1

Standard Manufacture spare parts and Metal Pieces:

.

BSI API
ASTM DIN AFNOR Euro Norm ) (ISO ASME ANSI
.
.
) (Ferrous Metals
) (Non Ferrous Metals .
.

ASTM .

.
.
. )
(
.

-1
-2
-3
-4

:- :
) (Grey Cast Iron
) (Blast Furnace PIG Iron
.
) (Si ) (Grey Cast Iron
. C=-, Si=- Mn=
P=, S=, .

.

.

.
.

.
.
(American Society for Testing Materials) ASTM A
A
. ) (DIN
G GG- . BS
BS
.

.
.

: - .

) (Flaky
) (Flaky Iron
.
. AWWA (American Water Work
) Association .
:- : Malleable Cast Iron
White Cast Iron
. C=- Si=- Mn= P=, S=,
.
.

.
FeC
.
) (Annealing
.
. A .
. BSI W W

.
.
.
:- Nodular geraphite cast Iron :


Mg=/ .

. S.G Spheroidise graphite cast Iron
.


.
A A ASTM

.

.
.

Crystal Grain bondry

:-

. .

A ASTM A A .
BS BS

SNG
) (Toughness .
.
. BS
SG Iron /
/ , S=, ,
, , .

) .(Mildsteel
.

. )
( .
.
) (Monel Ni, Cu
( Cu , Zn) / )(Cu,Sn
) (Cu,Al
) (S.S.Austentic ) (Ni,Cr,Fe
ENi-C .

:
-1

-
-

:

Steel Making Process

:
-1
-

10

:- :

(Basic Oxygen Process) BOS L.D ) (Induction Furnace

11

.
(Vacuum Oxygen Degassing) VOD
. .
:1-1-2 L.D
.
) (Steel Structures
.
.


,
Co Co Co Co
Co So
Co
.
:

Si + O SiO

Mn + O Mno

C + O CO
,
C + O Co

P + O PO

S + O So

.
L.D . PO Sio S
) (Convertor .
.

12

. Co So
.


L.D ) (Ladle


Al Killed Carbon Steel
. ) Al(
Si-Killed Carbon steel .


.
(Continuous
) Casting ) (Tundish

Bloom
Rolling Mill .
. ) (Slab .
) (Sheet ) (Plate
. ) (Forging
.
,-, .
.
:-- : Electric Arc Furnace
) (Steel Production
) (Scrap Steel ) (Scrap .

13

)(Direct Reduction Iron

) (Spongy Iron
+CaO ) (Feo
. (Basic Oxygen
Furnace) L.D BOS
ASTM BS DIN .

.


) (Cao .
.
.
.
) (Cao. Mgo .


) (Ladle Furnace .

) (Ingot
. ASTM ,
) = (Ingot
ASTM ,.

ASTM .
.

14

A ASTM
.

.
:-- )(High strength low Alloy
HSLA .
(Ladle Furnace) L.F
Cr= Mo=,
.
. ) (L,F
, ,
Cu=, .
.

Ti=, V=,
.
.

. , ,
) (Semi Killed Carbon Steel .


.
(American Iron & Steel Institute) AISI
) (Society Automotive Engineering .

.

15

St St


) (kgf/mm . ASTM
ASTM - .

A A A B B
A A A
.
.
:- Plain Carbon Steels :

.
, , .
.

16

:- ,

c
. .
) (Solid . BE )(Liquidus
. CDA + CDS ( Iron)
(Body Centered Cubic) B.C.C .
A ,
SA GPR ) ( - Iron
. . FCC
Face Centered Cubic . FCC BCC - -
.

17

- F.C.C

:- B.C.C

18

BCC FCC
.
,
SABGPR
. RPF + .
ROF , ,
B.C.C -
.
P ,
/ .
-.

) (grain boundry .
,
.
.
GNP G + .
FeC.
, . E
,
, .
, . FM

19

.
Transformation line
. ) (c
B.C.C .
B.C.C FCC

.
B.C.C .
.

.
.
.
:-- :
)(Steel .
:1-1-2-2 )(Low Carbon Steel
, ,
. Ductility
) (Weld ability .
:2-1-2-2 )(Medium Carbon Steels
, ,


.

20

:--- )(high Carbon Steel

, , .
.
:3-2 (Alloy Steels) :
)(Low Alloy Steels
,
, , . Mild Steel
.
.

A .
.
, ,

.
.
C . B.C.C
. , , , .
BCC .
FCC .
, ,

A ATP ATP ATP
ATP . A
ATP ATP .
. ASTM A

21

ASTM . A
AL A A
ASME-SecIIpartA SA
SA
.

22

:
.
.
.
.

23

24

:
.
.
.

25

:1-3 : API
APIL API
American Petroleum Institute L Line Pipe . API

Gr-A Gr-B APILGrA
APILGrB

E E E
E
. GrA (Grad A) A GrB B
) (Grad B APILX .
T Y.S= Y.P
(Specific Minimum Yield Strenght) SMYS

E E E E.
APILX APILX APILX .
APILX APILX
E-B E-A E-G
E-C . B A
G C
. API
.
.
Modify

.

26

- Seam & Seamless Pipes

Bloom .
. API .
NDT (American Society of Mechanical ASME-SecV
) Engineers
. ASTMA
) (American Society for Testing Materials .

.
(Nominal Pipe Size) NPS .

NDT ASME-Sec V
. ANSIB, .
.
. Schedule
. .

.
- ASTM
ASTM, .
ASTM A
.
ASTMA . A-GrA A-
GrB . A
/ .

27

A ATP

.
ASME-secIX .

ASME-sec VIII
) (American Society of Mechanical Engineers
.
: - : ASME
ASME SA SAGrB A .
SA
. ASME-Sec IX

, ,
. A
.
-- : ANSI


ANSB .


.
ANSIB,
) (Stainless Steel .

28

- : ANSI
ANSIB , Piping
)( .

) (Lack of Penetration L.O.F (Lack Of L.O.F
) Fusion ) (Crack ) (Slag Inclusion
) (Porosities SMAW .
(Tungsten Inert Gas) TIG
(American National Standard Institute) ANSIB , .
L.O.P ) (Under cut
.
) (L.O.F
ASME sec V
.
- : NDT
ASTM E
M.T
)Testing

particle

(Magnetic E

ASTM P.T

) (Liquid Penetrate Testing E ASTM .

NDT ASME=Sec V
(Ultrasonic Testing) UT
MT P.T V.T
) (Visual Testing .
.

WPS PQR .

29

P.T MT .

.

ASME .
ANIB/
.

30

:
.
. ASME
. NDT

31

32

- : ANSI
ANSI .
) (Rolling Process )(Forging Process
. (Tee) T ) (Reducer
) (Concentric Reducer )(Eccentric Reducer
ANSIB , . SA
WPB .
) (American Iron & Steel Institute . (Nominal

) Pipe Size .
.
A A
A .
A .
A AWPB A- A
A-GrB AWPB A A A
AWPL ALF .
L Low Carbon F Fine grain
ASTM.
: 2-4 :
: -- : Classify of Stainless Steel

.

.
.

33

CCr
.

.
- -- : Austenitic Stainless Steels
, ) (Ni , ) (Cr
(Face Centered Cubic) F.C.C

.

.
. L (British Standard) BS
, , ,
, .
Plate ) (Strip .
ATPL TP Type .

L .
.
BS .
,


,
.
.
S L

34

.
.
.
A
Mo A .
ANSI
ANSIB ,.
- ---

, .
Ti C % Nb C %

.

.
. .
- --- ) ( :

.

(Heat Affected Zone) HAZ ) (
. .
FeCr .

35

.
--- - : Feritic Stainless Steel

, . BCC .
.
. BS

, . , ,
, , .
A A A .

) (Mo ,
.
.
) (Stress Corrosion Cracking
.

.
ASME-Sec VIII .

. E- EL- .
ASTM,
) (Pitting
.

36

:---- : Duplex Stainless Steel

DSS B.C.C FCC
.
.


, Fe-Cr-Ni-,N .
Fe-Cr--Ni-Mo-,N.
Fe-Cr-Ni-,Mo-
,N-Cu Fe-Cr-,Mo-,N-W-Cu .
.

) (Pitting . DSS
.
.

.

. HAZ


.
.

. DSS
.
,

37

.
) (Preheating .
.
) (Post Weld heat treatment TIG
) (Filler metal

.


.
:---- Precipctation Hardening
Stainless Steels


.
-pH (Precipitation) P
H ) (Hardening
. ) (Transformation temperature
.

.
. pH
A- ASTM
. pH -pH -pH
pH-Mo .
SS-pH .

38

L TIG . TIG
.
)(E.B.W
Electron Beam Welding . -pH
.
pHB-Mo SMAW TIG MIG .

, .

,
.
,
, , .

. ASTM A A A
A BS
, , , .
:---- Martensitic Stainless Steels :
/ /
/ . B.C.C
.
. ASTM
. A A A .

.
ASME-SecVIII .
.

39

:
.
.
.

40

41

:
-
-
-

42

- :

BS DIN ASME.Sec VIII

API API . AM A-
Gr//A A-Gr .
Low Pressure
,
. BS
API A B D F .
) psi (, API
ASME-SecVIII U U-g .
PSI ASME-Sec VIII BS
. OSHA
) (OccuPational Safety & Health Administration .
- .

43

: -

PSI

PSI

=C

SA--C

= C

SA--C

C-Si
C-Si
C-Si
C-Si
C-Si
C-Si
C-Si
C-Si

SA--
SA--
SA--
SA--
SA--
SA--
SA--
SA--

- C-Si
. SA
C
SA
ASME-PartA . (American Society of ASME
) Mechanical Engineers II A . SA
AISI .
) (Pressure Vessels .
SA- .
St
. St Steel
.

.
ASME ASTM SA- A-.
SA- (Type)

44

. .
L L
.
SA- ) (Type H.
SA- SA-
.
- API
API
-
.
) (Storage tank
ASME-SecIX .

45

:- ASTM

PSI

PSI

C
C
A, B, CS
__
B
C, D
B

A
A
ABI
A
A
A
A

- ISO

B,C
B,C
C,D

Fe
Fe
Fe

ISO ASTM .
) (Oil Storage Tank API
. N.D.T
) (Shells

.

ANSI/ASMEB ,
. .
.
- :
ASME-SecVIII
.
ASME ASTM .

46

. ANSIB, SA
WPB
.
SA-LF .
L ) (Low Carbon ,.
F Finegrain
ASTM .
ASTM ,, .
- :

- .


.

ANSI.

47

- ANSIB/

48

.
ANSIB, .
MSS (Manufacturer Standardization Society) MSS
.
# # # .
A ASTM A LX L API
. .
Mn% V + Cr + Mo Ni + Cu
+
+

C.E = C % +

,
.
- MSS
El

T.S

KPSI

Y.P

KPSI

F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F

-

ANSI MSSP .
API # #
) (Rating .

49

:5-5 Bolt & Screws

ASME .
.
-

KPSI

KPSI

---

H
B

Cr- Mo
---

SA-
Sa-
SA-

SA-

SA-

) (Mild Steels.
ANSI ANSIB--
ANSIB-- .
BS
.

50

Al
_
_
-

B
/
//

/-/

/-/

/-/

/
/
/
/

/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/

E
E
E
E

/
/
/
/

/
/
/
/

/
/

Mn

Si

/-/

/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/

DIN -

BS
) (Boron
.
BS Type
E E E BS MB DIN
B B B.
: 6-5
ASME-SecIX
- PN,
GrNo-
GrNo- PNo- .
PNo- GrNo-
(P-Number) PNO ) GrNo(Group Number GrNo .

51

P .
PNo PNo
GrNo .
SMAW
E E
E . E E
) (Low Hydrogen E
.
E-A E-B E-G E-C
. A
Mo , .
. B
Cr ,
. C
, , .
.
G
Mn= Cr=, Ni=, V=, .

.

.

.
.
EL- EL- .
L Low

52

Carbon .

. E-


. E- EL-


Cladding . MIG
ERS- .
: - Electrodes

(American Welding Society) AWS ASME-Sec II Part C
. E E-A E-G

. AWS
.
) (Position .
PSI PSI
. E E
(Rutile= Tio
(Steel
) Structures . ) (Fillet.
E E E-G E-B E-C
C B G
. ERS- TIG
MIG AWS ASME-Sec II Part C .

53

ISO DIN
E ISO EC ECDIN.
:-

NDT ) (R.T ) (U.T
) (M.T ) (P.T .
X ASME-
Sec V ASTM E .
Ir .
:-
.
ASME-SecVIII ) (Stress Relief (post weld heat
) Treatment PWHT .
.

= Coolingrate . t
t

= Heating rate

. ASME-SecVIII.
:- :

. /


M.T P.T .
.

54

:- :

SIS Sa
. (Steel Structure SSPC
) Painting Council .

55

:
.1 API1650
.2
.3
.4

56

57

:
.
.

58

- :Non Ferrous Metals

ASTM ASME )
ASTM .
.
ASME II B .
- Copper

. FCC
.
.
.
.
,
.
DSS
.

) (Valve .

.

.
SMAW GTAW GMAW .
.

59

.
.

(Unified Numbering) UNS C
,
. C ,
. ERCu

AWS E Cu ECuSi E Cu Sn .
TIG ERCuSi . ERCuSn ERCuAl .
ASTM,
B B ASME-
SecII Part SB SB ,
. ASME-SecVIII
ASTM IEC NEMA .
ASTM B
, .
ASME-Sec II Part B SB
, .
-Brass :
) (Zinc
.

.
/ .
/

60

. / ) (Sheet
.
B.S
.

BS .
ASTM , B ASME-Sec II Part B SB
.
.
, ,
) (Naval Brass ,
.
. GMAW
. MIG
. MIG
ER Cu Al.A ER Cu Sn-A ER
Cu Al-A ER Cu Sn-A .
) (SMAW
EcuAl-A ECuAl-B
ECuSn-C E Cu Si .
E
CuSn-C
.
SMAW E Cu Al-A
.

61

- Tin Bronze

.
.


.
.

/ .
.
.

.

.
.
Admiral Bronze BS
BSI-LG-LG .
.
, , .
.
.
.
BS /
, ,
.

ASTM .
C C ,

62

TIG MIG SMAW .

TIG
.
ASTM
. ER Cu Sn-A ER Cu
Si-A . SMAW E Cu Sn-C
.
. A, A, SFA,
SFA,
.
- Aluminum Bronzes

ASTM ASTM
Volume , B .
BS ASTM ASME DIN .
. D.T.D
,
.

.
.


.
.

.
.

63

B ASTM
C
MIG
. ER Cu Al-A
,
. SMAW
E Cu Al-A EcuAl-B
SMAW
UNS C C
ASME-SecIX.
- : Aluminum
,
.
ASTM , .
AlO

.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.

64

. BS .
BS BS BS
.
BS ,
, , ,

.
. ASTM
IEC BS

.
(MIG) GMAW GTAW
) (TIG

.
.
.
E E
AlO
. ER
E ,
. ESMAW
.
.
7-6 Titanium

BCC .
) (High Strngth Low Alloys

65

HSLA .
. ,

. Ti-Al-V
Ti + Cu .
- .

)(Mechanical Properties
R.A%

El%

Nimm

IM

IMI

IMI

IMI

Ti+/ Cu
Ti-nsn,/Al
Imo-/Si
Ti=Al,
Sn-/Si

.

.
ASTM ) (ASTM, .
ASME Sec IX TIG
. PNO
ASME .

66

.
- Nickel

.
.

.

.
.
) (Inconel

.
. AWS ASME .
Nimonic
.

.
) (Nickel basealloy ,Mg% ,
BS .

C= Ni= .

. ) (Hastelloy B
. A
.

67

.
ASME-SecIX
AWS .

68

:
.

69

70

:
. :

ASTM

ASME

DIN

TEMA

BS

EN

71

-
.
BS
) (British Standard DIN AFNOR

BS
.
.
- ASTM

.
ASMT , .
ASTM ,
.
NDT
.
- : ASME


. NDT

ASME-SecV.
ASME-Sec VIII .

.

72

- :
TEMA TEMA
Tubular Exchanger of Manufacturer Association

.
- :

.

, , , .
, ,
, , , , , ,

.

, , ,
.

, , , ,
) (Toughness .
.
.
- :BS

BS
BS BS
BS BS .
. BS

73

EN .
TIG A A A A A
A A A
.
.
-- : EN
EuroNORM
.
.

74

:
- ASME,ASTM
- DIN
- BS

75

Refrences

1- AMS METAL HANDBOOK, Volume Welding & Brazing,

SOLDERING.
2- ASTM Volume - Steel, Piping & Fitting.
3- ASME Sec VIII boiler & Pressure Vessels.
4- Metallurgy for Engineers E.C.ROLLASON.
5- ASTM Volume
6- AMME SecVII boiler & Pressure Vessels Handbook