karBarCati¦nig
Epñkxagkñúg ¬sniþsuxCati¦ nig kmøaMgR)aCJasμartIrbs;RbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;. RbvtþisaRsþ)anbeRgoneyIg
ya:gc,as;GMBIkareRCotERCkBIbreTs nigExμrEdlBwgBak;breTs mçagBwgesom mçagBwgyYn rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ
enH RbvtþisaRsþenaH)anvilmkrkeyIgvijdEdl EdlsBVéf¶ h‘un Esn sßitenAeRkam\Ti§BlyYndUcRbvtþi
GtItkal.
c-KitplRbeyaCn_CatiFMCagplRbeyaCn_buKÁl (National Interest Much more than Individual)
RbeTsEdlmanPaBrwugbwug nig rIkcMerInrugerOg EtgEtbNþúHbNþalRbCaBlrdæeGayxøaMgTaMgR)aCJa sμartI
CaBiess Gb;rMeGayRbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;ykcitþTukdak;eFIVplRbeyaCn_CUnCatiCaFM KitplRbeyaCn_CatiFMCag
plRbeyaCn_buKÁl mann½yfa RbCaBlrdæRtUvKitKUreFIVRbeyaCn_edIm,ICatiTaMgGs;Kña esñhaCati edIm,IeGayCati
rIkcMerInrugerOg. eyIgman]TahrN_Rsab;ehIy RbeTsEdlkMBugCamhaGMNac nigRbeTsrIkcMerInmYycMnYn
dUcCa shrdæGaremrik cin Cb:un G;geKøs éf yYn CaedIm. ktþaTaMgenH ebIeyIgRkeLk
emIlsßankarN_RbeTsExμrvij eXIjfa edIrbRBa©asTwsnigRbeTsrIkcMerInTaMgGs;enH CaBiess emdwknaM dUc h‘un
Esn nigmYycMnYnkñúgKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa KitEtGtμaniym lYcCati lk;CatiykmkeFIVCaplRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn
edayTukeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrPaKeRcInrs;enARkIRk evTna rgTukç BIGñkmanGMNac. cMNucEdleRKaHfñak;bMputKWfa
TahanenATYlRksaMgPaKeRcIn kMBugEtQøk;vegVgnigRsIs¥atyYn EdleKbBa©ÚleGayeFIVCaRbBn§cugrbs;
emTahanenaH ehIy)anrkerOgElgRbBn§cas;EdlCaExμrecal. EdlmanemT½ByYn RbcaMkarenAtMbn;TYlRksaMg
enaHeQμaH eCIg Ék CaCnCatiyYnsuT§saF. cMENkPariyarbs; h‘un Esn eQμaHedIm b‘un ehog
k¾CaCnCatiyYnEdr EteRkaymkdUrmkdak;eQμaH b‘un ra:nI vij. enHCabBaðaeRKaHfñak;sMrab;RbeTsCatixøaMgNas;
cMeBaHkareRCotcUlrbs;carkmμyYn edIm,IRKb;RKgenAkñúgsßab½nsMxan;² ehIyplRbeyaCn_CatiExμr CatiExμr
nig)at;bg;mþgbnþic² tamyuT§saRsþrbs;eKerobcM etIeyIgCaExμrEdlkMBugGanesovePAenHenAkñúgéd etIeyIg
beNþayeGayCatieyIgTaMgmUl RtUv)at;bg;edaysarneya)ayd¾RtCak;enH? b¤ eyIgTaMgGs;KñaTukplRbeyaCn_
CatiFMCagplRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn GayuCIvitCatiFMCagGayuCiviteyIg ebIeyIgBicarNaRtg;cMNucenH eyIgeXIjfa
CnCatiyYneKbNþúHbNþalmk TaMgRbus TaMgRsI lHbg;RKb;ya:geFIVya:gNa edIm,IplRbeyaCn_CatieK
KWdeNþImplRbeyaCn_ExμrtamRKb;rUbPaB CaBiess hU CImij dIExμrmYydMu KW dMu eBRCmYydMu. dUcenHehIy
eyIgmñak;² EdlBak;páay Bak;s½ká manLanvILa mansBaØab½RtbNÐit GnubNÐit briBaØab½Rt KYreGayxμas
RbsinebIeyIgmin)aneFIVplRbeyaCn_CUnCatimatuPUmiExμreyIg nwgKμanKMnitkarBar Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμreyIg
suxcitþ»nk,albMerIKNbkSRbCaCn EdleRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;kumμúynisþyYn enaHGn;CagRsIebsüayYnxøaMgNas;
EdleKlHbg;RKb;Ebbya:gmkelbykdIExμredIm,ICatieKrugerOg.
II-eRCIserIsyuT§saRsþ nig ]bkrN_ (Strategic Choice)
edIm,IsMerceCaKC½ytameKalbMNgxagelI EdlRbCaCatiExμrTaMgGs;cg;)anenaH eyIgRtUverIsyuT§saRsþ
mYyd¾RtwmRtUvsmRsbeTAnigbriyakasneya)aykñúgRsuk tMbn; nig GnþrCati. b:uEnþ CarYmmkeyIgRtUvman
neya)aykñúgRsuk neya)aykarTUt esdækic© eXasna kgT½B edIm,IeFIVikic©karenHeGay)ansMercdl;eKaledA.
GIVCaskþanuBlsMrab;CatisMrab;CYykñúgebskkmμenH rYmmanRbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;BIRKb;RsTab;kñúgsgÁm sasna
CnCatiPaKtic Catiniym RbCaFibetyü nigsiT§mnusSCaedIm. ktþaTaMgenHKWeyIgeFIVya:gdUcemþc edIm,IrYbrYm
RbCaCatiExμr BIRKb;RsTab;kñúgsgÁmEdlenARKb;mCÄdæan eGayman ÉkPaBKña samKÁIKña edIm,IbuBVehtu rMedaH
karBar EfrkSa Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr eGayrYcputBIGaNaniKmn_kumμúynisþyYnEbbfμI nigCnpþac;kar h‘un
Esn edaysMerceKaledAcugeRkay KW RbeTsExμrman\sSrPaB ÉkraCü GFibetyüPaB RbCaFibetyüeBj
elj.
enHRKan;EteKalyuT§saRsþEdlelIkykmkniyay edayminbriyayeGay)anl¥itl¥n;enaHeT. ktþaEdl
naMeTArkeCaKC½yGaRs½yelI Epnkarl¥\tex©aH EdlmanCadMNak;karCabnþbnÞab; edaymankarcUlrYmBI
RbCaCatiExμrBIRKb;RsTab;kñúgsgÁm EtGñkniBn§min)anlatRtdag eGayl¥itl¥n;eLIy. BIeRBaHfa EpnkarRtUvEt
manlkçNHsm¶at; minRtUveGayKUrRbqaMgdwgeLIy.
müa:gvijeTot eyIgkMuePøpøÚvEdlRBHBuT§ RBHbrmRKUéneyIg)anKUrbBa¢ak;TukeGayeyIgeRbIR)as;enaH Kw
GgÁmaK’aTaMg 8 KW karKitRtUv kareFIVRtUv karRbkbrbrcBa©wmCIvitRtUv karBüayamRtUv karPJak;rlwkRtUv
karsmaFiRtUv karseRgÁaHRtUv nig>>>cUreyIgykKtienHmkGgÁúyKitBicarNaTaMgGs;KñaenaHeyIgR)akd CarkRck
ecjrYcCaminxan.
k-neya)ay (Politics)
eyIgRtUverobcMeGaymanGgÁkardwknaMneya)ay emdwknaMneya)ay eKalkarN_neya)ay yuT§saRsþ
neya)ay GñkKaMRTneya)ay nigktþaepSg²eTot. GgÁkarneya)ayRtUverobcMeGayman menaKmnviC¢a
neya)ay ¬raCaniym Catiniym RbCaFibetyüesrI sPaniym kumμúynisþ sgÁmniym pþac;kar¦
citþsaRsþneya)ay. eyIgRtUvdwgGMBIRbvtþisaRsþ¬Cati tMbn; BiPBelak¦ RbvtþisaRsþneya)ay TsSn³viC¢a
neya)ay viTüasaRsþneya)ay karviPaKneya)ay RBwtþikarN_neya)ayfμI² nig PUmisaRsþneya)ayeTotpg.
eBlEdlecHGMBIneya)ayenH ehIyeyIgerobcMeGayneya)ayrbs;eyIgeGay)anl¥ eFIVya:gNaeGaymankar
cUlrYmKaMRTBIRbCaBlrdæTaMgGs; TaMg sasna CnCatiPaKtic nig EpñkRkumplRbeyaCn_sMxan;² dUcCa kmμkr
BaNiC¢kr nisSit ksikr .l. eyIgRtUvsikSarkcMNucrYmmYyEdlRbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;cg;)an ehIydak;ecj
CaeKalkarN_neya)ay.
x-eXasna (Propaganda)
kareXasnaEdlmanRbsiTi§ KWeFIVskmμPaB Edlpþl;plRbeyaCn_BitR)akddl;RbCaBlrdæ. karkarBar
plRbeyaCn_Cati plRbeyaCn_rYm. karesμaHRtg; Caneya)ayl¥bMput. karniyayBit eFIVBit¬sc©³¦ CaeXasna
manRbsiT§PaBbMput. CaBiess karedaHRsaybBaðaEdlmanry³eBlEvg edIm,IeGayRbCaBlrdæTTYlsux
suPmgÁl Catiman]tþmPaBesμIrmuxelIelakCaedIm. kareXasnaenH RtUverobcMEpnkareXasnaeGayRtwmRtUv
edIm,IsarBt’manpSBVpSayeGaydl;RbCaBlrdædl;Gñksþab;. manviFIeRcInNas;kñúgkareXasna tamryHkar
eFIVskmμPaBepSg²dUcCa xitb½NÑ bda viTüú TUrTsS TUrsa eGLicRtUvnic GIuntaENt Evbsay bNþaj
eXasna.l. kareXasnaTak;TgnigkarcMNayetIlT§plmkvijmanRbsiT§b:uNÑa emdwknaMEdlenAs¥itrmYt
CamYyRbCaBlrdæ CacMNucmYyman\Ti§BlxøaMgbMput.¬sUmGanesovePA yuT§saRsþeXasna¦
Cak;EsþgmuneBle)aHeqñatfμI² enAéf¶TI 27 kkáda 2008 knøgmkenH. h‘un Esn )anerobcMerOgfμI dUcCa
erOgR)asaTRBHvihar edIm,IbEgVGarmμN_eGayePøcerOgcas;² EdlminTan;edaHRsay edIm,IeGayExμr ePøcyYn
PaKekIt Etcab;GarmμN_éfPaKxaglicvij. éfQøanBanTwkdIExμrCabBaðaEdlKYreGayQWcab; EteyIgRtUv
RkeLkemiIlkarQøanBanrbs;yYnPaKxagekIt taMgBIqñaM 1979 EdleKniyayfa yYnmkCYy nigeFIVtamrUbPaB
eRbIGay:g h‘un Esn CamitþPaB edIm,IQøanBanTwkdIExμredayRsbc,ab;enaHpg.
K-hirBaØvtßú (Finance)
edIm,IdMeNIrkarGgÁkarneya)aymYyeTA)an hirBaØvtßúCaktþasMxan;sMrab;bMeBjtamKMeragnImYy². ehtu
enHeyIgRtUvmanRbPBhirBaØvtßúeGayc,as;las;. karcUlrYmviPaKTanrbs;smaCikCamUldæanCaRKwHd¾rwugmaMrbs;

GgÁkarneya)ay. KYbpSMnigkarEsVgrkkarKaMRTepSg² nig begIátCaRbPBhirBaØvtßúdUcCa shRKas nig Rkumh‘un
epSg².
X-kgT½B (Military)
edIm,IBRgwgkgT½BmYyeGayxøaMg)anTamTareGaymankarhVWkhat;eGay)anhμt;ct;RtwmRtUv edIm,IeGay
TahanmanCMnajc,as;las; mankmøaMgeRcIn mansmÖar³ es,og nig]bkrN_ eRbIR)as;TMenIb ¬kaMePøIg nigRKab;¦
mnÞIreBTüTahan bec©kviTüaepSg². TaMgGs;enH minTan;RKb;RKan;eT vaGaRs½yelIembBa¢akar sßankarN_
sßanPaB PUmisaRsþ KuNFm’emdwknaM nigvin½yTahaneTot. vaTak;TgPaBv½yqøatrbs;emdwknaM EdlmanÉkeTs
erobcM TaMgEpnkaryuT§saRsþ yuT§viFIepSg²enAsmrPUmiBitR)akd. emT½BEdlxøaMgRtUvecHtaMgBIbec©keTs
kl,yuT§ Rbtibtþikar yuT§saRsþ RbkbedaybTBiesaFn_elIsmrPUmiBitR)akd.
g-kaTUt (Diplomatics)
edIm,ITTYlkarkaMRTBIGnþrCatieyIgRtUvyl;GMBIc,ab;GnþrCatieGayc,as;. ehIyeyIgRtUvBinitüemIl
sßankarN_neya)aykñúgRbeTsedIm,IelIkykmkbgðajGnþrCati edaymanPsþútagc,as;las;. EtRtUvcaMfa
ebIGñkGgÁúykEnøgNa GñkeRkakkEnøgenaH. enHbBa¢ak;fa GnþrCatiRKan;Et CaKMrbeyIgEtb:ueNÑaH minGaceFIVeGay
q¥in)ay)aneT ebIsinCaeyIgmindutePIøgeGayekþAdl;tYrvaenaH tYekþAeTIb)an)ayq¥in ehIyvaRtUvnigBakü
rbs;RBHBuT§brmRKUéneyIg Gtßahi Gtßena naefa xøÜnTIBwgxøÜn ya:genaHEdr. GIV²GaRs½yelIxøÜneyIgCaGñkkMNt;
GñkeRkACYyeyIg)ankñúgRKaGasnñmYyRKab:ueNÑaH.
III>Gnuvtþn_yuT§saRsþ nigkll,ic s‘un sU‘ (Implement the strategies and Tactics of Sun Zue
1-eronRbyuT§ (Learn to fight)
eronRbyuT§enATIenH mann½yfa eyIgRtUvrkkl,l,ic yuT§viFIRKb;ya:g RbkYtRbECg eFIVya:gNaeGay
QñHédKUr QñHsRtUv. eTaHCaeyIgtUc b¤FM RtUvmanKMnitRbNaMgRbECgCanic©. eFIVya:geGayRbeTseyIg
rIkcMerInlUtlas;l¥CageK. eFIVya:gNaeGayGgÁkardwknaMrbs;eyIgxøaMgCageK TaMgxagEpñk kmøaMg R)aCJa sμartI
smÖar³ nig bec©kviTüa edIm,IvivDÆn_eGayTan;sPaBkarN_rbs;tMbn;nigBiPBelak. BiPBelakeRbob dUcCastVRmwK
EdldeNþImplRbeyaCn_Kña stVNamankmøaMg cgáÚmxøaMgCagEtgEtQñHstVtUcKμancgáÚm dUceta nig xøaEtg
eRbIcgáÚmrbs;xøÜn edIm,IKMramkMEhgstVtUctac. ehtuenHehIy stVQøÚsrgcaMEtcMNIrbs;stVmancgáÚm. CaBiess
ekItmkCamnusS minRtUvrYjra xøac rgcaMesckþIsøab;dUcCastVQøÚsenaHeT RtUvEth‘anRbQmmuxRKb;]bsKÁ
RtUvEth‘antTl;cMeBaH sßankarN_Edlbgámhnþraydl;eyIg dl;CatieyIg eTaHCaeyIgtUc exSayCagsRtUv
k¾eday Etya:gehacNas; eyIgminrgcaMesckþIsøab;enaHeT eyIgRtUvEteFIVedIm,IkarBarplRbeyaCn_Cati
kMuTukeGayeKmkbMpøajplRbeyaCn_CatiCiHCan;CatieyIg edayKμankartbtenaH. ebIeyIgrs; ekItCaCatiExμr
ehIy eyIgmin)aneFIVGIVCaRbeyaCn_Cati eTaHCaeyIgrs;manGayurab;Ban;qñaM k¾KμantMélKμanRbeyaCn_ sMrab;
CatimatuPUmieyIgEdr. EtebIeyIgrs;enAmYYyéf¶ ehIyeyIgeFIVRbeyaCn_CUnCatiExμr karBarRbeyaCn_CatiExμr
CYyCatimatuPUmi CYyRbCCatiExμr eTaHCasøab;eTAk¾CatiExμrenAEtcgcaMeQμaH cgRkgTukCaRbvtþisaRsþ sMrab;
kUnecAExμrCMnan;eRkay ykmkeFIVCaKMrUEdr. eyIgRkeLkemIlRbeTsTIm½rtUcmYy EtTIm½rxitxMerIbMr:HBIRbeTs
\NÐÚensIu)aneCaKC½ytaMgBIqñaM 1979 Etmkdl;qñaM 2001 eTIbTTYl)anÉkraCüeBjelj. cMENkÉTIRkug
hugkug k¾TTYl)anÉkraCüBIRbeTsGg;eKøsenAqñaM 1997 Edr.
2-bgðajpøÚv (Show the way)
emdwknaMEdlxøaMgKWCaGñkbgðajpøÚv CaGñkR)ab;pøÚvEdlRtUvedIreTAdl;eKaledA. CaemdwknaM Edldwg
RKb;sßankarN_ erobcMEpnkaryuT§saRsþ kareRbImnusSeGayRtUvCMnaj kargar nigsßnkarN_. CaGñkdwknaMmun
nUvral;ehtukarEdlxøÜn)anerobcMeGayeFIV fabraC½y b¤eCaKC½y. emdwknaMEbbenH kMrrk)anNas; eyIgeRbob
RbdUcemdwknaMEbbenHeTAtYrGgÁ xug eb:g enAkñúgerOgsamkuk EdlmanPaBévqøatdwgBIRKb;sßankarN_ vaytMél
sßankarN_ erobcMEpnkar yuT§saRsþykC½yCMn³elIsRtUv)an.
3-Gnuvtþn_eGayRtUv (Do the right thing)
karxitxMeFIVkic©karrbs;xøÜneGay)anl¥bMput GnuvtþeGayRtUvtamTwsedAEdlkMNt; eFIVtamEpnkar edIm,I
sMercdl;eKaledA. ebIeyIgniyayGMBIGgÁmaK’arbs;RBHBuT§vij KW karKitRtUv karniyayRtUv kareFIVRtUv
karBüayamRtUv karPJak;rlwkRtUv karRbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvitRtUv karsmaFiRtUv karseRgÁaHRtUv . eyIgRtUvcaMfa
karniyaygayCagkareFIV ehtudUcenH ebIeyIgdwgRTwsIþehIy eyIgcaM)ac;dak;vacUlkñúgkarGnuvtþn_ edIm,IeGayeyIg
dwgBIlT§plBitR)akd. CYnkalRTwsþIl¥ EtkarGnuvtþn_minGaceFIVtamRTwsIþ 100 PaKryeT.
4-sÁal;sßankarN_ Know the circumstance
sßankarN_CaktþasMxan;Nas;sMrab;emdwknaM edIm,IkMNt;EpnkarepSg². emdwknaMRtUveQøosév RbemIl
emIlsßankarN_ sÁal;sßankarN_eGayc,as; ehIyecHbt;Ebntamkal³eTs³. karRbemIlemIlsßankarN_enaH
eyIgRtUvKitemIlfa etIGIVEdleyIgnigeFIVGacsMerceCaKC½ytamkareRKagTukb£braC½y. eyIgCaemdwknaMdwg
sßankarN_munCanic© fanigmanGIVekIteLIg. karsÁal;sßankarN_mun eyIgGacerobEpnkaredIm,ITaj cMeNjBI
sßankarN_enaH b£eyIgGacbeB©aosnUveRKaHfñak; ehtukarN_EdleFIVeGayxatRbeyaCn_epSg²)an. ehtuenH
ehIy emdwknaMRtUvtamdanBt’man erobcMeGaymanbec©kviTüaRtYtBinitüsßankarN_ RtUvmanPñak;garBt’man
nigcarkmμsMrab; pþl;Bt’mansm¶at;rbs;xμaMg edIm,IeGayeyIgdwgsßankarN_munCanic©.
5-KitEpnkarcaj; (Prepare for the lose)
kareFIVEpnkareyIgminRtUvKitEtEpnkarQñHb:ueNÑaHeT eyIgRtUvKitEpnkarcaj;pgEdr. eyIgRtUvKit
eGay)anl¥itetIeBlEdleyIgQñHeyIgTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_GIVxøH?eqøIytbeTAnigkarcMNaykmøaMg eBlevla
cMNayFnFanenaH etIkartbsñgmkvijelIsGIVEdleyIgcMNayenaHb¤eT?. eyIgRtUvKiteRtomcaj; ebI
eyIgmin)aneCaKC½yetIeyIgdkfytampøÚvNa? ehIyeyIgTTYl)anGIVxøHBIkarcaj;enaH. Epnkarcaj; eyIgmin
RtUvxUcxatkmøaMg smÖar³ sμartIrbs;GñkeRkambgÁab;rbs;eyIgeLIy. Cak;EsþgEpnkaryYnEdleFIVsRgÁam \NÐÚcin
elIkTI 2 nigelIkTI 3 plRbeyaCn_rbs;eKTTYl)ansMrab;EpnkarQñHenaH KW TwkdIExμr ehtudUcenHehIyeTaH
CaeKRtUvcMNayGIVk¾edayk¾eKRBmEdr EtebIeKcaj;eKvij eK)aneFIVCaesdæI edayeKRbmUlRTBüsm,tþirbs;Exμr
RbmUlCMnYy BIxagcin r:UsIS nig GaemrikeTARbeTsrbs;eK.

6-begIánel,ÓnedIm,IeCaKC½y (Speed up to success)
karBnüaeBlkñúgkareFIVsRgÁam kardwknaMEdlmanry³eBlyUrehIymindl;eKaledA eFIVeGayeyIgCYb
braC½y edaykgT½B b£GñkeRkambgÁab;mankarht;enOy Gs;kmøaMgcitþ kmøaMgkay cMNayeBlevla nig
RTBüsm,tþieRcIn EdlCakarxatbg;sMrab;kardwknaM eFIVeGayGñkeRkambgÁab;Elgsþab;emdwknaM )at;bg;rebob
vin½y. ehtuenHehIy edIm,IrkSaTwkcitþrbs;GñkeRkambgÁab;enaH emdwknaMRtUvbegáInel,OneGayelOnbMput tamEt
GaceFIVeTA)an. karbegIánel,OneTA)an luHRtaGgÁkardwknaMenaH manlkçN³RBmRKb;RKan;.
7-dutqnÞ³ (Burn the bridge)
eyIgCaemdwknaM RtUvecHdutqnÞ³ RkumkargareGayxitxMeFIVkic©kar edIm,IsMerceKaledArYm eGay)anCadac;
xat. RtUvecHdutqnÞ³GñkEdlKaMRTeGaycUlrYmya:gskmμkñúgkargar. kardutqnÞ³ KWeFIVya:gNaeGayGñkTaMgenaH
manqnÞ³xitxMeFVIkic©kareGay)ansMerc tamryHkarelIkTwkcitþCaedIm. b:uEnþcMeBaHTahanvij eKeRcInEt
eRbIviFIkat;s<anecal CMerIsmanEtmYyrbs;kgT½B KWRtUvRbyuT§eTAmux mann½yfa Tahanmkdl;smrPUmiehIy
ebIvileTAeRkayk¾min)an ehtudUcenHmanEtsMrukvaylukeTAmux EdleFIVeGaykmøaMgenaHeCaKC½y)an. GñkEdl
ecHdutqnÞ³ KWCaGñkcitþsaRsþ EdlsÁal;sßankarN_c,as;las; edayeyIgcg;eGayxwg cg;eGayQwcab; cg;s¥b;
cg;eGayRsLaj; cg;eGaybHe)ar cg;eGayRbwgERbgkargar eyIgGaceFIV)anTaMgGs;. enAeBlEdleKcg;eGay
sgÁmmYyEbk)ak; eKRtUvbM)at;GIVmYyEdleKkMBugEteKarBbUCa manCMenOxøaMg dUcCakñúgraCRBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 8
eKbM)at;RBHBuT§sasna bnÞab;mkmankarbHe)areLIg ekItmanCasRgÁamsasnaeLIg. mYyeTot enAeBlEdlyYn
erobcMeGaymankar bHe)arenARbeTscm,a: edayeFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæcam)anbHe)arRbqaMgCamYyesþcxøÜnÉgenaH
edaysaresþccameFIVtamRKUTay EdlCacarkmμyYn enAkñúgvaMgCamYyPariyayYnenaHÉg. edIm,IeGayeKeCOCak;
emdwknaMEtgEts,f b¤ b:gsmøab;xøÜnCaedIm. CaBiess hU CImij Edl)ansøab; CakardutqnÞ³GñkeRkambgÁab;
rbs;eK dutqnÞ³RbCaBlrdæ eGayman KMnitesñhaCati xitxMeFIVsRgÁameGay)aneCaKC½y bnþtamEpnkar
edIm,IRtYtRtaelbTwkdIExμreGay)an. dUceBlbc©úb,nñenH eKdutqnÞ³eGayExμr QWcab;nigéf EdlkMBugQøanBan
EteKmin)anniyaydl;yYnEdlenABaseBjTwkdIExμr TaMgsIuvil TaMgTahan kat;TwkdIeGayyYn yYnbegIátsma
Kmn_ 19 extþRkug yYnCaemdwknaMkñúgsßab½nCatisMxan;²dUcerobrab;kñúgesovePA PaK1. h‘un Esn minEdl
niyaydl;yYnkat;k,alExμrdaMEtGug CIkERBkvijet bMpøajvtþGara:m erobcMeGayman rbb b:ul Bt tMbn; k5
EdlyYn)aneFIVmkelIExμreLIy eRBaH h‘un Esnxøacb:HBal;mitþPaB CaBiess buNüskáiGMNacEdlyYn elIkbnþúb
eGay.
8-eFIVeGayRbesIreLIg (Make it better)
kareFIVeGaykan;EtTMenIb eFIVeGayenAfμICanic© cab;taMgBIEpnkar karerobcM Gnuvtþn_ nig bec©keTs
CaedIm. smÖar³brikça RtUvEterobcMeGaymanlkçN³fμICanic©. mann½yfa GIV²minRtUvenAdEdl RtUveFIVeGay
rIkcMerInlUtlas;eTAmux RbkbedaycIrPaB. eRbob)andUcCasmÖar³EdlplitfμI² tamqñaMCabnþbnÞab;Canic©.
dUcCardUvkal EdlmanEt 4 EtRtUvvilcuHvileLIgminecHcb; RtUvecHEkécñeGaykan;EtEbøk kan;EtTMenIbCanic©
minRtUveRbIl,icdEdl² RtUvqøas;cuHeLIg dUcyb;nigéf¶. eRkayBIbBa©b;sRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 3 ¬1979-
1993¦sRgÁamsIuvil¬1993-1996¦ Føak;cUlmksRgÁamRtCak;¬1996-2003¦ Et\LÚvenH eKeRbIneya)ay
citþsaRsþvij¬neya)ayRtCak;¦.
9-ÉkPaBKña xitxMrYmKña (United)
edIm,IeGaymankarÉkPaBKña xitxMrYmKña luHRtaEtkardwknaMmanckçúvis½yc,as;las; nigmaneKalbMNg
rYmmYy EdlplRbeyaCn_sMrab;GñkcUlrYmTaMgGs;Kña. dUcenaH edIm,IdwknaMRkumNamYy eyIgRtUvEsVgrkpl
RbeyaCn_rYmrbs;Rkum karBarplRbeyaCn_sMrab;RkumenaH. ebIkalNaemdwknaMmaneKalbMNgrYmehIy GaceFIV
eGayRkum ÉkPaB samKÁIPaB minmankarEbk)ak;Kña enaHkardwknaMGacnaMeTArkeCaKC½y. eyIgGacniyaymüa:g
ÉkPaB kñúgkardwknaM ÉkPaBkñúgCYremdwknaM kuMeGaymankarEbk)ak;KñaedaysaerOgtUctac EdlminEmnCapl
RbeyaCn_FMrbs;Cati. TaMgfñak;elInigfñak;eRkamRtUvxitxMrYmKña edIm,IeGaysMerceKaledA. dUcCaenAsRgÁamGIura:k;
EdlkgT½B TaMgGs;sißtenAeRkamembBa¢akarEtmñak; edIm,IxitxMrYmKña eCaKC½yelIsmrPUmiCaedIm.
10-eFIVeGaysRtUvsgS½yrhUt (Keep them guessing)
karbMP½nþsRtUveGaymanRbsiTi§PaB CaktþasMxan;bMputkñúgkll,icsRgÁam. eFIVeGaysRtUvmindwg
c,as;las; sgS½y edayeKmindwgEpnkarc,as;las; karrkSaEpnkarsm¶at; eFIVeGaysRtUvyl;xus. karlYYcvay
sRtUv edayminecjmux. karrMxansRtUvedayeRbIkarjúHjg; karbeBaäatsRtUveGaycMNaykmøaMght;ehv
enOyNay cMNayeBlevla smÖarH ]bkrN_ eBlsRtUvsMrakRsYl. karjúHjg;eGayEbk)ak; eBlsRtUv
mansamKÁIPaB. karjúHjg;eGayxwgRceLat eBleyIgdwgsRtUveqvqav. cUrRkeLkemIlRbvtþisaRsþ d¾CUct;
rbs;ExμrenA sm½yb:ul Bt EdlyYnerobcMEpnkareGayExμrmankarsgS½yrhUtmkdl;eBlenH enAEtyl;
faExμrRkhmCaGñksmøab;ExμrenaH eFIVeGaypñt;KMnitrbs;RbCaBlrdæExμr PaKeRcInenAEtsgS½y edaymindwg
c,as;fa nrNaCaXatkrsmøab;Exμr . ebItameKalkarN_lkçnþik³bkSkmμúynisþ EdlEcgya:gc,as;fa TisedAKW
eFIVkarts‘Uya:gmWugma:t;dac;xat edIm,IkMeTcGaNaniKmniym)araMg cRkBtþiGaemrik nigbrva. cMNucRtg;enaH
bBa¢ak;faExμrsøab; KWBYkenH KitfaCabrvaGaemrik edayminKitBIQamC½rCaExμrdUcKñaeT enHehIyEdlExμrmYycMnYn
lg;kñúgmenaKmn_kumμúynisþEdlbMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_mk edIm,Ismøab;Exμr eFIVeGayExμryl;xus eFIVxus ehIy
sgS½yKñaeTAvijeTAmk minecHcb;.
IV >vaytMélyuT§saRsþ (Strategic Assessment)
karvaytMélyuT§saRsþenH eyIgcg;dwgfalT§plcugeRkayénkarGnuvtþn_EpnkaryuT§saRsþenaH etInig
TTYl)anplRbeyaCn_GIVxøH?. karQñHsRtUvedaykarTUt edaymincaM)ac;RbyuT§ CaC½yCMnHl¥RbesIrCag
GIVTaMgGs; b¤faQñHedaykarTUt. mYyeTot eyIgniyayfakarQñHsRtUvedayyuT§saRsþ CaC½yCMnHBitR)akd.
dUcenH eyIgRtUvvayluk b¤karBarelIsRtUv RtUvvaylukxagyuT§saRsþ. edIm,IeGaydwgfayuT§saRsþ EdleyIg
erobcMmanplRbeyaCn_GIVxøH? TMhMb:unμan? eyIgRtUvvaytMélyuT§saRsþrbs;eyIg edayKitfaebIeyIgQñH
eyIg)anplRbeyaCn_GIVxøH? ebIeyIgcaj;eyIgxatbg;GIVxøH ?. bnÞab;mkeyIgRtUveRbobeFobyuT§saRsþrbs;eyIg
CamYy yuT§saRsþsRtUv etIyuT§saRsþrbs;eyIgQñHyuT§saRsþsRtUv 100PaKry b¤yuT§saRsþeyIgcaj;yuT§saRsþ
sRtUv ebIeyIgdwgfaeyIgcaj;sRtUvehIy eyIgmincaM)ac;eFIVkarRbkYtRbECg b¤tTl;CamYyeKeLIy cUrsikSa
GMBIyuT§saRsþTwk rbs;elaksMerag éRC ¬emdwknaMCatiExμr PaK 1¦. kareRbobeFobyuT§saRsþ eyIgRtUv
eRbobeFob kmøaMg sμartI ÉkeTs smÖar³ es,og hirBaØvtßú emdwknaM TItaMgPUmisaRsþ vin½y dMeNIrkarGnuvtþyuT§
viFIrbs;eyIg eFobeTAkmøaMg rbs;sRtUvdUcEdlerobrab;mkenH.

CMBUkTI 4

begIátGñkGnuvtþn_tam
I.karP¢ab;TMnak;TMng (Connected Communication)
emdwknaMminGacdwknaM)aneLIy ebIeyIgenAEtmñak;Ég b¤ ebIsinCaemdwknaMminsißtenACab;nigsßankarN_
b¤enArYmsux rYmTukçCamYyRbCaBlrdæ. karP¢ab;TMnak;TMngCamYyRbCaBlrdæenaH KWeyIgbeBa©jTsSn³rbs;eyIg
pSBVpSay ckçúvis½ydl;RbCaBlrdæ edIm,IeGay)andwg dUcCaRBHBuT§ eBlEdlRBHGgÁEsVgrkpøÚvrMlt;TukçeXIj
ehIy RBHGgÁ)annimnþedIreR)asstV mann½yfapSBVpSayGIVEdlRBHGgÁrkeXIj edIm,IeGaymnusSTaMgLaj
Gnuvtþtam. enACab;CamYysmaCiksmaCika RbCaBlrdæ edIm,IdwknaMpÞal; CYyedaHRsaybBaðaepSg² sÁal;tMrUvkar
nigTwkcitþ KMnit sμartIbuKÁlwk.
1-begðIbBITsSn³ (Open Viewpoint)
eyIgRtUverobcMBiFIeGay)anRtwmRtUv edIm,IRbmUlRbCaBlrdæmksþab;GMBITsSn³yl;eXIjrbs;eyIg.
CadMbUgeyIgRtUvpþl;dl;GñkEdlmannisS½y GñkEdlKaMRTTsSn³rbs;eyIg GñkEdleBjcitþCaedIm edIm,IeGay
BYkeKCYypSBVpSayt²KñaGMBITsSn³enaHeTAGñkdéTeTot. eBlEdlBYkeKyl;eXIjtamTsSn³rbs;eyIgehIy
eKsμ½RKcitþedIrtamTsSn³rbs;eyIg eTIbeyIgerobcMkmμviFIeGayc,as;las; edIm,IeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;
cUlrYmtamdMeNIrkarrbs;eyIg dUcCaRBHBuT§ eR)assav½kTaMgR)aMrbs;RBHGgÁEdr.
2-bgðajckçúvis½y (Show Vision)
eRkayBIsμ½RKcitþedIrtammaK’aeyIgehIy eyIgbgðajckçúvis½y edIm,IGñkTaMgenaHyl;c,as; ecHcaM
rhUtdl;Gnuvtþtam ehIyTTYlpleCaKC½ydUcGIVEdleyIg)aneFIV edIm,IeFIVeGayeKeCOCak; nigCYypSBVpSay
nUvGIVEdl eK)anGnuvtþn_enaH. ckçúvis½yenaHRtUvbgðajGIVEdleKmin)andwgBIGtItkal bc©úb,nñkal nigGIVEdl
niwgekItman eLIgeBlGnaKt.
3-pSBVpSayckçúvis½y (Advertise Vision)
eBlEdlGñk)anGnuvtþn_tamckçúvis½yenaH manRbsiT§PaBtamkaryl;eXIjehIy emdwknaMRtUverobcM
pSBVpSayckçúvis½yenaHeGaydl; skmμCn RbCaBlrdæ edayeRbIviFIsaRsþepSg²kñúgkarpSBVpSay Edlman
RbsiT§PaB eRbIviFIsaRsþEdlKYreGaycab;GarmμN_ tamry³bNþajpSBVpSay bNþajsarBt’man nigGñknaMBakü
emdwknaMepSg².
4-bgðaj eKalkarN_ TwsedA eKaledA (Show the Goal, Principle and Objective)
karpSBVpSayenH edIm,IBnül;bgðajRbCaBlrdæExμr yl;GMBIeKalkarN_dwknaMrbs;GgÁkarneya)ayxøÜn
nigeGayRbCaBlrdæExμremIleXIjGMBIeRKaHfñak;rbs;RbeTsCati. yYnkMBugeRbIyuT§saRsþ dgáÚvDYg EdlkMBug
sIurUgépÞkñúgRbeTsExμrsBVéf¶enH TIbMputCatiExμrRtUvsøab;. emdwknaMCatiExμrRtUveFIVya:gNaeGayRbCaBlrdæExμr
KaMRT b¤cUlrYmCamYyeyIg edaylHbg;TaMgeBlevla smÖar³ kmøaMgkay citþ edIm,IeGaysMerceCaKC½ytam
eKalkarN_enaH. minfasRtUvenaH tUc b¤ FM b:uNÑaeLIy k¾eyIgCaGñkesñhaCatiExμr GacykQñHsRtUv)anCanic©
eGayEteyIgmanEpnkarl¥bMput (The Best Plan). emdwknaMRtUv bgðajbkRsay GMBIeKalkarN_ nigeQμaH

rbs;GgÁkardwknaM eFIVmenaKmn_neya)ay sRgÁamneya)ay citþsaRsþ tamskmμPaBepSg² EdlxøÜnman
smtßPaBGacerobcM)an.
RtUvelIkykeKalkarN_rbs;GgÁkarneya)aymkbkRsay nigbgðajdl;saFarN³Cn edIm,IeGay
eKdwg TTYldMNwgykeTApSBVpSaybnþ CaBiess RtUvelIktMekIg nigsesIr GMBIeKalkarN_rbs;GgÁkar
neya)ayxøÜn. BIeRBaHmanEtGgÁkarneya)ayenH EdlCaGñkesñhaCati nigKitKUrerOgGayuCivitRbeTs
CatiBitR)akd. RtUvpSBVpSayelIktMekIgeKalkarN_rbs;GgÁkarneya)ayeyIg edayFanacMeBaHRbCaBlrdæfa
BitCaGacdwknaMRbeTsCatieGaymankarrIkcMerIn dUcGIVEdlRbCaBlrdæcg;)an. cMNucsMxan;énkarbgðajenH
RtUverIscMNucEdlxusKñaBIsRtUvnigmaneRbobelIGgÁkarneya)aydéT dUcCa emdwknaM yuT§saRsþ eKalkarN_
GgÁkarneya)ay karerobcMRbeTs nigcMNucEdlnaMeTAeyIgTTYl)aneCaKC½yCaedIm. eyIgRtUveFIVkar
eRbobeFobrvageKalkarN_rbs;GgÁkarneya)ayxøÜn nigGgÁkarneya)ayrbs;Gñkd_éT EdlCaeKaledAkñúgkar
RbkYtRbECg. RtUvbkRsayGMBIGIVEdlGgÁkarneya)ayenaHman dUcCa LÚkU eQμaH BaküeBcn_ Gtßn½y xøwmsar
nigskmμPaBrbs;emdwknaMepSg².l.
5-bgðajBIviFIsaRsþ yuT§saRsþ EdlnwgsMerceKaledA (Show the strategy)
edIm,IeGayGñkeRkambgÁab;mankmøaMgcitþ manTwkcitþeFIVkic©karenaH luHRtaeKemIleXIjfa pøÚvenaHnaMeTA
rkeCaKC½y sMercdl;eKaledAEdr EtebIeKKμanrMBwgKitfanigTTYlC½yCMnHenaH eFIVeGayeKKμankmøaMgcitþeT.
karEdlKμankmøaMgcitþnaMeGaybraC½y)an. eyIgeRbobeFob eBlEdleyIgeLIgCiHLanRkugmYy edI,m,I
sMedAeTArkeKaledAEdleyIgcg;eTA ebisinCaeyIgmindwgc,as;fa LanNamYynaMeTArkeKaledA EdleyIg
cg;eTAenaHeT eyIgnigvegVg nigmineCOCak;fadl;eKaledA EtebIeyIgdwgc,as;enaH eyIgeLIgCiHLanenaHeday
KμanxVl;xVayeLIy eRBaHeyIgdwgya:gR)akdfa BitCadl;eKaledAya:gR)akd.
6-bgðajplRbeyaCn_EdlnwgTTYl)an (Gain The Interest)
eBlEdlGñkedIrtampøÚvrbs;RBHBuT§ enaHGñknigTTYlsMercniBVan rYccakputTukçTaMgLayEdlekItman
TaMgLay. cMENkkardwknaMrbs;eyIgdUcKña eyIgRtUvR)ab;BIRbeyaCn_EdleKTTYl)an eBlEdlGnuvtþn_tam
kic©karenaH etIplRbeyaCn_GIVEdlnigTTYl)anmkvij?.
II >ktþaEdleFIVeGaymnusSedIrtamemdwknaM (Factor Cause the Followers to follow the Leaders)
1-cat;TukCamnusSsMxan; (Important Person)
emdwknaMRtUveGaytMéldl;GñkeRkambgÁab; RtUveKarBGñkeRkambgÁab; edaycat;TukeKCamnusSsMxan;².
ebIsinCaeyIgeFIVcMeBaHxøÜnÉgya:gem:c eyIgRtUveFIVcMeBaHGñkdéT nigGñkeRkambgÁab;ya:gdUecñHEdr. eyIgRtUveFIVkar
ykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHsuxTukçGñkeRkambgÁab; eFIVeGayeKmanGarmμN_fa eKCamnusSsMxan;. eyIgRtUvcgcaM GIVEdl
eKeFIVeGayeyIgminmankareBjcitþ eyIgminRtUveFIVcMeBaHGñkd¾éT b£GñkeRkambgÁab;. eKnigedIrtameyIg ebIsin
eyIgTukeKCamnusSsMxan; EteyIgminRtUvcat;TukxøÜnÉgCamnusSsMxan;enaHeLIy. ebIeyIgsMerccitþeFIVCa emdwknaM
eKenaH eKminedIrtameyIgeLIy.

2-ykcitþGñkdéTmkdak;elIcitþeyIg (Friend in Need)
ebIeyIgRsLaj;xøÜneyIgb:unμan eyIgRtUvRsLaj;GñkdéTdUcKñaEdr. eyIgeFIVsMrab;xøÜnÉgya:gNa eyIg
RtUveFIVcMeBaHGñkdéTdUcKñaEdr. eyIgRtUvRbemIlemIlGarmμN_GñkdéTCamun RtUvsMLwgemIlcitþGñkdéT etIeKman
GamμN_ya:gdUcemþc?. RtUvykcitþTukdak;RbCaBlrdæExμr ykcitþTukdak;GñkeRkambgÁab; dUcCa «Buk nig kUn.
3-minEkxøÜn lak;kMhus TMlak;dak;GñkdéT (Not Blame Others)
cUrkMuBüayamTMlak;kMhus sþIbenÞasGñkeRkambgÁab; eBlEdlkargarbraC½y. GñkeRkambgÁab;eFIVkar
min)aneCaKC½y minRtUvTMlak;kMhusrbs;xøÜnelIGñkeRkambgÁab; eyIgminGacCaemdwknaMyUrGEgVgeLIy ebIeyIg
BüayamTMlak;kMhuselIeK. eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvTTYlxusRtUvnUvskmμPaBrbs;eyIg eyIgRtUvTTYlsÁal;karBit.
4-sresIrCasaFarN³ riHKn;CaÉkCn (Praise in Public, Criticize in Private)
eyIgCaemdwknaM minRtUvkMNaj;nUvBaküsresIrcMeBaHbuKÁlwkeT. BaküsresIrCakarelIkTwkcitþsMxan;
Nas;. karelIksresIrenAkEnøgsaFarN³RtUveFIVCalkçN³TUeTATaMgGs;Kña. EtebIeyIgcg;riHKn; eyIgRtUveFIVCa
lkçN³ÉkCnEtBIrnak; edaylkçN³riHKn;enaHRtUvCalkçN³riHKn;sßabna. ebIeyIgcg;riHKn;cMeBaHbuKÁlNamYy
eyIgRtUveFIVPøam EtRtUveFIVCaGaf’kM)aMg. kMuBüayamtamcab;kMhusGñkeRkambgÁab;.
5-bgðajxøÜneGayeKsÁal; (Being seen)
karEdleyIgedIremIlkargar edIremIlbuKÁlwk pþl»; kaseGayGñkeRkambgÁab;)anBiPakSa pþÚreyabl;
karCECk karelIkTwkcitþbEnßm. karcMNayeBledIremIldMeNIrkarRbRBwtþeTAénkargar edIm,ICYsCulGIVEdl
eFIVxus. eyIgRtUvbgðajeGayGñkeRkambgÁab;sÁal;eXIjeyIg. eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUveFIVkarGs;BIkmøaMgkaycitþ
eGayGñkeRkambgÁab;emIl.
6-eRbIkarRbkYtRbECg (Competition)
mnusScUlcitþRbkYtRbECg ehtuenHeyIgeRbIkarRbkYtRbECgCaEl,gkñúgkarsMerceKaledAkñúgkardwknaM.
edIm,IeGaysisScUlcitþGanesovePA eyIgRtUveFIVkarRbkYtRbECgEpñkcMeNHdwgepSg² edIm,Ipþl;rgVan;dl;Gñk Edl
BUEkecHcaM. edIm,IeGaysisSxitxMeron manKuNPaB RKU)anerobcMeGaymankarRbLg erobcMkic©karRsavRCav
eGaysisS edIm,IbegIánKuNPaB. cMENkkardwknaM minxusKñaeT emdwknaMRtUvKitBIkareRbIkarRbkYtRbECg edIm,I
eGaymnusSxitxMeFIVkargar.
III>ktþaEdlman\Ti§BlkñúgkardwknaM (Factor that influence in Leadership)
1-karbBa©úHbBa©Úl (Persuasion)
kareRbIviFIbBa©úHbBa©ÚlenH eyIgRtUveRbIsMrab;GñkEdlman\Ti§BlRsedogKña b¤GñkEdlman\Ti§Bl
CageyIg. kñúgkrNIenH eyIgRtUvecHbgðajehtupl PsþútageGay)anc,as;las; eFIVya:gNaeGayeKKaMRT
yl;Rsb tamKMnitrbs;eyIg. bgðajGMBIeKalbMNgnigTwsedArbs;eyIgEdlRtUveFIV. karbeBa©jTsSn³ eyabl;
pÞal;xøÜnCaedIm eGaymanlkçN³tkáviC¢a LÚsIuk. kareRbIviFIbBa©úHbBa©ÚlmanRbsiT§PaBluHRtabuKÁlenaH man
eKaledAkargardUcKña ehIyRtUvBnül;ehtupleGay)anek,aHk,ay EtebIsinCaBnül;ehtuplmin)an ek,aHk,ay

eT b¤KμanPsþútag Éksar edIm,IKaMRTKMnitenaH karbBa©úHbBa©ÚlnigGacTTYlbraC½y. mYyvijeTot karbBa©úHbBa©Úl
EtcMeBaHbuKÁleKaledA eyIgRtUvBnül;GMBIsMeNIsMu b¤KMeragesñIrsMu Edlpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_dl;buKÁlenaH dUcCa
GtßRbeyaCn_EdlTak;TgnigGaCIBrbs;eK edIm,IeGayeronCMnajfμI² edIm,ICYbmnusSsMxan;² b¤edIm,IeXIjGIVEfm
eTot nigTTYl)anekr×þeQμaHeTot. CaBiess eFIVeGaykargarrbs;buKÁlenaHkan;EtRsYl nigKYreGaycab;
GarmμN_. edIm,IeCaKC½yenH GaRs½yelIGñkEdlbBa©úHbBa©Úl RtUveFIVeGayeKTukcitþ. cMENkÉ karbBa©úHbBa©Úl
tamEbbGMBavnavvij RtUveFIVTak;TgGarmμN_ nigtMélCamUldæan EdlpÞúyBIkareRbIdUcviFIehtu pltkáviC¢adUcEdl
)anniyayxagelI. eKalbMNgKWeGaymankarGbGrsaT nigkarebþCJacitþ edaymankarepþatGarmμN_xøaMg Edl
Tak;TgeTAnigkþIsgÇwm tMél ]tþmKti sMeNI b¤KMeragsMeNIrbs;buKÁlenaH. ]tþmKtimYycMnYn EdlGacrab;bBa©Úl
)andUcCa esñhaCati esμaHRtg; esrIPaB karbMeBjkatBVkic©xøÜnÉg yutþiFm’ RtwmRtUv esμIrPaB esckþIRsLaj; emtþa
mnusSFm’ nigrIkcMerIn. ]TahrN_TahanEdleKbBa¢ÚneTAkEnøgEdlmaneRKaHfñak; edayeKbBa¢ak;GMBIkar
esñhaCatimatuPUmi.
2-karcrcar (Negotiation)
kareRbIviFIcrcarenH enAeBleKman\Ti§BlesμIrKñanigeyIg dUcCamitþP½Rk b¤GñkEdlmanGaCIBdUcKñanigeyIg
CaedIm. müa:gkarcrcarenHeRbIenAeBlEdleyIgmanplRbeyaCn_tictYceGayeK. karcrcarenHGaceFIVeLIg
cab;BIbuKÁlBIrnak;eLIgeTA. karcrcarRtUvepþatelIplRbeyaCn_ minRtUvepþatelItMENgrbs;xøÜn GagfaGMNac
epþatelI\riyabfbuKÁleLIy. sMrab;GñkEdlmansmtßPaBRbhak;RbEhlKña.
3-karesBKb; (Involvement)
kareRbIviFIesBKb;sñiTsñal CaviFIEdlman\Ti§BlCageKbg¥s;. kareRbIviFIenH eFIVeGayeKeCOCak; Tukcitþ nigTTYl
sÁal;GMeBIl¥rbs;eyIg. karesBKb;enH luHRtaeyIgCamnusSl¥ RbRBwtþnUvGMeBIsucrit RbkbedayKuNFm’ ecHCYy
KñakñúgRKaGasnñ nigesμaHRtg;. karesBKb;enH CakarelIkTwkcitþxøaMgbMput eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvpþl;KMnit RbwkSa
eKalbMNg nig TwsedA.
4-kartMrg;Tws (Direction)
kareRbIviFIenH sMrab;eyIgman\Ti§BlelIeK dUcCaeyIgCaRKUbeRgon «BukmþayCaedIm b¤ eBlEdleKcaM)ac;RtUv
BwgBak;elIeyIgTaMgRsug. CaBiess enAeBlEdleyIgmankMrityuT§saRsþxøaMgelIeK eyIgRtUvdwknaMeKeFIVEtmþg.
eRbIviFIenaH enAeBlGñkeRkamEdlmansmtßPaBTabCageyIg b¤CaGñkEdleyIgman\Ti§BlelI.
IV.ktþaEdleFIVeGayeKeCOCak; (Factor that Cause Some one Confidence)
1-eFIVemdwknaMedayxøÜnÉg (Act like a leader by one-self)
eyIgRtUveroneFIVCaemdwknaMedayxøÜnÉg edaymincaM)ac;eKEtgtaMgeGayeFIVCaemdwknaMeLIy. GñkEdl
BüayamsikSaeronsURtCaemdwknaM GñkEdlmanlkçN³CaemdwknaM EtgEtmanqnÞ³sikSaeronsURtCaRbcaM eRBaHkar
eronsURt nigkardwknaMRtUvedIrTnÞwmKña. eyIgRtUvBinitüemIlsßankarN_ehIybegIátsßankarN_enaH sμ½RKcitþeFIVCa
emdwknaMedayxøÜnÉg. emdwknaMmancriklkçN³taMgBIkMeNIt EteyIgGacerobcMxøÜneyIgeGayeTACaemdwknaM)an
edaycab;epþImGnuvtþn_tamRTwsIþ cab;BIeBlenHteTA. emdwknaMminEmnCaGñkFMGagGMNac eTAekobsgát;eK
faemdwknaMenaHeT emdwknaMminsMedAeTAelIGgÁúyelIekAGItMENgFMfaemdwknaMenaHeT emdwknaMKWCaGñkmanckçúvis½y
eFIVRbeyaCn_CUnCati eFIVRbeyaCn_CUnRbCaCatiExμrBitR)akd. emdwknaMEdlbgðajnUvcriklkçNHxøaMgenaH mankar
CMrujfamBl cMeBaH\riyabfbuKÁlwk smaCik smaCika emdwknaMRtUvman ckçúvis½y karebþCJacitþ vin½ypÞal;xøÜn qnÞ³
KuNFm’ sñaéd nigesckIþkøahan. emdwknaMEdlmancriklkçN³EbbenHGacdwknaMGñkedIrtam)an. b:uEnþcMeBaH
emdwknaM EdlmanlkçN³exSayminlkçN³dUcerobxagelITaMgGs;enHeLIy.
2-CYyGñkdéTedayKuNFm’ (Help others honestly)
eyIgCaemdwknaM minRtUvKitBIplRbeyaCn_xøÜnÉg Gtμaniym kMNaj;sVitenaHeT. emdwknaMCaGñkEdl
mancitþTUlay ecHCYyGñkdéT edayTwkcitþsb,úrs edaymincg;)ankartbsñgsgKuNGIVmkvijeLIy CaGñkCYy
Gñkd¾éT CaCnrYmQamdUcKñaedaycitþbrisuT§. ebIeyIgecHCYykarBarplRbeyaCn_eK elakCYyrkplRbeyaCn_
eGayeK eKnigmkrkelakeGayeFIVCaemdwknaM.
3-GPivDÆn_CMnaj smtßPaBCanic© (Keep Learning Always)
eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvbNþúHbNþal GPivDÆn_CMnajrbs;eyIg nigGñkEdlenACMuvijxøÜneyIgCanic© CaBiess
RtUvbNþúHbNþalRbCaBlrdæTaMgmUleGaymansmtßPaB kalNaRbCaBlrdæmansmtßPaBxøaMg eyIgCaemdwknaM
k¾xøaMgEdr kalebIRbCaBlrdæexSay emdwknaMk¾exSayEdr. dUc)anbriyayxagelI kareron nigkardwknaMRtUvedIr
TnÞwmKña eronKμanTIbBa©b; kardwknaMk¾KμanTIbBa©b; BIeRBaHkarrs;enArbs;mnusSRtUvkarRbkYtRbECgKñaedIm,I
plRbeyaCn_KμanTIbBa©b; eyIg CaemdwknaMRtUv eFIVeGayKMnitfμI smtßPaBkan;EtxøaMgeLIgCanic©.
4-\riyabfviC¢man (Positive attitude)
eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvman\riyabfviC¢manCanic© \riyabfGacsMrbxøÜneTARKb;sßankarN_TaMgGs;. eyIgCa
emdwknaM RtUvmansμartIKitGIVCaviC¢man RtUvmanKMnitsuTidæiniym RtUvGanesoePAEdlmanKMnitl¥mkdak;kñúgKMnit
edIm,IeGayeyIgmanKMnitl¥KMnitviC¢mandak;kñúgKMnit eFIVeGayKMniteyIgmanKMnitviC¢man manKMnitl¥ eFIVeGay
\riyabfrbs;eyIgviC¢manl¥Edr. eyIgminRtUvbeBa©j\riyabfGviC¢man dak;GñkeRkambgÁab;eT b¤eyIgminRtUv
bdiesFeday\riyabfGviC¢manEdr. eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvsm¥atcitþeGays¥at kat;eGaydac;nUvcitþEdlCab;CMBak;
nigGarmμN_TaMg 5 eTIbeyIgGacsMrbxøÜntamRKb;mnusSTaMgGs;)an. emdwknaMEdlxøaMg³
¾ RtUvmanCMnajxagsmtßPaBc,as;las;
¾ RtUvmanKuNFm’ nigRkmsIlFm’kñúgkardwknaM
¾ RtUvsÁal;ktþaTaMg 4 ya:g dUcCa GñkedIrtam GñkdwknaM karTMnak;TMng nigsßankarN_
¾ RtUvsÁal;BIxøÜnÉg dUcCa cMNucexSay nigxøaMg criklkçN³ cMeNHdwg nigCMnaj
¾ RtUvsÁal;BIFmμCatimnusS
¾ RtUvsÁal;BIkic©karrbs;elak
¾ RtUvsÁal;BIGgÁkardwknaMrbs;elak
¾ eFIVKWeyIgRtUvR)ab;TwsedA dUcCa kardak;eKaledA karedaHRsaybBaða karsMerccitþ

nigkareFIVEpnkar
¾eFIV KW karGnuvtþ dUcCa karTMnak;TMng karsMrbsMrYl karRtYtBinitü karvaytémø
¾ eFIV KW karelIkTwkcitþ
V>eKalkarN_bBa©úHbBa©Úl (Principle of Persuasion)

1-bþÚrrUbragtamkal³eTs³ (Flexible and Comonflage)
karecHbt;Ebntamkal³eTs³ karecHEkøgePTtamFmμCati edIm,IkMueGayeKsÁal;eyIgc,as; edIm,IeFIVkar
bBa©úHbBa©ÚleGaymanRbsiT§PaB eFIVeGayeKeCOCak;. ebIsinCaeyIgeXasnabBa©úHbBa©ÚlenAkñúgmCÄdæansisS
nisSit eyIgRtUvbþÚrrUbragCalkçN³nisSit edayeyIgcab;yknisSitEdlman\Ti§BlkñúgkarbBa©úHbBa©Úl. eyIgsißt
enAsßanPaBNa eyIgRtUveFIVRsbkñúgsßanPaBenaH. dUcyYneKbþÚrrUbraglkçN³mkCaExμr tamrebobcarkmμ
edayeronPasaExμr TMenomTMlab;Exμr RbvtþisaRsþExμr edIm,IdeNþImplRbeyaCn_BIExμr nigelbTwkdIExμr
tamviFIcitþsaRsþ. müa:gvijeTot RbCaBlrdæExμrElgeCOCak;elIGñkneya)ay s¥b;Gñkneya)ay edaysarkar
e)akR)as;rbs; emdwknaMneya)ay)annigkMBuge)akR)as;Kat;mþgehIymþgeTot. ehtuenHehIy eyIgminRtUvsMEdg
xøÜnCaGñkneya)ayedIm,IbBa©úHbBa©ÚleLIy EteyIgGacniyaykñúgnamExμrCatiExμr EdlxVl;xVay BIGayu
RbeTsCati.
2-niyayeGaycMbBaðaGñksþab; (Target Audience Problems)
karbBa©úHbBa©Úll¥ RtUvniyayBIbBaðarbs;Gñksþab;. RtUvcaMfa eKmincg;sþab;erOgpÞal;xøÜnrbs;eyIg
bBaðarbs;eyIgeLIy b:uEnþKat;cg;sþab;nrNaEdlGackarBarplRbeyaCn_eGayBYkKat; b¤GñkEdlCYyedaHRsay
bBaða GñkykplRbeyaCn_mkCUnKat; CaBiess Kat;cg;sþab;erOgEdlTak;TgnwgerOgrbs;Kat;. dUcenH
eyIgCaGñkeXasna RtUvelIkykbBaðarbs;Gñksþab;ykmkniyay nigeFIVkaredaHRsayCUnKat; . b:uEnþ
eyIgminGacsnüa GIVEdleyIgminGaceFIV)anenaHeT.
3-manxnþI Gt;Fμt; (Patience)
eyIgCaGñkbBa©úHbBa©ÚlRtUvGt;Fμt;RKb;ya:g Gt;Fμt;cMeBaHeBlevlaeTaHyUr b¤qab;k¾eday Gt;Fμt;RKb;
eBlevla RKb;TIkEnøg eGayEteyIgsMerceKaledAEdlRtUveFIV. Gt;Fμt;cMBaHBaküriHKn;epSg² Gt;Fμt;cMeBaH
karemIlgay Gt;Fμt;cMeBaHkarRbqaMgepSg² Gt;Fμt;cMeBaHGñkEdlyl;eXIjxusBIeyIg. Gt;Fμt;cMeBaHkargar
rbs;eyIgEdlkMBugeFIV edayBüayameGayGs;BIsmtßPaB. Gt;Fμt;cMeBaHbuKÁlEdleyIgTak;Tg cMeBaH
saFarN³Cn cMeBaHRbCaBlrdæ. karGt;Fμt;enaH edayeyIgCaemdwknaMminRtUvxwg Gn;citþ mineBjcitþ
cMeBaHTegIVTaMgLayEdleKminKaMRTeyIgCaedIm.
4-begIátekrþ×eQμaHl¥ (Good fame)
eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvbegIáteGaymanekrþ×eQμaHl¥ Casvagekrþ×eQμaHminl¥ dUcCaCnBukrlYy lYcsm,tþiCati
lk;sm,tþiCatiedIm,IRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn nigRkumRKYsar. CaCnRbRBwtþiGMeBIBalaGava:Es xVHesckþIéføfñÚr dUcCa
elgEl,gsIusg pwksIu RsIjICaedIm CaBiessKWeyIgKitRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn CagRbeyaCn_Cati eFIVeGay
eyIgKμanRbCaRbiy. karb:HBal;plRbeyaCn_GñkdéT b¤plRbeyaCn_RbCaBlrdæ edaykarCiHCan; kibeKg

XubXitbkSBYkniymCaedIm. ehtudUcenH edIm,IbegIátekrþ×eQμaHl¥ eyIgRtUvRbRBwtþiGMeBIl¥ ecHCYyGñkdéT
eFIVRbeyaCn_CUn Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr nigGnuvtþPaBCaemdwknaMEdlmankñúgesovePAPaK 1 nig PaK 2 enH.
5-kMuRbEkk tmat; eQøaH (No quarrel)
eyIgCaemdwknaM b¤ CaeXasnik EdledIrtYsMrab;bBa©úHbBa©ÚlCnrYmCatiExμrd¾éTeTot eGayemIleXIj
GMBIeRKaHfñak;RbeTsCatidUceyIg eyIgminRtUvRbEkkykQñHcaj; eQøaHKña tmat;KñaeTAmkenaHeT. ebIsinCa
manlkçN³EbbenH eyIgminEmnCaemdwknaM b¤CaeXasnikd¾l¥enaHeT. eTaHCakaryl;eXIjxusKñaya:gNakþI
EteyIgRtUverIsykehtuplNamYyEdleKGacTTYlyk)an edayeCosvagkarRbEkkKñadUcniyayxagelI.
6-Tajkarsnñidñan (Positive Conclusion)
karTajsniñdæaneGaymanlkçN³smehtupl manPsþútagRtwmRtUvBitR)akd nigP¢ab;eTAnigsßanPaB
Cak;Esþg. karTajesckþIdæanenHeGaysmRsbeTAnigkaryl;dwgrbs;RbCaBlrdæ nigGñkEdleyIgTMnak;TMng
CamYy karTajsniñdæan EdlxusBIkarBit eFIVeGayeKmineCO xVHPaBeCOCak; CaktþabraC½ykñúgkarbBa©úHbBa©Úl.
7-elIkTwkcitþeGaymankarriHKn; (Feedback)
elIkTwkcitþeGaymankarriHKn;EklMGr eRBaHCakBa©k;qøúHbBa©aMgnUvskmμPaBrbs;eyIg. karelIkTwk
citþeGaymankarriHKn;enH eFIVeGayeKsb,aycitþ cUlrYmskmμPaBCamYyeyIg edayeKmanemaTPaB cMeBaHGIVEdl
eK)anrYmcMENk edIm,IeFIVeGaymankarrIkcMerIn. CaBiess enAeBlEdleyIgTTYlykKMnitenaHeTAGnuvtþn_ nig
EkERbCafμI. eFIVeGayeKmanGarmμN_fa sñitsñal ehIyeCOCak;eTotpg.
8-begIátTMnak;TMngl¥ (Good Communication)
bBaðaCaeRcInekIteLIgedaykarTMnak;TMngEdlmankMhus ehIybBaðaenHGacnaMeGaymankarRcLM nig
eFIVeGayEpnkarbraC½y. TMnak;TMng KWCakarpøas;bþÚr karbgðÚrB½t’man nigKMnitBImnusSmñak;eTAmnusSmñak;eTot.
vaBak;B½n§GñkbBa¢ÚnB½t’man nigGñkTTYlB½t’man. TMnak;TMngmanRbsiT§PaBekIteLIg luHRtaEtGñkTTYl
yl;B½t’man nigKMnitBitR)akd rbs;GñkbBa¢Únmanectnacg;bB¢Úan. karsikSadMeNIrTMnak;TMng mansarsMxan;
BIeRBaHelakbeRgon sMrbsMrYl RbwkSavaytMél nigRtYtBinitü tamryHdMeNIrkarenH. TMnak;TMng KWCaGIVEdl
eyIgBüayamedIm,IeFIV niyaycMeBaHGñkEdlenACiteyIg.
dMbUgBt’manmanenAkñúgKMnitGñkbBa¢Ún KMnitenHGacCaKMnit eyabl; Bt’man nigGarmμN_.
dMNwgRtUv)aneKbBa¢ÚneTAGñkTTYltamry³ BaküsMdI nigCanimitþsBaØa. cugbBa©b; GñkTTYlbkERbBaküsMdI
nignimitþsBaØaCaKMnit b¤Bt’man EdleKGacyl;)an.
karTak;Tg KWCaviFIEdleKbBa¢ÚndMNwg nigRtUv)aneKsÁal;Ca Pasa EdleKrab;bBa¢ÚlTaMg sMelg EPñk
Pasakayvikar kayvikaréd nigsPaBlkçN³GarmμN_ xøac xwg minR)akd mineCOCak;. tamBiteTA eyIgTukcitþ
PaBc,as;las;rbs;\riyabf CagkarEdlRKan;EtniyaypÞal;mat; .
karTMnak;TMngman]bsKÁmYycMnYndUcCa vb,Fm’ Pasa BIeRBaHenARbeTsepSgKña tMbn;epSgKña
eRbIR)as;PasaepSg²Kña EdlBi)akyl;enAkñúgkarTMnak;TMng edayminyl;Gtßn½y. CYnkalmkBIxøÜneyIg
EdlmanelsepSg² sMelgGU‘GrrMxan eRBaHKμankarcab;GarmμN_ sþab;min)an FujRTan; minyl;CaedIm. brisßan
edayenAkEnøgq¶ayBIKña kEnøgggwt b¤kEnøgEdlmanmnusSG‘UGreRcIn manGakasFatuekþA ePøogxøaMg xøins¥úy .
karekobsgát; EpñkGarmμN_ nigeRkam\Ti§BlGIVmYy EdlBi)akkñúgkarniyay nig TMnak;TMng.
karbegIátTMnak;TMngl¥sMrab;mnusSTUeTA. vaGacRbRBwtþieTA)anGaRs½yelIbuKÁlwklkçN³pÞal;xøÜnrbs;
eyIg. eyIgRtUvecosvagkñúgbgáTMnas; begIátsRtUv sUm,IEtmñak; EteyIgRtUvBüayambegIátmitþeGay)aneRcIn
tamry³begáItTMnak;TMngl¥. karbegIátTMnak;TMngl¥enH RtUvmaneKalbMNg eKaledAc,as;las; manEpnkar
c,as;las; ehIyRtUvmanplRbeyaCn_TaMgsgxag. eKnigsb,aycitþCamYyeyIg kalNaeyIgman dMNwgl¥
plRbeyaCn_eGayeK eKnigminsb,aycitþebIeyIgnaMbBaðadak;eGayeK. edIm,IeGaykarTMnak;TMngl¥ eyIgRtUv
CaGñkskmμ Gñksþab;d¾l¥. Baküfa B¤ nigsþab;mindUcKñaeT. karsþab;EbgEckCaBIrRbePTskmμ nigGkmμ.
Gñksþab;skmμ manlkçN³dUcteTA³
1-cMNayeBlsþab;eRcInCagniyay
2-kMubBa©b;RbeyaKniyayrbs;GñkdéT ¬niyaykat;¦
3-kMueqøIysMNYredaykarsYrtbeTAvij
4-dwgBIkarlMeGog
5-GIVEdlminc,as;kMuniyay b¤kMukan;ykKMnitrbs;eKniyayBImun mkniyay
6-Tuk»kaseGayGñkepSgeTotniyaypg. kMueGayniyayRKbsgát;elIeK ¬niyayEtmñak;Ég¦ niyay
vayRbhaeKGñksþab; KMnitRbqaMgeday\riyabfGviC¢aman.
7-eFIVEpnkareqIøytbeRkay eKniyaycb; minEmneqøIytbenAeBlBYkeKkMBugniyay.
8-pþl;Rbtikmμtb b:uEnþkMuniyaykat;minQb;minQr.
9-viPaKedayRkeLkemIlktþaBak;B½n§TaMgGs; nig sYrsMNYr ebIkcMhr.
10-eFIVeGaykarsnÞnaenAEtbnþGIVEdlGñkniyay minEmnGIVEdleFIVeGayeKcab;GarmμN_. kt;cMNaMxøI²
CaerOgsMxan; edIm,IepþatelIGIVEdleKniyay.
9-pþl;karshRbtibtiþkar (Cooperation)
eyIgRtUvcUlrYm nigpþl;karyl;RBmshcMeBaHkarsMeNIbs;eK b:uEnþebIsinCaeyIgbdiesFeyIg RtUvecH
eRbIPasakarTUt edayminbdiesFRtg;Etmþg. karshRbtibtþkarkargarCamYy vaCaktþaCH\Ti§Bldl;citþsaRsþ
ya:gxøaMg edayeyIg)anCYyeFIVRbeyaCn_eGayeK nigmanPaBsñiT§sñal sÁal;citþeføIm. karpþl;FnFancaM)ac;
b¤CMnYycaM)ac; ebIsinCabuKÁlenaHnigeFIVkaresñIrsMu nigGnum½tyl;RBmsMeNI. Rtg;cMNucenH EtgEtmankarpøas;bþÚr
plRbeyaCn_KñaeTAvijeTAmk.
10-eRbI\Ti§BlRkum (Use Influence of Team Work)
eyIgRtUveRbI\Ti§Blrbs;Rkum edaybgðajBIeQμaH LÚkU eKalkarN_ yuT§saRsþepSg² emdwknaM nig
skmμPaBEdl)aneFIVRbeyaCn_CUnCatiknøgmk. eyIgRtUvbgðajGMBIcMNucxøaMgrbs;Rkum niglkçN³xusKñaBIkar
dwknaMepSg²eTot. munnigmanRbsiT§PaB eyIgRtUvCasmaCikrbs;RkumenaHsin eTIbeyIgyl;BIeKalkarN_
nigkic©karepSg² ehIyeTIbeyIgGaceRbI\Ti§BlenaH)an.
11-nimitþrUbEdlman (Symbol)
etIeyIgmanGIVCasBaØasMKal; manlkçN³GIVCasMKal;sMrab;RkumeyIg. etInimitþrUbenaHmann½yxøwmsar
ya:gdUcemþc?. nimitþrUbenH GacCarUbstV EdlmanGtßn½ytamlkçN³rbs;stV ehIyeGayGñkd¾éTgayyl;
gaycaM gayykmkeRbI)an.
12-minRtUvCECkykQñH caj; Etsþab;ehtupleKniyay (Effective Listen)
karCECkKña eyIgminRtUvmanKMnitCECkykQñHcaj; eFIVeGayGñkd¾éTGama:s; cg;eGayeKelIksresIrxøÜn
GMNYtfaxøÜneyIgxøaMg xøÜneyIgCaGñkBUEkenaHeT EteyIgRtUvEsVgrkehtuplRtwmRtUv mkbkRsay eFIVya:g
NaeGayTsSn³rbs;eK emIleXIjdUceyIg yl;dUceyIg bkRsayeGayeKyl; nigRBmTTYlykGIVEdl
eyIgniyaybkRsayenaH.
13-sMueGayeKcUlrYm (Appeal for participation)
eRkayBIeKcab;GarmμN_ yl;RsbKaMRTtamKMnitrbs;eyIg eyIgRtUvENnaMeGayeKcUlrYmenAkñúg
skmμPaBrbs;eyIg edIm,ICaplRbeyaCn_sMrab;sgÁmCati plRbeyaCn_RbeTsCati. karsMueGayeKcUlrYmenH
eyIgRtUvR)ab;BIplvi)akkargar plRbeyaCn_kargarEdlTTYl)aneGayc,as;las; R)ab;BIParHkic©kargarEdlRtUv
eFIVeGayc,as;las;.
14-eRbIGñkEdlman\Ti§Bl (key communicator)
enAkñúgsßankarN_xøH eyIgminGacsMrbeTAtamsßankarN_)anRKb;TaMgGs;)aneLIy eyIgRtUveRbIviFIeRcot
cUledayeRbIR)as; Tak;TajbuKÁlEdlman\Ti§Bl ¬ RKU RbFan Rsuk XMu PUmi Gacarü eGayeKCYyeXasna
eGayeyIg¦ enAkñúgsßankarN_enaH ykmkbNþúHbNþaleGaysÁal;kic©kar nigeKalkarN_rbs;kardwknaM
ehIyeGayeKCYypSBVpSaynig dwknaMbnþenAkñúgtMbn;enaH.
15-eRbI\Ti§Bl smaKmn_ GgÁkar shKmn_ edIm,Ieqøot»kasbBa©úHbBa©Úl (Key Organization)
GIVCaRbeyaCn_dl;Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr eyIgRtUveRbI\Ti§Bl smaKm GgÁkar shKmn_ edIm,Ieqøot
»kasbBa©úHbBa©ÚleGayRbCaBlrdæ eFIVGIVEdlCaRbeyaCn_dl;sgÁm eFIVRbeyaCn_sMrab;mnusSCatiTUeTA eFIVGIVEdl
CaRbeyaCn_dl;Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr.
16-RtUveKarB eGaytMéleTAelInimitþrUbenAkEnøgenaH edIm,IeGayeKmanCMenO nig Tukcitþ Raise
Value
CMenO sasna TMenomTMlab; nimitþrUbEdl RbCaBlrdæenATIenaHeKeGaytMél eKeKarB eyIgRtUvEteKarB
eGaytMéltamRbCaBlrdækEnøgenaHEdr. kalNaeyIgeKarB eGaytMélGIVEdlRbCaBlrdæeKeGaytMél enaH
eyIgnigTTYlkarKaMRT ehIyRbCaBlrdæenAtMbn;enaH eKmanCMenOTukcitþ . kalNaeKmanCMenOelIeyIgehIy
eyIgniyayGVVIk¾eKGacsþab;tam nigeCOeyIgEdr.
17-bBa¢ak;BIeKalbMNgrYmKña (Confirm Goal)
dUc)anniyayenAkñúg yuT§saRsþTwkrbs;GñkesñhaCati rbs;elak sMerag éRC ebIsinCaTwk nig Twk
gaycUlKñaNas; EtebIsinCaTwknigeRbgminGaccUlKñaedaygay)aneT. cMENkGñkesñhaCati k¾dUcKñaEdr
RKan;EtbegIðbBIerOgRbeTsCatiPøam manKMnitdUcKña RtUvKña cUlrYmeFIVkarCamYyKña edIm,IeKalbMNgrYmKña KWedIm,I
GayuCivitRbeTsCati edIm,IplRbeyaCn_Cati edaymincaM)ac;eKniyay bBa©©úHbBa©ÚleRcIneLIy niyayeGay
cMGñkesñhaCatiBitR)akd h‘anlHbg;GIVRKb;ya:g eFIVkic©karBitR)akd edIm,IRbeTsCati edaymincaM)ac;rg
caMGñkdéTmkdas;etOneLIy KWTwkEtghUrrkKña rt;rkGñkesñhaCatidUcKña. EtminEmnCaGñkesñhaCatiEkøgkøay
EdlniyayEtmat; EtpÞúyeTAvij BukrlYy lk;Cati KitRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜneRcInCag RbeyaCn_Cati sasna
RbCaCatiExμrenaHeLIy.
18-erobcMKMeragCamun (Plan first)
karcab;epþImeFIVkic©karGIV²k¾eday edIm,IeGayc,as;las; eyIgRtUverobcMeGaymanKMeragmun kmμviFIerobcM
eGayc,as;las;. KWeyIgKiteGay)anl¥itl¥n; RtwmRtUvc,as;las; KNnaeGay)aneRcIn sarcuHeLIg edIm,I
ykKMeragenaHeTAGnuvtþn_eGaysMerc TTYlEpøpáaCaviC¢man.
19-niyaysareLIgvij nUveKalsMxan;² (Repeat the important point)
cMNuceKalsMxan;² EdleyIgRtUveGayeKyl; cg;eGayeKcaM eyIgRtUvrMlwksareLIgvij edaybegIát
CasMnYr b£ begIátCakmμviFIedIm,IeGayeKGnuvtþ cMeBaHeKalsMxan;²enaH edIm,IeGayeKgaycaM nigyl;Gtßn½y
eKalsMxan;²enaH. eyIgRtUveXasna sacuHsaeLIg nUvcMNucsMxan;enaH.
20-eRCIserIsTIkEnøgl¥ nig eBlsmrmü (Choose appropriate location)
edIm,IeFIVkarbBa©úHbBa©ÚleGaymanRbsiTi§PaB eyIgRtUveRCIserIskEnøgl¥ Ebøk nigeBlsmrmü. TIkEnøg
sMedAeTAelIkEnøgEdlmanpasuxPaB kEnøgEdlmansnþisuxl¥ TIkEnøgEdlcMNaysnSMsMéc Etsmrmü
sMrab;Tak;Taj GñkcUlrYm dUcCa sNæaKar ePaCnIydæan kEnøgRbCMu TIlan sMxan;².l. eBlevla sMedA
eTAelIeBlEdlGñkcUlrYmGaccUlrYm)anedayTwkcitþrIkray Kμanb:HBal;plRbeyaCn_ b:HBal;kargareK cMeBl
sMrak cMeBlTMenrBIkargarCaedIm.
21-bgðajTwkcitþTaMgsgxag (Do with Willing)
eyIgeFIVGIVedaykþIesμaHRtg; edayecjBITwkcitþBitR)akd edayminEmn hutTwksmøwgkak KWCamnusS
minEmnEtsMedAemIleXIjplRbeyaCn_Etb:ueNÑaH eyIgRtUvbgðajBITwkcitþrbs;eyIgcMeBaHeK edaykþIRsLaj;Bit
GaNitGasUrBitR)akd.
22-eqøIycMeBaHkarsaksYrrbs;Gñksþab; Immediate Response
eyIgRtUveqøIytbcMeBaHGñksYreGaysmRsbtameKalkarN_ nigcMeNjneya)ay edaymankarKaMRT
BImtisaFarN³Cn mankarKaMRTBIRbCaBlrdæ. munnigeyIgeqøIytbeyIgRtUvsþab;sMnYreGay)anc,as; nigsþab;BI
eKalbMNgénsMnYrrbs;eK. ebIisinCasMnYrNaEdleyIgminGaceqøIy)aneT eyIgRtUveqøIyedaymanviFIbEgVsMnYr b¤
viFIkarcab;GarmμN_eTAepSg b¤eyIgsMuGP½yeTas edayminGaceqøIy)anCaedIm.
23-ecHeRbI\Ti§BlEdlman nigRbCaRbiyPaB Use what Enable
eyIgRtUvecHeRbI\Ti§Blrbs;eyIgEdlman dUcCaeyIgCaRKUbeRgonEdlman\Ti§BlelIsisS RBHsgÇ
RKb;GgÁEdlman\Ti§BlelI])ask ])asika nayksalaman\Ti§BlelIelakRKU GñkRKU saRsþacarüCaedIm.
ecAhVayRsuk XMu PUmi eRbI\Ti§BlelIRbCaBlrdæeGayecH eFIVGIVEdlCaRbeyaCn_dl;sgÁmCati. \Ti§BlenaH
RtUveFIVeGaycMTwsedA edIm,IplRbeyaCn_RbeTsCati minEmneRbI\Ti§Blrbs;cg;)anlaPskáar³ buNüs½ká
GMNacenaHeT.

CMBUkTI 5

GMNacemdwknaM
I.GMNacemdwknaM
emdwknaMmanGMNacTaMgGs; 10 y:ag EdlmanGFib,aydUcxageRkam ³
1-GMNacmenayiTi§
GMNacmenayiTi§CaGMNacFmμCatiEdlemdwknaMmantaMgBIkMeNIt. lkçN³RBmrbs;emdwknaMmantaMgBI
kMeNIt kaysm,Ta kayvikar citþKMnit PaBQøasév. Rtg;cMNucenH emdwknaMRtUvykQñHxøÜnÉg RtUvyk
QñHFmμCati CaBiessRtUvykQñHcitþrbs;xøÜnCamunsin. emdwknaMGacRKb;RKgGarmμN_TaMg 6 ehIyGac
eFIVEbbenH cMeBaHbuKÁldéTGacTTYl)aneCaKC½yedaygay. RBHBuT§manBuT§dikarfa QñHbuKÁl1000 nak;
minesIμnigQñHxøÜnÉgmñak;eLIy. karEdlykQñHelIGarmμN_rbs;xøÜnÉg CakarkRmmYy BIeRBaH mnusSeyIgekIt
mkedaytNða tNðaekIteLIgBIGarmμN_TaMg 6. b:uEnþeTaHCaya:gNak¾eday ebIelakGñkcg;køayCaGñk
dwknaMmYyrUbd¾eqñIm elakGñkRtUvEtxitxMhat;eronBt;lt;dMGarmμN_rbs;GñkrhUtdl;GñksMercCasßaBr. ebIeyIg
eFIV)an eyIgnigmanGarmμN_RtCak;nigs¥atbrisuT§RbkbeTAedaybBaØaevogév ¬sIl smaFi bBaØa¦. kareFIVrebob
enHmankarlM)akbMput eRbobdUcCaykePIøgmkdutkMedAkñúg»ra:rbs;Gs;elak ehIyvarwgCagfμ citþmanlkçN³
esμaKeRKaKdUcCalUTwks¥úyGBa©wg citþeyIgCavtßúEdlrwgbMputenAelIEpndIeyIgenH. citþenaH KWGarmμN_rbs;Gs;
elakGñkenaHÉg EdlEtgEtelatcuHeLIgRKb;vinaTI ebIelakGñkGaceFIVeGaycitþrbs;elaksUnüehIyenaH KWelak
GñkGacykQñHxøÜnÉg)an ehIyelakRtUvrkSavaeGayenARtg;cMNucsUnüenaHCaerogrhUt. eRBaHfa citþeyIg
eRbobdUckuMBüÚT½rEdleRbIR)as;ehIyvamanemeraKcUlmkEdr ehtuenHeyIgkMuePøcsMGatvaeGays¥at Caerogral;éf¶
tamviFIeFIVsmaFi ebIminGBa©wgeT emeraKnigcUlmkeBjeTotdUckMuBüÚT½rminxaneLIy. ebIelakGñkQñHcitþrhUtdl;
cMNucsUnüehIyenaH elakGñknigman esckIþkøahand¾Gg;Gac manGarmμN_l¥RKb;kal³eTs³ mansmaFi
manmenayiT§i mankareCOCak;elIxøÜnÉg esckIþesμaHRtg; eFIVGMeBIl¥ manKuNFm’ senþasRbNIdl;mnusSCati
RbCaBlrdæTn;exSay. dUcenH ebIelakGñkcg;køayCakMBUlemdwknaM elakGñkRtUvh‘anlHbg;GarmμN_TaMgR)aMmYy
eGay)anTaMgGs;Camunsin.
etIeFIVdUcemþ:c edIm,IlHbg;GarmμN_TaMg 6 enH)an?
elakGñkRtUvEtxitxMEsVgrkviC¢amkdak;xøÜn nigGb;rMGarmμN_rbs;xøÜnCaerogral;éf¶ tamry³karGanesov
ePAeGayeRcIn edaymincaM)ac;eFIVtamGarmμN_EdlbBa¢aeGayeyIgeFIVeT EteyIgRtUvbBa¢aGarmμN_rbs;eyIgvij
eGayeFIVtamkarkMNt;rbs;eyIg dUcCaeBlEdleyIgXøan edIm,IbMeBjtamGarmμN_rbs;GNaþt eyIgRtUv
Gt;Fμt;kMueFIVtamva eyIgjaMumaneBlevlaema:gkMNt;c,as;las;. sþab;tamkarbMeBjGarmμN_rbs;Rtecok
eyIgminRtUveFIVtamGarmμN_Rtecoksþab;cMerogtamcMNg;rbs;eyIgeT EteyIgmankmμviFIkñúgkarsþab; eBlNa
sþab;cMerog eBlNasþab;Bt’man.l. kMubMeBjGarmμN_rbs;EPñk ebIEPñkrbs;eyIgcg;emIlGIVEdlxUcGarmμN_
eyIgkMuemIltam kMubMeBjGarmμN_rbs;RcmuH dUcCakarhitkøinRkGUb eRbIeRKOgRkGUb CaedIm. kMubMeBj
GarmμN_rbs;Es,k dUcCab:HBal;CamYyePTxusKñanaMeGayGarmμN_ekþACaedIm. dUcenH tamryHGarmμN_TaMg 6

eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvhat;eronbBa¢aelIGarmμN_rbs;xøÜnÉgrebobenH eFIVya:gticbMput 10 qñaM eTIbelakGñkGac
ykQñHelIxøÜnÉg)an RKb;RKgelIGarmμN_rbs;xøÜn)an.
2-GMNacKuNFm’ (Reward Power)
GMNacKuNFm’ CaGMNacEdl)anmkBIkareFIVGMeBIl¥ EdlmanRBhμvihaFm’ karseNþasRbNI nig
TsBiFFm’dl;GñkeRkambgÁab; nigRbCaBlrdæ. dUcCa«BukmþayciBa©wmbI)ac;kUnEfrkSakUntaMgBItUcmk enHCa
GMNacKuNFm’rbs;«Bukmþay EdleyIgTaMgGs;KñaCabuRtFItaRtUvEttbsñgKuN«BukmþayeyIg EdlCaGñkman
KuNdl;eyIg. RBHBuT§EdlsMEdgnUvFm’l¥dl; BuT§sanikCn eGay)anesckþIsuxsMrab;sgÁmmnusS enHCa
KuNFm’mYyEdleFIVeGay])ask ])asika eKarBbUCarhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶. elakRKUGñkRKU EdlxitxMCYybgðat;
beRgon kUnsisSCaedIm EdleFIVeGaykUnsisSeKarBeGaytMéldl;RKU)arGacarü. TanGIVminesμIrnigFmμTan.
KuNGIVminesμIrnigKuNFm’eLIy. cMeBaHbuKÁlEdlCYyseRgÁaHGñkd¾éTedaysb,úrsCaedIm EdleFIVeGayCnrg
eRKaHrMlwkKuN minePøcBIKuNUbkar³rbs;eK. dUcenH Kb,IeyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvykGMNacKuNFm’enHmkeRbI
edIm,IeGayGñkeRkambgÁab;manesckþIsux suPmgÁlnigsnþiPaB. mYyeTotGMNacenHsMedAelIbuKÁl EdlRKb;RKg
kan;kab;FnFansMxan;² RKb;RKgFnFankRm CaGñkEdlmanGMNacEbgEckFnFan nigpþl;rgVan;epSg².
EtGMNacenH sMrab;EtGñkEdleFIVkarenAkñúgGgÁkarsßab½nCamYyKñaenaHeT. GMNacenHmancMeBaHbuKÁl Edlman
smtßPaBGaceFIVtamkarsnüa)an EtvaKμanRbsiT§PaBcMeBaHbuKÁlEdlminTukcitþ dUcCaRbPBFnFan nigrgVan;.
GMNacenH eKeRcIneFIVsMrab;GñkeRkambgÁab; eKmineRbIsMrab;GñkEdlman\Ti§BlelI dUcCa emdwknaMxagelIeyIg
eLIy.
etIeyIgeRbIGMNacKuNFm’eBlNa? eyIgeRbIenAeBl ³
RtUvpþl;rgVan;GIVEdlmnusScg;)an
pþl;rgVan;EdlRtwmRtUv yutþiFm’ nigmansIlFm’
kMusnüapþl;GIVelIsBIGñkRtUvpþl;eGay
Bnül;BIlkçxNÐEdlRtUvpþl;rgVan;enaH ehIyeFIVCalkçN³smBaØ
pþl;rgVan;tamkarsnüaebIsinCatMrUveGaybMeBjtamtMrUvkar
eRbIrgVan;CanimitþrUb kMurgVan;EdlminGacTukyUr
3-GMNacTMnak;TMng (Communication Power)
ebIeyIgenAEtmñak;Ég min)anTMnak;TMngmnusSkñúgsgÁmenaH KμannrNamñak;sÁal;eyIg KμannrNamñak;dwg
BIckçúvis½yrbs;eyIgeLIy dUcenHemdwknaMcaM)ac;RtUveFIVTMnak;TMngmnusSsMxan;²kñúgsgÁm edIm,IeGayeyIgman
tMéltamenaHEdr. karTMnak;TMngenH eyIgRtUvTMnak;TMngcMeBaHbuKÁll¥ buKÁlEdlmanskþanuBlxagGIVmYy
buKÁlmanRbCaRbiy eKcUlcitþeRcIn buKÁlEdlmanskþanuBlkñúgsgÁmCaedIm edIm,IeGayxøÜneyIgmanskþanuBl
tam enaHEdr. eyIgGacTMnak;TMngeTAsaFarN³Cn tamry³sñaédrbs;eyIgEdleFIVGIVmYyCaRbeyaCn_dl;Cati
RbeyaCn_ dl;sgÁmCaedIm. karTMnak;TMngenH edayeRbItamviFI karesBKb; karbBa©úHbBa©Úl karcrcar nig
tMrg;Tws dUcGFib,ayxagelI.
4-GMNacbgçitbgçM (Coercive Power)
GMNacenH mancMeBaHemdwknaMelIGñkeRkambgÁab; eBlEdlemdwknaMeRbIGMNacdak;TNÐkmμelIbuKÁlwk
EdlmanRbePTepSg²Kña eTAtamGgÁkarsßab½ndwknaM. GMNacbgçitbgçMenH eKeRbIenAkñúgrbbpþac;kar kumμúynisþ
EdlPaKeRcInenAkñúgeyaFa nig GñkdwknaMneya)aykalBI 3 TsvtSmun. ]TahrN_ dUcCa edjbuKÁlwkecal
eBlEdleFIVkic©karminl¥ TahanRtUveKsmøab;BIeRBaHTahanmineKarBbTbBa¢aeBlRbyuT§CaedIm. kñúgkrNI
emdwknaMBwgBak;sMGagelI GñkeRkambgÁab; eFIVkic©karsMxan;² eBlenaHGñkeRkamGacmincUlrYmshRbtibtþikar)an
ebIsinCaemdwknaMminRBmeFIVtamsMeNI. cMENkenARtg;cMNucxøH GñkeRkambgÁab;GaceFIVeGayxUcekrþ×eQμaH emdwknaM
bþwgtva: kUdækmμ )atukmμ CaedIm. GMNacenH eRbIsMrab;RBman KMramdl;buKÁlEdlminRBmeFIVtamsMeNI c,ab;
nigeKalneya)ayepSg² ehIybuKÁlenaHnigCYbplvi)ak. Etbc©úb,nñenH eKhammineGayeRbIGMNacrebobenH
enAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcIn. eyIgeFVIenAeBlEdleKBwgBak;eyIgTaMgRsug cMeBaHkic©karGIVmYy eyIgCaGñkman\Ti§Bl
elIeK eyIgGaceRbIGMNacenH)anEtebIeyIgKμan\Ti§BlelIeKeT eKminBwgBak;eyIgeT eyIgminGaceRbIGMNac
enHeT. kareRbIGMNacenH dUcCakarRBman karKMramkMEhg karTamTad¾Edl karRtYtBinitüjwkjab; edIm,IeGay
buKÁlenaHeFIVeGayRsbsMeNI. eKeFIVcMeBaHGñkEdlx¢il CagGñkEdlCMTas;. enAkñúgcMNucenHCakardak;sm<aF
rwgpg nig Tn;pg. eBlEdlyYn)aneFIVsRgÁamQñH)araMgenA eDonebonPU ehIy)ancab;Tahan)araMgCacMNab;xμaMg
bgçMeGay)araMgRbKl;ÉkraCümkeGay\NÐÚcin edaycuHsn§isBaØaenARkug hSWENv éf¶TI 20 Exkkáda qñaM 1954.
minEmnedaysar semþc sIhnu eFIVkaMePøIgeQIKμanRKab;Gacedj)araMg ehIyRbeTsExμrTTYl)anÉkraCüenaHeT.
eyIgGacniyaymüa:geTot GMNacbgçitbgçMenH KWCaGMNac Edl eRbIkmøaMg eRbIeyaFa eRbIhwgSaCaedIm.
ehtuGIV)anCa RKb;RbeTsmhaGMNacxitxMBRgwkGMNaceyaFa edayplit GavuFnuyekøEG‘r enHCaGMNacmYyxøaMg
dUcshrdæGaemrik CamhaGMNaceyaFaRKb;RKgBiPBelak bnÞab;BIQñH sRgÁamelakelIkTI 2. karTUtRtUv
manT½B karTUtGt;T½B dUckaMePøIgGt;RKab;.
eRbIGMNacbgçitbgçMeBlEdlcg;eGaymanvin½yl¥ kñúglkçN³dUcteTA³
Bnül;c,ab; nitiviFI lkçxNÐtMrUveGayeFIV nigFanafaeKyl;BIkardak;TNÐkmμkMritF¶n;enaH
eqøIytbPøam² cMeBaHkMhusEdlsmRsb EdlRbRBwtþixus
esIubGegáteGaydwgkarBitsin munniwgdak;TNÐkmμ ecosevogkarsnñidæanxus nigeFIVkarecaT
Rbkan;xus
elIkElgcMeBaHkareFIVkMhusF¶n;F¶r edayeFIVkarRBmanpÞal;mat; nigCalaylkSGkSrmuneBl
dak;TNÐkmμ
eFIVkarRBmanCaÉkCn eCosevogkarKMramKMEhg
enAes¶om nig ecosevogkarbeBa©jkarbdiesFpÞal;xøÜn
sEmþgBIkarcg;CYyedayesμaHcMeBaHbuKÁlenaH edayecosvagkardak;TNÐkmμ
GeBa¢IjmnusSeTAedIm,IsMeNIreGayEkbBaða nigEsVgrkkic©RBmeRBog

rkSaTMnukcitþ RtUvdak;TNÐkmμ RbsinebIenAEteFIVkMhusdEdl eRkayBIeFIVkarRBmanrYcehIy
dak;TNÐkmμ EdlRsbc,ab; RtwmRtUv smnigkMhusF¶n;F¶renaH
5-GMNacÉkeTs (Expertise Power)
GMNacÉkeTs KWCaGMNacEdlemdwknaMmancMeNHviC¢aÉkeTs nig cMeNHdwgbec©keTsGIVmYyBitR)akd.
cMeNHviC¢aEdlcMElkGMBIviFIl¥bMputedIm,IeFIVkargar nig edaHRsaybBaðasMxan;² eFIVeGaeyIgman\Ti§BlskþanuBl
eTAelIGñkeRkambgÁab; shesvik ecAhVaynayCaedIm. eTaHbIya:gNak¾eday GMNacÉkeTsenH mansuBlPaB
enAeBlNaEdleKBwgelIeyIg b¤GñkEdlmancMeNHenaHEtb:ueNÑaH EtkñúgkrNIbBaðamYyEdleKedaHRsay
CaGciéRnþy_ b£GñkdéTeronedaHRsaybBaðaenHedayxøÜneK enaHGMNacÉkeTsminGacmantMél)anyUr GEgVg
eToteLIy. ehtudUcenHehIy)anCamanGñkxøH Edlcg;rkSaGMNacenHrbs;eK eKBüayamlak;)aMg karBar
GMNacÉkeTs edaylak;minbeNþayeGayeKdwgTukCasm¶at; edayeFIVeGaykargarhak;dUcCa sμúKsμaj
Gaf’kM)aMg nigbMpøajRbPBBt’manepSg² GMBInitiviFIkargar dUcCa kMNt;ehtuRbcaMqñaM RbvtþisaRsþ k,ÜnxñatKm<I
kmμviFIkMuBüÚT½r düaRkam nigsñamédCaedIm. eKGaceFIVkargarsMerceCaKC½y ecjCalT§plEpøpáa)an plRbeyaCn_
dl;CatiExμrTUeTA. GMNacÉkeTs dUcCa ÉkeTsesdækic© eyaFa neya)ay c,ab; bec©kviTüaepSg².
eyIgGaceRbIGMNacÉkeTsenAeBl
Bnül;ehtupl sMrab;sMeNIsMu sMeNIKMeragfamUlehtuGIV)anvasMxan;
pþl;PsþútagEdlKMeragsMeNIenaHGaceCaKC½y
kMueFIVesckþIEføgkarEdlKμanRbeyaCn_ minsmRsb nig GaRkk;
kMuniyayelIs nig bkRsayxuscMeBaHehtukarBit
sþab;edayykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHkarxVayxVl; nig sMNUmBrrbs;mnusS
eFIVedayeCOCak; nigebþCJacitþeBlEdlmanvibtþi
6-GMNaceyag (Reference Power)
GMNaceyagCaGMNacmYyCaFmμtamancMeBaHbuKÁlEdlrYsrayrak;Tak; Tak;GarmμN¾ manmnþesñh_ nig
KYrCaTITukcitþ CaGñkEdlEtgEtsMEdgkarxVl;xVayGMBIGñkeRkambgÁab;edayesμaHsμ½RK ehIyGMNacenHniggay
)at;bg;eTAvij ebIkalNaeyIgBüayamsMEdgecjnUvkarlak;But minBit eFiVButCarYsray eFIVButCaxVl;xVay
edayminEmnesμaHRtg;ecjBIdYgcitþBitR)akd bgðajnUvkarTukcitþ eKarB nigeFIVcMeBaHbuKÁldéTedayRtwmRtUv
yutþiFm’. GMNaceyagenH GaRs½yelIcriklkçN³rbs;emdwknaM. skmμPaBB¤xøaMgCagkarniyay.
meFüa)ayEdlTTYlyk nig EfrkSaGMNaceyag
bgðajkarrab;GanCaviC¢man nig TTYlyk
eFIVkarKaMRT nig eFIVRbeyaCn_
karBar nigenABIeRkaymnusSeBlEdlsmrmü
lHbg;xøÜnÉg edIm,IsMEdgnUvkarxVayxVl;
rkSaBaküsnüa

7-GMNacRsbc,ab; (Ligitimate Power)
GMNacRsbc,ab; KWCaGMNacpøÚvkarsMrab;skmμPaBkargar . GMNacenHTak;TgeTAnigbegIátGMNac
Rsbc,ab;mYy b£siTi§edIm,IRbePTsMeNIsMuBiessNamYy CaBiesssMrab;kic©karRbcaMéf¶. Tak;TgnigGMNacenH
manlkçN³ sμúKsμajbnþic. tamFmμta edIm,IerIsemdwknaMRtUveFIVtam rdæFmμnuBaØ eFIVtammaRtac,ab; tamRbéBNI
karTTYlykGMNacenH GaRs½yelIkarTTYlyknUvtMENgdwknaMrbs;emdwknaMenaHb£Gt;. vaytMélsMrab;buKÁlwk
épÞkñúgeKarBtYelxGMNac bgðajnUvkareKarBcMeBaHc,ab; nigeFIVtamRbéBNI. GMNacRsbc,ab;CaFmμta
RtUveKeFIVtamsMeNI bTbBa¢a karENnaMEdlTak;TgtampÞal;mat; b¤CalaylkSGkSr. ebIsinCaemdwknaMsMEdg
ecjnUvkarsgS½y minc,as;las; karP½nþRcLM eFIVeGayGs;\Ti§BlelIGñkeRkambgÁab;. EdlekIteLIgBIkarEtg
taMgedayRsbc,ab; BIGgÁkarsßab½nNamYyc,as;las;. dUcCaGMNacEdlEtgtaMgeday esþc RbFanaFibetyü
naykrdæmRnþI EdlEtgtaMgKNrdæmRnþI EtgtaMgecAhVayextþRkugCaedIm. ehtuenaH GñkTaMgenH ykGMNacenH
eTAeFIVRbeyaCn_dl;CatiExμr eFIVRbeyaCn_dl; RbCaBlrdæ minykGMNaceTACiHCan;ekobsgát;RbCaBlrdæeLIy
BIeRBaHGMNacBitR)akd KW)anmkBIRbCaBlrdæEdlRbKl;eGayeFIVCatMNagEtb:ueNÑaH tamry³kare)aHeqñat.
eBlEdlRtUveRbIGMNacRsbc,ab;
eFIVsMeNIEdlc,as; ehIyKYrsm
Bnül;BIehtuplsMeNIr
kMuniyayelIsTMhMGMNacrbs;Gñk
BinitübBa¢ak;BIGMNacebIsinCacaM)ac;
tamExSry³RtwmRtUv
tamdanedIm,IBinitübBa¢ak;
8-GMNacBt’man (Information Power)
RbPBGMNacsMxan;mYyeTot KWRKb;RKgBt’man. karRKb;RKgBt’manenHTak;TgnigkarRbmUlBt’man
sMxan;² dak;bBa©ÚlkñúgTinñin½y nigRKb;RKgelIkarEckcayBt’maneTAGñkeRkambgÁab; nigGñkepSgeTot rYmTaMg
fñak;dwknaMxagelIpg. dUcenH karRKb;RKgelIBt’manman\Ti§BlTaMgxageRkam xagelI nig\Ti§BlTUeTA.
ebIsinCaemdwknaMCaGñkTTYlBt’manRKb;Ebbya:gBIxageRkA emdwknaMman»kasbkRsayRBwtþkarNTaMgenH eGay
GñkeRkambgÁab; nigman\Ti§BlelI\riyabf. enAeBlEdlGñkeRkambgÁab;manBt’mancaM)ac;sMrab;emdwknaMeFIVkar
sMerccitþ eBlenaHvaCaRbPB\Ti§BlelIkarsMerccitþrbs;fñak;elI. GñkeRkambgÁab;xøHEsVgrkRbePT\Ti§Blrebob
enH edaysnSwm² TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarRbmUlBt’man rkSaTuk nig raykarN_ Bt’mankMBugRbtibtþikar.
ebIisinCaemdwknaMBwgEp¥kelIGñkeRkambgÁab; edIm,IbkRsaykarviPaKd¾sμúKsμajénBt’manRbtibtþikar enaHeKnig
GeBa¢IjGñkeRkambgÁab;enaHeGaycUlrYmpÞal;kñúgkarsMerccitþEdlsMGagelIkarviPaKenaH. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday
k¾GñkeRkambgÁab;enAEtman\Ti§BlelIemdwknaM ebIsinCaGñkeRkambgÁab;RKb;RKgBt’mansMxan; eTaHmin)ancUlrYm
edaypÞal;k¾eday. Bt’manGaceFIVeGaysgÁmmYy seTACaexμA exμAeTACas)an. ebIsinCaBt’manminÉkraCü
yutþiFm’ GñkEdlTTYl)anminGacvinicä½yRtwmRtUvyutþiFm’eLIy. müa:geTot eyIgsegáteXIj RbB½n§sarBt’man
viTüú TUrTsSn_ karEst CaedIm mansar³sMxan;sMrab;mnusSTUeTA vaCaGMNacmYysMrab;GñkEdlecHdwg
TTYl)anBt’maneRcIn CaBiess Bt’mansMgat; GIVEdleKmindwg eyIgGacTTYl)an Bt’manenaH eyIgdwgelIseK
ehIypþl;Bt’manenaHeTAeGayGñkepSgeTotenaH CaGMNacmYysMxan;Nas;. dUcenH eyIgRtUvRbmUlBt’man
eGay)aneRcIn TaMgBt’man gab; nig Bt’man rs;. Bt’mangab;CaBt’manEdleKbeBa©jeGaysarFarN³Cndwg
EtBt’manrs;CaBt’manEdlsaFarN³Cnmindwg sm¶at;.
9-GMNachirBaØvtßú (Money Power )
GMNachirBaØvtßú CaGMNacmYysMxan;bnÞab;BIGMNacneya)ay nigeyaFa. GMNachirBaØvtßúKW esdækic©
CaGñkmanluy RTBüsm,tþieRcIn. GñkEdlmanluyeRcIn Gacman\Ti§BlxøaMgmYyEdr sMrab;eFIVGIVmYy ehtuenH
ehIy neya)ay nigesdækic©RtUvedIrTnÞwmKña. GñkEdlmanneya)ay eRbobdUcCaGñkmanEpnkar b¤KMeragkar
dUcCaGñkEdlmanm:UtU cMENkÉGñkmanesdækic© CafvikasMrab;eFIVeGayKMeragenaHcab;epþImdMeNIrkar dUcCasaMg
sMrab;cak;m:UtUeGayeqH GacCiH)an.
10-GMNaceGkULÚsIu (Ecological Power)
GMNaceGkULÚsIuenH CaGMNacEdlRKb;RKgelIbriyakasxageRkA bec©kviTüa nigkarcat;Ecgkargar
Edlpþl;»kaseGayman\Ti§BlRbeyalelImnusSepSgeTot. CakarerobcMKMeragbøg;edIm,IelIkTwkcitþbuKÁlwk.
karerobcMKMeragbøg;RbB½n§Bt’man CaRbPBman\Ti§BlTaMgGs;dl;GñkepSg²eTot. GMNaceGkULÚsIuepSg²eTot
mandUcCa ePøIg eRKOgpþl;sBaØaRtYtBiinitü edIm,IR)ab; RBmaneGayQb; p¥ak edaymaneRKaHfñak; b¤xUcCaedIm.
II>tYnaTIemdwknaM (Role of Leaders)
1-GñknaMBakü (Spokesman)
emdwknaMmantYrnaTICaGñknaMBaküeGayRkumkargaredIm,IpSBVpSayesckþIEføgkareTAxageRkAGgÁkardwknaM
nig pþl;dMNwgeTAfñak;eRkamRKb;lMdab;fñak;. cMENkfñak;dwknaMtamlMdab;fñak;RtUvRtUveFIVesckþIraykareTA
fñak;dwknaMxagelI eTARbFan b£KN³kmμkarnaykCaedIm. GñknaMBaküCaGñkEdleFIVkarTMnak;TMngsarFaN³
edIm,IniyayeGaymanRbsiT§PaBcMeBaHGgÁkarcat;taMgrbs;Kat; nigedIm,ITTYl)annUvkarKaMRT kareKarBBIxageRkA
sarFaN³Cn RbCaBlrdæ.
2-Gñkcrcar (Negotiator)
emdwknaMCaGñkcrcarmYyd¾buinRbsBV karcrcarepþatelIplRbeyaCn_ epþatelIkaredaHRsaybBaða minEmn
epþatelIdMENg GMNac nigepþatelIbuKÁlwklkçN³buKÁlenaHeT. emdwknaMmuncrcar RtUverobcMKMeragyuT§saRsþ
kñúgkarcrcareGay)anc,as;las; edayCYbRbCMuRkumÉkeTsEdlBak;B½n§nigkargarenaH. karcrcarEdlman
RbsiT§PaB KWedaysarkmøaMgT½BmanRbsiT§PaB. karcrcaredIm,IbBa©b;CemøaHmineGaymansRgÁam Etkar
eFIVsRgÁamGaceFIVeGaymankarcrcarvij nigGacbBa©b;CemøaHpgEdr ]TahrN_ muneBlbBa©b;sRgÁamelakelIkTI
2 KWeRkayBI shrdæ)ancUlkñúgsRgÁam ehIyTMlak;RKab;EbkenATIRkug hIur:UsIma: nig NagasaKIenAeBlenaH
GgÁkarshRbCaCati)anbegIáteLIgenAqñaM 1945 edIm,IbBa©b;mineGaymansRgÁameTot. mYyvijeTot munQan

eTArkkarcrcarsn§isBaØaTIRkug)a:rIs éf¶TI 23 Extula qñaM 1991 rvagctuPaKI sRgÁam)aneFIVeLIgCamYyyYncUl
mkQøanBanExμr cab;BIéf¶TI 7 Exmkra qñaM 1979.
karcrcartMrUveGayemdwknaMmankarebþCJacitþ eGaysißtesßrBIFnFanEdlmaneBlbc©úb,nñ edIm,IsMrbsMrYl
eGaymanGMNackñúgkareFIVkarebþCJacitþ.
3-GñkbeRgon nigGñkelIkTwkcitþ (Coach and Motivator)
eyIgCaemdwknaM RtUvecHral;kic©karEdlRtUveFIV cab;taMgBIfñak;bec©keTs fñak;Rbtibtþikar¬karRKb;RKg¦
fñak;yuT§saRsþ¬dwknaMkMBUl¦. eBlEdleyIgecH ehIyeyIgRtUvmancitþTUlay kñúgkarEbgEckcMeNHdwgenaHeTA
eGayCnrYmCatiExμrbnþ minfaCacMeNHdwgGIV edIm,IeGayRbCaBlrdæExμr CnrYmCatiExμrTTYl)anKMnitcMeNHdwgfμIl¥²
ykeTAdwknaM ykeTACYyksagRbeTseGayrIkcMerIn. RbeTsrIkcMerInmYycMnYn eKEkERbkmμviFIsikSa edaydak;
RTwsþIenAkñúgkarGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg edIm,IeGayGñkeron yl;dwgc,as; TaMgRTwsþI nigkarGnuvtþn_ GaceFIV)an
eBlEdleroncb; GaceFIVGIVCasñaéd ecjCalT§plBitR)akd. cMENkeyIgCaemdwknaM eyIgeron)anRTwsþIehIy
eyIgRtUvykRTwsþIeTAGnuvtþn_kñúgsßanPaBCak;EsþgehIy eyIgRtUvykbTBiesaFn_enaHmkbeRgont eyIgCa
emdwknaMRtUveronxøÜnÉgbnþeTot ehIyeyIgcuHGnuvtþn_edIm,IykCabTBiesaFn_eTot nigbeRgoneTAGñkeRkam
bgÁab;t. ebIsinCaGñkeRkambgÁab;minGaceFIV)an eyIgCaGñkdwknaMGaceFIV)an CaGñkbeRgon CaGñkbgðat;beRgon
nigCaGñkelIkTwkcitþRKb;eBlevla edIm,IeGaysMercdl;eKaledA. enAsalanayTahanCan;x<s;Gaemrik Tahan
EdlhVWkhat;cb; ehIymanbTBiesaFn_enAkñúgsmrPUmi eKRtUvtMeLIgeGayeFIVCaRKUbeRgon ehIyeRkay
mkcUlkñúgsmrPUmieTot eTIbeKtMeLIgbuNüs½ká ebIGñkenaHmansñaédeCaKC½ykñúgsmrPUmieRkaymkeToteTIb
eKtMeLIgeGayeFIVCaemT½B b¤eFIVCaembBa¢akarkgT½BCaedIm. emdwknaMCaGñkEdlGacemIleXIjcMNucexSay
rbs;GñkeRkambgÁab; cMNucexSayRbB½n§RKb;RKgdwknaM ehIyriHrkviFIedIm,IeFIVeGayRbesIreLIg kalNaKuNPaB
buKÁlwkmansmtßPaBl¥ plkargarl¥ GacRbkYtRbECgQñHeK eFIVeGayGgÁkardwknaMenaHmanrIkcMerIn.
GñkGPivDÆn_CYyGñkd¾éTeGayerontamry³karbeRgon karbNþúHbNaþl nigkarhVwkhVWn. erOgenHbegIát
kEnøgKYreGayGs©arümYyedIm,IeFIVkarnig eron. minEdlecal»kasedIm,IbeRgon b¤eron GIVmYyfμIxøÜnÉg. GñkEdl
eFIVkareGayeyIg enaHeKeronBIkMhusrbs;eK ehIynigQñHenAeBlcugbBa©b;.
4-GñkbegIátRkumkargar(Team Builder)
eyIgCaGñkbegIátRkumkargareLIg edayemdwknaMecHeRbIRKb;viFIsaRsþkñúgkarTMnak;TMng karbBa©úHbBa©Úl
karcrcar b¤kareRbIsmtßPaBEdlGnuvtþn_nUvPaBCaGñkdwknaM edIm,IeFIVeGayRkumkargarenaHekIteLIg. eyIgCa
GñkbegIátRkumkargar edayeCOCak;faRkumkargarCaRkumEdlmansmtßPaB GaceFIVsMerctamckçúvis½yEdleyIg
kMNt;. kalNaeyIgbegIátRkumEdlKμansmtßPaB enaHRkumminGaceCaKC½yeLIy. emdwknaMRkumRtUvrkSa
eKalbMNg eKaledA viFIsaRsþBak;B½næ nigmanRbeyaCn¾. sUmkMuxøacRbLak;éd xøayenOyht; RtUvdwknaMRkum
eFIVeGayGs;BIsmtßPaB.

5-GñkedIrtYtMNagRkum (Team Player)
ral;kic©kargarTaMgLay emdwknaMRKan;EtCaGñkedIrtYtMNagRkumkargarEtb:ueNÑaH dUcenHral;karsMerc
epSg²RtUvykeyabl;Rkum b£eKarBtamesckþIsMercrbs;Rkum. eyIgRkeLkemIl emRkumkILa)al;Tat; EdledIr
tYnaTItMNageGayRkumrbs;eK kñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðaepSg².
6-GñkedaHRsaybBaða (Great Problem Solvers)
emdwknaMKWCaGñkBUEkemIleXIjbBaðaBitR)akd ehIymansmtßPaBedaHRsaybBaðaenaHmanRbsiT§PaB. CaBiess
emdwknaMemIleXIjbBaðamun ehIykarBarmineGaybBaðaenaHGacekItmaneLIg enHCaemdwknaMBUEk. emdwknaM
RtUvkarBarvibtþi kMcat;bBaða begIánsuxa rkSacMerIn. eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvkarBarCamun minRtUveGaybBaðaekIteLIg
eBlmanbBaðaeyIgRtUvRbjab;edaHRsaybBaðaenaHCabnÞan; kMubENþtbeNþayTukbBaðaenaHekItmanFMeLIg eRcIn
eLIg rhUtdl;Bi)akedaHRsay. eyIgeRbobeFobbBaðaeTAnigCm¶W karBarmineGaymanCm¶Wqøg eBlEdlqøg
RtUvRbjab;eTArkRKUeBTü b£Büa)al ebIeyIgTukdl;Cm¶WF¶n;F¶renaH eyIgRtUvEtrkRKUeBTü CMnajBitR)akdeFIVkar
vHkat; edIm,IeGayGñkCm¶WGacrs;)an. bBaðaCaTUeTA EdlemdwknaMRtUvdwg mankareRCIserIs smaCikeFIVCaemdwknaMM
eRcInhYsehtueBk elIsBItMrUvkargar EdlenAkñúgeKalbMNgcg;)anmuxmat;. ehtudUecñHehIy Rkumkargar
KμantulüPaB kEnøgeFIVkardUcKña EtmancMnYnmnusSelIs nigcMENkÉkEnøgTMenr KμanmnusSeFIVkar. emdwknaM
minyl;BIPaBxøaMg PaBexSayxøÜnÉg lTæPaB nigkareBjcitþ. emdwknaMmindwgGMBIfaetIRtUvelIkTwkcitþ buKÁlwk
edayrebobNa? BIeRBaH mindwgBItMrUvkarrbs;mnusS nigbuKÁlmñak;². smaCikkñúgRkumkargarmanGarmμN_fa
RkumkargarmineFIVkareday\trGak;rGYl. ehtuenH ebIsinCamankarRbQmmuxnigbBaðadUcteTA eyIgRtUveFIVkar
BinitüsareLIIgvijkñúgkrNI ³
1-TinñplkargarFøak;cuH
2-bNþwgtva:
3-CMelaHrvagbuKÁlwk
4-KμaneKaledAc,as;las;
5-karRcLMGMBIkic©kar
6-xVHKMnitfμI minha‘nRbfuy
7-karRbCMuKμanRbsiTæPaB
8-xVHKMnitpþÜcepIþm
9-karTMngTMngexSay
10-xVHkarTukcitþ
11-nieyaCikmanGarmμN_fa kargarrbs;eKminTTYlsÁal;
12 karsMerccitþ RtUveKCMTas;

CMhanedIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaRkum³
1-kMNt;eKalbMNgRkumkargarRtUvkarcg;ecH GIVEdlRtUvepþatelI elakGacdak;ecjnUveKalbMNg
CamUldæan. kat;bnßyeRKaHfñak;enAkEnøgeFIVkar b:uEnþvamansar³sMxan;edIm,ITukeGayRkumkargarkMNt; nigBRgIk
eKalbMNg.
2-minRtwmEtedaHRsaybBaðab:ueNÑaHeT EfmTaMgR)ab;BImUlehtu . RkumkargarKYrEtkMNt;bBaðaEdlman
kñúgGgÁkardwknaM nigRkumkargar. karsMerccitþedaHRsayl¥ RtYvsYretImanGtßRbeyaCn_GIV?
3-kMNt;]bsKÁEdlnigTubsáat;RkumkargarBIkarsMercGIVEdleyIgcg;)an. epþatelI]bsKÁxagkñúgmin
EmnEtbriyakasxageRkA. vaminRtUvniyayfa eyIgminGaceFIVGIVGMBIerOgenH.
4-\LÚvenHRkumkargareFIVEpnkarskmμPaBTwsedArbs;xøÜn. erobEpnkartamCMhan 4 b¤ 5 viFankar
GacemIleXIj ehIysresrva. minEmnsakl,genaHeT skmμPaBRtUvCaskmμPaBBitR)akdCak;Esþg.
begIátrUbmnþskmμPaBedIm,IeBal.
cat;viFankar\LÚvenHPøam. enHKWCaviFankarsMxan;bMput. vaKWCaGIVEdlRbsiTæPaBRkumman RbsiTæPaB
BIRkum nigRkummankarRbCMueRcIndgCamun. ebIsinCaFøab;cat;viFankar RkumkargareGayeKeFIV. karebþCaJBI
smaCikRkum kargarnImYy²edIm,Icat;viFankareTAelIGIVEdlCak;lak;.
7-GñkbegIátEpnkaryuT§saRsþ (Strategic Planner)
CacMNucsMxan;bMput sMrab;emdwknaM EdlRtUvecHerobcMEpnkaryuT§saRsþ. emdwknaMRtUvmanKMniteRcIn
emdwknaMRtUvmanKMnityuT§saRsþ BIeRBaHfaeyIgRtUvmanKMniteRcInCageK RtUvmanyuT§saRsþxøaMgCageK eTIbfñak;
eRkam TaMgfñak;Rbtibtþikar fñak;bec©keTs kl,yuT§ GaceCaKC½yBitR)akd. emdwknaMCaGñkRKb;RKgEpnkar
yuT§saRsþ edayGacbt;EbntamkarERbRbYltamkal³eTs³. emdwknaMCaGñkyl;dwgbriyakasCMuvijsßankarN_
TaMgesdækic© sgÁm neya)ay RbCaBlrdæ KUrRbkYtRbECg karvivDÆn_kñúgtMbn; nigBiPBelak. viPaKRtwmRtUv
nUvral;karsMerccitþTaMgGs; TaMghaniP½y ehtukarN_epSg². manlT§PaBGacyl; emIleXIj RbmUlBt’man
xageRkA Bt’manEdleKminGacTTYl)an nigxkxanminTTYledayeKcat;TukfaminsMxan;. dwgBIcMNucxøaMg
nigcMNucexSayrbs;GgÁkarsßab½ndwknaM ehIyGacEkERbcMNucexSayenaHeGayxøaMg TTYl)aneCaKC½yeTot.
GacbegIát nigGnuvtþn_yuT§saRsþrbs;GgÁkardwknaM eFIVeGaykan;EtxøaMgeLIg. bgðajnUvkarebþCJax<s; edIm,IeFIVeGay
mankarpøas;bþÚr eFIVeGayRbesIreLIg eFIVeGayEbøkxuseK. bgðajkarebþCJax<s;kñúgkarbegIát nigEfrkSaeGayCa
GgÁkardwknaMmYyEdlnaMmuxeK CaGgÁkardwknaMEdleronmYy. begIáteGaymankardwknaMEdlmanry³eBlyUr
mYy.
8-GñksMruHsMrYl bRgYbbRgYm ( Coordinator and Arbitrator)
emdwknaMCaGñkpSHpSarPaKIGñkmanCemøaH CaGñksMrbsMrYl. emdwknaMRtUvCabuKÁlEdlGacmantYr
naTIpSHpSar man\Ti§BlelIGñkmanCemøaH)an. GñkbRgYbbRgYmerobcMskmμPaBeRcInEdlekIteLIgtamry³GgÁkar

dwknaMedaypþl;TsSn³GnaKt niglTæPaBTTYlva)an. eCaKC½yGacTTYl)anluHRtaEtmankarÉkPaBkñúgCYr
GñkdwknaM.
9-GñkeFIVsmaFicitþ (Mediatiator)
emdwknaMRtUvmancitþsmaFiRKb;eBlevla kalNamansmaFiral;kic©karRKb;ya:gGacsMercTaMgGs; BI
eRBaHfa kalNaemdwknaMmansmaFi R)aCJaekItman naMeGayGarmμN_s¶b;l¥ RtCak; mineqvqav minekþARkhay
nignr eFIVeGaykarKitmansNþab;Fñab;l¥ Epnkarl¥ enHCaktþanaMeTArkeCaKC½y. emdwknaMNaEdlman
esckþIBüayam nigGt;Fμt; emdwknaMenaHnigeCaKC½ykñúgkargar BIeRBaHfakarBüayam nig Gt;Fμt;enHekIteLIgBIcitþ
citþCaRbFan ebIeyIgeFIVcitþeyIgeGays¶b; mansmaFiehIy kargarsμúKsμajya:gNak¾GacedaHRsay)an b£kargar
EdlnigbraC½yk¾GacEkkuneGayTTYleCaKC½y)anEdr. emdwknaMEdlykkareFIVsmaFicitþmkGnuvtþn_)ansMerc
eTAehIymanRBHBuT§ nigRBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 7 Nab:UlIGug .l. kareFIVsmaFicitþenH eyIgRtUvhat;eFIVCaerogral;éf¶
ral;RBwkl¶ac rhUtdl;eyIgGackMNt;citþrbs;eyIg mansmaFiRKb;eBlevla.
10-GñkerobcMxñatKMrU (Standard Designer)
GñkerobcMxñatKMrU erobcMKMeragkargartamRkmsIlFm’enAkñúgGgÁkardwknaMmYy CaGñkpþÜcepþImKMnitedIm,I
erobcM eGaykarpøas;bþÚr Tajyk»kaseGaysßankarEdlmanRbesIreLIg. CaGñkerobcMxñatKMrUedIm,IbegIát
karTukcitþ BIfñak;eRkam»vaT nig mCÄdæanCMuvij.
III.ktþanaMeGayman\Ti§BlelIGñkdéT nigkardwknaM
(Factors that influence others and in leadership)
1-PaBs¥itrmYt (Cohesion)
PaBs¥itrmYt rYmsuxrYmTukçCamYyGñkeRkambgÁab; CaktþamYyman\Ti§Blya:gxøaMg elIkTwkcitþdl;buKÁlwk
eGayxitxMeFIVkar esμaHRtg; nig lHbg;RKb;Ebbya:gedIm,I sMerceKalbMNgrYmKña. PaBs¥itrmYtenH KWeyIgmin
RtUvRbkan;b£kRkGWtRkTm KitEtRsYlxøÜnÉg suxxøÜnÉg EtGñkdéTBi)ak eRKaHfñak;CMnYsxøÜn EtRtUvCYyral;kic©kar
dl;GñkRkumbgÁab; eBlEdleKminGaceFIV)an. EteyIgRtUvrwgbwug ehIymWugma:t;kargar edayecosvag eLHeLaH
elgesIceFIVeGayGñkeRkambgÁab;sÁal;citþ ElgxøacemIlgayeyIg. eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvRbkan;PaBéføfñÚr ecos
vagkareFIVeGayeKemIlgay. BaküExμreyIgniyayfa {esñh_minQñHsñiT KWPaBs¥itrmYtenHÉg}.
2-kardwknaMeFIVpÞal; (Personal Direction)
kardwknaMeFIVpÞal;eFIVeGay GñkeRkambgÁab;GacemIleXIj ykKMrUtam ehIyman\Ti§BlxøaMg Cagkar
RKan;EteyIgniyay. kardwknaMedayskmμPaB manRbsiT§PaBxøaMgCag karRKan;EtniyayehIymineFIV b¤ minGac
eFIV)an. niyayeGaycM ecHEtRTwsþI EtminGacGnuvtþn_kargar)an.
3-EbgEckeGayc,as;rvag mnusS kargar nig criklkçN³
cMeBaHlT§plkargar nigcriklkçN³mnusSepSg²Kña. emdwknaMRtUvecH eRbICaRbeyaCn_nUvRKb;mnusS
TaMgGs; eRbobdUcCa stVXμMúEdlehIreTAeRkbkRmgpáa BIRKb;páa mkeFIVCaTwkXμMú. dUcenH RKb;mnusS eyIgRtUv

eGaytMélepSg²Kña tamlT§plkargar. edayeyIgminEbgEck mnusS nigkargareLIy. eQIeTaHevoc eTaHRtg;
eTaHgab; b¤rs; GacykmkeFIVCaRbeyaCn_)anTaMgGs; GaRs½yelIkarécñRbDitrbs;GñkeRbIR)as;.
4-rkSaBaküsnüa BaküBit Baküsc©³ (Keep Promise)
karrkSaBaküsnüaenH CakarsMxan;Nas;edIm,IeGayeKeCOCak;. cUrkMuePøcBaküsnüa GIVEdlGñk
snüacMeBaHGñkd¾éT. GIVEdleyIgminGaceFIV)an cUreyIgkMusnüa. eyIgRtUveFIVeGayecjCalT§pl ehIyeyIg
niyayCakarsMxan;. ehtuenHehIy munniwgniyayGIVmYyeyIgRtUvKitCamuneGayc,as;las; etIniyayeTAman
RbeyaCn_b¤Gt;RbeyaCn_ cMeNjb£xat ebIxateyIgkMuniyay kMusnüa. cUrRbkan;karBit c,as;las; R)akdRbCa
yutþiFm’ sc©³ karTTYlxusRtUv karTTYlsÁal;karBit.
5-eqøIytbeday\riyabfviC¢man (Positive Reply)
kMuniyayBaküGviC¢man CMTas; bdiesF EtRtUveqøIytbeday\riyabfviC¢man. eyIgRtUveRbIBaküRsal²
edaymineRbIBaküEdlF¶n; dac;Nat; eRbIkarniyayedaymineGayGñkenaH Gak;Gn;citþ xwgeLIy. kñúgGarmμN_
rbs;eyIg kMueTIsTal; kMuceg¥otcg¥l; kMuxwg kMemIlgay kMuxμasGñkd¾éT CaBiessmanKMniterIseGIg GñktUcTab
CaedIm. RtUvrYsrayrak;Tak; kMuRbkan;xøÜn eTaHCabuKÁlEbbNak¾eday. ecHeRbIPasaTMnak;TMng)anl¥ manBiFIkar
kñúgkarniyay.
6-bgðajnUvkarRsLaj;rab;GanedayesμaH (Love from heart)
eyIgRsLaj;rab;GanbuKÁlNamYy RtUvRsLaj;rab;Gan CYyeKedayesμaH edayminsMLwgemIleXIj
plRbeyaCn_GIVeLIy. eyIgRtUveFIVGIVmYyeGayesμaHGs;BIdYgcitþ edayminlak;elom b£ hutTwksMLwgkakeLIy.
ebIeyIgRsLaj;xøÜneyIgb:uNÑa eyIgRtUvRsLaj;GñkeRkambgÁab; GñkdéTdUcKñaEdr.
7-snñidæan b¤KitcMNucl¥bMputcMeBaHGñkdéT (Optimistics)
eyIgRtUvemIlelIKuNsm,tþirbs;GñkdéT eyIgemIlcMNucl¥EdleKeFIV ehIyelIkTwkcitþ edayyk
Rtg;cMNucl¥mkniyay. eyIgminRtUvmanKMnitTuTidæiniym emIleXIjEtcMNucGaRkk;rbs;eKenaHeLIy. EteyIg
RtUvBinitü segátemIlBIcMNucGaRkk; cMNucexSayrbs;eyIg ehIyEkERbecj enHCacMNucl¥. kalNaeyIgemIl
eXIjEtcMNucGaRkk;cMeBaHGñkdéT eyIgCamnusScitþceg¥ot eTas³ eRkveRkaF EtgEteqvqavxwgCanic©.
emdwknaMkMuePøcBakü GrKuN cMeBaHGñkdéT rMlwkKuNeK eTaHCaeKeFIVKuNenaHtictYcya:gNak¾eday.
8-EsVgyl;xøÜnÉgCamun eTIbbgðajGñkdéTCaeRkay (Seek first to understand and to be
understood)
ral;kic©kargarTaMgLay eyIgRtUvEsVgyl;xøÜneyIgCamun eyIgyl;c,as;ehIyfa eyIgRtUvGnuvtþn_
eGayecjCaEpøpáa )anpleCaKC½ysin eTIbeyIgbgðajR)ab;GñkdéTCaeRkay. eRbobdUcRKUbeRgon EdleronecH
yl;c,as;ehIy eTIbykemeronenaHeTAbeRgonsisSCaeRkay ebIsinCaemeronenaHRKUminTan;yl;pg ehIyyk
eTAbeRgonsisS eFIVeGaysisSBi)akyl; ehIy)at;bg;\Ti§BlelIsisSCaminxan. eyIgRkeLkemIl RBHBuT§
GgÁm©as; RBHGgÁ)ansikSaeronecHcb; ehIyGnuvtþn_)ansMercdl;RBHniBaVnþeTot eTIbRBHGgÁecjeTAseRgÁaH

stVelak)an. ehtudUcenH eyIgCaemdwknaM RtUvmansmtßPaBeFIVkic©karenaHCamun eTIbeyIgGacR)ab;GñkdéT
eGayeFIVtam)an.
9-citþTUlay esμaHRtg; (Open-minded and Honest)
eyIgmancitþTUlay esμaHRtg; cMeBaHGñkdéT nUvral;kic©karCakarsMxan;Nas; sMrab;eFIVeGayGñkenACMuvij
eCOTukcitþ kareCOTukcitþbNþaleGayeyIgmankmøaMgcUlrYmeFIVkargar. citþTUlay GaceGayGñkdéTBwgBak;)an
mnusSCaeRcIncUlcitþ RsLaj;rab;Gan. ktþaTaMgenH CacMNucBiessrbs;emdwknaM EdlGaceFIV)an EtvaCakar
lM)aksMrab;GñkEdlminKitBIGñkdéT ehIyKitEterOgtUctac kMbwukkMb:uk dUcenHcUreyIgKitBIbBaðaFM² dUcCaerOg
Cati sasna nig RbCaCatiExμrTaMgmUl.
10-mankareyaKyl; Gt;eGanGFüaRs½y (Good understanding)
eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvmankarGt;eGanGFüaRs½y cMeBaHGñkeRkambgÁab;eGay)aneRcInbMput. eyaKyl;
nUvkMhusqÁg Edlminb:HBal;dl;plRbeyaCn_rYm plRbeyaCn_FM CakMhusqÁgbuKÁl kMbwukkMb:uk . eyIgminRtUv
Rbkan;nigerOgkMbwukkMb:ukeBkeT ehIyeyIgRtUvbMePøcecalnUvGIVEdleKeFIVxus edayminTukcaMenAkñúgxøÜneLIy
EteyIgRtUvcaMGIVEdleKeFIVl¥ eFIVRtUv.
11-RBmTTYlkMhus nigsMueTas (Admit Mistake and Make Apology)
´manerOgmYyenAkñúgsRgÁamevotNam eBlTahankMBugRbyuT§Kña rvagevotNamnigkgT½B shrdæ
Gaemrik eBlenaHelakembBa¢akar)anbBa¢aeGayGñkTak;TgviTüúehA CMnYyT½BGakasmkTMlak;RKab;Ebk Rsab;Et
eBlenaH GñkehAviTüúTMlak;xusTwsedA ehIycMelITahanxøÜnÉgeFIVeGayrgrbYsCaTg¶n; b:uEnþeBlenaH embBa¢akar
min)anbenÞaskUnTahanKat;eT pÞúyeTAvij Kat;)ansarPaBfa enHCakMhusrbs;Kat; Edlmin)an bBa¢aRtwmRtUv
tameKaledA Gs;elakxMRbwgl¥Nas; ehIyTahanrbs;Kat; dMbUg)ak;TwkcitþCitcaj;Tahan yYneTAehIy
EtedaysarBaküsMdIrbs;Kat; eFIVeGaykUnTahanKat; ERskfa enHminEmnCakMhusrbs;elakeT ehIykUnTahan
Kat;manTwkcitþsuxcitþbUCaCIvitedImI,Kat; TIbBa©b;Kat;)anTTYleCaKC½ykñúgsmrPUmi.
12-eFIVkarebþCJacitþsarCafμInUvGIVEdleFIV (Recommitment)
RtUvrMlwkCaerogral;éf¶ enAckçúvis½y eKaledArbs;eyIg edIm,IkMueGayeyIgePøc . karEdleyIgrMlwk
edIm,IeFIVeGayeyIgeFIVebþCJacitþsarCafμI nUvGIVEdleFIV nigkMBugeFIV. cUrkMueFIVRbEhs RtUvRbugRby½tñCanic© eTaHCa
kal³eTs³Nak¾eday. ebIkalNaePøceKaledA eFIVeGayeyIg)at;bg;qnÞ³ xVHkarelIkTwkcitþ ehIyeFIVeGay
eyIg)at;bg;karebþCJacitþ.
13-CYyGñkdéTedayesμaH sb,úrs (Help other honestly)
emdwknaM RtUvriHrkviFICYyGñkdéTCanic© eTaHtamviFINak¾eday karCYyenaHRtUveFIVedaycitþesμaHRtg;
edayKμancg;)anGIVtbsñgmkvijeT EteKalbMNgKWCYyeGayeK)ansux edaHRsaybBaðaEdleKCYbRbTH.
RtUvbgðajkarCYy edayTwkcitþesμaH GaNitGasUr. ehIyCabuKÁl EdlBwgBak;)an RKb;eBlevla eBlEdlman
GñkRtUvkarCMnYy. CabuKÁlEdlminEdl bdiesF cMeBaHbuKÁlNamYyEdlesñIeGayCYy.

14-GñkdéTman\Ti§BlelImun (Being Influenced first)
emdwknaMRtUvCabuKÁlEdlgayeKBwgBak; gayRKb;y:agsMrab;eKTMnak;TMng sb,ayrIkray nig TTYlkar
rab;GanBIGñkdéT. eTaHCaeBlNak¾eday eyIgRtUvEteFIVRbeyaCn_eGayeKCamun edayminKitBIplRbeyaCn_
tbmkeyIgvij.
15-\riyabfviC¢manRKb;sßankarN_ (Positive Attitude)
ecosvagkarKitGIVCaGviC¢man ecosvagkarKitGIVEdlGaRkk; ecosvagemIleXIjniyayGaRkk;GMBI
GñkdéTBIeRkayxñg. eTaHCaGaRkk;k¾eday l¥k¾eday emdwknaMRtUvrkSaTukkñúgcitþ minRtUvniyayecjmk eday
eFIVkarkMNt;sMKal;edayxøÜnÉg. RtUveFIVCabuKÁlEdlmanPaBrIkray Rss;føa nig GarmμN_RtUvbgðajesμaHRtg;
edaymindwgerOgrbs;buKÁlenaH eTaHCaeyIgdwgehIyk¾eday kñúgkrNIeKmineBjcitþ b¤niyayGaRkk;BIeRkayxñg.
CabuKÁlsnþiPaB EsVgrkmitþPaBRKb;TIkEnøg EdlEtgEtdak;xøÜn nigelIktMekIg eGaytMélGñkdéT.
16-erobKMnitnigcitþ muneBlniyay (Think first before speaking)
CakarBitNas; munniwgeFIVGIVmYy eyIgRtUverobcMKMnit erobcMkarKitCamunsin. etImaneKaledAGIV
maneKalbMNgGIV ?etIcMeNjb¤xat ?etImankarKaMRT b£RbqaMg etImankarvayluk b¤karBarxøÜn. etITwsedA
sMedAeT xagNa? eyIgRtUvecaTsYreGayGs; BIkarbkRsayepSg² edayRbCMuBiPakSaeGaym:t;ct;.
eyIgRtUvyk mkniyaysakl,g faetIkarniyayrbs;eyIgenH)anRtwmRtUvtamkarKit nigyl;c,as;ehIyb¤enA
bnÞab;mkeyIg Gacniyay)anl¥ eBlniyayCapøÚvkar.
17-minRtUvman³ (Not Stuborn)
emdwknaMminRtUvman³ tamcitþrbs;xøÜnÉgeLIy kalNaman³ emdwknaMnig )at;bg;»kas. emdwknaMRtUv
es¶oms¶at; Etrwgbwug. Tn;Pøn; rIkray EtminEmn Tn;RCay. eyIgRtUvsþab;eyabl;BIRKb;mCÄdæan ehIyyk
mkBicarNaRsavRCavemIl etIcMNucNal¥GaceFIV ehIycMNucNaminl¥ eyIgminKYreFIV. eyIgRtUvBinitüemIl
ehtuGIV)aneKRsLaj;kUnekμg BIeRBaHkUnekμgTn;Pøn; sþab;eKarB CMrabsYr GñkdéT ehIyniyayBaküBit
s¥at)atCaedIm. eyIgRkeLkemIl ehtuGIV)anEdk RtUveKlt;dM dutePøIg munnigRtUveKykeTAeRbIR)as;eFIV]bkrN_
GIVmYy? BIeRBaHEtEdkenaHvarwg.
18-niyayPasamantkáviC¢aRtwmRtUv nigGarmμN_l¥ (Logical Word and Good Feeling)
PasaEdleyIgniyay RtUvmanlkçN³tkáviC¢a manPsþútagc,as;las; ehtukarN_ RBwtþikarN_ekIt
eLIgCak;Esþg cMeBaHbuKÁlenaH. eyIgRtUvBinitüemIl kMrityl;dwgrbs;eK ehIyniyayGIVEdleKgayyl;
niggayTTYlyk)an ecosvagkarniyayGIVEdlhYsBIkarKit niksμanmindl; Bi)akyl;CaedIm. Pasaniyay
RtUvPasal¥ PasaelIkTwkcitþ GarmμN_l¥Canic©.
19-pþl;kargarEdlmanRbsiT§PaB (Delegate Effectively)
emdwknaMRtUvsÁal;GMBIsmtßPaBGñkeRkam»vaT buKÁlwkrbs;xøÜneGayc,as; edIm,Ikarpþl;kargar tam
smtßPaB ehIymanRbsiiT§PaB. edIm,IecosvagkareRbIbRB©aasTisedA GñkEdlmansmtßPaBx<s; eGay
eFIVkarEdlgayRsYlCaedIm. eRbImnusSeGayRtUvnigsmtßPaB eGaysmnigkargar edIm,IeGaycMeNj
TaMgeBlevla FnFan. ebIsinCaemdwknaM pþl;kargarminRtwmRtUv eFIVeGaykargarywt ehIyKμanRbsiT§PaBx<s;.
20-esBKb;mnusSsMxan;² (Contact Important Person)
karesBKb;mnusSsMxan;² GaceGayeyIgman\Ti§BleTAtamenaHEdr BIeRBaHenHCaGMNaceyag. EteyIg
RtUvrkSaeRkDIt tMélrbs;eyIgeGayenAsißtesßrmantMéldEdl. rkSaTMnak;TMngrbs;eyIgeGay)anl¥CamYy
mnusSsMxan;²TaMgenaH. ebIeyIgesBKb;GñkR)aCJ eyIgnigmanKMnitdUcGñkR)aCJ ebIeyIgesBKb;mnusSl¥enaH
eyIgCamnusSl¥pgEdr ehIyebIeyIgesBKb;mnusSl,I manRbCaRbiy mnusSsMxan;² eyIgnigkøayCamnusSsMxan;
Edr. eRbobdUcCapáaQUk EdlenACMuvijRBHBuT§ya:gdUcecñHEdr.
esckþIsnñidæan (Conclusion)
srubmkenAkñúgesovePAemdwknaMPaK 2 enH cg;bgðajRbCaCatiExμrTaMgGs; Gs;elakGñkGanRKb;rUb

eGayemIleXIjb£sKl;bBaðaBitR)akd edIm,ICaKnøwHlatRtdageGaykUnExμrCMnan;eRkay)andwg CaKtisMrab;
BicarNa cg;eGayRbCaCatiExμrRKb;rUbrYmcMENkCYyKitKUredaHRsaybBaðaenHeGay)ancb;. bnÞab;BIeXIjb£s
Kl;énbBaðaehIy tamry³esovePAmanbgðajeKalyuT§saRsþmYycMnYn EdleKmincg;eGaykUnExμrecH GMBIviFIdwknaM
edaHRsaybBaðaRbeTsCatiedayxøÜnÉg caMBwgEtbreTsnigR)ab;pøÚvsMrab;eFIVkarpøas;bþÚr kardwknaMrbs;BYkh‘un Esn
EdleRkamGMNacyYnral;éf¶. karbgðajBIsßankarN_rbs;RbeTsCatiExμreyIg neya)aytMbn; nigGnþrCati edIm,I
eFIVkarpøas;bþÚrtamckçúvis½y EdlmanyuT§saRsþRtwmRtUv eFIVeGaysMerceCaKC½y tameKalbMNgcg;)aneday
GnuvtþPaBCaGñkdwknaM minRtUvBwgelIGIVEdlKμankarBit BwgemX Bwgxül;enaHeLIy. emdwknaMCatiExμrRtUvyk
smtßPaBxøÜneyIg mkxitxMbMeBj xMeFIV edIm,IbMerIplRbeyaCn_RbeTsCati karBar RbeTsCati edaykaredaHRsay
bBaðaxøÜnÉg minBwgelIbreTs mineCOelIbreTs EdlnaMeGayCatiExμrEbk)ak; eCOelIExμrxøÜnÉg. ebIemdwknaMNa
BwgbreTs eCOelIbreTs bMEbkbM)ak; kab;smøab;Exμr eFIVtambreTs dUcCa sI hnu nig h‘un Esn eyIgCa
RbCaCatiExμr RtUvebþCJaya:gmuHmutTaMgGs; TTYlxusRtUvkarBarcMeBaH Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr EkERbecj
eGay)anCadac;xat edayminrgcaMbeNþayCnBalTaMgenH bMpøajCatirhUtdl;ExμrkøayCaCnCatiPaKticrbs;yYn
tamEpnkaryYn shB½n§\NÐÚcin dUcerobrab;GFib,ayxagelIenaHeLIy.
{ ExμrrYbrYm Exμrrs; }

Éksareyag
1-GTieTBRkugGgÁr
2-EvbsayGasIuesrI ¬RbvtþisaRsþ¦
3-RbvtþisaRsþkm<úCa BIedImmkdl;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü edayelak exovsMpn
4-ÉksarRbvtþisaRsþ km<úCaeRkam ¬GMNacKμanExμreRkam¦ eday elakRtaMgqat b‘ut
5-vibsayGtßbTviPaKneya)ayrbs; bNÐit NarBaØ KIrITitü
6-dMeNIreq<aHeTATwsxaglic edayelak nYn eXOn
7-Evbsay kulbuRtGgÁr rbs; elak )a:g suexOn¬GnubNÐit¦
8-vibsay exGay emD½r
9-vibsayvIGUeGr
10-klb,vtþRbvtþisaRsþkm<úCa
11-GgÁrbUrI
12-exmrCati
13-EvbsayExμrRsLaj;Exμr , khmerlovekhmer.co.cc
14-EvbsayExμrviPaK
15-Leadership in Organization, fifth edition, Gary Yukl,Ph.D
16-The Art of Leadership,
17-World Politics,by Johnh T.Rourke ,Ph.D and Mark A Boyer, Ph.D University of
Connecticut
18-The International Politics of the Asia Pacific, Second edition and revised edition,
by Michael Yahuda,Ph.D
19-Vietnamese Communist( 1925-1945) by Huy nh Kim Khanh
20-Political Analysis, Technique and Practicse by Louise G White,Ph.D
21-Mondern Office Technology and Administration by Joan Gallagher Siobhan
Coghalan, second edition, 2002
22-The Art of War Sun Zue translated by Thomas Cleary
23-The Root of Strategy, Book1, 2,3 by Colonel Ardant du Picq, French Army,
translated by Colonel John N.Greedy, field artillery, U.S Army and Major Robert C.Cotton ,
General Staff ( Infanstry), U.S army.
(Y)

មេដឹកជាតិខ្មែរ ភាគ២ Khmer Leader 2

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មេដឹកជាតិខ្មែរ ភាគ២ Khmer Leader 2

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PaK 2

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI i rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ii rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI v rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI vi rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI x rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI xiii rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI xiv rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 5 rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 6 rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 9 rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 12 rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 15 rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 19 rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 22 rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 23 rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 24 rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 27 rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 28 rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 30 rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 31 rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 32 rkSasiTi§

I>ktþaEdlnaMeGayRbeTsExμrrIkcMerInrugerOg (Factors which Become Khmer Empire)

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 33 rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 39 rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 42 rkSasiTi§

sIhnu nig paM va:n;dug

elak esnaRbmux ln; nl;

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 45 rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 46 rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 48 rkSasiTi§

neratþm rNriT§i exov sMpn h‘un Esn sWn san

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 59 rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 61 rkSasiTi§

RbeTsExμrsißteRkamGaNaniKmn_kumμúynisyYn Edlman KNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn nig esþc CarnaMgbiT)aMg

RbFanbkS smrgSI RbFanbkS siTi§mnusS RbFanbkS neratþmrNriTi§ KNbkS RbCaCnkm<úCa

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 65 rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 67 rkSasiTi§

R)asaTRBHviharExμr BN’elOg sux Gan kat;dIeGayéf

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 68 rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 72 rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 73 rkSasiTi§

eqñatCaTUeTA. emdwknaMRtUvbegIátsßankarN_ begáIt»kas minrgcaMsßankarN_enaHeLIy.

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 74 rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 79 rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 81 rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 84 rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 85 rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 86 rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 87 rkSasiTi§

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 88 rkSasiTi§

¾ RtUvsÁal;ktþaTaMg 4 ya:g dUcCa GñkedIrtam GñkdwknaM karTMnak;TMng nigsßankarN_

¾ RtUvsÁal;BIxøÜnÉg dUcCa cMNucexSay nigxøaMg criklkçN³ cMeNHdwg nigCMnaj

¾ eFIVKWeyIgRtUvR)ab;TwsedA dUcCa kardak;eKaledA karedaHRsaybBaða karsMerccitþ

V>eKalkarN_bBa©úHbBa©Úl (Principle of Persuasion)

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