01 History

Spain is a country in Southwest Europe, south of France and west of Italy. In the 16th Century, it was the
most powerful nation in the world. After America was discovered in 1492, Spain sent many people
there. They brought back lots of gold and silver. Trade with the new American colonies made Spain rich.
It established colonies in other parts of the world, such as Cuba and the Philippines. But in 1588, Spain
lost a famous war against England. After that, its power began to decline. In 1898, Spain lost Cuba and
the Philippines in the Spanish American War.
Ty Ban Nha l mt quc gia Ty Nam chu u, min Nam nc Php v Ty ca Italy. Trong th k 16,
l quc gia hng mnh nht trn th gii. Sau khi chu M c pht hin vo nm 1492, Ty Ban
Nha a rt nhiu ngi n . H mang v rt nhiu vng v bc. Bun bn vi cc thuc a
mi ca M lm cho Ty Ban Nha tr nn giu c. Ty ban nha thit lp thuc a cc nc khc
trn th gii, chng hn nh Cuba v Philippines. Nhng nm 1588, Ty Ban Nha b mt mt cuc chin
tranh ni ting chng li nc Anh. Sau , sc mnh ca TBN bt u gim st. Nm 1898, Ty Ban
Nha b mt Cuba v Philippines trong cuc chin tranh gia Ty Ban Nha v M.
02 Campus Life
Dr. Shin, how long have you been a university professor? M: Eighteen years, Sandra. W: Could you
please tell our campus radio listeners what made you want to become an educator? M: I guess it was my
mother. She was a writer. At an early age, she taught me that the pen is mightier than the sword. So
when I entered university, I started to study writing. W: And you became a writer like your mother? M:
No, I actually never wrote any books. But I did discover that I love teaching. So Ive been a writing
teacher ever since. W: Well, were certainly glad you became one. Personally, I really enjoyed your class.
Thank you for being on the show today, Dr. Shin.
Tin s Shin,ng l mt gio s i hc c bao lu ri ? M: Mi tm nm, Sandra. W: ng c th
vui lng cho thnh gi i pht thanh trng ca chng ti iu g khin bn mun tr thnh mt nh
gio dc? M: Ti on l m ti. B l mt nh vn. Lc ti cn tr, m dy ti rng "cy bt mnh
hn thanh kim." V vy, khi ti bc vo i hc, ti bt u hc vit. W: V ng tr thnh mt nh
vn nh m ca ng? M: Khng, ti thc s cha bao gi vit bt k cun sch no. Nhng ti khm
ph ra rng ti thch dy. V vy, ti c mt gio vin vit t bao gi. W: Vng, chng ti chc chn
vui mng bn tr thnh mt gio vin. C nhn, ti tht s rt thch lp hc ca ng. Cm n ng v
tham gia chng trnh ngy hm nay, Tin s Shin.
03 Literature
Batman has changed several times since he first appeared in a comic book in May 1939. The first
Batman is now called the Golden Age Batman. He was famous for using his mind, not his strength, to
catch criminals. In April 1940, Robin first appeared as Batmans partner. In April 1943, Batman and Robin
were joined by their butler, Alfred. He was the only one who knew Batman and Robins real names. In

1952, Batman teamed with Superman for the first time. In May 1964, the new look Batman appeared.
His costume had a black bat in a yellow oval. The first Batman did not have the oval.
Batman thay i nhiu ln k t khi ng ln u tin xut hin trong mt cun sch truyn tranh
thng nm 1939. Cc Batman u tin by gi c gi l "Golden Age" Batman. ng ni ting cho vic
s dng suy ngh, khng phi sc mnh ca mnh, bt ti phm. Vo thng T nm 1940, Robin u
tin xut hin nh l i tc ca Batman. Vo thng T nm 1943, Batman v Robin c cho gia nhp
bi qun gia ca mnh, Alfred. ng l ngi duy nht bit tn tht ca Batman v Robin. Nm 1952,
Batman hp tc vi Superman cho ln u tin. Trong thng 5 nm 1964,"b dng mi" ca Batman
xut hin. Trang phc ca batman c mt con di en trong mt hnh bu dc mu vng. Trang phc
Batman u tin khng c hnh bu dc.
04 Ecology
The kind of oil that usually spills into the sea is called crude oil. Sometimes it leaks naturally. Other
times, humans accidentally spill it when digging for oil or carrying it on boats. When oil spills, three
things happen: spreading, evaporation, and emulsification. In spreading, the oil forms long, narrow
strips, called windrows. You can remember this word as wind plus rows. The wind pushes the oil
into long rows across the water. In evaporation, the lighter parts of the oil disappear. Only the heavier
parts remain. In emulsification, E-M-U-L-S-I-F-I-C-A-T-I-O-N, the waves mix water into the oil. This forms
a heavy and sticky substance, which is sometimes called chocolate mousse. The oil also mixes with other
things floating in the water
Cc loi du trn xung bin c gi l du th. i khi n b r r mt cch t nhin. Nhng ln khc,
con ngi v tnh lm n vng vi ra khi o du hoc ch n trn thuyn. Khi du trn, ba th xy ra:
lan, bc hi, v nh tng ha. Trong khi lan rng, cc hnh thc du di, di hp, gi l lung. Bn c
th nh t ny l "gi" cng vi "hng." Gi y du thnh hng di trn mt nc. Trong khi bc hi,
cc phn nh ca du bin mt. Ch c phn nng hn vn cn. Trong khi nh tng ha, nh -tng ha, nhng con sng trn nc vo du. iu ny to nn mt cht nng v dnh, m i khi c gi l
mt s c la. Du cng trn ln vi nhng th khc tri ni trong nc
05 Campus Life
I dont feel well. I think Ill skip class today. M: Whats wrong? W: I feel hot then cold, and I ache all over.
M: Ooh! That doesnt sound very good! Youd better take your temperature. W: Do you have a
thermometer? M: Yes, I do. Here you go. W: Thanks, Joe. M: Here, let me read the thermometer for
you...Uh-oh, your temperature is really high! Youd better go see the school nurse! W: You know, I could
have malaria. These are malaria symptoms. I just came back from a trip to Africa with my parents. I
wasnt very good about taking my medicine
Ti cm thy khng khe. Ti ngh rng ti s ngh lp hc ngy hm nay. M: Chuyn g th? W: Ti cm
thy nng sau lnh, v ti au lm. M: Ooh! iu c v khng tt lm! Bn tt hn nn o nhit
ca bn. W: Bn c nhit k k? M: Vng, ti c. y ny. W: Thanks, Joe. M: y, ti c nhit k
cho bn ... Uh-oh, nhit ca bn thc s l cao! Bn tt hn nn i y t ca trng! W: Bn bit y,

ti c th c st rt. y l nhng triu chng st rt. Ti va tr v t mt chuyn i n chu Phi vi

cha m ti. Ti khng phi l rt tt v vic ung thuc ca ti
06 Science
Light travels at 297,600 kilometers per second. Thats pretty fast! Sound travels much more slowly at 1
kilometer per 3 seconds. Knowing this, we can judge the distance of a storm. When you see a lightning
flash, begin counting seconds. When you hear the thunder, stop counting. How many seconds have
passed? The lightning is one kilometer away for every 3 of those seconds. Theres another way to know
how close a storm is. As rain falls, it cools the air. That cooler air may flow about 3 miles ahead of the
storm. The air becoming suddenly cooler tells you about how close it is.
nh sng truyn i 297.600 km mi giy. iu kh nhanh! m thanh i chm hn 1km mi 3 giy.
Bit c iu ny, chng ta c th nh gi khong cch ca mt cn bo. Khi bn nhn thy mt tia
st nh, bt u m giy. Khi bn nghe ting sm, ngng m. Bao nhiu giy tri qua ri? St i
c mt cy s i cho mi 3 giy. C mt cch khc bit bn gn bo th no. Khi ma ri, n lm
lnh khng kh. Khng kh lnh c th i khong 3 dm v pha trc ca cn bo. Khng kh tr nn
mt t nhin ni vi bn rng bn gn bo nh th no..
07 Campus Life
Hi, Barb! How was your vacation? W: Great! We went to New Mexico. M: You went to Mexico? W: No,
NEW Mexico. Its a state in the southwestern US. The license plates there say USA, so people dont get
confused. M: Thats funny. What did you do there? W: Well, on our way there we stopped at the Grand
Canyon, in Arizona. It was awesome! Then, we went to Albuquerque --- the biggest city in New Mexico.
Then we visited Carlsbad Caverns. M: What are those? W: Caves --- sixty miles of them. In one cave, we
had to wear hats with lights so we could see in the dark.
Hi, Barb! K ngh ca bn th no? W: Great! Chng ti i n New Mexico. M: Bn n Mexico?
W: Khng, NEW Mexico. l mt nh nc ty nam Hoa K. Cc tm giy php c ni rng Hoa K,
mi ngi khng b ln ln. M: l bun ci. Bn lm g ? W: Vng, trn ng chng ti
c, chng ti dng li Grand Canyon, Arizona. Tht tuyt vi! Sau , chng ti i n Albuquerque
--- thnh ph ln nht New Mexico. Sau chng ti n thm Carlsbad Caverns. M: l nhng g?
W: Nhng hang ng --- su mi dm. Trong mt hang ng, chng ti phi i nn vi n v vy
chng ti c th nhn thy trong bng ti.
8 History
Leonardo da Vinci was not only a great artist. He was also a scientist and inventor. Leonardo was born in
1452 in Vinci, Italy. He began studying painting at age 14 and became famous just a few years later. His
best-known paintings are Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. But Leonardo was also an excellent scientist.
He kept detailed notebooks of observations about the natural world. And he cut open dead people to
learn how the human body works. Finally, he was an inventor. But his two most famous inventions --the parachute and the war tank --- werent built until after he died.

Leonardo da Vinci khng ch l mt ngh s tuyt vi. ng cn l mt nh khoa hc v nh pht minh.

Leonardo c sinh ra vo nm 1452 trong Vinci, . ng bt u hc v tui 14 v tr nn ni ting
ch vi nm sau . Nhng bc tranh ni ting nht ca ng l Mona Lisa v The Last Supper (ba tic
ly). Leonardo cng l mt nh khoa hc xut sc.ng c s tay chi tit v vic quan st th gii t nhin.
V ng m xc ngi cht m tm hiu lm th no c th con ngi hot ng. Cui cng, ng cng
l mt nh pht minh. Nhng hai pht minh ni ting nht ca ng --- ci d v xe tng chin tranh ---
khng c ch to cho n khi ng qua i.
9. Computer Science
Robots are very popular these days. We see movies and television shows in which robots move, speak,
and have personalities that are almost human. Like R2D2 and C3PO in Star Wars, and Data from the Star
Trek TV series. In real life, there are robot dogs, robots that walk on two legs like a person, robots that
clean your house, and robots that work in factories to help build cars. What, exactly, is a robot? Thats a
surprisingly difficult question. Different people have different ideas. One famous scientist said, I cant
define a robot, but I know one when I see one. The easiest definition is that a robot is something most
people say is a robot. However, people who build robots have a more precise definition. They say a
robot must have a reprogrammable brain --- in other words, a computer --- that moves a body. The vast
majority of robots have several features in common. First of all, almost all robots have a movable body.
Some move only by wheels, and some have many movable parts that are joined together. These parts
are usually metal or plastic. Secondly, robots have some sort of actuator --- thats AC-CHEW-ATE-OR --and this actuator spins their wheels or moves their parts. An actuator could be an electric motor, or a
hydraulic system, or compressed gas, which we call a pneumatic system. Some robots use all these
actuator types: motors, hydraulics, and pneumatic systems. And third, robots need a power source for
their actuators. They could have a battery, or they could plug into a wall.
Robot ang rt ph bin trong th gii hm nay. Chng ti xem phim v truyn hnh cho thy trong
robot di chuyn, ni chuyn, v c tnh cch m ging nh l con ngi. Ging nh R2D2 v C3PO trong
Star Wars, v d liu t cc series Star Trek TV. Trong thc t cuc sng, c nhng con ch robot, robot
i bng hai chn ging ngi, robot lau nh, v robot lm vic trong cc nh my gip sn xut
nhng chic xe. G, chnh xc, l mt con robot ? l mt cu hi kh ng ngc nhin . Nhng ngi
khc nhau c nhng tng khc nhau. Mt nh khoa hc ni ting cho bit, "Ti khng th nh ngha
mt robot, nhng ti bit n l r bt khi ti nhn thy n." nh ngha n gin nht l mt robot l
mt ci g khi hu ht mi ngi ni l mt robot. Tuy nhin, nhng ngi xy dng robot c mt
nh ngha chnh xc hn. H ni mt robot phi c mt b no c lp trnh --- ni cch khc, mt
my tnh --- m c th di chuyn mt c th. Phn ln cc robot c mt s c im chung. Trc ht,
hu nh tt c cc robot c mt c th chuyn ng c. Mt s ch di chuyn bng bnh xe, v mt
s c nhiu b phn chuyn ng c ghp li vi nhau. Cc b phn ny thng l kim loi hoc
nha. Th hai, robot c mt s loi thit b truyn ng --- l AC-Chew-ATE-OR --- v b truyn ng
ny quay bnh xe ca chng hoc di chuyn cc b phn ca chng. Mt thit b truyn ng c th l
mt ng c in, hoc mt h thng thy lc, hoc kh nn, m chng ta gi l mt h thng kh nn.
Mt s robot s dng tt c cc loi thit b truyn ng: ng c, thy lc, v cc h thng kh nn. V

th ba, robot cn mt ngun nng lng cho cc thit b truyn ng ca h. Chng c th s dng pin,
hoc h c th cm in vo in trn tng .