cng ngh ch bin thy hi sn

Bin tp bi:
Que Phan Thi Thanh

cng ngh ch bin thy hi sn

Bin tp bi:
Que Phan Thi Thanh
Cc tc gi:
Que Phan Thi Thanh

Phin bn trc tuyn:

http://voer.edu.vn/c/2254779c

MC LC
1. M u
1.1. M u
2. Chng 1
2.1. Thnh phn ha hc v tnh cht ca ng vt thy sn
3. Chng 2
3.1. Cc bin i ca ng vt thy sn sau khi cht
4. Chng 3
4.1. K thut lnh ng thy sn
5. Chng 4
5.1. Cc bin php bo qun ti nguyn liu thy sn
6. Chng 5
6.1. Cng ngh ch bin nc mm
7. Chng 6
7.1. Cc dng sn phm thy sn khc
Tham gia ng gp

1/144

M u
M u
t nc Vit Nam c li th l c b bin di, nhiu sng ngi, ao h nn vic khai
thc v nui trng thy sn m ra trin vng ln v vic cung cp thy sn cho nhu
cu i sng nhn dn, cho xut khu v phc v cho vic pht trin ngnh chn nui
gia sc. Khai thc v thu hach tt ngun thy sn phc v cho loi ngi l mt vn
cc k quan trng, nhng k thut ch bin cn nhiu hn ch, v vy cha s dng
c trit ngun li qu gi ny. Theo thng k ngun ng vt thy sn ang cung
cp cho nhn lai trn 20% tng s protein ca thc phm, c bit nhiu nc c th
ln n 50%. Gi tr v ngha dinh dng ca tht c cng ging nh tht gia sc ngha
l protein ca tht c c y cc lai axit amin, m c bit l c cc axit amin
khng thay th. Tht c ti c mi v thm ngon, d tiu ha, d hp thu. Du c ngoi
vic cung cp lipid cho con ngi, cn c gi tr sinh hc rt cao, c bit l cc axit bo
khng no c tc dng ln trong vic trao i cht ca c th. Ngoi ra, lipid ca ng
vt thy sn l ngun rt giu vitamin A v D. Trong ng vt thy sn cn cha nhiu
nguyn t vi lng v vi lng rt cn thit cho c th. C v ng vt thy sn c s
dng n ti hoc ch bin thnh nhiu sn phm khc nhm cung cp tc thi hoc
d tr trong thi gian nht nh. Tuy nhin, nguyn liu thy sn rt d n hng,
v vy cng vic bo qun phi c t ln hng u ca khu cht lng. Mt khi
nguyn liu gim cht lng th khng c k thut no c th nng cao cht lng
c. Nhu cu tiu th ca nhn dn ngy cng cao, v vy vic nghin cu ch bin ra
cc sn phm mi, hon thin cc sn phm ang sn xut nng cao cht lng ca
sn phm l nhim v quan trng ca cc nh sn xut, cc k s ngnh cng ngh thc
phm. Vi ni dung gio trnh ny nhm gip sinh vin hiu c thnh phn ha hc
ca nguyn liu thy sn c nh hng n cht lng sn phm trong qu trnh ch
bin cc sn phm lnh, sn phm lnh ng v cc sn phm khc ch bin t ngun
nguyn liu thy sn. Gip cho sinh vin c th hiu r cc bin i ca ng vt thy
sn sau khi cht nh s t cng, s t phn gii, bin i do vi sinh vt c nh hng
rt ln n cht lng sn phm thy sn. T sinh vin c th hiu r vic tm ra
phng php nh bt, s ch, vn chuyn v bo qun thch hp l rt cn thit nhm
hn ch v ko di thi gian xy ra cc bin i trn. Sinh vin s bit cch nh gi
v chn nguyn liu thch hp ch bin mt s loi sn phm thy sn khc nhau.
Sinh vin cng c trang b mt s qui trnh cng ngh ch bin sn phm thy sn v
cch iu khin qui trnh sn xut m bo cht lng sn phm. Vi kin thc ca
hc phn ny, sinh vin c th ng dng trong cc nh my ch bin sn phm sy kh,
xng khi, t bit l trong cc nh my ch bin lnh ng thy sn - th mnh ca
vng ng Bng Sng Cu Long.

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Chng 1
Thnh phn ha hc v tnh cht ca ng vt thy sn
Thnh phn ha hc ca thy sn v nh hng ca thnh phn ha hc
n cht lng
Thnh phn ha hc ca thy sn
Thnh phn ha hc gm: nc, protein lipid, mui v c, vitamin... Cc thnh phn
ny khc nhau rt nhiu, thay i ph thuc vo ging, loi, gii tnh, iu kin sinh
sng,... Ngoi ra, cc yu t nh thnh phn thc n, mi trng sng, kch c c v cc
c tnh di truyn cng nh hng n thnh phn ha hc, c bit l c nui. Cc
yu t ny c th kim sot c trong chng mc no .
Cc thnh phn c bn ca c v ng vt c v c th chia thnh nhng nhm c cng
tnh cht.
Thnh phn
C (phi l)
Ti thiu

Thng thng Ti a

Tht nc b
Protein

16 21

28 20

Lipid

0,1

0,2 25 67 3

Carbohydrate -

< 0,5

Tro

0,4

1,2 1,5 1,5 1

Nc

28

66 81

96 75

S khc nhau v thnh phn ha hc ca c v s bin i ca chng c nh hng n

mi v v gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm, vic bo qun ti nguyn liu v qui trnh
ch bin.
Thnh phn ha hc ca c tng c quan, b phn c s khc nhau
Thnh phnCh tiu Nc

Protein

Lipid

Mui v c

3/144

Tht c

48 85,1 10,3 24,4 0,1 5,4 0,5 5,6

Trng c

60 - 70

20 - 30

1 - 11

12

Gan c

40 - 75

8 - 18

3-5

0,5 1,5

Da c

60 - 70

7 - 15

5 - 10

1-3

Thnh
Protein% Lipid% Glucid% Tro% Canximg% Phosphatmg% Femg%
phnLoi
Mc

17-20

0,8

Tm

19 -23

0,3
1,4

Hu

11-13

1-2

8,8

Trai

1,2

1,3
29 - 30
1,8

33-67

1,2-5,1

2,2

0,21

0,4

37

82

1,9

4,6

1,1

2,5

1,9

668

107

1,5

11-12

0,3-0,7 3,9-8,3

1
4,3

1310-1660 51-1210

Cua

16

1,5

40

1,5

54

nh hng ca thnh phn ha hc n cht lng

Yu t nh hng r nht n thnh phn ha hc ca c l thnh phn thc n. Thng
thng c nui thng c cho n thc n cha nhiu lipid c pht trin nhanh. Tuy
nhin, khi hm lng lipid cao d cung cp nng lng th lipid d tha s c tch
ly cc m lm cho c c hm lng lipid rt cao. Ngoi nh hng khng tt n
cht lng ni chung, n cng c th lm gim nng sut ch bin v lipid d tr c
xem nh ph liu, b loi b ni tng sau khi moi rut v phi l.
Cch thng thng gim hm lng lipid ca c nui trc khi thu hoch l cho c
i mt thi gian. Ngoi ra, cho c i cn c tc dng gim hot ng ca enzym trong
ni tng, gip lm chm li cc bin i xy ra sau khi c cht.
Protein
c cu to t cc acid amin, cc acid amin khng thay th quyt nh gi tr dinh
dng ca thc phm. Protein ca ng cc thng thiu lysine v cc acid amin c cha
lu hunh (methionine, cysteine), trong khi protein ca c l ngun giu cc acid amin
ny. Do , protein c c gi tr dinh dng cao hn cc loi ng cc khc.

4/144

C th chia protein ca m c c ra thnh 3 nhm:

* Protein cu trc (Protein t c)
Gm cc si myosin, actin, actomyosin v tropomyosin, chim khong 65-75% tng
hm lng protein trong c v khong 77-85% tng hm lng protein trong mc. Cc
protein cu trc ny c chc nng co rt m nhn cc hot ng ca c. Myosin v
actin l cc protein tham gia trc tip vo qu trnh co dui c. Protein cu trc c kh
nng ha tan trong dung dch mui trung tnh c nng ion kh cao (>0,5M).
* Protein cht c (Protein tng c)
Gm myoglobin, myoalbumin, globulin v cc enzym, chim khong 25-30% hm
lng protein trong c v 12-20% trong mc. Cc protein ny ha tan trong nc, trong
dung dch mui trung tnh c nng ion thp (<0,15M). Hu ht protein cht c b
ng t khi un nng trong nc nhit trn 50oC.
Trong qu trnh ch bin v bo qun, myoglobin d b oxy ha thnh metmyoglobin,
nh hng n mu sc ca sn phm.
* Protein m lin kt:
Bao gm cc si collagen, elastin. Hm lng colagen c tht c thp hn ng vt
c v, thng khong 1-10% tng lng protein v 0,2-2,2% trng lng ca c tht.
Chim khong 3% c xng v khong 10% c sn (so vi 17% trong cc loi ng
vt c v. C trong mng li ngoi bo, khng tan trong nc, dung dch kim hoc
dung dch mui c nng ion cao.
im ng in pI ca protein c vo khong pH 4,5-5,5. Ti gi tr pH ny, protein c
ha tan thp nht.

5/144

Hnh 1.1. S ha tan ca protein t c trc v sau khi ng kh cc gi tr pH t 2

n 12
Cu trc hnh thi ca protein c d b bin i do mi trng vt l thay i. Hnh
1.1 cho thy tnh tan ca protein trong si c thay i sau khi ng kh. Vic x l vi
nng mui cao hoc x l bng nhit c th dn n s bin tnh, sau cu trc
protein b thay i khng hi phc c.
Khi protein b bin tnh di nhng iu kin c kim sot, c th s dng cc c
tnh ca chng cho mc ch cng ngh. V d trong sn xut cc sn phm t surimi,
ngi ta li dng kh nng to gel ca protein trong si c. Protein t c tht c sau
khi xay nh, ra sch ri cho thm mui v ph gia to tnh n nh, tip n qu
trnh x l nhit v lm ngui c kim sot gip protein to gel rt mnh (Suzuki, 1981).
Cc protein tng c cn tr qu trnh to gel, chng c xem l nguyn nhn lm
gim bn gel ca sn phm. V vy, trong cng ngh sn xut surimi vic ra tht c
trong nc nhm nhiu mc ch, mt trong nhng mc ch l loi b protein ha tan
trong nc, gy cn tr qu trnh to gel.
Protein tng c c kh nng ha tan cao trong nc, l nguyn nhn lm mt gi tr
dinh dng do mt lng protein ng k thot ra khi ra, p mui, tan gi,V vy
cn ch duy tr gi tr dinh dng v mi v ca sn phm.

6/144

Protein m lin kt da c, bong bng c, vch c khc nhau. Tng t nh si collagen

trong ng vt c v, cc si collagen cc m ca c cng to nn cu trc mng
li mng vi mc phc tp khc nhau. Tuy nhin, collagen c km bn nhit hn
nhiu v t c cc lin kt cho hn nhng nhy cm hn collagen ng vt mu nng
c xng sng.
Thnh phn trch ly cha nit phi protein (Non Protein Nitrogen)
Cht phi protein l thnh phn ha tan trong nc, c khi lng phn t thp v
chim khong 9-18% tng hm lng protein c xng, khong 33-38% cc loi
c sn. Thnh phn chnh ca hp cht ny bao gm cc cht bay hi (amoniac, amine,
trimethylamin, dimethylamin), trimethylamineoxid (TMAO), dimethylamineoxid
(DMAO), creatin, cc acid amin t do, nucleotide, ur (c nhiu trong c sn) .....
Bng 1.4 lit k mt s thnh phn trong nhm nit phi protein ca cc loi c, tm
hm, tht gia cm v tht ng vt c v.

Ngun: Shewan, 1974.

Thnh phn cht trch ly cha nit phi protein khc nhau ph thuc vo loi, kch c,
ma v, phn c ly mu, .

7/144

A, B: hai loi c bin xng C: loi c sn D: loi c nc ngt

(Ngun: Konosu v Yamaguchi, 1982; Suyama v cng s, 1977)
Cc cht trch ly cha nit phi protein rt quan trng i vi cc nh ch bin thu sn
bi v chng nh hng n mi tnh cht ca thc phm nh: mu sc, mi v, trng
thi cu trc, dinh dng, s an ton v s h hng sau thu hoch.
1. Trimethylamin oxyt (TMAO)
TMAO l thnh phn c trng v quan trng ca nhm cht cha nit phi protein.
TMAO c ch yu trong cc loi c nc mn v t c tm thy trong cc loi c nc
ngt. Hm lng TMAO trong c khc nhau ty theo loi, iu kin sinh sng, kch c.
C hot ng bi li nhiu, kch c ln cha nhiu TMAO hn c nh, t bi li trong
nc. Hm lng TMAO cha cao nht trong cc loi c sn (c nhm) v mc, chim
khong 75-250 mgN/100g, c tuyt cha t hn (60-120 mgN/100g).
Theo Tokunaga (1970), hm lng TMAO c ni nh c trch, c thu, c ng tp trung
cao nht trong c tht sm (vng ti), trong khi cc loi c y tht trng c hm
lng TMAO cao hn nhiu trong c tht mu sng. TMAO c vai tr iu ha p sut

8/144

thm thu ca c, v vy gip c chng li p sut thm thu gy ra do s chnh lch

nng mui trong nc bin.
b. Cc axit amin t do
Cc axit amin t do chim khong 0,5-2% trng lng c tht, chng gp phn to nn
mi v thm ngon c trng ca nguyn liu. Hm lng axit amin t do cng nhiu th
vi khun gy h hng pht trin cng nhanh v sinh ra mi ammoniac. Cc loi c c c
tht sm v thng vn ng nh c ng, c thu c hm lng histidine cao. C tht sm
cha histidin nhiu hn c tht trng. Trong thi gian bo qun, histidine b vi sinh vt
kh nhm carboxyl hnh thnh c t histamine.

c. Ur
Ur c ph bin trong tt c c tht c, nhng ni chung c t hn 0,05% trong c tht
ca c xng, cc loi c sn bin c cha mt lng ln ur (1-2,5%). Trong qu trnh
bo qun, ur phn hu thnh NH3 v CO2 di tc dng ca enzym urease ca vi sinh
vt. Do ur ho tan trong nc v thm qua mng t bo nn n d c tch ra khi
ming phi l
d. Amoniac
Amoniac c mi c trng (mi khai). Trong c tht ca c ti c mt lng nh
amoniac. Trong c xng, lng amoniac thp nhng khi b h hng do vi sinh vt th
lng amoniac tng nhanh. Khi s h hng tin trin, pH ca c tht chuyn sang mi
trng kim do lng amoniac tng ln v to nn mi n thi ca c.
e. Creatine
L thnh phn chnh ca hp cht phi protein. C trng thi ngh ngi creatine tn ti
di dng mch vng phospho v cung cp nng lng cho qu trnh co c.

9/144

Enzym
Enzym l protein, chng hot ng xc tc cho cc phn ng ho hc trong ni tng
v trong c tht. Enzym tham gia vo qu trnh trao i cht t bo, qu trnh tiu ho
thc n v tham gia vo qu trnh t cng. Sau khi c cht enzym vn cn hot ng, v
th gy nn qu trnh t phn gii ca c, lm nh hng n mi v, trng thi cu trc,
v hnh dng b ngoi ca chng. Sn vSnphm ca qu trnh phn gii do enzym l
ngun dinh dng cho vi sinh vt, lm tng nhanh tc n hng.
Trong nguyn liu c nhiu enzym khc nhau. Cc nhm enzym chnh nh hng n
cht lng nguyn liu l:
Enzym thu phn
Enzym oxy ho kh
Nhiu loi protease c tch chit t c tht c v c tc dng phn gii lm mm m
c. S mm ho ca m c gy kh khn cho ch bin. Cc enzym thu phn protein
quan trng trong nguyn liu gm: Cathepsin, protease kim tnh, collagenase, pepsin,
trypsin, chimotrypsin.
Cc emzym thu phn lipid quan trng trong c gm c: Lipase, phospholipase. Chng
thng c trong cc c quan ni tng v trong c tht. Enzym thu phn lipid rt quan
trng i vi c ng lnh, cc loi c ny lipid c th b thu phn khi hot ng
ca nc thp. lTrongQu trnh bo qun lnh ng cc axit bo t do c sinh ra t
photpholipid v triglyxerit, c nh hng xu n cht lng ca c. Axit bo t do gy
ra mi v xu, nh hng n cu trc v kh nng gi nc ca protein c tht.
Cc enzym oxy ho kh bao gm: Phenoloxidase, lipoxygenase, peroxidase.
Polyphenoloxidase c bit quan trng trong tm v chng l nguyn nhn gy nn m
en cho nguyn liu sau thu hoch.
Lipid
C s dng cht bo nh l ngun nng lng d tr duy tr s sng trong nhng
thng ma ng, khi ngun thc n khan him.
Hm lng lipid trong c dao ng nhiu (0,1-30%). C c phn loi theo hm lng
cht bo nh sau:
- C gy (< 1% cht bo) nh c tuyt, c tuyt sc en...
- C bo va (<10% cht bo) nh c bn li nga, c nhng, c mp

10/144

- C bo (>10% cht bo) nh c hi, c trch, c thu, ...

Loi c

Hm lng cht bo (%)

C tuyt

0,1 0,9

C bn

0,5 9,6

C sao

1,1 3,6

C herring 0,4 - 30
C thu

1 - 35

a. S phn b cht bo trong c

Cht bo ca cc loi c bo thng tp trung trong m bng v y l v tr c t c
ng nht khi bi li trong nc. M m cn tp trung m lin kt, nm gia cc si
c. Vi c gy, hm lng cht bo trong c d tr ch yu trong gan.

11/144

b. Dng t nhin ca cht bo

Lipid trong cc loi c xng c chia thnh 2 nhm chnh: phospholipid v triglycerit.
Phospholipid to nn cu trc ca mng t bo, v vy chng c gi l lipid cu trc.
Triglycerit l lipid d tr nng lng c trong cc ni d tr cht bo, thng trong
cc bo m c bit c bao quanh bng mt mng phospholipid v mng li colagen
mng hn. Triglycerit thng c gi l lipid d tr. Mt s loi c c cha cc este
dng sp nh mt phn ca cc lipid d tr.
Thnh phn cht bo trong c khc xa so vi cc loi ng vt c v khc. im khc
nhau ch yu l chng bao gm cc acid bo cha bo ha cao (14-22 nguyn t cacbon,
4-6 ni i). Hm lng axit bo cha bo ha trong c bin (88%) cao hn so vi c
nc ngt (70%). Cht bo trong c cha nhiu acid bo cha bo ha do rt d b
oxy ha sinh ra cc sn phm cp thp nh aldehyde, ceton, skaton. Tuy nhin, lipid
trong thy sn rt c li cho sc khe ngi tiu dng. Cc hp cht c li trong lipid
c l cc axit bo khng no cao, c bit l: Axit eicosapentaenoic (EPA 20:5) v axit
docosahexaenoic (DHA 22:6)
12/144

im ng c ca du c thp hn ng vt khc. nhit thng trng thi lng,

nhit thp b ng c mc khc nhau.
Gluxit
Hm lng gluxit trong c tht c rt thp, thng di 0,5%, tn ti di dng nng
lng d tr glycogen. Tuy nhin, hm lng glycogen cc loi nhuyn th chim
khong 3%.C va trng lng gluxit d tr rt thp. Sau khi cht, glycogen c tht
chuyn thnh axit lactic, lm gim pH ca c tht, mt kh nng gi nc ca c tht.
S bin i ca pH c tht sau khi c cht c ngha cng ngh rt ln.
Cc loi vitamin v cht khong
C l ngun cung cp chnh vitamin nhm B (thiamin, riboflavin v B12), vitanin A v
D c ch yu trong cc loi c bo. Vitamin A v D tch ly ch yu trong gan, vitamin
nhm B c ch yu trong c tht c.
Vitamin rt nhy cm vi oxy, nh sng, nhit . Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh ch bin
(sn xut hp, tan gi, p mui, ...) nh hng ln n thnh phn vitamin. V vy,
cn phi ch trnh tn tht vitamin trong qu trnh ch bin.
Cht khong ca c phn b ch yu trong m xng, c bit trong xng sng. Canxi
v phospho l 2 nguyn t chim nhiu nht trong xng c. Tht c l ngun giu st,
ng, lu hunh v t. Ngoi ra cn c niken, coban, ch, asen, km.
- Hm lng cht st trong tht c nhiu hn ng vt trn cn, c bin nhiu hn c
nc ngt, c tht c mu sm nhiu hn tht c mu trng.
- Sunfua (S) c ph bin trong tht cc loi hi sn, chim khong 1% cht kh ca tht.
Sunfua trong tht c phn ln tn ti dng hp cht hu c sunfua ha tan. Hm lng
sunfua nhiu hay t c nh hng ln n mu sc ca sn phm.
- Hm lng ng trong c t hn so vi ng vt thy sn khng xng sng.
- Hm lng iod trong tht c t hn so vi ng vt hi sn khng xng sng. C bin
c hm lng iod cao hn c nc ngt. Hm lng iod ca ng vt hi sn ni chung
nhiu gp 10 - 50 ln so vi ng vt trn cn. Tht c c nhiu m th hm lng iod
c xu hng tng ln.

13/144

Tnh cht ca ng vt thy sn

Tnh cht vt l
Hnh dng:
Hnh dng c th v chc nng ca c hon ton thch nghi vi cuc sng bi li t do
trong nc. C c nhiu dng:
- Hnh thoi: c nc, c thu, c ng.
- Hnh tn: c c, c kim.
- Hnh dp: c chim, c ui, c bn.
- Hnh rn: c khoai, c h, c da.
C th chia thnh 2 dng c bn: c thn trn v c thn dt
- C thn trn nh: c ng, c thu, c nhm. Chng thng hot ng bi li.
- C thn dt nh c ui, c bn thch ng vi i sng y bin, v t bi li.
Vi sinh vt c tm thy trn b mt ngoi ca c sng v c va mi nh bt. Nu
c c t l din tch b mt so vi khi lng ca n (cn gi l din tch b mt ring)
cng ln th cng d b h hng do hot ng ca vi sinh vt b mt c. V vy, trc
khi x l v bo qun, cn phi ra sch c loi b lp nht b mt c cha vi sinh
vt.
T trng ca c
Gn bng t trng ca nc, thay i ty theo b phn trn c th ca c, ph thuc vo
thn nhit ca c, c c nhit cng nh th t trng cng nh.
im bng
L im nhit lm cho c bt u ng bng, nc trong c th c tn ti dng
dung dch do im bng tun theo nh lut Raun. Dung dch cng long ng bng
cng nhanh, im ng bng ca c gn im ng bng ca nc (0oC). Thng thng
im bng ca cc loi c t -0,6oC ? -2,6oC. im bng ca c t l nghch vi pH ca
dung dch trong c th c. p sut thm thu ca ng vt thy sn nc ngt thp hn
nc mn do im bng ca thy sn nc ngt cao hn nc mn.

14/144

H s dn nhit
Ph thuc ch yu vo hm lng m, c c hm lng m cng ln th h s dn nhit
cng nh. Tuy nhin h s dn nhit cn ph thuc vo nhit . Tht c ng kt c h
s dn nhit ln hn c cha ng kt, nhit ng kt cng thp h s dn nhit cng
cao.
Tnh cht ha hc ca ng vt thy sn
Ch yu nghin cu h thng keo, l cc loi protein
Tnh cht ha hc th keo ca ng thy sn
Do cu to t nhng hp cht nitrogen, cc hp cht ny cu to nn c quan ca c to
cho cu trc ca c c chc, n hi v do dai nht nh (cu to t cc thnh
phn phc tp nhng ch yu l protein). Cu to ca c th c l mt hn hp nng
lng cht ha hc m trc ht l cc loi protein, sau l lipid ri cc mui v c
v nhng cht khc na to thnh mt dung dch keo nht trong nc l dung mi.
Trng thi tn ti ca nc
Tn ti 2 trng thi l nc kt hp v nc t do
- Nc t do: l dung mi tt cho nhiu cht ha tan ng kt 0oC, kh nng dn in
ln, c th thot ra khi c th ca sinh vt p sut thng.
- Nc kt hp: khng l dung mi cho cc cht ha tan, khng ng kt, kh nng dn
in nh, khng bay hi p sut thng.
Hnh thc tn ti ca nc
Thng tn ti di 2 hnh thc: tn ti vi ht thn nc v cht thn nc
* Ht thn nc: tn ti di dng nc khuch tn, nc t do, nc hp ph
- Nc hp ph: l lp nc bn trong, kt hp vi cc ht thn nc bng lc phn t
trn b mt hoc 1 gc nht nh no
- Nc khuch tn: l lp nc gia, khng kt hp vi cc ht thn nc, dy lp
nc khuch tn dy hn lp nc hp ph rt nhiu
* Cht thn nc: tn ti di 2 hnh thc nc kt hp v nc t do.
- Nc kt hp
15/144

+ Nc kt hp vi protein dng keo c tc nc do protein dng keo c hp th.

+ Nc kt hp protein keo tan: l nc kt hp v protein trng thi ha tan, mui
v c v cc cht trng thi keo ha tan khc, nc ny l nc do keo ha tan hp
th.
- Nc t do: gm nc c nh, nc c kt cu t do v nc dnh t.
+ Nc c nh: l nc cha rt nghim ngt trong kt cu hnh li, n l mt dng
keo c nc ny rt kh p ra.
+ Nc kt cu t do: tn ti nhng l nh v khe h ca ktcu hnh li ca mng
si c hoc nhng t chc xp nhiu l rng ca m lin kt, nc ny d p ra
+ Nc dnh t: rt mng, thng dnh st trn b mt ca c tht c.
Nc kt hp c ngha rt quan trng trong s sng ca ng vt thy sn. Bn cnh
nc kt hp cn to gi tr cm quan cho ng vt thy sn, to mi v thm ngon.

16/144

Chng 2
Cc bin i ca ng vt thy sn sau khi cht
C t khi nh c n khi cht, trong c th ca n bt u c hng lot s thay i
v vt l v ha hc. S bin i ca c sau khi cht c m t theo s :

Cc bin i cm quan
Bin i v cm quan l nhng bin i c nhn bit nh cc gic quan nh biu hin
bn ngoi, mi, kt cu v v.
Nhng bin i c ti nguyn liu
Trong qu trnh bo qun, nhng bin i u tin ca c v cm quan lin quan n
biu hin bn ngoi v kt cu. V c trng ca cc loi c thng th hin r vi
ngy u ca qu trnh bo qun bng nc .
Bin i nghim trng nht l s bt u mnh m ca qu trnh t cng. Ngay sau khi
cht, c tht c dui hon ton v kt cu mm mi, n hi thng ch ko di trong vi
gi, sau c s co li. Khi c tr nn cng, ton b c th c kh un cong th lc ny
c ang trng thi t cng. Trng thi ny thng ko di trong mt ngy hoc ko
di hn, sau hin tng t cng kt thc. Khi kt thc hin tng t cng, c dui
ra v tr nn mm mi nhng khng cn n hi nh tnh trng trc khi t cng. Thi
gian ca qu trnh t cng v qu trnh mm ho sau t cng thng khc nhau tu theo
17/144

loi c v chu nh hng ca cc yu t nh nhit , phng php x l c, kch c

v iu kin vt l ca c (Bng 2.1).
S nh hng ca nht i vi hin tng t cng cng khng ging nhau. i vi
c tuyt, nhit cao lm cho hin tng t cng din ra nhanh v rt mnh. Nn trnh
iu ny v lc t cng mnh c th gy ra rn nt c tht, ngha l m lin kt tr nn
yu hn v lm t gy ming phil .
Bng 2.1 S bt u v khong thi gian t cng mt s loi c khc nhau
iu
kin

Nhit Thi gian k t khi Thi gian k t khi

cht n khi bt
cht n khi kt
0
thc t cng (gi)
( C) u t cng (gi)

B sc

2-8

20-65

B sc

10-12

20-30

B sc

30

0,5

1-2

Khng b sc

14-15 72-96

Loi c
C tuyt (Gadus morhua)

C song
Khng
2
(Epinephelusmalabaricus) b sc

18

C r phi xanh
(Areochromis aureus)
B sc

Khng b sc

C r phi nh (60g)
(Tilapia mossambica)

Khng
0-2
b sc

2-9

26,5

C tuyt ui di
(Macrourus whitson)

B sc 0

<1

35-55

C cm (Engraulis
anchoita)

B sc 0

20-30

18

C bn (Pleuronectes
platessa)

B sc 0

7-11

54-55

C tuyt en (Pollachius
virens)

B sc 0

18

110

C qun (Sebastes spp.)

B sc 0

22

120

18/144

C bn Nht Bn
(Paralichthys olivaceus)

12

>72

10

72

15

48

20

24

10

60

20

16

B sc

Khng b sc

>72

C bn Nht Bn
(Paralichthys olivaceus)

C chp (Cyprinus
carpio)

Ngun: Hwang, 1991; Iwamoto, 1987; Korhonen, 1990; Nakayama, 1992; Nazir v
Magar, 1963; Partmann, 1965; Pawar v Magar, 1965; Stroud, 1969; Trucco, 1982.
Ni chung, ngi ta tha nhn rng iu kin nhit cao th thi im t cng n
sm v thi gian t cng ngn. Tuy nhin, qua nghin cu, c bit i vi c nhit i,
ngi ta thy rng nhit li c nh hng ngc li i vi s bt u ca qu trnh
t cng. Bng chng l i vi cc loi c ny th s t cng li bt u xy ra sm hn
nhit 0oC so vi nhit 10oC cc loi c khc, m iu ny c lin quan n s
kch thch nhng bin i sinh ho 0oC. (Poulter v cng s, 1982; Iwamoto v cng
s, 1987). Tuy nhin, Abe v Okuma (1991) qua nghin cu s xut hin qu trnh t
cng trn c chp cho rng hin tng t cng ph thuc vo s khc bit gia nhit
mi trng ni c sng v nhit bo qun. Khi c s khc bit ln th khong thi
gian t khi c cht n khi xy ra hin tng t cng tr nn ngn hn v ngc li.
Hin tng t cng xy ra ngay lp tc hoc ch sau mt thi gian rt ngn k t khi c
cht nu c i v ngun glycogen d tr b cn hoc c b sc (stress). Phng php
p v git cht c cng nh hng n thi im bt u hin tng t cng. Lm cht
c bng cch gim nhit (c b git cht trong nc lnh) lm cho s t cng xut
hin nhanh, cn khi p vo u c th thi im bt u t cng s n chm, c th
n 18 gi (Azam v cng s , 1990; Proctor v cng s , 1992).
19/144

 ngha v mt cng ngh ca hin tng t cng l rt quan trng khi c c phil
vo thi im trc hoc trong khi t cng. Nu phil c trong giai on t cng, do c
th c hon ton cng nn nng sut phi l s rt thp v vic thao tc mnh c th
gy rn nt cc ming phil. Nu c c phil trc khi t cng th c c th co li mt
cch t do v ming phil s b ngn li theo tin trnh t cng. C mu sm c th co
li n 52% v c mu trng co n 15% chiu di ban u (Buttkus, 1963). Nu luc
c trc khi t cng th cu trc c tht rt mm v nho. Ngc li, luc c giai on
t cng th c tht dai nhng kh, cn nu luc c sau giai on t cng th tht c tr
nn sn chc, mm mi v n hi.
C nguyn con v c phi l ng lnh trc giai on t cng c th s cho ra cc sn
phm c cht lng tt nu r ng mt cch cn thn chng nhit thp, nhm mc
ch lm cho giai on t cng xy ra trong khi c vn cn c ng lnh.
Nhng bin i c trng v cm quan sau khi c cht rt khc nhau ty theo loi c v
phng php bo qun. bng 2.2, EEC a ra m t khi qut hng dn nh
gi cht lng ca c. Thang im t 0 n 3 trong im 3 tng ng vi mc cht
lng tt nht.
Nhng bin i cht lng
C th pht hin v chia cc kiu n hng c trng ca c bo qun bng nc
theo 4 giai on (pha) nh sau:
- Giai on (pha) 1: C rt ti v c v ngon, ngt, mi nh rong bin. V tanh rt nh
ca kim loi.
- Giai on (pha) 2: Mt mi v v c trng. pH ca tht c tr nn trung tnh nhng
khng c mi l. Cu trc c tht vn cn tt .
- Giai on (pha) 3: C du hiu n hng v ty theo loi c cng nh l kiu n
hng (hiu kh, ym kh) m s to ra mt lot cc cht d bay hi, mi kh chu. Mt
trong nhng hp cht bay hi c th l trimethylamin (TMA) do vi khun sinh ra t qu
trnh kh trimethylamin oxyt (TMAO). TMA c mi c tanh rt c trng. Ngay khi
bt u giai on (pha) ny, mi l c th l mi hi chua, mi nh tri cy v mi hi
ng, c bit l cc loi c bo. Trong nhng thi k tip theo ca giai on ny, cc
mi tanh ngt, mi nh bp ci, mi khai, mi lu hunh v mi i kht tng ln. Cu
trc hoc l tr nn mm v sng nc hoc l tr nn dai v kh.
- Giai on (pha) 4: c trng ca c c th l s n hng v phn hy (thi ra).

20/144

Bng 2.2. nh gi ti: Qui ch ca Hi ng (EEC) No. 103/76 OJ

No.L20(28-01-1976) (EEC,1976).
Cc b
phn
c
kim
tra
Cc
tiu
ch
im
3

Sng,
h sc
t ng
nh,
khng
bin
mu

H sc t sng
nhng khng
bng lng.

H sc t ang
trong qu trnh 1) H sc t m
bin mu v
c.
m c.

Dch
nht
trong
sut
nh c
nc.

Dch nht hi c.

Dch nht
trng c.

Dch nht m
c

Li
(phng Li v hi trng.
ln).

Phng.

1)

Gic
mc

Gic mc c.

Gic mc c
nh sa.

Biu
hin
bn
ngoi
Da

Mt

Gic mc hi c

Lm gia.

21/144

trong
sut.
ng
t en,
sng.

ng t en, m.

ng t m
c.

ng t xm xt.

Gim mu.

ang tr nn
bin mu.

1)

Dch nht m
c.

Dch nht c
nh sa.

Hi c.

1)

Hng.

Mang
Mu
sng.

Khng
Hi c vt ca
c dch
dch nht.
nht.

Hi vng.

Tht
(ct t
phn
bng)
Hi
xanh ,
trong
Mt nh nhung,
m,
c sp, m c.
nhn v
sng.

c hn.

Khng
thay
i
Mu hi bin i.
mu
nguyn
thy.
Mu
(dc
theo
ct
sng)

Khng mu.

Pht hng.

Cc c
quan

Thn v phn cn
li ca cc c
quan khc phi
sng nh mu

Thn, phn cn
Thn v phn
li ca cc c
cn li ca cc
quan khc v
c quan khc
mu phi c mu
phi c,
nht.

1)

1)

Thn, phn cn
li ca cc c quan
khc v mu phi
c mu nu nht.

22/144

trong ng mch
ch.

mu b bin
mu.

iu
kin
1)

Tht

Chc v n
hi.B mt nhn.

Km n hi.

Hi mm (mm
xu), km n hi
. Nh c sp
(mt nh
nhung) v b mt
m c.

Ct
sng

Gy, thay v ri
ra.

Dnh

Hi dnh

1)

Khng dnh.

Mng
bng

Dnh han ton

vo tht.

Dnh

Hi dnh

1)

Khng dnh.

1)

Chua

Mm (mm xu).
Vy d dng tch
khi da, b mt rt
nhn nheo, c
chiu hng ging
bt.

Mi
Mang,
da,
Rong bin.
khoang
bng.
1)

Khng c mi
rong bin hoc
Hi chua.
bt k mi kh
chu no.

Hoc trng thi t hi hn.

C th dng thang im nh gi cm quan i vi c luc nh trnh by hnh

2.2. Thang im c nh s t 0 n 10. im 10 ch ti tuyt i, im 8 ch
cht lng tt, im 6 ch mc cht lng trung bnh, tht c khng c v c trng v
im 4 ch mc b loi b. Khi dng thang im ny, th c dng ch S cho thy
giai on u tin, cht lng ca c gim nhanh chng, giai on 2 v 3 tc
gim cht lng chm hn, cn giai on cui cng, tc gim cht lng xy ra
nhanh mt khi c b n thi.

23/144

Hnh 2.2 Bin i cht lng ca c tuyt p (0oC)

Ngun: Huss, 1976

Cc bin i t phn gii

Nhng bin i t phn gii do hot ng ca enzym gp phn lm gim cht lng ca
c, cng vi qu trnh n hng do vi sinh vt gy nn.
S phn gii glycogen (qu trnh glycosis)
Glycogen b phn gii di tc dng ca men glycolysis trong iu kin khng c oxy
bng con ng Embden Meyerhof, dn n s tch ly acid lactic lm gim pH ca
c tht c. i vi c tuyt, pH c tht gim t 6,8 xung mc pH cui cng l 6,1-6,5.
Vi mt s loi c khc, pH cui cng c th thp hn: c thu c ln th pH c th
gim xung n mc 5,8-6,0; c ng v c bn li nga th pH gim xung n
5,4-5,6; tuy nhin pH thp nh vy t khi thy cc loi c xng bin. pH ca c tht
c him khi thp bng pH ca c tht ng vt c v sau khi cht. V d c tht b th
pH thng gim xung n 5,1 trong giai on t cng. Lng axit lactic c sn sinh
ra c lin quan n lng cacbohydrat d tr (glycogen) trong m c khi ng vt cn
sng. Ni chung, do c tht c c hm lng glycogen tng i thp so vi ng vt c
v nn sau khi c cht th lng acid lactic c sinh ra t hn. Trng thi dinh dng
ca c, hin tng sc v mc hot ng trc khi cht cng c nh hng ln n
hm lng glycogen d tr v do nh hng n pH cui cng ca c sau khi cht.
24/144

Theo quy lut, c n nhiu v ngh ngi nhiu s c hm lng glycogen nhiu hn c
b kit sc. Mt nghin cu gn y v c chch Nht Bn (Chipa v cng s, 1991)
cho thy rng ch vi pht gy giy gia khi nh bt c lm cho pH ca c gim 0,5
n v trong 3 gi so vi c khng giy gia khi nh bt th pH ca n ch gim 0,1
n v trong cng thi gian nh trn. Ngoi ra, cc tc gi ny cn cho thy vic ct tit
lm gim ng k s sn sinh axit lactic sau khi cht.
pH ca c tht c gim sau khi c cht c nh hng n tnh cht vt l ca c tht c.
Khi pH gim, in tch b mt ca protein si c gim i, lm cho cc protein b bin
tnh cc b v lm gim kh nng gi nc ca chng. M c trong giai on t cng
s mt nc khi luc v c bit khng thch hp cho qu trnh ch bin c x l nhit,
v s bin tnh do nhit cng lm tng s mt nc. S mt nc c nh hng xu n
cu trc ca c tht c v Love (1975) cho thy gia dai c tht v pH c mi quan
h t l nghch, dai mc khng th chp nhn c (mt nc khi luc) s xy ra
c tht c pH thp (Hnh 2.3).

Hnh 2.3. Mi quan h gia cu trc ca c tht c tuyt v pH

Du chm en tng ng vi c nh bt St. Kilda, bin i Ty Dng.
Du tam gic tng ng vi c nh bt Fyllas Bank, Davis Strait .
Ngun: Love (1975)
S bin i pH ca c sau khi cht ph thuc rt ln vo nhit mi trng
Vd. 5oC, s bin i pH ca c din ra nh sau (hnh 2.4):
A - B: 4 - 6 gi

25/144

B - C - D: 5 - 10 gi
D - E: 3 - 4 ngy
E - F - G: 3 - 4 ngy
T th hnh 2.4 ta thy khi pH gim xung thp nht th c cng v khi pH tr li
trung tnh th c mm v sau khi mm th tin n t phn gii ri thi ra.
Khi pH gim, s ht nc ca c th c cng gim. Khi pH = 7 lng nc ht vo
bng dung tch ca c tht. Khi pH = 6 th di 50% v khi pH = 5 th gn n im
ng in ca protein nn lng nc ht vo b nht ch khong 25%.
Tm li: C bt ln mt thi gian ri cht c pH = 7, sau gim xung n pH thp
nht, c tr nn cng. pH gim n mt mc no li tng ln gn trung tnh, c
lc ny tr nn mm.

26/144

S phn hy ATP
Sau khi cht, ATP b phn hy nhanh to thnh inosine monophosphate (IMP) bi
enzym ni bo (s t phn). Tip theo s phn gii ca IMP to thnh inosine v
hypoxanthine l chm hn nhiu v c xc tc chnh bi enzym ni bo IMP
phosphohydrolase v inosine ribohydrolase, cng vi s tham gia ca enzym c trong
vi khun khi thi gian bo qun tng. S phn gii ATP c tm thy song song vi s
mt ti ca c, c xc nh bng phn tch cm quan.
ATP b phn hy xy ra theo bi cc phn ng t phn:

27/144

Trong tt c cc loi c, cc giai on t phn xy ra ging nhau nhng tc t phn

khc nhau, thay i ty theo loi.
Glycogen v ATP hu nh bin mt trc giai on t cng, trong khi IMP v HxR
vn cn duy tr. Khi hm lng IMP v HxR bt u gim, hm lng Hx tng ln. pH
gim xung n mc thp nht giai on t phn ny.
ATP nh l cht ch th ha hc v ti:Ch s ha hc v ti ca c l biu hin
bn ngoi bng cch nh lng, nh gi khch quan v cng c th bng cch kim
tra t ng. Mt mnh ATP khng th s dng nh gi ti bi v ATP nhanh
chng chuyn i to thnh IMP. Sn phm trung gian ca s phn hy ny tng v
gim lm cho kt qu khng chnh xc. Khi xc nh kt qu, cn ch n inosine v
hypoxanthin, cht chuyn ha cui cng ca ATP.
Hypoxanthine c dng nh mt tiu chun nh gi mc ti ca c. Tuy
nhin, iu ny c th dn n s nhm ln khi so snh gia cc loi vi nhau. mt
s loi qu trnh phn hy to thnh HxR trong khi cc loi khc li sinh Hx. V vy,
nhn bit mc ti ca c mt cch chnh xc ngi ta a ra tr s K. Tr s K biu
din mi lin h gia inosine, hypoxanthine v tng hm lng ca ATP thnh phn:

Trong , [ATP], [ADP], [AMP], [IMP], [HxR], [Hx] l nng tng i ca cc hp

cht tng ng trong c tht c c xc nh ti cc thi im khc nhau trong qu
trnh bo qun lnh. Tr s K cng thp, c cng ti.
IMP v 5 nucleotide khc c tc dng nh cht to mi cho c, chng lin kt vi acid
glutamic lm tng mi v ca tht c. IMP to mi v c trng, hypoxanthine c v ng.
S mt mi v c ti l kt qu ca qu trnh phn hy IMP.
Surette v cng s (1988) theo di s t phn gii c tuyt thanh trng v khng
thanh trng thng qua cc cht d ha ATP. Tc hnh thnh v b gy phn t IMP
nh nhau trong c 2 mu m c ca c tuyt thanh trng v khng thanh trng (hnh
2.5a v 2.5b) cho thy qu trnh d ha i vi s phn gii ATP n inosine hon ton
do cc enzym t phn gii.
Hnh 2.5a. S bin i i vi IMP, Ino v Hx trong ming phil c tuyt v trng 3oC
Hnh 2.5b. S bin i i vi IMP, Ino v Hx trong ming phil c tuyt cha v trng
3oC

28/144

S phn gii protein

Bin i t phn ca protein trong c t c ch . H enzym protease quan trng nht
l men cathepsin, trong c chng hot ng rt thp, nhng ngc li hot ng mnh
cc loi tm, cua v nhuyn th.
a. Cc enzym cathepsin
Cathepsin l enzym thy phn nm trong lysosome. Enzym quan trng nht l cathepsin
D tham gia vo qu trnh thy phn protein ni ti ca t bo to thnh peptide pH
= 2-7. Sau peptide tip tc b phn hy di tc ca men cathepsin A, B v C. Tuy
nhin, qu trnh phn gii protein di tc dng enzym thy phn trong tht c rt t.
Enzym cathepsin c vai tr chnh trong qu trnh t chn ca c pH thp v nng
mui thp. Enzym cathepsin b c ch hot ng nng mui 5%.
29/144

b. Cc enzym calpain
Gn y, ngi ta tm thy mi lin h gia mt nhm enzym proteaza ni bo th
hai - c gi l "calpain" hay "yu t c hot ha bi canxi" (CAF) - i vi qu
trnh t phn gii c tht c c tm thy trong tht, cc loi c c vy v gip xc.Cc
enzym calpain tham gia vo qu trnh lm gy v tiu hy protein trong si c.
c. Cc enzym collagenase
Enzym collagenase gip lm mm t bo m lin kt. Cc enzym ny gy ra cc vt
nt hoc b gy cc myotome khi bo qun c bng trong mt thi gian di hoc khi
bo qun ch trong thi gian ngn nhng nhit cao. i vi c hi i Ty Dng,
khi nhit t n 17oC th s nt rn c l khng th trnh khi, c l l do s thoi
ha ca m lin kt v do s co c nhanh v nhit cao khi xy ra qu trnh t cng.
S phn ct TMAO
Trimetylamin l mt amin d bay hi c mi kh chu c trng cho mi thu sn n
hng. S c mt ca trimetylamin trong c n hng l do s kh TMAO di tc dng
ca vi khun. S gia tng TMA trong thy sn ph thuc ch yu vo hm lng ca
TMAO trong nguyn liu c. TMA c dng nh gi cht lng ca c bin. Tin
trnh ny b c ch khi c c lm lnh.

Trong c tht ca mt s loi tn ti enzym c kh nng phn hy TMAO thnh

dimethylamin (DMA) v formaldehyde (FA)

Enzym xc tc qu trnh hnh thnh formaldehyt c gi l TMAO-ase hoc TMAO

demethylase, n thng c tm thy trong cc loi c tuyt.
c lnh ng formaldehyde c th gy ra s bin tnh protein, lm thay i cu trc
v mt kh nng gi nc ca sn phm. S to thnh DMA v formaldehyde l vn
quan trng cn quan tm trong sut qu trnh bo qun lnh ng. Tc hnh thnh
formaldehyde nhanh nht khi nhit lnh ng cao (lnh ng chm). Ngoi ra, n

30/144

u c b tc ng c hc qu mc trong cc khu t khi nh bt n khi lm lnh ng

v nu nhit trong qu trnh bo qun lnh ng b dao ng th lng formaldehyde
hnh thnh s tng.
Bng 2.3. Tm tt nhng bin i trong qu trnh t phn gii ca c p lnh
Enzym

C cht

Cc bin i xy ra

Ngn chn/Km hm

- To ra acid
lactic, lm gim
pH ca m, lm
mt kh nng
gi nc trong
c.

- Trn thc t, nu
c th nn qu
trnh t cng ca c
din ra nhit
cng gn 0oC cng
tt.

- Nhit cao
khi xy ra t
cng c th dn
n s nt c
tht

Phi trnh gy cng

thng cho c giai
on trc khi xy
ra t cng.

ATP ADP
AMP IMP

- Mt mi c ti,
dn dn xut hin v
ng do Hx (
nhng giai on
sau)

Cc protein,
Cc peptid

- M b mm ha
- Trnh mnh tay khi thao
gy kh khn hoc
tc lc bo qun v bc
cn tr cho vic ch
d.
bin

Enzym phn gii

glycogen

Glycogen

Enzym gy ra t
phn gii, lin
quan n s ph
hy nucleotid

Cathepsin

Chymotrypsin,
Cc protein,
trypsin,
Cc peptid
cacboxypeptidase
Calpain

Collagenase

T phn gii khoang

bng ca cc loi c
tng ni (gy hin
tng v bng)

Cc protein si - Lm mm m c
c
v gip xc lt xc
M lin kt

- Vt nt trn
ming phil- Gy
mm ha

- Tng t nh trn. Bc d vn chuyn mnh

tay hoc nn s lm
tng s ph hy

- Vn s gia tng khi

ng lnh/r ng hoc
bo qun lnh trong thi
gian di.
- Loi b canxi ngn
chn qu trnh hot ha
- S thoi ha ca m lin
kt lin quan n thi

31/144

gian v nhit bo qun

lnh

TMAO
demethylase

TMAO

- Bo qun c nhit
- To ra formaldehyt <-30oC- Tc ng vt l
lm cng c ca h qu mc v qu trnh
c tuyt khi ng
ng lnh/r ng lm
lnh
tng hin tng cng c
do FA

Bin i do vi sinh vt
H vi khun c va mi nh bt
c tht v cc c quan bn trong ca c ti, vi khun hin din rt t. c ti vi
khun ch c th tm thy trn da (102 - 107cfu/cm2), mang (103 - 109cfu/g) v ni tng
(103 - 109cfu/g) (Shewan, 1962). H vi sinh vt ca c va nh bt li ph thuc vo
mi trng ni nh bt hn l vo loi c (Shewan, 1977). S lng vi khun tn ti
trong c cao hay thp ty thuc vo c sng trong mi trng nc m hay nc lnh.
Vi khun trn da v mang c sng trong vng nc n i, mi trng nc sch t hn
so vi c sng trong vng nc nhit i, mi trng nhim. S lng vi khun trong
ni tng c c lin quan trc tip n ngun thc n ca c: cao c n tp v thp c
khng n tp. Ngoi ra s lng vi khun thay i cn ty thuc vo ma sinh sng. C
sng trong ma h c s lng vi khun cao hn.

S lng vi khun tn ti cc loi gip xc v thn mm gn ging vi s lng vi

khun tn ti trn c.

32/144

Vi khun c mi va nh bt ch yu gm vi khun hiu kh, k kh khng

bt buc, vi khun G- nh Pseudomonas, Alteromonas, Acinetobacter, Moraxella,
Flavolacberium, Cytophaga and Vibrio. C sng trong vng nc m d b nhim bi
vi khun G+ nh Micrococcus, Bacillus v Coryneform.
Cc loi Aeromonas c trng cho c nc ngt, trong khi c mt s vi khun
cn natri pht trin th c trng cho c bin. Cc loi ny bao gm Vibrio,
Photobacterium v Shewanella. Tuy nhin, d Shewanella putrefaciens cn natri cho s
pht trin nhng chng ny cng c th phn lp t mi trng nc ngt (DiChristina
v DeLong, 1993; Gram v cng s, 1990; Spanggaard v cng s, 1993). Mc d S.
putrefaciens c tm thy trong nc ngt nhit i, nhng n khng ng vai tr quan
trng trong s h hng ca c nc ngt (Lima dos Santos, 1978; Gram, 1990).
Vi khun hin din loi thn mm ging vi vi khun trong c bin nhng s lng
vi khun G+ nh Bacillus, Micrococcus, Enterobacteriaceae v Streptococcus chim s
lng ln hn.
Bng 2.4. H vi khun c nh bt t vng nc khng b nhim
Gram (-)

Gram (+)

Ghi ch

Pseudomonas Moraxella
Acinetobacter Shewanella
putrefaciens Flavobacterium
CytophagaVibrio Photobacterium
Aeromonas

Bacillus Clotridium
Micrococcus
Lactobacillus Cc vi
khun c dng hnh
chy

Vibrio v
Photobacterium c
trng cho nc bin;
Aeromonas c trng
cho nc ngt

Hai loi vi khun gy bnh thng lm bin i mi v ca c v nhuyn th gm:

Clostridium botulinum loi E, B, F v Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

33/144

- Clostridium botulinum l vi khun sinh bo t khng nhit. Vi khun ny khng c hi

nu tn ti mt lng nh trong c ti. Vi khun s tr nn rt nguy him khi iu kin
bo qun hoc ch bin khng tt to iu kin thun li cho bo t sinh sn, pht trin
v sn sinh c t. Vi khun loi E, B, F c kh nng khng nhit thp.
- Vibrio parahaemolyticus l loi vi khun t chu nhit, a mui gy bnh vim ng
rut vi cc triu chng bnh ging nh triu chng bnh gy ra do Salmonella. Bnh
ch xy ra khi n vo lng ln t bo vi khun (khong 106cfu/g), mc thng thng
c th chp nhn c l 103cfu/g. Loi vi khun ny rt nhy cm vi nhit (nng v
lnh).
Ngoi ra, mt s loi vi khun khc c tm thy trong c v cc loi hi sn khc nh
Clostridium perfringen, Staphylococcus aureus , Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. b ly
nhim do qu trnh vn chuyn v ch bin khng m bo v sinh.
S xm nhp ca vi sinh vt
Tht ca c sng khe mnh hoc c va nh bt th khng c vi khun v h thng
min dch ca c ngn chn s pht trin ca vi khun trong tht c. Khi c cht, h
thng min dch b suy yu v vi khun c t do sinh si pht trin. Trn b mt da,
vi khun phn ln nh c cc ti vy. Trong qu trnh bo qun, chng s xm nhp
vo c tht bng cch i qua gia cc si c. Nhng nghin cu ca Murray v Shewan
(1979) cho thy rng trong qu trnh bo qun bng ch c mt lng rt hn ch vi
khun xm nhp vo c tht. C th dng knh hin vi pht hin c vi khun trong
c tht mt khi lng vi sinh vt trn b mt da tng ln trn 106 cfu/cm2 (Ruskol v
Bendsen, 1992). iu ny quan st thy c c hai trng hp khi bo qun c bng
v nhit thng. Khng c s khc nhau v m hnh xm nhp ca vi khun gy
h hng c trng (v d, S. putrefaciens) v vi khun khng gy h hng c.
V thc s ch c mt lng gii hn vi sinh vt xm nhp c tht v s pht trin ca vi
sinh vt ch yu din ra trn b mt c, nn s h hng ca c ch yu l do cc enzym
ca vi khun khuch tn vo c tht v cc cht dinh dng khuch tn ra pha ngoi.
S h hng ca c xy ra vi nhng tc khc nhau v iu c th gii thch bng
s khc nhau v tnh cht ca b mt c. Da c c chc rt khc nhau. Do vy, nhng
loi c nh c tuyt mc-lang (Merlangius merlangus) v c tuyt (Gadus morhua) c
lp da rt mng manh th s h hng xy ra nhanh hn so vi mt s loi c thn dt nh
c bn l loi c c lp biu b v h b rt chc chn. Hn th na, nhm c sau c lp
cht nht rt dy m y li l ni c cha mt s thnh phn khng khun nh khng
th v enzym phn gii c cc loi vi khun (Murray v Fletcher, 1976; Hjelmland v
cng s, 1983).

34/144

Bin i ca vi sinh vt trong sut qu trnh bo qun v gy n hng

i vi c n i, gn nh ngay lp tc sau khi c cht th cc vi khun bt u giai
on sinh trng theo cp s nhn. iu ny cng ng vi c p , c l l do h vi
sinh vt ca chng thch nghi vi nhit lnh. Trong qu trnh bo qun bng ,
lng vi sinh vt s tng gp i sau khong mt ngy v sau 2-3 tun s t 105-109
cfu trong mt gam tht hoc trn mt cm2 da. Khi bo qun nhit thng, sau 24
gi th lng vi sinh vt t gn vi mc 107-108 cfu/g.
i vi c nhit i: Vi khun trong c nhit i thng tri qua giai on tim n (pha
lag) t 1 n 2 tun nu c c bo qun bng , sau mi bt u giai on sinh
trng theo cp s nhn. Ti thi im b h hng, lng vi khun trong c nhit i v
c n i u nh nhau (Gram, 1990; Gram v cng s, 1990).
Nu c p c bo qun trong iu kin ym kh hoc trong mi trng khng
kh c cha CO2, lng vi khun chu lnh thng thng nh S. putrefaciens v
Pseudomonas thng thp hn nhiu (ngha l trong khong 106-107 cfu/g) so vi khi
bo qun c trong iu kin hiu kh. Tuy nhin, lng vi khun a lnh c trng nh
P. phosphoreum t n mc 107-108 cfu/g khi c h hng (Dalgaard v cng s, 1993).
Vi sinh vt gy n hng c
Cn phn bit r thut ng h vi sinh vt khi h hng (spoilage flora) vi vi khun gy
h hng (spoilage bacteria), v thut ng u tin ch n thun l ni n cc vi khun
hin din trong c khi chng b h hng, cn thut ng sau li ni n mt nhm vi
khun c trng gy nn s bin mi v v c lin quan vi s h hng. Mt lng ln
vi khun trong c n khng c vai tr g trong qu trnh h hng. Mi sn phm c c
nhng vi khun gy hng c trng ring ca n v lng vi khun ny (so vi lng vi
khun tng s) c lin quan n thi hn bo qun.
Bng 2.5. Cc hp cht c trng trong qu trnh n hng ca tht c bo qun hiu kh
hoc c ng gi c v nhit mi trng
Vi sinh vt c trng gy n hng

Cc hp cht n hng c trng

Shewanella
putrefaciensPhotobacterium
phosphoreumCc loi
PseudomonasVibrionaceaeCc vi
khun gy hng hiu kh

TMA, H2S, CH3SH, (CH3)2S, HxTMA,

HxCeton, aldehyde, este, cc sunfit khng
phi H2STMA, H2SNH3, cc acid: acetic,
butyric v propionic

35/144

Bng 2.6. C cht v cc hp cht gy bin mi do vi khun sinh ra trong qu trnh n

hng ca c
C cht

Cc hp cht sinh ra do hot ng

ca vi khun

TMAOCysteineMethionineCarbohydrat v
lactatInosine, IMPCc acid amin (glycine,
serine, leucine)Cc acid amin, ur

TMAH2SCH3SH, (CH3)2SAcetat,
CO2, H2OHypoxanthineCc este,
ceton, aldehydeNH3

Trc tin vi khun hiu kh s dng ngun nng lng carbohydrate v lactate
pht trin to thnh CO2 v H2O. Kt qu ca tin trnh ny lm gim th oxy ha kh
trn b mt sn phm. Di iu kin ny, vi khun ym kh (Alteromonas putrefacien,
Enterobacteriaceae) pht trin kh TMAO thnh TMA theo bi cc phn ng sinh ha:

Sn phm to thnh cui cng l TMA to mi v xu cho c.

Bc tip theo trong sut qu trnh n hng do vi sinh vt c l s phn hy amino
acid, c ch din ra nh sau:

Ch c mt lng nh NH3 to thnh trong giai on t phn gii nhng phn ln c

to thnh t s phn hy cc acid amin.
c nhm, lng NH3 to thnh trong sut giai on bo qun rt ln bi v hm lng
ur trong tht c nhm rt cao, thnh phn ny b phn hy di tc dng ca vi khun
sn sinh enzym urease to thnh CO2 v NH3 theo phn ng:

36/144

TMA, NH3, amin c gi chung l tng nit baz bay hi (TVB), thng c s
dng nh ch tiu ha hc nh gi cht lng c (ch yu l TMA). Gii hn cho
php TVB-N/100g c bo qun lnh l 30-35mg. c ti hm lng TMA chim
rt thp. Sau thi gian bo qun, vi khun kh TMAO to thnh TMA lm cho c b
n hng. TMA l ch tiu c bn nh gi mc ti ca c. Cht lng c bo
qun lnh c gi l tt khi hm lng TMA-N/100g <1,5mg, 10-15mg TMA-N/100g
l gii hn cho php vi ngi tiu dng.
Vi khun phn hy acid amin c cha lu hunh nh cysteine, methionine to thnh
H2S, CH3-SH (methyl mercaptane) v (CH3)2S dimethylsulphide. Cc hp cht bay hi
ny to mi v xu cho sn phm, ngay c liu lng rt thp (ppb), lm gim gi tr
cm quan ca sn phm.
Cc loi gip xc thng rt nhy cm vi vi sinh vt gy n hng so vi c do c
cha hm lng phi protein cao. Khi hm lng arginine phosphate cao, n c th
b dephosphorylate bi phn ng t phn. Vi khun c th phn hy arginine thnh
ornithine. Sau ornithine tip tc b decarboxylate to thnh hp cht putrescine to
mi v xu cho sn phm.
Bo qun c trong iu kin ym kh mt thi gian di, kt qu vi khun phn hy cc
acid amin to sn phm NH3. Loi vi khun hot ng trong iu kin k kh bt buc
l Fusobacterium. S pht trin ca chng ch xy ra c n hng.
Cc yu t nh hng n s pht trin ca vi sinh vt
Cc yu t bn trong
Cc nhn t bn trong c lin quan trc tip n cht lng ca c. Cc nhn t ny bao
gm cc c tnh ha hc v vt l ca c nh pH, hot ng ca nc, th oxy ha
kh (Eh), thnh phn, cc cht khng vi khun t nhin v cu trc sinh hc.
a. pH
Nhiu loi vi sinh c th pht trin khi gi tr pH thay i trong phm vi rng. pH gii
hn cho s pht trin ca vi sinh vt thay i t 1-11. pH ti u cho hu ht cc loi vi
sinh vt pht trin khong 7,0. S pht trin ca vi sinh vt gi tr pH khc nhau, cho
trong bng sau:
Bng 2.7. pH ti u v gii hn pH cho s pht trin ca vi sinh vt
pHVi sinh vt Min. Opt.

Max.

Vi khun

9,8

4,4

7,0

37/144

Nm men

1,5

4,0 6,0 9,0

Nm mc

1,5

7,0

11,0

Tuy nhin, c mt vi trng hp ngoi l. Vi khun chu axit nh vi khun axit lactic,
axit acetic c th pht trin pH < 4,4. pH ti u cho s pht trin ca acid acetic
trong khong 5,4-6,3 v ca acid lactic t 5,5-6,0. Vi khun baz c th pht trin
mi trng pH kim. Vibrio parahaemolyticus pht trin khong pH t 4,8-11,0 v
Enterococcus pht trin khong pH t 4,8-10,6.
b. hot ng ca nc (a w )
Nc cn cho qu trnh pht trin v trao i cht ca vi sinh vt. Thng s quan trng
nht dng o lng nc l hot ng ca nc (aw).
hot ng ca nc trong thc phm l t s gia p sut ha hi ring phn ca
nc trong thc phm (P) v p sut ha hi ring phn ca nc tinh khit (Po) cng
nhit .
aw = P/Po
Gim hot ng ca nc bng cch gim p sut ha hi ca thc phm. iu ny
c th thc hin bng cch cho bay hi mt phn nc hoc b sung thm cc cht tan
vo sn phm. S pht trin ca cc nhm vi sinh vt khc nhau b gii hn bi hot
ng ca nc thp.
Bng 2.8. a w thp nht cho s pht trin ca vi sinh vt
Vi sinh vt

a w thp nhp

Vi khun gram mgram dng 0,950,91

Nm mc

0,80

Nm men

0,88

Tuy nhin c mt vi loi vi sinh vt c hiu trong qu trnh bo qun c c th pht

trin hot ng ca nc thp. C 3 dng ch yu l dng a mui, a kh v thm
thu. Dng a mui khng th pht trin trong mi trng khng mui v yu cu cung
cp lng mui thng xuyn cho s pht trin. Chng thng l loi vi khun c kh
nng khng mui cao hn cc loi vi sinh vt khc ( hot ng ca nc thp nht aw
= 0,75). Loi vi khun a kh c nh ngha l loi vi khun c kh nng pht trin
rt nhanh di iu kin kh aw = 0,85 ( hot ng ca nc thp nht aw = 0,6).
Vi sinh vt a kh c bit l cc loi nm mc v nm men.
38/144

Vi sinh vt thm thu c kh nng pht trin trong mi trng c p sut thm thu cao.
Dng thng c ng dng nht l nm men khng ng, aw cn thit cho s pht
trin ging vi vi khun thm thu (aw thp nht = 0,6).
C, gip xc v cc loi thn mm thng c aw > 0,98.
c. in th oxy ha kh (E h )
Vi sinh vt c nh hng n th oxy ha kh ca c trong sut qu trnh pht trin. c
bit xy ra vi vi khun hiu kh, khi vi khun ny pht trin lm cho Eh ca c gim
xung thp. Vi vi khun k kh, hin tng ny xy ra khng ng k. Khi vi khun
hiu kh pht trin n s ly ht O2 trong c, lm cho Eh gim xung thp. Kt qu lm
cho mi trng tr nn thiu cht oxy ha v giu cht kh.
Vi sinh vt pht trin gi tr Eh cao c gi l vi sinh vt hiu kh bt buc v nhng
loi khc pht trin gi tr Eh thp c gi l vi sinh vt k kh bt buc. Khc vi vi
sinh vt hiu kh v k kh bt buc, vi sinh vt k kh khng bt buc c th pht trin
c gi tr Eh cao v thp bi v chng c h iu khin bng cch ng hoc m van
lm tng hoc gim Eh hoc c s hin din hay khng c s hin din ca oxy.
* Vi khun hiu kh bt buc
Vi khun hiu kh bt buc trong c bao gm Pseudomonas spp., AcinetobacterMoraxella spp., micrococci v mt vi loi thuc nhm Bacillus spp., s dng oxy nh
l cht nhn in t trong qu trnh h hp. Chng c th phn gii protein v lipid to
sn phm cui cng l CO2 v H2O. Chng thng pht trin trn b mt ca c nguyn
con v c phil khi mi trng c y oxy.
* Vi khun k kh bt buc
Clostridia ch c th pht trin vi th oxy ha kh thp (-300mv) v mt s loi khc
ch c th pht trin trong iu kin khng c oxy. Gi tr Eh ti a m vi khun k kh
pht trin t +30 n -250 mv. Mt s loi vi khun k kh c th pht trin th oxy
ha kh cao hn nhng trong mi trng khng c oxy tt hn l c s hin din ca
oxy. Vi khun k kh khng sinh bo t nh Bacteroides thng khng chu c vi
th oxy ha kh cao, trong khi cc loi clostridia c th sng st mt thi gian di th
oxy ha kh cao (+110 mv) trong s hin din ca oxy v i khi cng pht trin th
oxy ha kh cao (+370 mv) trong iu kin khng c oxy. Vi sinh vt k kh bt buc
thng pht trin nhiu nht phn trong ca c cha ch bin.
C mi va nh bt, Eh trong m c c lun lun dng (+200 n +300 mv). Trong
sut qu trnh bo qun, Eh gim nhanh v cn li mc rt thp, Eh m trong sut qu
trnh n hng (- 300 n - 400 mv).
39/144

C mi quan h rt gn gia Eh v s hin din ca TMAO. V d c tuyt, Eh trong

m c gim cng vi s kh TMAO thnh TMA. c mui, vi khun kh TMAO b
c ch nh aw thp, v vy TMAO dao ng khng ln, Eh thay i khng ng k v
vn duy tr gi tr dng.
* Vi khun k kh khng bt buc
Vi khun k kh khng bt buc trong c nh Lactobacillaceae, Enterobacteriaceae,
Corynebacteriaceae v vi khun kh TMAO nh Pseudomonas spp., AcinetobacterMoraxella spp. c th s dng oxy nh cht nhn in t, nhng trong iu kin khng
c oxy chng c th nhn cc in t khc nh NO3-, SO42-, TMAO. Chng c th pht
trin trn b mt v c bn trong tht c, hot ng phn gii protein v lipid. Sn phm
ca s phn gii thng l cc acid hu c v TMA (trong trng hp vi khun kh
TMAO). Chng l cc vi khun rt quan trng gy nn s n hng thc phm. Mt s
loi k kh khng bt buc nh Enterobacteriaceae l vi khun gy nh hng n sc
khe cng ng.
d. Gi tr dinh dng ca c
hot ng v pht trin, vi sinh vt cn nc, ngun nng lng cacbon, nit, cc
loi khong v vitamin. Trng thi t nhin v gi tr dinh dng ca c s nh hng
n s pht trin ca chng.
* Ngun nng lng
Carbohydrate (mono-, di-, v polysaccharide), cc acid hu c, cc hp cht ru l
ngun nng lng chnh. Cc acid amin, di-, tri-, polypeptide cng c th s dng nh
ngun nng lng. Hm lng carbohydrate trong c v cc loi gip xc rt thp (<
1%), ng vt thn mm cha hm lng carbohydrate cao hn (> 3%).
* Ngun nit
Vi sinh vt cn nit cho qu trnh sinh tng hp ca chng. Chng c th s dng ngun
acid amin, peptide, nucleotide, ur, amoniac (hp cht phi protein) v protein. Cc thnh
phn ny c tm thy trong c, gip xc v ng vt thn mm.
* Khong
Khong c vai tr trong vic thay i chc nng t bo. Khong hin din trong c di
dng mui. Loi v lng khong khc nhau ty thuc vo loi c v thng thay i
theo ma.
* Vitamin

40/144

Mt s vi sinh vt khng th sn xut vitamin (auxotrophics), s pht trin ca chng

da trn s hin din ca mt hay nhiu vitamin c sn trong c. Vi khun gram dng
cn nhiu vitamin B hn vi khun gram m. Nhn chung, tht c l ngun cung cp tt
vitamin nhm B. Vitamin A v D c nhiu trong loi c bo.
e. S hin din ca cht khng vi sinh vt t nhin
Cht nht trn da c c cha mt lng lysozyme gip kch thch murein, l thnh phn
chnh ca vch t bo vi khun gram dng. Vch t bo vi khun gram m bao gm
2 lp mng ngoi (lipo-protein v lipo-polysaccharide), gip bo v lp murein bn
trong chng li tc ng ca lysozyme, mc d mt vi loi vi khun gram m nh
Enterobacteriaceae nhy cm vi lysozyme.
f. Cu trc sinh hc
Da v mng bng ca c, v ca cc loi gip xc, mng ngoi ca ng vt thn mm
c cu trc sinh hc c tc dng bo v, chng li s xm nhp ca vi khun vo bn
trong t bo, gip ngn cn s n hng.
Cc nhn t bn ngoi
Cc nhn t mi trng bao gm cc c tnh vt l v ha hc ca mi trng bo qun
c.
a. Nhit
Nhit l yu t mi trng quan trng nht c nh hng n s tn ti v pht trin
ca vi sinh vt. C 3 nhm vi sinh vt chnh pht trin cc khong nhit khc nhau
bao gm: vi khun chu nhit, chu m v chu lnh.
Bng 2.9. S pht trin ca vi sinh vt cc khong nhit khc nhau
Nhm VSV
Nhit (oC)
Min.

Opt. Max.

Chu lnh

-18

10

Chu m

30 - 37 50

Chu nhit

37

55

20

70

b. m tng i (R.H.)

41/144

 hot ng ca nc (aw) c lin quan n m tng i cn bng (ERH)

ERH (%) = aw . 100
Cn phi iu khin m tng i cn bng trong sn phm mt cch nghim ngt
trnh s ht hoc mt nc do s bay hi.
c. S hin din loi v nng kh trong mi trng
Thay th khng kh bng mt hoc nhiu loi kh khc (O2, CO2, N2) s c nh hng
n s pht trin ca vi sinh vt.

S oxy ha cht bo
Trong lipid c c mt lng ln acid bo cao khng no c nhiu ni i nn chng rt
nhy cm vi qu trnh oxy ha bi c ch t xc tc. Bin i xy ra quan trng nht
trong cht bo ca c l tin trnh oxy ha ha hc.
S oxy ha ha hc (t oxy ha)
- Giai on khi u
RH Ro (gc t do)
(cht bo cha bo ha)
Bc khi u c th c tng cng di tc dng ca ngun nng lng nh khi
gia nhit hoc chiu sng (c bit l ngun nh sng UV), cc hp cht hu c, v c
(thng tm thy di dng mui Fe v Cu) l cht xc tc rt nhy cm v vy c nh
hng rt mnh, kch thch qu trnh oxy ha xy ra.
- Giai on lan truyn

Ro
C ch ca s phn hy hydroperoxide cha c bit r, nhng c mt vi s phn hy
hydroperoxide to thnh aldehyde v ketone m khng cn s phn ct chui cacbon.
Cc hp cht to thnh mi v xu cho sn phm c hnh thnh sau khi chui cacbon

42/144

b phn ct. Cc thnh phn ny sau khi phn ct to thnh cc hp cht ha tan trong
nc, sau c th b phn gii di tc dng ca vi sinh vt to thnh CO2 v H2O.
- Giai on kt thc

S to thnh gc t do do hot ng ca enzym

Dng phn gii lipid ny lin quan n c 2 qu trnh thy phn lipid v s phn hy acid
bo do hot ng ca enzym lipoxidase. Qu trnh thy phn lipid gy ra do vi sinh vt
hoc enzym lipase ni ti. Bc u tin ca phn ng ny l s thy phn triglyceride
to thnh glycerol v cc acid bo t do. Trong sut thi gian bo qun lnh c, s thy
phn xy ra do enzym trong ni tng c khng quan trng, lng acid bo t do hnh
thnh trong sut giai on bo qun khi nhit bo qun gia tng. Tuy nhin, khng
c mi lin h gia hm lng acid bo t do v mc to thnh gc t do. C ch
ca s phn hy acid bo t do cha c bit r. Mt s vi sinh vt sn xut enzym
lipoxydase kch thch chui acid bo phn ng vi oxy to sn phm hydroperoxide,
hp cht ny d dng b phn ct to thnh aldehyde v ketone to mi v xu cho sn
phm.

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Chng 3
K thut lnh ng thy sn
Lnh ng
Mc ch ca qu trnh lnh ng
Mc ch ca qu trnh lnh ng thy sn l h nhit xung thp. V vy lm chm
li s n hng v sn phm c tan gi sau thi gian bo qun lnh ng hu nh
khng b thay i tnh cht ban u ca nguyn liu ti.
Bo qun lnh v lnh ng thng c p dng khi thy sn xut khu. Thy sn lnh
ng xut khu thng rt quan trng vi cc nc ang pht trin do gi thnh sn
phm cao nh tm lnh ng, mang li thu nhp c gi tr cao so vi cc loi sn phm
thc phm khc tiu th ni a.
Tin trnh lnh ng
Thy sn chim khong 75% trng lng nc. Lnh ng l tin trnh chuyn i hu
ht lng nc trong c thnh nc . Nc trong thy sn l dng cht ha tan v
dng keo. im lnh ng h xung di 0oC. im lnh ng ph thuc vo nng
cht ha tan trong dung dch. im lnh ng tiu biu ca thy sn l -1oC n -2oC.
Trong sut qu trnh lnh ng, nc dn dn chuyn i thnh nc , nng mui
hu c v v c ha tan tng ln, im lnh ng tip tc h thp. Ngay c nhit
-25oC, ch c 90 n 95% nc thc s ng bng. Lng nc ny khng bao gm
nc lin kt (ngha l nc lin kt ha hc vi nhng phn t c bit nh carbonyl,
nhm amino ca protein v lin kt hydro). V vy khng bao gi c im lnh ng
c nh. Tuy nhin, phn ln nc (khong 75-80%) c ng kt nhit -1oC v
-5oC. Khong nhit ny c gi l im ti hn hay vng lnh ng.
Trong sut giai on u ca qu trnh lm lnh, nhit gim nhanh xung di im
lnh ng ca nc (0oC). Khi lng nhit yu cu tch ra ln trong giai on 2
chuyn lng ln nc lin kt thnh nc , s thay i nhit rt t v giai on
ny c gi l giai on ngng nhit. C khong 3/4 nc c chuyn i to thnh
nc , nhit mt ln na bt u gim v trong sut giai on th 3 ny hu nh
lng nc cn li ng bng. Mt lng nh nhit c tch ra trong sut giai on
3 ny.

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Hnh 4.1. Nhit v thi gian lnh ng thy sn

S n hng tip tc gim nhanh nhit di 0oC. y l im quan trng chuyn
nhanh n im ti hn lnh ng. Tuy nhin, qu trnh lnh ng chm cho kt qu sn
phm c cht lng km v y l nguyn nhn chnh dn n s phn gii protein.
Khi nhit ca sn phm gim xung di 0oC, dung dch u tin c lm lnh
xung nhanh, sau dung dch bt u kt tinh hoc hnh thnh kt ta v tinh th nc
hnh thnh giai on 2. u tin c mt t phn t, l nhng phn t nh ca
cht l lng khng ha tan trong cht lng hoc s kt hp ngu nhin ca cc phn t
nc to thnh tinh th nc theo tiu chun.
Sang giai on 2, cc tinh th ln dn ln, lng nhit tch ra chm kt qu lm cho qu
trnh lnh ng chm li, tinh th hnh thnh vi kch thc ln hn v s lng t
hn, c th gy ra s ph v vch t bo, kt qu lm mt cht dch v lm thay i cu
trc ca sn phm khi tan gi. Ngc li, lng nhit tch ra nhanh l kt qu ca qu
trnh lnh ng nhanh, to ra s lng ln tinh th nc nh. V vy gim s hao ht
cht dch v s ph v vch t bo.
Tuy nhin, vch t bo ca c c xem nh l lp mng elastic chng li s ph
v vch t bo t s hnh thnh tinh th nc ln gim s mt dch khi tan gi c
lnh ng. Thc t, phn ln lng nc c lin kt trong cu trc ca protein v s
khng b mt i do s r r khi tan gi. Lng nc lin kt ny c th c xc nh
khi p m c c ti bng tay v khng thy c cht lng thot ra.
Tuy nhin, s tan gi ca bt k loi sn phm c no cng c s mt cht dch t phn
tht c, c gii thch thng qua s phn gii protein trong sut tin trnh lnh ng gy

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nn s bin i protein lm mt kh nng lin kt nc. S phn gii protein da trn

nng enzym (v cc thnh phn khc) v nhit . S gia tng nng enzym lm
gia tng tc phn gii. S phn gii ny s gim khi nhit h thp. D nhin, khi
nhit h thp, mt lng nc ln s chuyn thnh nc v nng ca enzym
trong dung dch tng ln. V vy di im lnh ng ca nc, nng v nhit c
mi quan h rt gn nhau.
Khong nhit ti u cho qu trnh phn gii protein t -1oC n -2oC. V vy gim
s r r cht dch khi tan gi n mc thp nht, thi gian nhit sn phm nm
trong khong nhit ny trong sut qu trnh lnh ng phi cng ngn cng tt. S
phn gii protein dn n s mt nc trong sut qu trnh bo qun lnh ng.
Lnh ng nhanh l dng ph bin, c ng dng rng ri trong hu ht cc tin trnh
lnh ng thc phm. Trong lnh ng nhanh c khi nim lnh ng IQF hay cn gi
l lnh ng ri. Lnh ng nhanh rt kh xc nh. Mc d Anh c ngh
rng tt c cc loi c nn gim nhit t 0oC n -5oC trong 2 gi hoc t hn. Tuy
nhin, 2 gi vn b xem l thi gian qu di cho cc sn phm.
Nh ch ra trn, s h thp nhit lm gim tc phn ng. Hn th na, khi
lng nc trong c ng c n s tr nn dng lin kt. V vy gim hot ng
ca nc (aw) v cng gim c s pht trin ca vi khun. V vy c th ni rng tin
trnh lnh ng trong bo qun c l s kt hp ca s gim nhit v h thp hot
ng ca nc.
Cc dng thit b lnh ng
C 3 phng php c bn c ng dng cho qu trnh lnh ng c. Vic la chn
phng php no s da trn gi thnh, chc nng v tnh kh thi ph thuc vo mt s
nhn t v loi sn phm. 3 phng php l:
1. Lnh ng bng khng kh: y khng kh lnh c thi qua lin tc trn sn phm
2. Lnh ng dng a hay lnh ng tip xc: sn phm c t tip xc vi l rng
a thit b lnh ng bng kim loi m cht lng lm lnh c a ngang qua.
3. Lnh ng dng phun hoc ngm vo dung dch: sn phm c t trc tip vi cht
lng lm lnh
Tt c 3 dng lnh ng trn c ng dng trong qu trnh lnh ng sn phm c
trong nh my ch bin v trn tu nh bt.

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Lnh ng dng kh thi (ng gi)

u im ln nht ca thit b lnh ng dng kh thi l tnh linh hot ca n. N c
th thch ng vi s thay i hnh dng bt thng ca sn phm. Khi sn phm c hnh
dng v kch thc thay i trong phm vi rng, lnh ng dng kh thi c chn l
tt nht. Tuy nhin, v tnh linh ng ny m n thng gy kh khn cho ngi s dng
v khng th bit c ng dng chnh xc ca n. Thit b ny d dng s dng nhng
tnh chnh xc v hiu qu khng cao.
Sn phm c th lnh ng trong thi gian thch hp, tc dng thi ca khng kh
nn t mc cn bng cao. t c tc lnh ng nht sau khi qua thit b lnh
ng, dng khng kh thi vo yu cu phi ging nhau trn mi con c v mi bao gi.
Tc khng kh thi 5 m/s thng c p dng cho hu ht cc dng lnh ng bng
kh thi.

Hnh 4.2. Mi quan h gia thi gian lnh ng vi tc khng kh trong thit b
lnh ng bng kh thi
Thit b lnh ng kh thi lin tc c th iu chnh tc kh thi vo khi vt qu
gi tr cho php. Tc dng kh thi cao, khong 10 - 15 m/s c th mang li gi tr
kinh t cao cho thit b lnh ng dng lin tc.
Nhc im ca thit b lnh ng dng kh thi l tnh khng hiu qu v dng kh thi
vo khng ng nht trn sn phm.

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Hnh 4.3. T ng gi
Hnh 4.3 m t dng thit b lnh ng dng kh thi. Khng kh lnh chuyn ng t
pha sau ti v tr li dn lnh khong trng pha di. T gm nhiu m un c lp
vi nhau, nh c th iu chnh nng sut lnh ca n d dng.
Lnh ng dng a (tip xc)
Lnh ng dng a c ng dng cho lnh ng c khi (block) nhng n khng linh
hot nh dng kh thi. Thit b c th l dng ng hoc nm ngang ty theo cch sp
xp ca a. Cc a c lm bng nhm, dng ct ngang, sp xp thnh hng v cht
lng lm lnh s i qua . Qu trnh trao i nhit din ra ngang qua mt trn v mt
di ca a. Qu trnh lnh ng c hnh thnh nh s tip xc trc tip gia a
lnh v sn phm.
Kch c ti a ca khi sn phm ng dng trong phng php ny thng l 1,07 mm
x 535 mm. Tuy nhin, kch c ca khi sn phm c th thay i ty theo sn phm v
b dy ca khi sn phm c th thay i dao ng trong khong t 25 n 130 mm.
Kch c ca khi sn phm c chn la ph thuc vo loi c em i lnh ng.
* nh hng ca mc tip xc cc b mt truyn nhit trong t ng tip xc
Mc tip xc v kh nng truyn nhit t thc phm vo dn lnh gim do:

Nhit truyn qua nhiu lp kim loi

Cc b mt tip xc khng phng
Kch thc, hnh dng cc khun ng thc phm khng ng tiu chun
Chiu cao khun v b dy sn phm khc nhau
S p nn khng t yu cu

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Hnh 4.4. T ng tip xc v cc yu t nh hng n mc tip xc, truyn

nhit trong t ng tip xc
Bin php khc phc:
tng kh nng truyn nhit ca thc phm trong t ng tip xc c th p dng cc
bin php:
- Thay khay ng khun bng khung ghp khun
- Dng thp khng r lm khun
- S dng cc khun c kch thc ph hp vi sn phm trong khun, khng d th
tch khun khi sn phm ng bng
- Dng np y khun ph hp
- m bo lc p nn u v cho dn lnh
Lnh ng dng phun v ngm thm thu
y l loi thit b thng c ng dng cp ng sn phm IQF. Dng thit b lnh
ng ny t c s dng rng ri trong cng ngh ch bin c lnh ng m ch thng
c s dng lnh ng cc sn phm c bit hoc sn phm c gi tr kinh t cao.
a. Cp ng dng ngm thm thu
S dng phng php cp ng dng ngm phi m bo s tip xc tt gia b mt c
v mi trng lnh ng m bo qu trnh truyn nhit xy ra c tt. Mi trng
lnh ng thng s dng l dung dch mui NaCl, c im eutectic l -21,2oC. t
c im lnh ng ny, nhit nc mui khong -15oC c ng dng cho tin
trnh lnh ng. Trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn sn phm n kho bo qun, nhit
sn phm phi c gi mc cng thp cng tt.

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Lnh ng c ng ln trong dung dch nc mui c th ko di n 3 ngy t c

qu trnh lnh ng hon ton. S dng thit b lnh ng dng kh thi nhit cng
thp cng tt t -50oC n -60oC, thi gian lnh ng t hn 24 gi. Lnh ng trong
dung dch nc mui trc kia c ng dng rng ri trong cng nghip lnh ng c,
ngy nay phng php lnh ng ny c thay th bng phng php lnh ng
dng kh thi.
b. Lnh ng dng phun (cp ng bng chuyn)
Lnh ng dng phun cng ging nh lnh ng dng hn hp trong ng sinh hn. Tc
lnh ng bng phng php lnh ng hn hp trong ng sinh hn rt nhanh nh
s tip xc trc tip vi sn phm. Trong phng php ny, hi lnh c phun vo sn
phm v nhit tch ra lm thay i trng thi mi trng lnh.
* CO
Vi phng php lnh ng ny oxyt carbon lng c phun trn sn phm ngang qua
cc ng trn bng ti, pha di c cc vi phun. CO s thay i trng thi khi ngang
qua cc vi phun v hp th mt lng nhit ln. Kt qu lm cho sn phm lnh xung
nhanh. Trong mt s h thng, cc lp CO rn (nc kh) c t nm di bng
ti v sn phm c t nm pha trn. CO lng sau c phun trn u; s thng
hoa ca nc kh xy ra nhit -78oC, c th lm lnh ng xung t nht -75oC.
Qu trnh lnh ng xy ra trong nhng trng hp ny rt nhanh v s mt dch s
gim xung t hn 1%.
* N 2 lng
Trong trng hp lnh ng bng N2 lng, kh ha lng c phun ln sn phm thi
ngang qua bng ti ang chuyn ng. Kh N2 i ngc chiu vi bng ti. V vy c
nn c lm lnh s b trc khi a n phun N2 lng. p sut bnh thng, nit
lng si -196oC, v vy n cn c lm lnh s b xung trong ng ng trc
trnh cho sn phm b nc ra do qu trnh lm lnh xung qu nhanh (tc thi). Sau khi
phun, sn phm cn phi c n nh trc khi a ra khi bng ti ca phng lnh
ng. iu ny c th do nh hng ca s chnh lch nhit t mi trng bn ngoi
vi nhit tm sn phm a n trng thi cn bng. Sn phm sau khi t n
trng thi cn bng hon ton c a n phng bo qun lnh.
C CO v N2 cng c th s dng trong phng php lnh ng bng kh thi vi thit
b lnh ng dng xon c.
Xt v mt kinh t, cc phng php lnh ng c p dng ch bin sn phm c
lnh ng phi to ra c sn phm m bo cht lng, p ng yu cu ngi tiu
dng. VD. Phng php lnh ng dng a c s dng lnh ng c dng khi
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(block). S dng bt k dng lnh ng no khc cho kt qu khng ng nht cc

pha. iu ny dn n gim hiu sut ca tin trnh ch bin giai on sau. Lnh ng
dng kh thi c th ng dng cho mi loi sn phm.
Cc dng thit b lnh ng bng chuyn
Lnh ng bng chuyn xon
Dng thit b bng chuyn xon c biu din hnh 4.5

Hnh 4.5. T ng bng chuyn xon

Bng chuyn gm nhiu thanh ghp t nm ngang khng song song vi nhau. Pha
ngoi c khong cch ln hn pha trong. Nh n chuyn ng xon dc trn khung
hnh tr. Bng chuyn vn chuyn sn phm chuyn ng t di ln trn, khng kh
lnh chuyn ng t trn xung di, trao i nhit vi sn phm thc hin qu trnh
lnh ng.
- Lnh ng dng thng

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Hnh 4.6. T ng bng chuyn thng

T ng c ghp t nhng tm cch nhit v c t trc tip trn nn nh. Bn
trong c bng chuyn thng chy xuyn dc t vn chuyn sn phm. Dn lnh vi
qut gi pha trn to ra dng khng kh lnh thi xung b mt bng chuyn. Khng
kh ly nhit ca thc phm v a vo dn lnh. Bng chuyn va nng thc phm
va nhn nhit ca thc phm truyn vo khng kh.
Cc tm bng chuyn c to nn t nhng mc lin kt, nh n c th chuyn ng
mm do, un ln trn nhng con ln, ng thi cho khng kh xuyn qua tng s
trao i nhit.
X l sn phm thy sn sau lnh ng
ko di thi gian bo qun, m bng v bao gi sn phm thy sn lnh ng rt cn
thit.
M bng
M bng c ngha l o mt lp nc mng b mt ngoi ca thy sn lnh ng
bng cch p
hun sng hoc nhng vo nc to lp nc mng trn b mt sn phm lnh
ng, c ng dng rng ri trong bo qun sn phm lnh ng thy sn nhm
gip bo v sn phm trnh s mt nc v oxy ha. Lp nc gip ngn cn hin
tng thng hoa v cng hn ch lng khng kh thi ngang qua b mt ca sn phm.
V vy s gim c tc oxy ha sn phm. Lng nhit cn thit cho tin trnh m
bng cn c quan tm v thy sn c th c lm lnh s b trong phng lnh ng
trc khi chuyn n kho bo qun.
Trong qu trnh m bng, b mt sn phm nhn thm nhit vo v thy sn cn c
ti ng trong t cp ng trc khi chuyn n kho bo qun. to lp bng p v

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ng u trn b mt ca thy sn, qu trnh m bng i hi phi c kim sot mt

cch cht ch.
a. Phng php m bng bng cch nhng vo thng nc
M bng bng cch ny khng c khuyn khch s dng v:
- Nhit ban u ca nc c th tng i cao so vi nhit b mt sn phm lnh
ng; n c lm gim xung khi m bng tip din v v th chiu dy ca lp bng
thay i.
- Nc s bn sau vi ln nhng
Nu p dng m bng bng phng php nhng th thng cha phi c cung cp nc
lnh lin tc v va vi mc ng chy trn.

Hnh 4.7. Thit b m bng nhng dng bng chuyn

kim sot chiu dy lp bng cn phi kim sot:
- Mc nc: mc nc cao th lp bng dy hn
- Tc bng chuyn: ln cho lp bng mng hn
b. Phng php m bng bng cch phun sng
Phng php m bng bng cch phun l thch hp, nhng li kh c c lp bng
p, ng u.

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 lp bng p v ng u:
- Tc bng chuyn khng i s m bo thi gian va ng trong vng m bng
- Phun t trn xung v t di ln mt lng nc lnh khng i v m bng c c
pha trn ln pha di sn phm
- S sp xp bng chuyn i lm cho thy sn i b mt to ra lp bng u n
- Cc vch ngn iu chnh c th c dng sp xp li cc thy sn chng ln nhau
trn bng chuyn. V th, mi sn phm c l ra hon ton.

Cc yu t nh hng n t l m bng
- Thi gian m bng
- Nhit thy sn
Nhit nc m bng
- Kch thc sn phm
- Hnh dng sn phm

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Bao gi
Sn phm nn c bao gi v hn kn li ngn chn qu trnh oxy ha sn phm.
Vt liu c chn la bao gi cn phi c kh nng ngn cn s thm thu hi nc
cao ngn chn s bc hi nc ca c trong sut qu trnh bo qun. V vy khi chn
la bao gi cn phi thch hp cho mi loi sn phm.
Bo qun lnh ng
Nhit bo qun
H nhit bo qun xung thp c th lm chm li s h hng ca thy sn lnh ng
do s phn gii protein, bin i cht bo v s mt nc. Nhit c ngh bo
qun sn phm c lnh ng l -30oC, ti thiu phi l -18oC.
Cc bin i xy ra trong thi gian bo qun sn phm lnh ng
a. S bin i protein
Protein bin i trong sut qu trnh lnh ng v bo qun lnh. Tc phn hy ph
thuc rt ln vo nhit .
b. Bin i cht bo
M c giu acid bo cha bo ha, v vy c th b oxy ha nhanh chng to mi i kht
trong sut thi gian bo qun. C th ngn chn s oxy ha cht bo ca c bng cch
m bng hoc bao gi trong bao b plastic c ht chn khng.
c. S bin i mu sc
Cht lng ca c thng c nh gi bi hnh dng bn ngoi, s bin i mu sc
phi mc rt thp, nu khng s lm gim cht lng sn phm.
S mt mu hng cc loi gip xc l kt qu t s bin mu ca hp cht carotenoid.

Bo qun nhit thp gip lm chm li s bin i protein, cht bo v mu sc.

d. S bin i hm lng m

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Khi c mt nc nhiu trong qu trnh bo qun lnh, b mt c tr nn kh, m c v

xp. Nu tin trnh ny ko di, phn nc nm su bn trong c cng b thm ra n
khi c x ra, nguyn liu s rt nh.
nh hng ca s mt nc nghim trng c th nhn thy c khi trn b mt ca c
b sm li, trng thi ny gi l chy lnh. Hin tng ny ch thy sau mt thi gian
di bo qun trong kho lnh.

Tan gi
Tan gi l qu trnh phc hi trng thi thc phm nh trc khi lnh ng. Trong qu
trnh tan gi xy ra cc hin tng nng chy nc v cu trc t bo sn phm ht
nc vo.
Sn phm sau khi tan gi khng th c tnh cht hon ton ging nh trc khi lnh
ng. Mc phc hi trng thi ph thuc vo qu trnh lnh ng, bo qun v tan
gi.
Phng php tan gi c th phn chia ra lm 2 nhm
- Nhit c pht ra trong phn tht
- Nhit c dn t mt ngoi vo tm ca khi sn phm
Tan gi nhm 1
Cc phng php tan gi nhm ny bao gm nhit in trng, nhit microwave v
nhit in tr. S dng microwave lm tan gi c nhanh hn nhit in trng v nhit
in tr. Tuy nhin, nhit microwave c gi thnh cao v nng lng c hp th trn
b mt, mt s v tr trn sn phm b qu nng lm nh hng n sn phm v b mt
sn phm b nu chn. Tan gi bng nhit in trng, gi thnh cao hn nhng ch mt
khong 20% thi gian so vi lm tan gi trong mi trng khng kh hoc tan gi chn
khng.
Tan gi bng in tr i hi c phi c lm m n nhit khong 10oC, bng
cch ngm trong nc. Trn nhit ny c c tan gi trong thit b dn nhit bng
cch t c gia 2 tm kim loi, s tip xc nhit xy ra v s thay i dng in vi
hiu in th thp c ng dng. S phn cc ca nc gy ra do s thay i hng
lc in trng v s to ra nng lng do ma st lm cho c nng ln. S tip xc xy
ra tt khi khi c ng dng vi b mt da.
Tan gi bng phng php in c gi thnh cao v cn c trnh iu khin cao.
Tuy nhin, nu p dng ng nguyn tc s cho sn phm c tan gi c cht lng tt.

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Phng php ny i hi thit b t tin, v kh trnh hin tng qu nhit cho sn

phm.
Tan gi nhm 2
Cc phng php nhm 2 c th c phn chia lm cc dng: a) nc, b) hi nc bo
ha, c) t gia cc da kim loi gia nhit
Xt tnh hiu qu v yu cu trang thit b, nng lng, tan gi trong bn nc l phng
php hu nh c ng dng nhiu nht
VD: lm tan gi 1 kg c lnh ng t -20oC, lng calories cn bng vi lng calo
lm lnh ng c n -20oC.
Trong sut qu trnh lnh ng, nhit cn phi h xung n -50oC n khi ton b
cht lng ng bng. nhit -5oC, c khong 65-70% cht lng ng bng to thnh
nc . giai on ny cn lng calories cao nht nc ng bng v giai on
ny chim phn ln thi gian ca tin trnh lnh ng.
Qu trnh tan gi cng cn mt lng nng lng nhng mt thi gian di hn.
C th quan st thy thi gian tan gi di hn 2 n 3 ln thi gian lnh ng. iu ny
dn n kh nng truyn nhit ca c tuyt lnh ng khong 1,6 kcal/0oC v ca c
tuyt ti khong 0,5 kcal/0oC.
Nhit c truyn t bn ngoi vo tht c, phn ngoi s tan gi trc v nhit truyn
ngang qua lp nc tan gi gim xung 1/3. Kt qu l cn thi gian di hn gp
3 ln lng nhit i qua lp nc tan gi, i vo lp c bn trong vn cn lnh
ng. Tc nhn ny tng dn ln n khi c c tan gi hon ton.
Hnh 4.9. Tin trnh lnh ng v tan gi c tuyt dng khi dy 100 mm
Nhit c truyn t mi trng khc n c v kh nng dn nhit ca nc cao
hn khng kh gp 25 ln. iu ny cho thy rng dng nc nh mi trng dn
nhit tt.
Trong sut qu trnh tan gi, vn cn quan tm l mt phn c b qu nhit. Sau
khi tan gi, nu nhit mi trng tip xc qu cao (hng s nhit ca nc
trn 18oC) s lm cho tht c b chy.

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Tan gi trong nc
a. Tan gi di dng nc chy
Khi c c t vo trong bn nc chy (nhit nc vi), qua m v c
s c tan gi sng hm sau.
u im
- Vn u t nh, gi thnh thp
- Cn t thng tin, khng i hi k thut cao
- t tn nhn lc
- C th ng dng vi mi khi c c hnh dng v kch thc khc nhau
- C c lm sch nh dng nc chy lin tc
- D ng dng, tit kim mt bng
Nhc im
- Kh iu khin c nc sch
- Nhit tan gi ph thuc vo mi trng xung quanh, kh iu chnh
- Nhit cui cng c th qu cao, kt qu lm gim cht lng v sn lng ca
sn phm
- Tiu hao lng nc ln (n 120 m3/ tn c)
- C tan gi trong nc c th b bin trng v c th b no nc
T nhng l do trn, phng php ny ch ph hp khi cn tan gi khng thng
xuyn v vi qui m nh.
b. Tan gi bng cch ngm vo trong nc nng
Phng php ny cn c gi l phng php Lorenzen - tn ca nh u t
750 lt nc 33oC c cho vo bn 1000 lt
350 kg c dng khi c t vo bn
Kh cho vo di y ca bn to dng tun hon an ton
58/144

 Sau khong 5 h ngng np kh, nc c cho vo bo qun

- Bn c t trong kho lnh. C s c gi 0oC trong thi gian 4 - 5 ngy,
ban m b sung thm nc
u im

Vn u t nh, gi thnh thp

Cn t thng tin, khng i hi trnh iu khin cao
C c lm sch sau khi tan gi
t tiu tn nng lng
C th p dng cho mi sn phm c hnh dng v kch thc khc nhau
Hng s nhit 0oC
D ng dng, tit kim mt bng sn xut

Nhc im
- Qu trnh tan gi phi c ln k hoch c th trong cc cng on ch bin tip
theo
i hi khng gian bn bo qun ln sau khi dng
- Cn phi c ngi qun l v cung cp nc trong sut giai on bo qun
lnh
C tan gi trong nc c th b m trng v no nc
c. Tan gi lin tc trong thit b tun hon nc
Trong phng php ny, khi c c a lin tc qua b nc. Nguyn l hot
ng ca thit b ny l c lnh ng c cho vo b v c c tan gi di y
ca b. Sau chng c bc d ln bng bng ti
c c din tch b mt ln, khi c lnh ng c chuyn ng lin tc n
khi chng tch ri ra v nh vy qu trnh tan gi s nhanh hn. Nc trong b
c lc v tun hon lin tc duy tr nhit ca nc n nh v gi c nh
mc xc nh trc.
u im
Cho nng sut cao (1 - 2 tn /gi)
D iu khin nhit
C kh nng hot ng lin tc

59/144

 Tit kim khng gian kho bo qun lnh

t tn nhn lc
Nhc im

Vn u t cao
Cn c trnh iu khin cao
C nhiu ting ng (do dao ng)
Gi thnh hot ng cao (do nhit, phn cht thi, v sinh)

- t hiu qu cao i hi nhit phi cao, dn n lm gim cht lng sn

phm
Lng nc tun hon li nhiu ln c th l nguyn nhn lm tng s
lng vi khun trong sn phm
Kh duy tr nhit l hng s, nhit b h thp khi c tan gi
T chng ta c th kt lun rng tan gi bng phng php ny cc nhc im
vn cn qu nhiu, v vy cc thit b tan gi hot ng lin tc vn cn phi ci
tin n khi cc iu kin trn t c tin cy cao.
Tan gi bng hi kh bo ha
Tan gi bng hi kh bo ha nhit v vn tc xc nh hu nh c hiu qu
nh tan gi trong nc.
Thit b s dng cho loi tan gi ny ging nh thit b lnh ng dng hm, ch
khc l khng kh nng thi xung quanh c.
Khi c ng lnh c t vo khay, a vo hm bng xe gong. Xe gong phi
khp vi hm, ngha l phng lm vic phi cht y. Bng cch ny khng kh
c thi vo xung quanh c.
Xe gong c t vo hm, ca ng li v tin trnh tan gi c bt u khi
qut c m ln. Khng kh thi vo c iu chnh bi thit b iu nhit, thit
b ny gi cho nhit ca hm l hng s nhit 18oC. Khi mi bt u, nhit
c th tng n 33oC (ngha l n khi lp ngoi ca c bt u tan gi).
qu trnh dn nhit gia c v khng kh din ra t hiu qu, cn thit phi c
100% hi kh bo ha. Hi kh bo ha ny c c t ni lm m ngay sau khi
gia nhit.

60/144

Khng kh bo ha ngn cn c b kh trong sut tin trnh tan gi. C b kh s

gim sn lng v cht lng nn cn phi trnh.
Kh nng lm vic t tiu chun ca loi thit b ny l 20 tn c tan gi 18O-C
trong thi gian 14 - 15h.
Qu trnh tan gi tt khi cht lng ca c sau khi tan gi khng thay i so vi
trc khi tan gi.
Cc bin i ca sn phm tan gi so vi trc khi lnh ng
1.

Bin i vy l
S cng xc tng do mt nc
n hi gim
T l nc t do tng, t l nc lin kt gim
Khi lng gim
Mi v c trng gim do hao ht cht tan

b. Hao ht cht dinh dng trong qu trnh tan gi

T bo b ph v do cp ng chm hay qu trnh kt tinh li s lm gim kh nng hp
th nc ca cc t chc t bo, dn n hnh thnh cc git nh xung khi tan gi.
1. S pht trin ca vi sinh vt sau khi tan gi
* Ngun gc
- S lng vi sinh vt cn sng st
+ S ch (ra, chn/ gia nhit s b, ph gia)
+ V sinh trong qu trnh sn xut
- Loi vi sinh vt
+ Loi/lng vi sinh vt ban u (ph thuc vo sn phm)
+ Cc loi chu ng tt nht s pht trin
* Cc yu t nh hng n s pht trin ca vi sinh vt sau tan gi
Nhit bo qun
Tc cp ng
Thi gian bo qun
61/144

 Loi thc phm

S ti nhim
S nh git
V vy cn phi c phng php, ch lm tan gi cho ph hp vi i tng

62/144

Chng 4
Cc bin php bo qun ti nguyn liu thy sn
Lu gi v vn chuyn c sng
trnh s h hng v s gim st cht lng ca c th cch d thy nht l gi cho
c vn cn sng cho n khi n. Vn chuyn c sng cho mc ch thng mi v tiu
dng c Trung Quc p dng i vi c chp c l hn 3000 nm. Ngy nay,
vic gi c sng cho vic tiu dng l mt phng php thng thy c cc nc
pht trin ln cc nc ang pht trin vi c quy m cng nghip ln th cng.
Khi vn chuyn c sng, c trc tin c nui dng trong b cha bng nc sch.
Trong khong thi gian ny, nhng con c b thng, yu hoc cht s c vt ra. C
b b i v nu c th c th ngi ta h nhit ca nc nhm lm gim tc
ca qu trnh trao i cht v lm cho c t hot ng hn. Qu trnh trao i cht xy
ra mc thp s lm gim mc nhim bn nc do amoniac, nitrit v kh cacbonic
l nhng cht c i vi c. ng thi, tc trao i cht thp cng lm c gim kh
nng ly xy t nc. Nhng cht c trn s c xu hng lm tng t l c b cht. Do
c t hot ng hn nn ngi ta c php tng mt ca c trong cc thng cha.
Mt s lng ln cc loi c thng c gi sng trong cc b cha, lng ni, ging
o v cc ao c. Cc b cha, thng l ca cc cng ty nui c, c th c lp cc
thit b iu chnh oxy, h thng tun hon v lc nc, thit b iu chnh nhit .
Tuy nhin, trong thc t ngi ta thng s dng cc phng php n gin hn. V
d nh cc r ln an bng l c c dng nh cc lng ni ( Trung Quc), cc ao
c n gin c xy vng nc ng ca mt khc sng hoc sui nh gi cc
loi suribi (Platystoma spp.), loi pacu (Colossoma spp.) v piracucu (Arapalma
gigas) thuc lu vc sng Amazon v Parana Nam M
Cc phng php vn chuyn c ti cng khc nhau nh t vic dng nhng h thng
rt phc tp c lp trong cc xe ti m ngi ta c th iu chnh nhit , lc v tun
hon nc v cung cp thm xy (Schoemaker, 1991) cho n vic s dng nhng h
thng th cng n gin vn chuyn c bng cc ti ni-lng c bm bo ha xy
(Berka, 1986). C nhng xe ti c th vn chuyn ti 50 tn c hi sng, tuy nhin li
cng c th vn chuyn vi kg c sng mt cch tng i d dng trong mt ti ni-ng.
Cho n nay, mt s ln cc loi nh c hi, c chp, c chnh, c trp, c bn, c bn
sao, c tr, c r phi,vm, hu, s, tm, cua v tm hm u c th c gi sng v vn
chuyn mt cch thng xuyn t nc ny sang nc khc.

63/144

C s khc bit ln v tp tnh v sc chu ng gia cc loi c khc nhau. Do vy,

phng php gi v vn chuyn c sng phi c nghin cu k ty thuc vo loi c
c th v thi gian cn phi gi ngoi mi trng sng t nhin trc khi git m. V
d, i vi loi c phi (Protopterus spp.) ngi ta c th vn chuyn v gi sng chng
ngoi mi trng nc trong mt thi gian di ch n thun bng cch gi m cho da
ca chng.
Mt vi loi c, c bit l c nc ngt, chu ng c tt hn i vi nhng thay
i v nng xy trong dung dch v c khi c cc cht c hi. iu ny c l l
do c tnh sinh hc ca chng vn thch nghi vi s bin ng ln hng nm v thnh
phn nc ca mt s con sng (cc chu trnh bin i ca cht huyn ph v xy ha
tan). Trong nhng trng hp ny, c sng c gi v vn chuyn ch bng cch thay
i nc thng xuyn trong cc thng vn chuyn (xem hnh 4.1 (a) v (b)). Phng
php ny c s dng rng ri cc vng thuc lu vc sng Amazon, Parana v
Orinoco Nam M, Chu (c bit l Trung Quc, ni m cc phng php phc
tp hn cng c s dng) v Chu Phi (NGoma, 1993)
Trong trng hp gii thiu hnh 3.1.a, cc chu nhm cha c nc ngt cn sng
thng c dc theo hnh lang trn tu khch. Cc chu c ph bng l c v bo
lc bnh ngn c nhy ra khi chu v hn ch s bay hi nc. Nc trong cc chu
c thay thng xuyn v ngi ta phi lun theo di c.
Trong trng hp gii thiu hnh 3.1.b, c chp c gi trong mt thng kim loi v
c ch i bng xe p. y l mt thc t kh ph bin Trung Quc v cc nc
chu khc. V d nh Bng cc, hng ngy ngi ta thng bn do cc loi c da
trn cn sng trn ng ph.

Hnh 3.1 (a) Vn chuyn cc nc ngt cn sng Congo (N Goma, 1993)

64/144

Hnh 3.1(b) Ngi bn c do trn ng ph ( Trung Quc) bn c cn sng trong ngy

Ngun: Suzhou,1993, nh chp ca H. Lupin

Tin b gn y nht l vic gi v vn chuyn c trng thi ng ng. Theo phng
php ny, thn nhit ca c c h xung rt nhiu gim qu trnh trao i cht ca
c v ngng hon ton s vn ng ca c. Phng php ny gim ng k v t l c
cht v tng mt khi ng vo ti cha c, nhng phi kim sot nhit tht cht
ch duy tr nhit ng ng. i vi mi loi c c mt nhit ng ng thch
hp. Mc d phng php ny c s dng vn chuyn tm kuruma (Penaeus
japonicus) v tm hm sng trong mn ca t c lm lnh trc nhng cng ch
nn xem phng php ny nh l mt k thut thc nghim i vi hu ht cc loi.
Mc d, vic gi v vn chuyn c sng cng ngy cng ang tr nn quan trng nhng
n khng phi l gii php kh thi i vi mt s lng ln c c nh bt trn th
gii.

Gi nhit thp
Lm lnh
C v cc loi hi sn khc l loi thc phm rt d b h hng, ngay c khi c bo
qun di iu kin lnh, cht lng cng nhanh chng b bin i. Nhn chung, c
c cht lng tt theo mong mun, c v cc loi hi sn khc phi c em i tiu
th cng sm cng tt sau khi nh bt trnh nhng bin i to thnh mi v khng
mong mun v gim cht lng do hot ng ca vi sinh vt. V vy c thng thng
ch nn bo qun mt thi gian ngn trnh gim s bin i cht lng khng mong
mun.
Nh cp n trong chng 2, s gim cht lng ca c thy u tin l s bin
mu theo bi s hot ng ca cc enzym c trong ni tng v trong tht c. Vi sinh vt
65/144

u tin pht trin trn b mt c, sau xm nhp vo bn trong tht c, phn hy m

c v lm bin mu sn phm thc phm..
Nhn chung nhit bo qun c c nh hng rt ln n tc phn gii v n hng
do vi sinh vt. Nhit bo qun gim, tc phn hy gim v khi nhit thp s
h hng hu nh b ngng li.
a. Tnh cht ca nc
lm lnh c, vn cn thit l nhit mi trng xung quanh phi lnh hn nhit
ca c. Mi trng lm lnh c th th rn, lng hoc kh nhng nc l mi
trng lm lnh l tng nht. Nc c th lm lnh c xung rt nhanh thng qua
vic tip xc trc tip vi c.
S dng nc lm lnh v cc nguyn nhn sau:
- Gip gim nhit : Bng cch gim nhit xung gn 0oC, s sinh trng ca cc
vi sinh vt gy n hng v gy bnh gim, do vy s gim c tc n hng v
lm gim hoc loi b c mt s nguy c v an ton thc phm.
- Nc ang tan c tc dng gi m cho c
- Mt s tnh cht vt l c li ca nc : Nc c mt s u im khi so snh vi
cc phng php lm lnh khc k c lm lnh bng khng kh.
+ Nc c kh nng lm lnh ln: Lng nhit yu cu chuyn t trng thi rn
sang trng thi lng gi l n nhit: 1 kg nc cn 80 kcal nhit lm tan chy.
Cch biu din 80 kcal/kg c gi l n nhit nng chy. Da vo tnh cht ny cho
thy cn mt lng nhit ln tan chy nc . V vy c th ng dng nc
lm lnh nhanh sn phm thc phm.
1 kcal l lng nhit yu cu tng nhit ca 1 kg nc ln 1oC. Nhit yu cu
lm m nc nhiu hn so vi hu ht cc cht lng khc. Kh nng gi nhit ca cht
lng so vi nc c gi l nhit dung ring. Nhit dung ring ca nc l 1, cc cht
lng khc < 1.
VD: - Nc : 0,5
- C t: 0,96 (thng ly gn = 1)
- C lnh ng: 0,4
- Khng kh: 0,25

66/144

- Cc loi kim loi: 0,1

Nhit dung ring c th dng xc nh lng nhit cn di chuyn l bao nhiu
lm lnh mt loi cht lng. y:
Nhit cn di chuyn = khi lng mu * s thay i nhit * nhit dung ring
VD: lm lnh 60 kg nc t - 5oC n -10oC cn di chuyn mt lng nhit l:
60 * [(- 5 - (-10)]oC * 0,5 (nhit dung ring ca nc ) = 150 kcal
Chng ta cng c th tnh lng nc cn l bao nhiu lm lnh 1 khi lng c
cho.
Nu chng ta mun lm lnh 10 kg c t 25oC xung n 0oC, chng ta cn phi di
chuyn mt lng nhit l 10 * (25 0) * 1 = 250 kcal
Tuy nhin, khi nc tan chy n hp thu 1 lng nhit l 80 kcal /kg
V vy khi lng nc cn l: 250/80 = 3,12 kg
+ Nc tan l mt h t iu chnh nhit : Nc tan l s thay i trng thi vt
l ca nc (t rn sang lng) v iu kin bnh thng n xy ra mt nhit
khng i (0oC).
- S tin li khi s dng nc
+ p l phng php lm lnh lu ng
+ Lun sn c nguyn liu sn xut nc .
+ Nc c th l mt phng php bo qun c tng i r tin
+ Nc l mt cht an ton v mt thc phm.
- Thi gian bo qun ko di
b. Cc loi nc
Nc c th c sn xut theo cc dng khc nhau; cc dng thng c s dng
nhiu nht p c l vy, a, ng v cy. cy phi c xay ra trc
khi dng p c.

67/144

Nc lm bng nc ngt, hoc bt k t ngun nguyn liu no, cng lun l nc

nn s khc nhau nh v hm lng mui v cng th khng c nh hng g ln
trong thc t thm ch c khi so snh chng vi nc lm t nc ct. Cc tnh cht
vt l ca cc loi nc khc nhau c nu ra trong bng 3.1.
Kh nng lm lnh c tnh bng khi lng ca nc (80 kcal/kg); do vy r rng
t bng 3.1 ta thy nu cng mt th tch ca hai loi khc nhau s khng c cng
kh nng lm lnh. Th tch ring ca nc c th gp hai ln nc, do vy iu quan
trng khi bo qun nc l phi xem xt th tch ca cc thng cha. Nc cn
thit lm lnh c xung 0oC hoc dng b tn tht nhit lun c tnh bng kg.
iu kin kh hu nhit i, bt u tan rt nhanh. Mt phn ca nc tan ra s
chy i nhng mt phn s c gi li trn b mt ca nc . Din tch b mt trn
mt n v khi lng cng ln, th lng nc trn b mt nc cng ln.
Loi nc

Kch thc (1)

Th tch ring (m3/tn) Khi lng ring (tn/

(2)
m3)

vy

10/20 - 2/3 mm

2,2 2,3

0,45 0,43

30/50 - 8/15 mm 1,7 1,8

0,59 0,55

ng

50 (D) - 10/12
mm

1,6 2,0

0,62 0,5

cy

Thay i (3)

1,08

0,92

1,4 1,5

071 0,66

cy c xay
Thay i
ra

Bng 3.1. Cc tnh cht vt l khc nhau ca nc s dng p c Ngun: Myers,

1981.
Ghi ch:
1. ph thuc vo loi nc v s iu chnh trn my lm nc
2. gi tr danh ngha, tt nht nn xc nh bng thc t ti mi loi nh my nc

3. thng cc cy c khi lng 25 hoc 50 kg/cy.

vy cho php phn b nc d dng hn, ng u hn v nh nhng hn xung
quanh c, trong cc hp v thng cha, do vy s t hoc khng gy h hng
c hc i vi c v lm lnh c nhanh hn cc loi khc. Mt khc, vy c xu
hng chim nhiu th tch hn trong cc hp v thng cha vi cng mt kh nng
68/144

lm lnh v nu t th kh nng lm lnh s gim nhiu hn so vi cc loi nc

khc (v din tch ca mt n v khi lng ln hn).
Vi cy xay ra, c mt ri ro l cc mnh to v cng c th lm cho c h hng
v mt vt l. Tuy nhin, nc xay lun cha nhng mnh rt nh m nhng mnh
ny tan rt nhanh trn b mt c v nhng mnh to hn s tn ti lu hn v b li
cc tn tht nhit. cy th cn t khng gian bo qun khi vn chuyn, tan chm v ti
thi im nghin th li cha t nc hn so vi vy v a. V nhng l do ny,
rt nhiu ng dn ca ngh c th cng vn s dng cy (nh ti Colombia, Senegal
v Philippine).
c . Tc lm lnh
Tc lm lnh ch yu ph thuc vo din tch trn mt n v khi lng c tip xc
vi nc hoc hn hp nc /nc. Din tch ca mt n v khi lng cng ln,
tc lm lnh cng nhanh v thi gian yu cu t c nhit trung tm ca c
l 0oC cng ngn. Khi nim ny cng c th din t nh sau: thn c cng dy, tc
lm lnh cng thp.
ng cong tiu biu ca vic lm lnh c trong nc khi s dng cc loi nc
khc nhau v nc lnh (CW) c biu din trn th hnh 3.2
T th 3.2 r rng phng php lm lnh c nhanh nht l dng nc lnh (CW) hoc
nc bin lnh (CSW), mc d trong thc t khng my khc bit so vi khi dng
vy. Tuy nhin, cng c s khc bit ng k trong vic lm h nhanh nhit ban u
nu so snh cc phng php va ni n vi vic s dng cy xay ra v ng do
c s khc nhau v din tch tip xc gia c vi nc v vi nc tan.
ng cong tc lm lnh cng c th b nh hng bi loi thng cha v nhit
bn ngoi. Do s tan chy lm lnh c ng thi b li tn tht nhit nn s chnh
lch gradient nhit c th xut hin trong nhng hp v thng cha trong thc t.
Kiu chnh lch nhit ny s lm nh hng n tc lm lnh, c bit l nhng
hp pha trn hoc pha bn cnh ca cc hp xp chng ln nhau v cng d xy ra hn
khi dng ng v cy xay ra.
Nhng ng cong v tc lm lnh nh trong hnh 3.2 rt c ch trong vic xc nh
gii hn ti hn ca tc lm lnh khi p dng HACCP trong x l c ti. V d
trong vic xc nh gii hn ti hn lm lnh c l phi t c nhit trung tm
l 4,5oC trong thi gian khng qu 4 gi theo th 3.2 th iu ny ch c th t c
khi s dng vy hoc nc lnh (hoc nc bin lnh).
Trong hu ht cc trng hp, s chm tr trong vic t nhit 0oC trung tm con
c c th khng c nh hng ln trong thc t bi v nhit ca b mt c l 0oC.
69/144

Tri li, qu trnh nng nhit cho c th c ri ro cao hn nhiu bi v nhit b mt

ca c (thc t l im c ri ro cao nht) s hu nh ngay lp tc t n nhit
ca mi trng bn ngoi v do vy qu trnh h hng s d xy ra. V c ln phi mt
nhiu thi gian hn so vi c b nng nhit v ng thi din tch b mt (ni qu
trnh h hng bt u) trn mt n v khi lng ca c ln li b hn, nn so vi c b
th c ln thng cn thi gian hi di hn mt cht mi h hng. Hin tng ny hin
ang c s dng rng ri (v b lm dng) trong thc t vn chuyn nhng loi c
ln (c ng v c chm).

Hnh 3.2. Qu trnh lm lnh c vng loi ln (Pseudosciaena crocea) vi ba loi khc
nhau v nc lnh (CW).

Hnh 3.2 biu din qu trnh lm lnh c vng ln vi ba loi khc nhau v nc
lnh. T l c/ l 1:1, dng chung mt loi thng cch nhit (c ch thot nc) trong
cc th nghim song song (s liu c c t Hi tho quc gia FAO/DANIDA v
nhng thnh tu trong cng ngh lm lnh v ch bin c, Thng Hi, Trung quc,
thng 6/1986).
Cc loi c nh s nng nhit rt nhanh v chc chn l nhanh hn so vi c loi c ln.
Mc d nhng nghin cu v nng nhit c ti trc kia t c ch , nhng chng
rt cn thit trong k hoch HACCP xc nh gii hn ti hn.
d . Lng nc tiu th
Lng nc tiu th b nh hng bi cc yu t:
- Lng nc cng b tan chy theo bi nhit mi trng khng kh xung quanh.
V vy c lng nc rt ln b mt i khi nhit mi trng xung quanh cao, tr
khi c v nc c bo v bng lp vt liu cch nhit vi mi trng bn ngoi.
70/144

- Phng php bo qun c trong nc

- Thi gian cn bo qun lnh c
- Phng php c c lm lnh xung nhanh
Tuy nhin, c th tnh lng nc tiu th bng tng ca hai thnh phn: lng nc
cn thit lm lnh c xung 0oC v lng nc b cc tn tht nhit qua
vch ca thng cha.
Lng nc cn thit lm lnh c n 0 0 C
V l thuyt, lng cn thit lm lnh c t nhit Tf xung 0oC c th c
tnh ton d dng t phng trnh cn bng nng lng sau:

Trong :
L: n nhit nng chy ca nc (80 kcal/kg)
mi: khi lng nc b tan ra (kg)
mf: khi lng c c lm lnh (kg)
Cpf: nhit dung ring ca c (kcal/kg.oC)
T (3.a) ta c:

Nhit dung ring ca c gy vo khong 0,8 (kcal/kg.oC), iu ny c ngha l mt mc

xp x c th c tnh theo phng trnh sau:

y l cng thc rt tin li, d nh v cho php nhanh chng c tnh c lng nc
cn thit lm lnh c xung 0oC.
C bo c nhit dung ring thp hn so vi c gy, do theo l thuyt, lng nc
cn dng cho mi kg c bo t hn cho mi kg c gy. Tuy nhin v mc ch an ton
v sinh nn tnh cho c bo ging nh c gy. C th xc nh chnh xc hn v gi tr
nhit dung ring, nhng chng t lm thay i kt qu tnh ton.

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Tuy nhin, l do chnh cn s dng nhiu nc l do c s hao ht. C nhng hao

ht do t v b ri vi trong qu trnh x l c, nhng hao ht quan trng nht l
do s tn tht nhit.
L ng nc cn b tn tht nhit
V nguyn tc s cn bng nng lng gia nng lng mt i, do nc tan b li
nhit t bn ngoi thng cha c th c tnh theo cng thc sau

Trong :
- Mi: khi lng nc b tan ra b li tn tht nhit (kg)
U: h s truyn nhit chung (kcal/h.m2.oC)
A: din tch b mt thng cha (m2)
Te: nhit mi trng bn ngoi (oC)
Ti: nhit ca nc (thng chn l 0oC)
t: thi gian bo qun (gi)
Phng trnh 3.d c th ly tch phn d dng (gi s Te l hng s) v kt qu:

C th c tnh tn tht nhit bng cch tnh U v o din tch A. Tuy nhin, cch tnh
ny t khi cho kt qu chnh xc v lng nc yu cu do mt s cc yu t thc
t (thiu cc s liu ng tin cy v cht liu ca thng cha v iu kin ca qu trnh
trao i nhit, thng cha khng ng nht v cu trc v hnh dng, nh hng ca np
v l x nc, tc dng bc x, kiu sp xp cc thng cha).
C th tnh ton lng nc yu cu chnh xc hn nu s dng cc th nghim v
s tan chy ca nc xc nh h s truyn nhit ca dng c cha trong cc iu
kin lm vic thc t (Boeri v cng tc vin; 1985 ; Lupin, 1986 a).
Th nghim v s tan chy ca nc c th tin hnh d dng v khng cn c c.
Cho y nc vo thng cha v cn trc khi tin hnh th nghim. Sau nhng
khong thi gian nht nh, x nc tan (nu trc cha x) v em thng i cn.
Vic gim khi lng l du hiu ca vic nc mt i do tn tht nhit. Hnh 3.3
gii thiu hai th nghim trong cc iu kin thc t.

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Nhng kt qu th hin trn hnh 3.3 c th c ni suy t kinh nghim thng qua
phng trnh c dng ng thng sau :

So snh cc phng trnh 3.e v 3.f, ta c:

Uef: h s truyn nhit chung

Aef: din tch b mt hu ch
T phng trnh 3.g ta c :

v cui cng c th xc nh c gi tr K nu tin hnh th nghim cc nhit

khc nhau.
u im ca phng php th nghim v s tan chy ca nc l c th tm c K
thc nghim t dc ca nhng ng thng nh trong th 3.3 bng phng php
th hoc hi quy (hin nay c th tm c bng cc chng trnh ph trong cc my
tnh khoa hc kiu b ti). Trong trng hp nhng ng thng nh trong th hnh
3.3, s tng quan nh sau:
i vi hp nha:
Mi = 10,29 - 1,13.t r = - 0,995 (3.i)
K = 1.13 kg nc /gi
i vi thng cch nhit:
Mi = 9,86 - 0,17 . t, r = - 0,998 (3.j)
K = 0,17 kg nc /gi
Trong : r l h s tng quan hi quy

73/144

Hnh 3.3. Cc kt qu th nghim v s tan chy ca nc trong iu kin thc

Trong : (O) hp nha tiu chun (khng cch nhit) c tng khi lng l 40 kg (X)
thng cha cch nhit bng nha (Metabox 70 ca an Mch). C hai loi c trong
bng mt, khng xp chng ln nhau, dng vy, nhit bn ngoi trung bnh (Te)
l 28oC.
Ngun: S liu c c t Hi tho quc gia FAO/DANIDA v Cng ngh v khim
sot cht lng c, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, thng 3/1986.
T phng trnh 3.i v 3.7.j cho thy lng nc tiu th do tn tht nhit trong
nhng iu kin ny i vi hp nha s ln gp 6,6 ln so vi thng cch nhit. R
rng rng trong iu kin kh hu nhit i, thc t khng th x l c mt cch ng
n bng nc khi ch s dng cc hp khng cch nhit, do vy cn phi s dng
cc thng cch nhit, ngay c khi c thm cc h thng thit b lnh.
Tng lng nc cn thit l tng ca mi (phng trnh 3.b v 3.c) v Mi (theo
phng trnh 3.f) khi c tnh c t (l thi gian c c bo qun lnh c trong
hp hoc thng cha mi trng hp c th).
Mc d c th tnh ton lng nc cn l bao nhiu lm lnh c trc khi gi
lnh, s tnh ton ny rt phc tp v khng mang li tnh thc t. Theo kinh nghim
thc t cho thy, khi lm lnh c nhit i, t l lm lnh t nht l 1 phn nc , 1
phn c (t l 1:1). Nc nn c b sung cng nhiu cng tt. Ch p lnh c

74/144

tt khi cui giai on vn chuyn, trc khi em ch bin c vn cn lnh v vn cn

mt t nc hin din.
Tuy nhin, c mt s trng hp rt kh c th lm lnh trc tip vi nc . C khi
nh bt khng c bo qun lnh ngay s c s thay i cht lng rt ln trong thi
gian ngn. Khi lm lnh c trong nc bin c cha 3-3,5% mui, im lnh ng t
c khong - 2oC.
Lm lnh bng nc bin l nc bin c lm lnh xung bi hn hp nc vi
nc bin. Cho mi h thng, t l c v nc bin l t 3:1 n 4:1
Qu trnh lm lnh hoc lnh ng trong nc bin c th nhanh hn qu trnh lm lnh
trong nc tan chy bi v c s tip xc mnh gia c v mi trng lm lnh. Tuy
nhin, trong thc t qu trnh lm lnh s khng lun lun xy ra nhanh bi v c s gii
hn truyn nhit trong h thng lm lnh.
Lm lnh trong nc bin vi t l 1:4 , nhng hm lng mui trong c khng c
vut qu 1% tnh theo trng lng. Tuy nhin, nng mui 1% trong c i khi khng
c chp nhn trong nhiu dng sn phm c (c ti, c lnh ng, c dng trong cc
ba n). Trong cc trng hp khc, nng mui 1% trong c vn c chp nhn (c
ng hp, c sy v xng khi).
Ngoi ra, lng nc tiu th cn b nh hng bi cc yu t:
Nguyn liu c x l trong mt hay di nh nng mt tri
Mt iu quan trng, c bit cc nc vng nhit i, l lng nc tiu th tng
ln khi cc hp v thng cha c t di nh nng mt tri. Hnh 3.4 biu din kt
qu cc th nghim v s tan chy ca nc tin hnh vi mt hp cha trong
bng mt v mt hp cha tng t t di nh nng mt tri (hai hp c cng mu
sc).

75/144

Hnh 3.4. Kt qu cc th nghim v s tan chy ca nc di cc iu kin thc

Trong : (O) Hp nha t trong bng mt, (x) hp nha ngoi nng. Cc hp nha
u c khi lng cha l 40 kg, mu , khng xp chng ln nhau, dng vy, v
nhit trung bnh bn ngoi (nhit bu kh) l 280C.
Ngun: S liu thu c t Hi tho quc gia FAO/DANIDA v Cng ngh v Qun l
cht lng c, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, thng 3 nm 1986.
Cc hp nha t trong bng mt ging nh cc hp nha trong th hnh 3.3 (xem
phng trnh 3.i). Phng trnh hi quy i vi hp t ngoi nng nh sau:
Mi = 9,62 - 3,126 . t (3.k)
Qua phng trnh cho thy, vi loi hp ny th lng nc tiu th khi hp ngoi
nng s l 2,75 ln so vi khi trong bng mt (3,126/1,13). S khc bit ln ny l do
tc dng ca bc x nhit. Ty theo b mt, loi vt liu, mu sc ca b mt v s bc
x ca mt tri, nhit b mt do bc x c th s cao hn nhiu so vi nhit bu
kh. o trc tip nhit b mt ca cc hp v thng cha trong cc iu kin thc t
nhng nc nhit i cho thy nhit do bc x b mt c th t ti 70oC.
- Cch xp cc chng hp v thng cha

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Hnh 3.5. Kt qu cc th nghim v s tan chy ca nc khi bo qun trong mt

chng cc hp nha xp ln nhau.
Ngun: Boeri v cng tc vin, 1985.
Hnh 3.5 biu din kt qu cc th nghim v s tan chy ca nc khi bo qun
trong mt chng hp nha xp ln nhau. Hp nha c sc cha 35 kg t trong phng
lnh nhit 50C, dng vy.
Trong mt chng hp hoc thng, khng phi tt c chng u tiu th mt lng nc
nh nhau. Hnh 3.5 cho kt qu cc th nghim nc tan c tin hnh cho mt
chng cc hp. Cc hp v thng pha trn nh s tiu tn nhiu nc hn cc hp
v thng di y v cc hp v thng gia li cn tiu th t hn.
- Lng nc cho vo vch hp v thng cha
Cn nh rng nc s khng tan ng u bn trong cc hp hoc thng m qu trnh
tan s ph thuc vo s chnh lch nhit gia nhit mi trng bn ngoi v nhit
bn trong hp/thng. Trong hnh 3.6, mt hp nha kiu thng mi c cha c tuyt
mecluc p lnh cho thy c s thiu ht nc cc vch do nhng chnh lch nhit
ti cc vch hp.

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Hnh 3.6. Hp nha kiu thng mi vi c tuyt melluc (M hubbsi) c p lnh cho
thy cc nh hng ca s thiu nc cc vch hp.
Thi hn s dng ca c bo qun lnh
Thi gian bo qun c lm lnh thay i ty theo loi. C c nh bt trong vng
nhit i v mt thi gian sau mi p s c thi gian bo qun ngn hn c ca
cng mt loi c nh bt trong nc lnh. Tc n hng tng i cc nhit
khc nhau thng c s dng c tnh s thay i cht lng ca c nhit
c bit trc. Tuy nhin, iu ny ch ng dng vi c bo qun nhit trn 0oC.
Hot ng ca vi sinh vt l nguyn nhn ch yu lm cho cc sn phm c ti b
n hng. V vy, thi hn s dng cc sn phm c ti s tng ng k khi bo qun
chng nhit thp. cc nc cng nghip ho, vic bo qun c ti bng nc
( 0oC) rt ph bin v thi hn s dng ca sn phm cc nhit bo qun khc
nhau (toC) c biu din thng qua tc n hng tng i RRS (relative rate of
spoilage- RRS), c xc nh bng cng thc ( Nixon, 1971).

iu kin bnh thng, nc tan chy 0oC. 0oC l nhit cn bn c s dng

so snh thi hn bo qun c ti v cc loi hi sn khc nhau. Da vo phng
trnh Arrhenius cho php chng ta tnh ton mi quan h v tc n hng tng i
ca c v cc loi hi sn khc nhit trn 0oC.
C nhit i c kh nng chu nhit cao hn . M hnh xc nh tc n hng ca c
nhit i, vi nm trong khong 0 - 30oC (Dalgaard v Huss, 1994)

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Ln (tc n hng tng i ca c nhit i) = 0,12*toC

Hnh 3.7. th biu din ch s logarit t nhin ca tc n hng tng i cc

loi c nhit i theo nhit bo qun
Ngun: Dalgaard v Huss, 1994
i vi c n i, tc n hng tng i (RRS) c xc nh theo phng trnh:
Tc n hng tng i (RRS) = (1+ 0,1*T)2
Reference: 0oC
V d: C tuyt: Thi hn bo qun 0oC = 12 ngy
Thi gian bo qun 4oC = 12/RRS = 12/1,96 = 6,12 ngy
Vi RRS = [1 + (0,1 * 4)]2 = 1,96
y: T l nhit ca c o bng C
Do cc m hnh nhit c xy dng da trn khi nim v tc n tng i,
cha xem xt n yu t cht lng ban u ca sn phm nn vic d bo thi hn s
79/144

dng cha tht chnh xc i vi cc sn phm c cht lng ban u khc nhau. Tuy
nhin, Spencer v Baines (1964) cho rng vn c th d bo c nh hng ca c hai
yu t l cht lng ban u ca sn phm v nhit bo qun. nhit bo qun
khng i, im s nh gi cht lng s thay i mt cch tuyn tnh k t gi tr
ban u n gi tr cui cng khi sn phm khng cn c chp nhn na. xc nh
c thi hn s dng ti mt nhit v mc cht lng ban u bit trc, sau
cng c th xc nh c thi hn s dng ti cc nhit bo qun khc da vo m
hnh n hng theo nhit .
Thi hn s dng =

iem chat lng tai thi iem cuoi - iem chat lng ban au
Toc o h hong ieu kien bao quan thc te

Thi hn bo qun c c th khc nhau thay i ty theo loi c nc ngt v nc mn,

vng kh hu (nhit i, n i) cho trong bng 3.2.
Bng 3.2 Thi hn s dng ca cc loi c khc nhau c nh bt t vng bin
nhit i v n i.
Ngun: Trch t s liu c cng b bi Lima dos Santos (1981); Poulter v cng
s (1981) v Gram (1989).
Loi c

Loi c

Thi hn s dng (ngy)

n i

Nhit i

Cc loi c nc mn

2 - 24

6 - 35

C tuyt, haddock

Nc

9- 15

Whiting

Nc

7- 9

C mecluc

Nc

10 - 31

C vn

Nc / t m

8 - 22

C nng

Nc

10 - 28

C hanh

Nc

6 - 28

C m

Nc

16 - 19

C tr

Nc

8 - 21

Pandora

Nc

16 - 35

Jobfish

Nc

21- 26

80/144

C nu

Nc / t m

21 - 24

C ui

Phng (dp)

7 - 21

C bn

Phng (dp

7 - 18

C bn

21 - 24

C bn

4 - 19

21

14 - 18

C thu 1)

Hm lng cht bo cao / thp 2 - 6

C trch ma h

Rt bo

7 - 12

C trch ma ng

t bo

3-8

9 - 16

C sardin

Rt bo

9 - 17

6 - 40

C tr

Nc

12 - 13 15 - 27

C hi

t bo

9 - 11

16 - 24

C vc

Nc / t bo

8 - 17

13 - 32

C r phi

Nc

10 - 27

C mi

Nc

12 - 26

C chp

Nc / t bo

16 - 21

C phi

Nc / t bo

11 - 25

Haplochromis

Nc

Shad

Bo va

25

Corvina

Bo va

30

Bagr

Bo va

25

Chincuna

Bo

40

Pacu

Bo

40

Cc loi c nc ngt

1. Hm lng cht bo v thi hn s dng thay i theo ma

T kt qu trn cho thy:
- Thi gian bo qun lnh ca c nc ngt di hn cc loi c bin

81/144

- Thi gian bo qun lnh c vng nhit i di hn cc loi c vng n i hoc hn

i
- Thi gian bo qun lnh c gy di hn cc loi c bo
L thuyt gii thch v thi gian bo qun khc nhau cc loi c khc nhau v cc
vng kh hu khc nhau nh sau:
- C nc ngt c th trong phn tht ca n c cha cht khng khun c bit m
khng tm thy c bin, chnh cht khng khun ny ngn cn s n hng lan truyn
vo phn tht do bi hot ng ca vi sinh vt gy n hng. Cng thm vo , hu
nh c nc ngt khng c cha trimethylamin oxide (TMAO), cht ny c nhiu
trong cc loi c nc mn. c nc mn TMAO b phn ct sau khi cht to thnh
trimethylamin lm bin mu, mi v ca sn phm, lm cho sn phm c mi amoniac.
C nc ngt khng to ra sn phm c mi amoniac trong qu trnh bo qun vi nc
. V vy cht lng c th tt hn c nc mn sau cng thi gian bo qun.
- S khc nhau gia cc loi c sng vng nhit i v n i trong sut qu trnh bo
qun c gii thch da vo nhit mi trng c ang sng. H vi sinh vt v enzym
ca loi c sng trong vng kh hu n i thch ng hiu qu vi nhit thp hn so
vi c sng trong vng nhit i. Enzym v vi khun to mi hot ng thp nhit
nc tan chy (0oC). Hot ng ny s tng c nhit i. iu kt lun rng s
thay i nhit trong phm vi rng s gy ra nhiu bin i bi enzym v vi khun vi
loi c nhit i v s ko di thi gian bo qun.
3. C bo thng c thi hn bo qun ngn hn c gy do cc cht bo trong c cha
nhiu acid bo cha bo ha, d b oxy ha to ra mi v i kht cho sn phm. Ngoi
ra, da c bo sng ngoi khi thng rt mng v iu ny c th gp phn lm tng tc
ng hng. V da mng nn cc enzym v vi khun xm nhp vo trong nhanh hn.

Dng ha cht
- Khng c vi ngi s dng.
- Khng c mi l.
- Khng lm bin mu, mi nguyn liu.
- Tnh cht ha hc: phi n nh, d ha tan trong nc.
- C hiu lc st trng mnh.
- Khng lm mc dng c bo qun.

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Nhng ha cht c th s dng c bo qun nguyn liu thy sn

- Loi mui v c: NaCl, hypochlorid, NaNO2, NaNO3.
- Loi acid: acid acetic, acid lactic, acid sorbic.
- Cc cht khc: formaldehyde, natri benzoat, acid salisilic.
Hin nay rt t s dng ha cht bo qun.

Bo qun trong bao gi c iu chnh kh quyn

Vi phng php ny, lng v thnh phn kh s dng thay i trong sut qu trnh
bo qun trong bao b c hn kn hay khng kn.
Kh s dng trong bo qun bng phng php MAP (Modified Atmosphere
Packaging)
Kh thng s dng trong k thut bo qun ny l N2, O2 v CO2. Quan trng nht l
kh CO2.
* Nitrogen (N 2 )
Kh N2 c nh hng n s pht trin ca vi sinh vt. Thay th khng kh bn trong
bao b bng kh N2 nhm c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt gy h hng sn phm. Bt
li chnh ca vic s dng nit ring l l to ra mi v xu cho sn phm.
* Oxy (O 2 )
Oxy c s dng trong hn hp kh trc ht l ngn chn s mt mu ca
m c. nng > 5%, oxymyoglobin c hnh thnh t myoglobin, to cho m
c c mu sng v c ch s bin i khng thun nghch ca myoglobin thnh
metmyoglobin. S dng nng O2 > 50%, ci thin c mi v ti ca sn phm
bao gi.
* CO 2
Vi sinh vt cn CO2 cho qu trnh t trao i cht ca chng. nng CO2 cao (>
10%) vi sinh vt b c ch. Kh nng c ch vi sinh vt ph thuc vo loi vi sinh vt,
nng CO2, nhit bo qun, hot ng ca nc trong sn phm. Thay th O2
bng CO2 trong bao gi bo qun s c ch c s pht trin ca vi sinh vt hiu kh.
Mt s nghin cu cho thy rng kh nng khng vi sinh vt ca CO2 ch yu ph thuc
vo s tc ng qua mng t bo. Cc kin khc cho rng tin trnh tc ng ln mng
83/144

t bo ch b c ch v cu trc mng t bo khng b ph hy nghim trng. CO2 c

nh hng trc tip n h enzym v vy c tc dng c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh
vt.
Vi sinh vt trong bo qun bng phng php MAP
Mt trong nhng tc dng quan trng nht ca vic ng dng phng php MAP trong
bo qun c v cc loi thy sn khc l c ch s h hng do vi sinh vt. V vy s ko
di thi gian bo qun..
Hot ng khng li vi sinh vt ca CO2 ph thuc vo hot ng ca pha khi u v
dng ban u ca vi sinh vt. Ko di giai on u (lag phase) l vn rt quan trng
nhm c ch c ch hot ng ca vi sinh vt. Gim tc pht trin sau pha khi u c
tc dng ko di thi gian bo qun. Gim nhit s lm gim tc pht trin ca vi
sinh vt.
CO2 c tc dng chnh trong vic c ch vi khun gram m. y l loi vi khun gy h
hng nhit thp. Ngc li vi khun gram dng t b c ch v vi khun lactic t
nhy cm nht. Nm mc v nm men cng b c ch.
Mi nguy ca s pht trin ca vi khun gy bnh trong MAP c gim n mc thp
nht nu dy chuyn ch bin c kim sot cn thn trong iu kin lnh. Vi l
do ny, kim tra nhit trong sut qu trnh bo qun, phn phi v tiu th l vn
rt quan trng. Vi s hin din ca CO2, s pht trin ca Staphylococcus aureus,
Salmonella and Listeria b c ch nhit thp, nhng nhit cao, s pht trin c
th xy ra. Bo t Clostridium botulinum pht trin p lc CO2 < 1 atm. p lc CO2
> 1 atm c ch s hnh thnh bo t v sn sinh c t. p sut cao cng tiu dit t bo
sinh dng. Nhm vi sinh vt c bit c ch l vi sinh vt chu lnh Clostridium
botulinum nhm B v c bit l nhm E (trong c). Loi vi khun ym kh ny c th
pht trin v sinh c t nhit > 3,3oC. iu ny ch ra rng c t c th hnh
thnh 10oC trc khi s n hng xut hin.
ng dng MAP trong bo qun c v cc loi thy sn khc
Thnh phn hn hp kh s thay i ph thuc vo loi c c bo hay c gy.
C gy c th bo qun trong bao gi c cha 65% CO2, 25% N2 v 10% O2. Tuy nhin,
c bo khng th bao gi trong hn hp kh c cha O2 bi v phn cht bo ca c rt
nhy cm vi O2, chng s b oxy ha to ra cc gc t do. Vi c loi ny nn bo qun
trong bao gi vi hn hp kh cha 60% CO2 v 40% N2.
C bo qun trong mi trng kh quyn iu chnh c th ko di thi gian bo qun
ln n 50%, khi nhit bo qun thp.
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Tuy nhin, CO2 ha tan nhiu trong cht bo v nc hn N2. Tc ha tan tng khi
nhit gim. Cc yu t ny lm gim p sut trong bao gi, kt qu lm cho bao gi
b h hng (collapse).
S ha tan CO2 trn b mt m c c lm gim pH sn phm, dn n lm cho kh nng
gi nc ca protein gim.
ng dng MAP trong bo qun cc loi nhuyn th c tc dng c ch s to thnh cc
m en trn v, khi nhit bo qun t 5 10oC.
Mt s nhn t quan trng cn ch khi s dng MAP
- Ch s dng cho c ti
- m bo nhit c di 2oC trc khi bao gi
- Bao gi trong iu kin lnh v vn chuyn sn phm ng gi n kho bo qun
lnh (< 2oC) cng nhanh cng tt sau khi bao gi.
- Kim tra hn hp kh s dng trong bao gi c ph hp khng: 65% CO2 + 25%N2 +
10% O2 (c gy); 60% CO2 + 40% N2 (c bo)
- Kim tra hn hp kh thng xuyn
- Cn phi gi nhit sn phm t 0-2oC trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn v phn phi.
- Kim tra nhit sn phm thng xuyn, phi dao ng trong khong t 0-2oC khi
n kho bo qun.
- Khi bo qun trong kho lnh (0-2oC) cn theo di nhit thng xuyn m bo
nhit c gi trong phm vi ny
- m bo thi gian bo qun nh ghi trn nhn

85/144

Chng 5
Cng ngh ch bin nc mm
M u
Nc mm l dung dch m m ch yu l cc acid amin, c to thnh do qu trnh
thy phn protein c nh h enzym protease c trong c. Ngoi ra nc mm cn dng
cha mt s bnh nh au d dy, phng, c th suy nhc, cung cp nng lng.
Nc mm c sn xut hu ht cc nc Chu . Mi nc c kiu sn xut khc
nhau to ra sn phm c gi tr dinh dng v gi tr cm quan khc nhau
Bng 5.1. Tn cc loi nc mm v t l phi trn to sn phm
Nc mm

iu kin v thi gian ln men

Nht
BnShottsuruUwo shoyu

T l 5 : 1 = C : Mui + go ln men v koji (3 : 1)Thi

gian ln men : 6 thng

Hn QucJeot - kal

T l 4 : 1 = C : Mui (6 thng)

Vit NamNc mm

T l 3: 1 - 3 : 2 = C : Mui ( 4 - 12 thng)

Thi LanNam - pla

T l 5 : 1 = C : Mui (5 - 12 thng)

MalaysiaBudu

T l 5 : 1 - 3 :1 = C : Mui + ng + me( 3 - 12 thng)

PhilippinePatis

3 : 1 - 4 : 1 = C : Mui (3 - 12 thng)

BrumaNgapi

5 : 1 = C : Mui (3 - 6 tun)

Gi tr dinh dng ca nc mm
Cc cht m
Chim ch yu v quyt nh gi tr dinh dng ca nc mm. Gm 3 loi m
- m tng s: l tng lng nit c trong nc mm (g/l), quyt nh phn hng ca
nc mm.

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- m amin: l tng lng m nm di dng acid amin (g/l), quyt nh gi tr dinh

dng ca nc mm
- m amon: cng nhiu nc mm cng km cht lng
Ngoi ra trong nc mm cn cha y cc acid amin, c bit l cc acid amin
khng thay th: valin, leucin, methionin, isoleucin, phenylalanin, alanin.v.v .. Cc thnh
phn khc c kch thc ln nh tripeptid, peptol, dipeptid. Chnh nhng thnh phn
trung gian ny lm cho nc mm d b h hng do hot ng ca vi sinh vt.
Thnh phn dinh dng ca nc mm ph thuc vo nguyn liu em i ch bin.
Cc cht bay hi
Rt phc tp v quyt nh hng v ca nc mm.
Hm lng cc cht bay hi trong nc mm mg/100g nc mm
- Cc cht cacbonyl bay hi: 407-512 (formaldehyde)
- Cc acid bay hi: 404-533 (propionic)
- Cc amin bay hi: 9,5-11,3 (izopropylamin)
- Cc cht trung tnh bay hi: 5,1-13,2 (acetaldehyde)
Mi trong nc mm c hnh thnh ch yu do hot ng ca vi sinh vt ym kh
trong qu trnh sn xut nc mm to ra.
Cc cht khc
- Cc cht v c: NaCl chim 250-280g/l v mt s cc cht khong nh: S, Ca, Mg, P,
I, Br.
- Vitamin: B1, B12, B2, PP.

Qu trnh thy phn ca c

Bn cht ca qu trnh sn xut nc mm

Bn cht ca qu trnh ny chnh l qu trnh thy phn protein trong c nh h

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Qu trnh thy phn protein n acid amin l mt qu trnh rt phc tp. c hiu ca
enzym l ch tc dng ln mt vi cht no vi vi kiu lin kt nht nh, nh enzym
peptidase ch tc dng ln mi ni lin kt peptid thy phn ni lin kt ny:

S tham gia ca enzym trong qu trnh thy phn theo c ch xc tc

Vi E : enzym.
S : c cht (protein)
ES : hp cht trung gian gia enzym v c cht.
P : sn phm.
Sn phm ch yu ca qu trnh phn gii protein l acid amin v cc peptid cp thp.
S to thnh v chuyn bin hp cht ES qua 3 bc:
* Bc 1: Enzym kt hp vi protein to thnh phc cht enzym protein, bc ny xy
ra kh nhanh, lin kt khng bn.
* Bc 2: Xy ra s chuyn bin ca cc phn t protein dn n lm ph v cc mi
lin kt ng ha tr tham gia vo phn ng. Khi phc cht ES ng thi xy ra hai
qu trnh l s dch chuyn thay i electron, dn n s cc ha ca mi lin kt tham
gia vo phn ng v s bin dng hnh hc ca ni lin kt ng ha tr trong phn t
protein cng nh trong trung tm hot ng ca enzym, lm cho protein hot ng, qu
trnh thy phn d dng hn.
* Bc 3: Giai on to thnh cc acid amin v peptid cp thp, gii phng enzym.
Theo nghin cu ca Beddow, ba bc to thnh v chuyn ha hp cht ES tng ng
vi 3 chng ng bin i hp cht nitrogen trong qu trnh thy phn c.
- Pha 1 (0 - 25 ngy): C s gia tng th tch ca phn cht lng ni trn b mt sn
phm v protein ha tan.

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- Pha 2 (80 - 120 ngy): M t bo b ph v, protein ca t bo tr nn tip xc vi

enzym, sn phm ca qu trnh t phn protein c phng thch. Hu nh tt c m t
bo u b phn hy v bin mt sau 120 - 140 ngy.
- Pha 3 (140 - 200 ngy): Enzym phng thch v tn cng vo cc phn protein ha tan.
y l nguyn nhn lm thay i hp cht Nit.
Ngoi ra ng, cht bo cng b phn gii thnh ru v cc acid hu c.
Cc h enzym trong sn xut nc mm
Gm 3 h enzym ln
a. H enzym Metalo-protease (Aminodipeptidase)
H enzym ny tn ti trong ni tng ca c v chu c nng mui cao nn ngay t
u n hot ng mnh, gim dn t thng th 3 tr v sau. Loi enzym ny c hot
tnh kh mnh, c kh nng thy phn rng ri i vi cc loi peptid. y l nhm thy
phn enzym trung tnh, pH ti thch t 5-7, pI = 4-5, n n nh vi ion Mg2+, Ca2+v
mt hot tnh vi Zn2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Hg2+..
b. H enzym serin-protease
in hnh l enzym tripsin, tn ti nhiu trong ni tng ca c. giai on u ca qu
trnh sn xut nc mm hot ng ca n yu n thng th 2 v pht trin dn t gi
tr cc i thng t 3 ri gim dn n khi chp chn (protein phn gii gn nh hon
ton khng cn dng peptol). H enzym ny lun b c ch bi chui acid amin trong
cu trc ca enzym. tho g chui ny phi nh n hot ng ca men cathepsin
B nhng men cathepsin B d b c ch bi nng mui cao. V vy men cathepsin
B hot ng c ngi ta thc hin phng php cho mui nhiu ln. Enzym serinprotease hot ng mnh pH t 5-10, mnh nht pH=9.
c. H enzym acid-protease
C trong tht v ni tng c, in hnh l enzym cathepsin D. H enzym ny d b c ch
bi nng mui khong 15% nn thng n ch tn ti mt thi gian ngn u thi
k ca qu trnh thy phn. Loi men ny ng vai tr th yu trong qu trnh sn xut
nc mm.
Vi sinh vt trong sn xut nc mm
- Ngun gc: c t nguyn liu, dng c, thit b, mi trng (khng kh, nc). Khi vi
sinh vt xm nhp vo chp c cc nh hng sau:

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- Tham gia vo qu trnh thy phn protein nhng rt yu v b c ch bi nng mui

cao.
- Tham gia tch cc vo vic hnh thnh hng v ca nc mm, ch yu l cc vi sinh
vt k kh c kh nng sinh hng.

Nhn t nh hng n qu trnh ch bin nc mm

Nhit
Nhit tng vn tc phn ng tng, n mt nhit no s khng tng na v
c th gim xung do nhit cao lm cho h enzym serin-protease mt hot tnh. Qu
trnh thy phn km.
- Nhit 30 - 47oC thch hp cho qu trnh ch bin chp.
- Nhit 70oC tr ln hu ht cc h enzym trong c mt hot tnh.
Nng nhit ca chp ln bng cch phi nng, nu hoc s dng tn nng che
phn xng.
pH
Mi h enzym c pH ti thch khc nhau, v vy phi xem loi enzym no nhiu nht v
ng vai tr ch yu nht trong qu trnh sn xut nc mm to pH thch hp cho
enzym hot ng. Qua thc nghim cho thy:
pH mi trng t nhin t 5,5-6,5 enzym tripsin v pepsin hot ng c, ng thi
pH ny c tc dng c ch mt phn vi khun gy thi. V vy mi trng t nhin c
pH thch hp cho qu trnh sn xut nc mm hn.
Lng mui
Mui l nguyn liu quan trng cho qu trnh sn xut nc mm, thiu mui nc mm
khng hnh thnh c.
Yu cu ca mui trong sn xut nc mm phi l loi mui n, cng tinh khit cng
tt, kt tinh ht nh c rn cao, mu trng ng nh (khng vn cc, m t, v ng
cht).
- Nng mui thp c tc dng thc y qu trnh thy phn protein nhanh hn, chp
mau chn.

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- Nng mui qu cao c tc dng c ch lm mt hot tnh ca enzym, qu trnh thy

phn chm li, thi gian thy phn ko di (protein b kt ta bi mui trung tnh bo
ha).
ch bin chp nhanh cn xc nh lng mui cho vo trong chp l bao nhiu v
lng mui ny phi tha mn 2 iu kin:
- Khng mn qu trnh c ch hot ng ca enzym.
- Khng nht qu c kh nng c ch s pht trin ca vi khun gy thi.
Thng lng mui cho vo khong 20-25% so vi khi lng c. Nn thc hin
phng php cho mui nhiu ln v cn phi xc nh s ln cho mui, t l mui ca
mi ln v khong cch gia cc ln cho mui khng nh hng n qu trnh sn
xut nc mm.
Din tch tip xc
Mun phn ng xy ra nhanh phi c s tip xc tt gia enzym v c cht. Cc enzym
trong c tp trung nhiu ni tng, nn tng tc thy phn ngi ta tm cch tng
din tch tip xc gia enzym v tht c. C th dng cc bin php:
- Phng php xay nh c:
+ Xay nh c din tch tip xc s ln nhng protein d b bin tnh do tc dng c hc.
+ Enzym phn tn nhng phn tn rt rng ra mi trng nc lm cho nng enzym
long ra. Khi chp chn em ko rt s gp hin tng tt l.
- Phng php p dp: C p dp s gi c hnh dng ban u, c tht bn trong b
mm ra, t chc c tht lng lo gip enzym d ngm vo trong tht. C p dp xng
c khng b v vn, khi chp chn ko rt d dng.
- Phng php ct khc: tht c vn cn chc nn enzym kh ngm vo hn phng
php p dp, protein mt ngoi d b bin tnh do tip xc vi dung dch c nng
mui cao.
Nh vy tng din tch tip xc s dng phng php p dp kt hp vi nh
khuy chp l tt nht.
Bn thn nguyn liu
Nhng loi c khc nhau, thnh phn ha hc v cu trc cng khc nhau, nht l h
enzym trong c v vy to ra loi nc mm c cht lng khc nhau.
91/144

- C ti ch bin cht lng tt hn c n.

- Loi c c kt cu c tht lng lo, mm mi, t vy d ch bin hn loi c cng, chc,
nhiu vy.
- Nu c c nhiu m th nc mm c mi i kht kh chu, mi chua (do s thy phn
cht bo thnh acid bo v glycerid) hoc kht do oxy ha cht bo.
- C sng tng nc mt v gia nh c thu, c cm, c nc, c mi... cho cht lng
nc mm tt nht v n n c thc n ngon nn dinh dng v thnh phn m cao.
- C sng tng nc di v tng y nh c phn, c mi cho nc mm c cht
lng km v thiu thc n (n rong, ru, bn hoc thc vt di y) lm cho tht c
thiu dinh dng v bng c c bn t nh hng n mu sc nc chp

Phng php rt ngn thi gian ch bin nc mm

C 2 phng php rt ngn thi gian ch bin nc mm
1. To iu kin ti u (5 yu t)
2. S dng enzym t cc ngun t nhin:
- ng vt: trong ni tng ca gia sc c hin din nhiu enzym thy phn protease nh:
pepsin, tripsin, cathepsin.
- Thc vt: c mt vi loi thc vt cng c enzym protease nh trong u c enzym
papain, khm c enzym bromelin
- Vi sinh vt: trong qu trnh hot ng sng nhiu h enzym sinh ra t nm mc
Aspergillus oryzae, Asp. niger.
* Phng php s dng
- S dng di dng th: cho cc nguyn liu c enzym vo chp vi t l nht nh.
- S dng di dng chit xut: chit enzym t cc nguyn liu trn thnh dng tinh ch
sau cho vo trong chp
rt ngn thi gian ch bin nc mm thng ngi ta a ra cc bin php sau:
- Pha vi nc mm c hng v tt, sau mt thi gian cho n n nh

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- Ko rt qua b chp tt, cch ny cho hiu qu ng k nht v n trch ly hng v

b chp lm cho nc mm ngn ngy c hng v thm ngon hn
- Phn lp nhng vi sinh vt gy hng trong chp tt sau cy vo trong nc mm
km hng hoc s dng vi sinh vt gy hng ny sn xut hng liu ri cho
hng liu ny vo trong nc mm km hng.

Cc phng php ch bin nc mm

Phng php ch bin nc mm c truyn
Nguyn l
C 3 phng php ch bin chp c truyn
* Phng php nh khuy:
- Cho mui nhiu ln.
- Cho nc l
- nh khuy lin tc
* Phng php gi nn:
- Cho mui mt ln hoc nhiu ln
- Khng cho nc l
- Gi nn v khng nh khuy
* Phng php hn hp:
- Kt hp gia 2 phng php gi nn v nh khuy.
- Lc u thc hin phng php gi nn.
- Sau thc hin phng php nh khuy

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Phng php

Hnh 5.1. Qui trnh cng ngh ch bin sn phm nc mm c truyn

** Phng php ch bin nc mm ci tin

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Hnh 5.2. S qui trnh ch bin nc mm ci tin

c im: Tn dng ngun nguyn liu c y v c ni do :
- C y c cht lng km, chp kh lm nn s dng phng php nh khuy rt
ngn thi gian ch bin cng nhanh cng tt.
- C ni do c cht lng tt nn s dng phng php gi nn c b sung thm khm
nhm tng hng v ca nc mm.
Phng php ch bin nc mm bng ha hc
Nguyn l
S dng ha cht (HCl, H2SO4, Na2CO3, NaOH) thy phn protein tht c thnh cc
acid amin.

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Phng php

- Nguyn liu: cc loi thy sn c m nh tm, cua, c, nghu, s v nc mui c c.

- X l: lm sch.
- Ngm: trong dung dch HCl thi gian mt tun, thnh thong nh khuy to cho nc
mm c mu sc p v thy phn mt phn protein trong c.
- Thy phn: s dng nhng kiu, lu c ng sinh hn ng thi c thit b nh khuy
trnh chy kht.
+ Nng acid s dng l HCl 7N
+ Nhit : cao hay thp u c nh hng n cht lng sn phm. Nhit thch hp
nht l 100-105oC, thy phn trong thi gian 7-8 gi.
+ Lng acid: da vo nguyn liu, nu nguyn liu c nhiu xng cng, nhiu vy
cn lng acid nhiu
- Trung ha: s dng Na2CO3 nhit trung ha 60-70oC, pH= 6,3-6,5.
- Lc v iu chnh cht lng sn phm:

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+ Vt cht bo ni pha trn v lc qua vi gi cn, xng v xc cha b thy phn.

+ iu chnh nng mui v khong 20oB.
+ iu chnh nng m bng cch un nhit 60-70oC hoc phi nng sau b
sung bezoat Na vi nng 1%.
+ Ko rt nc mm qua b chp tt hoc trn vi nc mm ct.
Phng php ch bin nc mm bng vi sinh vt
Nguyn l
S dng h enzym protease trong nm mc Aspergilus oryzea thy phn protein tht
c thnh cc acid amin iu kin nhit v mi trng thch hp.
Phng php

Hnh 5.3. S qui trnh ch bin nc mm bng phng php vi sinh vt

- X l: c phi ra sch bn, t, tp cht, c to phi ct nh.

- Thy phn:
+ Mc: yu cu tc sinh trng v pht trin nhanh, hnh thi khun ty to v mp, tt
nht l sau 2 ngy nhit v m thch hp.
+ T l gia mc v c t 3-4% tnh theo ch phm mc th v c xay nh trn vi mc.

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+ Nc cho vo 5-10% va ngm mc, gip men hot ng tt, nhit thy
phn 37-41oC, thi gian 10-15 ngy chp s chn.
+ Mui: s dng mui c tinh th nh, mu sng, trng cao, khng vn cc, khng
b cht, lng mui cho vo 4-6% so vi khi lng c
- Lc: nc lc v nc ra b bng 30% so vi khi lng c. Sau
+ un si:nh la c tc dng kh mi, vi sinh vt, cht bn.
+ Thm mui vo t n mn nc chm.
+ Ko rt dch ny qua b chp tt.
* Nhc im
- Nc mm khng c hng v v thi gian sn xut ngn.
- Nc mm b chua do tinh bt ln men lactic hoc do sinh ra acid d bay hi khi c b
n.
- ng do xc vi sinh vt cn tn ti hoc do cht lng ca mui km, c nhiu ion
Ca2+, Mg2+.

Kim tra v bo qun chp nc mm

Nhng hin tng h hng ca chp
a. Chp chua
- Hin tng: chp bc mi chua, mu xm m mi tanh hi kh chu.
- Nguyn nhn
+ Chua v mn u: do lng mui lc u qu nhiu, lng mui ny ngm vo lp
tht c pha bn ngoi, bn trong v ni tng cha kp ngm mui lm cho tht c b
nht mui, xy ra qu trnh phn gii sinh ra nhiu acid bay hi phc tp nh: glycogen,
glucose b phn gii ym kh to ra acid lactic.Cc cht ny phn gii hiu kh to acid
acetic, acid butyric. Ngoi ra cc cht bo b thy phn to glycerin v acid bo hoc
cht m kh amin thnh acid bo.

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+ Chua v nht u: c nht mui khng sc kim hm s pht trin ca vi sinh vt,
phn gii to nhiu acid bay hi phc tp lm pht sinh mi chua, tanh thi nhanh chng
chuyn sang h thi.
- Cch phng cha
+ Cn phi cho mui u v .
+ No o, phi nng v ko rt qua b chp tt.
+ Dng ru chuyn cc acid sang dng ester c mi thm hoc trung ha bng
NaHCO3.
+ Dng thnh hp ph mi.
+ Chua v mn u tin hnh cho thm nc l vo trong chp v tin hnh ch bin
chp tip theo.
b. Chp en
- Hin tng: nc b xm en, c nht nht v mc cao hn na l c b en.
- Nguyn nhn
+ Do c c bn t tp cht khng nhng mang, nht bn ngoi m ngay ni tng
ca c.
+ Do cc sc t c trong da, tht v ni tng ca c nh: Lutein, astaxanthin, taraxantin
v nhng dn xut khc nh: sepiamelanin c trong mc.
+ Do s phn hy ca cc cht khc.
+ Do trn mui khng u gy ngng t nhm amin v nhm aldehyde.

+ S oxy ha cc cht bo cha bo ha.

Nhng cht gy en phn ln c cha S, khi phn hy c th hnh thnh H2S, CH3-HS
cho mu en, nhng cht ny tc dng vi ion kim loi cng cho mu en.

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- Cch phng cha

Ty theo nguyn nhn c cch phng cha khc nhau.
+ X l nguyn liu ban u cho tt.
+ Cn chn la nguyn liu ban u cho k, trnh nhim bn.
+ Cho mt t thnh rang k v b chp tt vo trong b chp b en, tin hnh nh
khuy v tng cng phi nng.
+ Dng cht chng oxy ha KMnO4, KClO3, H2O2 oxy ha cc cht en.
+ Khi chp tr mi kp thi cho mui vo ngn chn s pht trin ca vi sinh vt.
+ un si nc bi, mu en s b ph hy do bay hi, vi sinh vt b tiu dit.
c. Chp thi
- Hin tng: chp thi bao gi cng en v c mi hi thi nhng chp en cha
chc thi.
- Nguyn nhn:
Ch yu do mui qu nht hoc sau khi c i mui ta khng kp thi cho mui vo. Khi
cc vi sinh vt hot ng phn hy cc cht c m ch yu l cc acid amin thnh
cc sn vt cp thp lm cho chp b thi.
Vd:

- Cch phng cha

+ Cn x l nguyn liu cho tt trnh nc ma vo.
+ Dng c ch bin phi sch s, khng chp ni m thp, bn thu.
+ Cn p dng ng k thut ch bin, ng thi cn nm vng hin tng c i mui
cho mui , ng v kp thi.
Nu chp b thi ri rt kh cha.

100/144

+ C th trn vi chp khc v em nu.

+ Chp b nc ma nhiu vo th c th mc ring phn ra cho mui vo, tng
cng phi nng no o.
d. Nc mm thi v cch phng cha
- Hin tng: nc mm thi ni ln nhng bt nh v dn dn nc b c, c mu nu
xm n xanh v xng ln mi hi thi.
- Nguyn nhn:
+ Chp cha chn ch mi phn gii n sn vt trung gian d b ng vn, keo t m
ta em ko rt.
+ Do nc mm lc khng trong (cn li xc c).
+ Do nc hm b nht mui hay qu nng to nhit v mi trng thch hp cho vi
sinh vt pht trin.
+ Do b thng lc hoc dng c cha khng sch s c khi ln c xc chp sng.
+ Do nc mm b nc ma hay nc l vo.
- Cch phng cha:
+ Cn trnh nhng nguyn nhn trn.
+ Cch cha duy nht hin nay l dng nhit lm bay hi mi hi thi.
Cc ch tiu phn loi, kim tra chp nc mm
a. Phn loi chp
Chia lm 3 loi
- Chp loi A: gm tt c cc loi chp ca c ni nh: c cm, c nc, c linh. Chp
tt loi ny dng sn xut nc mm thng hng.
- Chp loi B: gm cc loi chp ca c ni c cht lng km hn v cc loi chp
ca c khc c cht lng tt. Chp ny dng sn xut nc mm c bit v loi I.
- Chp loi C: l chp ca nhng loi c y c cht lng xu nh c phn, c mi...

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b. Ch tiu nh gi chp chn

* Cm quan
- Mu sc: mu nu ti, nu xm hoc xm. Ring nc ct c mu vng rm n cnh
gin.
- Mi thm c trng, khng c mi chua, mi l.
- Trng thi
+ i vi chp gi nn: c cn nguyn con, nu s ra tht c tch khi xng, nu
khuy tht s nt vn.
+ i vi chp nh khuy: c nt nhuyn, ci chp sng, khi nh khuy khng c
hin tng si bt.
* Ha hc: c 2 yu t
T l nit amin trn m ton phn ca nc ct.
+ i vi chp c ni t l ny > 45%.
+ i vi chp c y t l ny > 40%.
* Mt vi phng php khc
- Phng php phi nng hoc sy 50oC, nu nc mm khng c bin i g so
vi mu i chng l nc mm chn. Nu mu t vng rm hoc cnh gin chuyn
sang vng nht mt hng v c trng, vn c th chp cha chn.
- Phng php lng ng: ngi ta s dng phng php c hc lc mnh mu nc
mm, lc 30-40 ln sau yn 20 pht, nu mu nc mm khng c bin i g
so vi mu i chng l chp chn.
c. Tiu chun ca nc mm thnh phm
Bng 5.2. Tiu chun nh gi cht lng nc mm
LoiCh tiu

c bit (g/l) Loi 1

Loi 2

Nit tng s

20

15

11

Nit amin

8,5

6,5

102/144

Nit amoniac

<5

Mui

250 - 265

260 - 280 265 - 285

Thi gian bo qun (ngy) 150

100

70

d. Pha ch nc mm
Gi s ta c: Nc mm ct AoN
Nc mm ngang BoN
AoN > 15 > BoN
Pha thnh nc mm c 15oN. T l s dng

e. Bo qun nc mm
Nh mui v hm lng m cao, to p sut thm thu ln c ch hot ng ca vi
sinh vt. Hm lng m cao thi gian bo qun rt di t hng nm n hng chc nm
nhng hng v km i.
Dng c cha phi v sinh sch s

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Chng 6
Cc dng sn phm thy sn khc
Sn phm c mui
Mui c nhm mc ch tng thi gian bo qun ng thi to cho sn phm c hng
v thm ngon.
Mui c c mt lch s lu di v hin nay chim v tr rt quan trng trong ngnh
ch bin thy sn nc ta. y l phng php c hiu qu cao, bo qun kp thi mt
khi lng c ln vo ma khai thc.
Nguyn l p mui bo qun
Mui n c kch thc v thnh phn ha hc khc nhau, c bit thnh phn nc thay
i nhiu: khi m khng kh trn 75% th mui ht nhiu nc, khi m khng kh
di 15% th mui kh nhanh. Mui c nhiu Ca2+ v Mg2+ th c tnh ht m cao.
CaCl2 v MgCl2 c ha tan cao hn NaCl, nhit tng cao th ha tan ca hai
cht trn cng tng nhanh. V vy nu hm lng cc cht trn trong mui n nhiu s
lm gim ha tan ca NaCl. Ngoi ra Ca2+ v Mg2+ cn to cho sn phm c v ng
cht. Do nn dng lai mui c cht lng tt p mui c gip cho sn phm c
p mui c hng v thm ngon.
Tc dng ca mui n
- Kim hm s t phn do tc dng ca enzym v vi khun
Nng mui cao gy nn p sut thm thu ln c th lm v mng t bo vi khun,
lm nc thot ra ngoi v th vi khun kh pht trin. Nng mui thng thng s
dng ln hn 10%. Tuy nhin c mt s vi khun chu mui pht trin c trong mi
trng nng mui cao (28%). nng mui 20 25% qu trnh phn gii c din
ra rt chm.
- Mui NaCl c cha ion Cl- c tc dng gy c i vi vi khun. S thi ra ca c
ch yu l do tc dng phn gii ca enzym v vi khun. Cc loi enzym v vi khun
ny cho hot tnh mnh nht trong mi trng nc mui long hoc khng mui nhng
nng mui cao chng s b kim hm.

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S thm thu ca mui vo c

Qu trnh thm thu c th chia lm 3 giai on
- Giai on 1: nng mui cao cc phn t mui ngm vo c nhanh, nc trong c
thot ra ngoi (nc thot ra gp 3 ln mui ngm vo). Trong giai on ny tht c cn
mu , cha ng c.
- Giai on 2: nng mui gim dn lm cho lng nc thot ra ngoi chm hn,
protein b bin tnh, tht c rn chc, mu tr nn sm v ng c li.
- Giai on 3: p sut thm thu gim dn n 0, nng mui trong c dn bng nng
mui ca dung dch bn ngoi. Tht c giai on ny rn chc, c mi thm c
trng.
Nhng yu t nh hng n tc p mui
- Phng php p: phng php mui t nhanh hn phng php mui kh
- Nng : nng cao, tc thm thu nhanh
- Thi gian: tc thm thu ca mui vo c tng t l thun vi thi gian, n mt
tc nht nh no th qu trnh thm thu gim dn v t trng thi cn bng.
- Thnh phn ha hc ca mui: cc thnh phn khc trong mui nh Ca2+, Mg2+ s
lm gim qu trnh thm thu ca mui vo c.
- Nhit : nhit tng, tc thm thu tng. Tuy nhin, nhit cao enzym hot
ng mnh v tc dng ca vi khun tng ln lm gim cht lng ca c.
- Cht lng: c ti tc thm thu mnh, c bo tc thm thu b hn c gy
Nhng bin i ca c trong qu trnh p mui
- Protein ca c gim do thot ra ngoi nhiu, lng nc thot ra ph thuc vo phng
php mui, nng mui, thi gian mui.
- Hao ht cht dinh dng: Cht bo hao ht t, protein hao ht nhiu do hm lng m
ha tan khuch tn ra dung dch mui cng vi thi gian v nhit bo qun.

105/144

Qu trnh chn ca c p mui

C sau khi p mui mt thi gian di tc dng ca enzym v vi sinh vt lm cho mi
v ti ca c mt i, to ra mi v c trng ca c mui, tht c sn chc, c mi v
thm ngon ca c mui.
Trong qu trnh chn protein b phn gii to thnh acid amin v cc hp cht hu c
khc lm cho protein trong tht c gim xung, lng nit phi protein ngm vo trong
nc tng. Cc cht ng v cht bo cng b phn gii nhng chm hn to cho sn
phm c mi v c trng.
Cng ngh ch bin c mui tng qut

Hnh 6.1. S qui trnh ch bin sn phm c mui tng qut

K thut ch bin
- Chun b nguyn liu: dng cc loi c ti t nhin, c p lnh khng dng c n,
v bng, dp nt. C khong 0,5kg tr ln th phi m bng b ni tng v u ri ct
thnh khc di 10-12 cm hoc c th x i, kha dc 2 thn, ra sch ro nc.
Ngoi ra cn phi chun b mui
- p mui t 1
C c khi lng < 0,5kg dng 25 - 27% mui, c th trn u c vi mui ri cho vo
b... sau ph ln trn mt lp mui mng. Cng c th mui c bng cch c mt lp
c li ph mt lp mui. B dy ca mi lp mui sao cho che kn khng h c.
Thi gian p mui: sau khi p mui 48 - 72 gi em i gi nn cho c chm xung
trong 48 - 72 gi na
106/144

- Tch nc
Sau khi p mui thi gian, vt c ra cho ro, nc cn li c th s dng lm
nc mm.
- p mui t 2
Nhm ko di thi gian bo qun, lng mui bng 15% c
- ng gi - bo qun
Xp c mui t 2 vo ti polyethylen, bn ngoi dn nhn. Cc l sn phm sn xut
ra xp ring theo th t ni kh ro thong mt c mi che ma nng. Thi gian bo
qun khong 30 ngy
Yu cu v sinh
Ni ch bin, dng c, thit b, ngi lao ng ... phi m bo sch s theo yu cu.
Yu cu cht lng
- Tht chc, dai, t l dp nt < 2%
- C c mi thm c trng, mu sc ng u khng c lm tm v mu khc
- Hm lng c trong mui t 16 - 20%
Nu sn xut c mui thnh hoc c hng liu th giai on p mui ln 2 trn thnh
v hng liu xay nh vo mui p. T l thnh 3%, t bt 2%, ng 0,5 - 2%,
mui 11 - 13%, gng 0,5%, tiu, inh hng, v qu...
Cc dng sn phm c mui
a. Kh c thu mui (KUSAYA-Nht Bn)

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Hnh 6.2 S qui trnh ch bin sn phm KUSAYA

- c tnh vt l, cm quan: Rn, mu nu, mi thm c trng ca c c ln men.

- c tnh ha hc: pH = 6,5 - 7, m 38 %.
- Gi tr dinh dng: Protein = 50%, lipid = 3 %, mui = 3 3,5%
Ca = 890 mg, P = 810 mg
Vitamin B1 = 0,24 mg, vitasmin B2 = 0,4 mg
Niacin = 16 mg (n v tnh: mg/100 g sn phm)
- Vi sinh vt: Corynebacterium kusaya, Spirillum sp., Chloridium bifermentans,
Penicillum sp.
b. Colombo - cured (Nam n )

Hnh 6.3 S qui trnh ch bin sn phm Colombo-cured

c. Sushi (Nht Bn)

108/144

Hnh 6.4 S qui trnh ch bin sn phm Shushi

Qu trnh ln men sn phm ln 1 v ln 2 u c s tham gia ca vi khun acid lactic.

Vi khun ny c vai tr bo qun l ch yu, tuy nhin s phn gii protein nh vi khun
lactic vn xy ra.

Sn phm c sy kh
Nguyn l
Nguyn liu thy sn ti sng cha hm lng nc cao (70 - 80%) l iu kin thch
hp cho s pht trin ca vi sinh vt. Nu gim hm lng nc trong sn phm xung
8 - 10% s lm gim s pht trin ca vi sinh vt.
Phng php lm gim hm lng nc trong thc phm xung gi l phng php lm
kh. Da vo ngun nng lng s dng m ta c phng php lm kh khc nhau: lm
kh t nhin hay lm kh nhn to
Da vo tnh cht ca sn phm c 3 loi kh: kh sng, kh chn v kh mn
- Kh sng: l sn phm ch bin bng nguyn liu ti sng khng qua x l bng
mui hay nu chn
- Kh chn: l sn phm ch bin bng nguyn liu nu chn
- Kh mn: l sn phm ch bin t nguyn liu qua qu trnh p mui
Nhng yu t ch yu nh hng n tc lm kh
- Nhit khng kh: nhit khng kh tng, tc lm kh nhanh. Tuy nhin nhit
qu cao lm cho tht c b kht, sn phm c mu en
- m khng kh: khi m khng kh khong 80% th qu trnh sy s ngng v c
s ht m vo sn phm. m cng thp, tc sy cng nhanh
- Tc gi: vn tc nh, thi gian sy di v phm cht tht km. Tc gi ln, nhit
sy khng u. Thng vn tc trung bnh khong 0,4 - 0,6 m/s, khng kh lu thng
song song vi b mt c, qu trnh lm kh nhanh hn, khng kh lu thng to thnh
gc 45 so vi b mt c, tc sy chm nht.
- m: nhm xc tin s chuyn ng ca nc trong tht c (thc cht l qu trnh sy
kh gin on). Qu trnh m rt ngn c thi gian sy v nng cao c hiu sut

109/144

- Nguyn liu: mc to, nh, dy mng, da cng hay mm, c vy hay khng c vy,
m x hay c con ... u nh hng n thi gian sy
Cc yu t nh hng n thi gian bo qun sn phm sy kh
C sy kh thng c s dng trong cc ba n truyn thng ca tt c cc vng
dn c trn th gii. Trong nhng nm gn y nh hng ca vic tng dn s v p
lc ca vic nh bt c lm nh hng n ngun nguyn liu c cng nh cht lng
sn phm. Theo kt qu u tin ca nhm nghin cu c trung tm c tr gip. C
quan pht trin nghin cu v nng nghip quc t v c quan nghin cu nng nghip
Indonesia thc hin mt cuc nghin cu trong thi gian 3 nm v s h hng ca
c ti, c kh, ... do cn trng, vi khun, nm mc gy ra. Bo co kt qu nghin cu
nh hng thnh phn ca c v nhng yu t dn n s h hng. Kt qu cho rng s
h hng ch yu l do hm lng nc v hot ng ca nc.
Kt qu vic thay i tnh cht, cht lng ca c do cc nguyn nhn sau: s tng s
lng vi khun trn tht c, s chm kh trong qu trnh sy hoc thi gian bo qun lu,
nm mc s pht trin trn sn phm, km theo l rui, u trng, b...cng gp phn
vo s ph hoi.
Nhiu kt qu nghin cu cho rng gim hot ng ca nc s em li kt qu l
gim c s hot ng ca vi khun.
Mc ch ca vic to nn sn phm c sy kh nhm gim hot ng ca nc n
mc thp c th chp nhn c, lng mui cho vo trong qu trnh ch bin c sy
kh c s dng mc cho php. Lng mui v m mong mun c th iu chnh
c hot ng ca nc.
Hm lng nc
Hm lng nc trong c ti chim khong 80%. Khi gim m ca c xung cn
khong 25% gip ngn chn s pht trin vi khun gy h hng v di 15% ngn chn
s pht trin ca nm mc. Gi tr ny c tnh ton da trn cn bn t, hm lng
nc c nh ngha:

Hm lng nc cng c th c tnh ton da trn cn bn kh, c nh ngha:

110/144

Mi lin h gia 2 dng trn din t l:

V d: Khi 10 kg c c m 80% c sy kh n m 25% (da trn cn bn t),

lng nc cn tch ra c tnh ton nh sau:
C cha 80% m:
10 kg c = 8 kg nc + 2 kg cht kh
25% m, 2 kg cht kh c din t: 100 - 25 = 75% khi lng
V vy tng khi lng c 25% m l:
2 x 100 / 75 = 2,67 kg bao gm 0,67 kg nc v 2 kg cht kh
V vy lng nc cn tch ra l:
8 0,67 = 7,33 kg
hot ng ca nc
Loi b phn ln hm lng nc (85 - 90%) cng cha ngn chn c s pht trin
ca vi khun. V vy, hm lng nc trong sn phm cha phi l mi trng thun li
nht gip vi khun pht trin. hot ng ca nc lin quan trc tip n hm lng
cht ha tan trong h thng.
Mi quan h gia hm lng nc v hot ng ca nc
Mi quan h gia hm lng nc (da trn cn bn kh) v hot ng ca nc
c din t di dng ng ng nhit hp thu (sorption isotherm).
Nu c c sy kh hon ton v sau b ht m tr li, ng ng nhit hp thu
khng i theo li ng tch m c ca sn phm sy kh. S bin i ny c gi l
hin tng hysteresis. Trong khi sy c, protein ng t v bin tnh trong sut tin

111/144

trnh ch bin v tr nn khng lin kt vi cng mt lng nc nh dng protein ca

c ti.

Hnh 6.5. Mi quan h gia hm lng nc v hot ng ca nc

nh hng ca nhit , pH v hot ng ca nc

Trong sut qu trnh lm kh v khi c c bo qun trong mi trng c m tng
i ln th nh hng ca vic gim hot ng ca nc tr nn quan trng, nh
hng n tnh n nh ca sn phm. C mi quan h gia hot ng ca nc
n s pht trin ca nm mc, vi khun. Thng nm mc pht trin hot ng
ca nc t 0,75 0,9. ng thi s pht trin ca Clostridium botulinum (Troller v
Christian, 1978) c trnh by bng 6.1
Bng 6.1. Tng quan gia s pht trin ca Clostridium botulinum nhit v
hot ng ca nc khc nhau
Nhit (oC)

pH

hot ng ca
nc (aw)
0,997

0,98

0,97

0,96

203040203040

666777

1/41/21/11/21/ 1/91/31/21/41/ 1/91/31/91/

11/1
21/1
31/2

1/
91/3

112/144

Kt qu bng trn cho thy khi pH = 6, t l pht trin ca Clostridium botulinum gim i
mt na bng cch gim nhit t 40oC xung 30oC hoc gim hot ng ca nc
t 0,997 n 0,98. Kt qu tng t pH = 7, s pht trin ca Clostridium botulinum
gim khi gim hot ng ca nc v gim nhit t 30oC xung 20oC.
hot ng ca nc v nhng bin i ha hc
Tc phn ng oxy ha lipid v phn ng ha nu Maillard xy ra mnh nht
hot ng ca nc t 0,6 0,9. hot ng ca nc c xc nh giai on sau
khi mui c v ph thuc vo phng php bo qun c mui.
nh hng ca cn trng
Ngoi nh hng ca nhit , hot ng ca nc v mui, cn trng cng nh
hng n cht lng sn phm c phi kh. S pht trin ca u trng trn c thch
hp nhit 28 30oC, iu kin m v hm lng mui ti u t 11 15%. B cnh
cng thng xut hin c c nng mui thp hn, rui xanh v mui tm thy
nhit v m cao hn.
C kh b h hi lin quan trc tip n m trong qu trnh phi kh v bo qun,
nhng h hng ban u do bi nhm Diptera nh rui, mui v b cleris trong qu trnh
phi kh v bo qun.
Phng php sy kh
Sy kh t nhin (s dng nng lng mt tri)
Nng lng mt tri l mt dng nng lng c bn v quan trng nht trong s cc
ngun nng lng c th thay th. Vit nam rt giu nng lng mt tri. Sy bng nng
lng mt tri l mt phng php ph bin v rt r tin. Nhit ca mt tri v s
chuyn ng ca khng kh lm tch m thy sn tr nn kh
Qu trnh lm kh c bng nng lng mt tri gi l sy kh t nhin. Theo phng
php ny nguyn liu c phi ngoi nh nng c nhit khong 37 40oC.
Tin li ca phng php sy kh bng nng lng mt tri l gi r, l tng cho cc
sn phm t hoc khng cn tng gi tr v sn phm thng phi gn nh.
Tuy nhin, vic s dng n cn rt hn ch
+ Thi gian sy di, c th lm cho sn phm b h hng
+ Khng ch ng, ph thuc vo thi tit
113/144

+ Cn o trn sn phm nhiu ln trong ngy

+ Sn phm d b bn do bi
Khi sy kh bng phng php t nhin cn lu chn v tr sn phi nguyn liu
nhn c nhiu nng lng mt tri nht. Sn phi phi kh ro, thong mt. Tt nht
l phi trn gin cao 0,8 - 1 m va nhanh kh, va m bo v sinh ng thi thao tc
d dng.
Phi kh c l phng php c truyn dng trong dn gian, nhng khng thch hp cho
cng nghip ch bin
Sy kh nhn to
Qu trnh lm kh c bng nng lng nhn to gi l phng php sy kh nhn to.
Theo phng php ny c c lm kh trong cc thit b sy. Thit b sy l mt phng
kn, khng kh trong phng c t nng do b phn cung cp nhit t pha di, bn
trn c l chn kim lai, nhin liu t nng l than hoc nng lng in, C
c xp trn cc sn tha t trn gin, c nhiu lp v mi lp cch nhau 0,3 0,4m.
Nguyn tc lm vic
Khng kh i t ngoi vo qua b phn cung cp nhit c t nng ri i vo phng
sy lm nng nguyn liu, nc t nguyn liu bc hi, khng kh trong phng sy c
lu thng nh chnh lch nhit v i t di ln ko theo hi nc qua ng khi i
ra ngoi. Nhit sy khng c qu 65oC
u im

Thi gian sy ngn hn

Sy sut nm v xut khu u n
Sn phm n nh v cht lng v m
Ngn nga rui v cn trng gy bn sn phm
S dng ngun nng lng ti ch, tn dng mt bng sn xut

Nhm tng cht lng sn phm c kh, c th dng cc cch sau:

- Trc khi phi, sy cn phi m bng, ly ht ni tng, ct b u, vy v x c theo
chiu dc xng sng.
- Phi l ring tht c v phi, sy nhm lm tng gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm
- Trc khi phi, sy c th p mui theo phng php mui kh, nu tc phi, sy
nhanh c th khng cn p mui.
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S bin i ca c khi lm kh
Khi lm kh c bo qun, c b gim th tch v trng lng do s bc hi nc,
ng thi mu sc c cng thay i do hm lng cht kh tng ln v do s oxy ha
cc sc t, tht c tr nn dai, chc
Cng ngh ch bin sn phm c sy kh

Hnh 6.6 S qui trnh ch bin sn phm c sy

K thut sy kh
- X l nguyn liu
C sau khi thu nhn cn c phn loi theo khi lng v cht lng. C c trng
lng trn 5kg/con th cht u, lai b vy, ct vy, m bng, lai b ni tng, ct
thnh khc 15cm. C dy mnh th phi l ly phn tht 2 bn, loi b xng sng. C c
trng lng trn 0,5kg/con th m lng dc theo xng sng, b ni tng. C mnh dp
nh c chim th m mt ng dc xng sng, b ni tng. Sau khi x l th ra sch
ro, c th kh mi tanh ca c: dng dung dch nc 40%, dm n 0,3%, nc gng
1%.
- p mui

115/144

Vi c kh mn t l mui t 20 - 22% trng lng c ti ban u, thi gian p khong

1 gi. Nu p kh th dng mui trn vo c sau xp vo dng c c mt lp c
mt lp mui, cng ln trn lp mui cng dy hn. Trn cng ph mt lp mui mng
v gi v nn cho c chm xung. Nu p t th pha mui thnh dung dch bo ha
l 16kg mui kh cho 100kg c. Gi v nn cht, p khonng 1-2 gi.
- Kh mui: Trc khi phi cn kh mui gim mn ca c
kh mui thng ngm c vo nc l (t l nc khong 50 - 60% so vi c, ngm
trong thi gian 10 - 15 pht), vt ra ro
- Xp c ln gin: trc khi phi cn dng khn sch ch vo vt m cho mt ct mn,
nhn. Lc u p bng xung, sau lt li. Sau 2 - 3 ngy sy, mt ngy ri li sy
tip 2 - 3 ngy na.
- Sy kh: ty thuc vo kch thc nguyn liu c thi gian sy khc nhau, nhit
sy cng khc nhau. Trong qu trnh sy phi lun o trn.
- Bao gi - bo qun:
Sn phm c sy kh, ngui, phn loi v cho vo bao PE hn kn. Trng lng bao
gi ty thuc vo mc ch s dng, thng thng mi mi ti nng 10-15kg, sau
xp vo st, mi st 30kg. Sn phm c bo qun ni kh ro thong mt.
Gm kho v 4 gc kho rc vi kh chng m, nhng ngy nng to m ca kho cho
thong kh v thng xuyn kim tra quyt nh thi gian bo qun. Nu m bo
c iu kin trn thi gian bo qun khong 75 ngy.
Yu cu cht lng cm quan
- Mu t nhin
- Mi thm khng kht
- V ngt khng ng cht
- Trng thi: tht dai, khng nt
Nu mun sn xut c kh nht (c cm ...) khng qua giai on p mui, kh mui.
Nu mun sn xut c kh p gia v th p mui 10%, sau ra li bng dung dch
gng ri p gia v vi t l nh sau: mui 0,3%, t 0,2%, nc mm 0,2%, ti kh
0,5%, ng 0,5%, ru trng 1%.

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Thi gian p 2-3 gi, thi gian phi 2-3 ngy, tip sy nhit 45-50oC.

Sn phm c xng khi

Mc ch ca xng khi
Nhm pht trin mi cho sn phm, ko di thi gian bo qun v to ra dng sn phm
mi. Mt trong nhng mc ch chnh ca qu trnh xng khi l tiu dit cc vi sinh
vt trn b mt. Ngoi ra xng khi cn lm gim m ca sn phm v th cng c
ch s hot ng ca vi sinh vt trn b mt sn phm, ko di thi gian bo qun sn
phm.
Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh xng khi
Ngun nhin liu
a. Nhin liu dng xng khi
Nhin liu xng khi thng dng l g, kh t sinh ra khi xng v ta nhit. Nhin
liu xng khi quyt nh thnh phn ca khi, v vy vic la chn nhin liu l vn
quan trng. Khng nn dng g c nhiu nha nh thng v trong khi c nhiu b hng
lm cho sn phm c mu sm, v ng, lm gim gi tr cm quan ca sn phm. Cc
lai nhin liu c dng xng khi l si, mt, d, c th s dng di dng g,
dm bo hoc mn ca. c c lng khi cn thit cn phi khng ch nhin liu
trong iu kin chy khng hon ton, m nhin liu thch hp khong 25 30%.
b. Thnh phn ca khi
Thnh phn ca khi l yu t quan trng trong khi xng khi, v n c quan h mt
thit n cht lng v tnh bo qun sn phm trong qu trnh xng khi. C khong
300 hp cht khc nhau trong thnh phn ca khi, cc hp cht thng thng l phenol,
acid hu c, carbonyl, hydro carbon v mt s thnh phn kh khc nh CO2, CO, O2,
N2 ...
- Cc hp cht phenol: C khong 20 hp cht phenol khc nhau trong thnh phn ca
khi. Hp cht phenol c tc dng chng li cc qu trnh oxy ha, to mu, mi cho
sn phm v tiu dit cc vi sinh vt nhim vo thc phm.
- Hp cht alcohol:Nhiu hp cht ru khc nhau tm thy trong khi. Ru khng
ng vai tr quan trng trong vic to mi cho sn phm xng khi. Tuy nhin n c tc
dng nh trong vic tiu dit vi sinh vt.

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- Cc acid hu c: Cc acid hu c n gin trong khi c mch cacbon dao ng t 1

- 10 nguyn t cacbon, trong cc acid hu c c mch cacbon t 1 - 4 l nhiu nht
VD. Acid formic, acid acetic, acid propyonic, acid butyric, acid izobutyric ... cc acid
hu c hu nh khng to mi cho sn phm nhng chng c tc dng bo qun (lm
cho pH b mt sn phm h xung), ng thi c tc dng ng t protein.
- Cc cht cacbonyl: Cc mch cacbon ngn ng vai tr quan trng trong vic to mu,
mi cho sn phm
- Cc hp cht hydro cacbon: Khng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic bo qun v
chng c tch ra trong nhng pha xng khi c bit.
Tc dng ca khi n sn phm
* S lng ng ca khi ln b mt sn phm: lng ng l bc u tin ca tc
dng xng khi. Khi t nhin liu, khi bay ln v bm vo sn phm. Lng khi bm
vo nhiu hay t c lin quan n qu trnh xng khi.
Nhn t chnh nh hng n s lng ng ca khi: Nhn t nh hng n s lng
ng ca khi trn sn phm c 3 mt:
- H thng khi hun cng khng n nh th tc dng lng ng ca n cng ln.
- Quan trng hn c l nh hng ca cc lai lc ca ht khi nh chuyn ng Brown,
tc dng ca nhit in di, tc dng ca trng lc, trng thi lu thng ca khng kh.
- nh hng tnh cht mt ngai ca sn phm ngha l cu to ca b mt sn phm
nh th no (nhn, nhm)u c nh hng n s lng ng ca khi. Lng nc
trong sn phm c nh hng r rt, ngha l c cng kh tc dng lng ng cng km,
m ca khi hun cng cao v tc chuyn ng ln th tc dng lng ng cng
ln.
* S thm thu ca khi hun vo sn phm
- S thm thu ca khi: Sau khi khi hun lng ng trn b mt sn phm th n bt u
ngm dn vo sn phm.Khi ht khi bm ln sn phm, nhng thnh phn trong khi
s thm thu vo nht l nhng cht c tnh tan trong nc, h thng khi hun trng
thi th lng d thm tch hn trng thi th c. y l qu trnh ngm dn t ngoi
vo trong, lc thc y ch yu ca n l s cn bng, nng ca cc thnh phn trong
khi hun, ngai ra n cng chu nh hng ca tc dng nhit di.
- Nhn t chnh nh hng n s thm thu ca khi

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+ Thnh phn, nhit , m v nng ca khi

+ Bn thn nguyn liu: C c nhiu hay t vy, lng m, lng nc, ....
+ Phng php v thi gian xng khi
Tc dng phng thi v st trng ca khi
Qua nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc trn th gii cho thy rng khi c tc dng phng
thi v st trng, nhng tc dng phng thi ca khi mnh hn, hai im ny c lin
quan mt thit vi nhau.
* Tc dng st trng mt ngoi ca sn phm
Theo nghin cu ca Shewan theo di tc dng st trng ca khi hun mt ngoi sn
phm c trch cho thy c khng qua x l, c xng khi nhit 20 30oC trong
3 -5 gi th lng vi khun mt ngoi sn phm gim 35%, nu em p mui trc
th lng vi khun gim xung 59%.
Tc dng ca thnh phn khi trong sn phm trong v sau qu trnh xng khi: thnh
phn ca khi ngm vo sn phm v lng vi khun gim dn xung.
* Kh nng st trng ca thnh phn khi hun: cc thnh phn trong khi hun nh cc
hp cht acid, phenol, aldehyde, u c tc dng st trng. Ngy nay ngi ta dng
h s phenol biu th kh nng st trng ca chng. Phenol l cht c kh nng st
trng mnh, c bit l phenol c phn t lng ln, tn ti trong du nha g. Lai
phenol c nhiu gc methyl v mch carbua cng di th kh nng st trng cng mnh.
* Tc dng chng oxy ha ca khi
Sn phm xng khi c tc dng chng oxy ha r rt, l tnh cht quan trng ca
khi hun. i vi cht bo ca ng vt thy sn, xng khi cng c tc dng chng oxy
ha rt tt. Ngi ta th nghim xng khi cht bo ca c trch, ra ngoi tri nhit
40oC, th thy c khng b oxy ha. Cc thnh phn phenol, hydroquinol, guaialcol
c kh nng chng oxy ha tng i cao.
nh hng ca thnh phn khi n sn phm
a. nh hng n mu sc v mi v sn phm
S hnh thnh mu sc v mi v ca sn phm l do tc dng tng hp phc tp ca
nhiu cht li cho gic quan. Cho n nay ngi ta tm thy trong khi c hn 300
hp cht khc nhau. Do vic nghin cu mu sc, mi v ca tng cht cha c

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xc nh, ngi ta ch ct ring tng nhm nh phenol, aldehyde, v xc nh mu

sc, mi v ca chng.
b. nh hng n sc khe con ngi
T xa n nay cha c pht hin no v s ng c c xng khi. Tuy nhin chng ta
cng nhn thy rng c mt s cht thuc nh m phenol v aldehyde gg c. Nguyn
nhn khng gy c l do:
- Lng ca n rt t trong sn phm. V d qui nh ca v sinh thc phm l lng
formaldehyde khng vt qu 20mg%, thc t th lng formaldehyde trong sn phm
ch khang 5 - 13mg%. Nh vy khng th gy c.
- Khi n cc cht vo rut qua tc dng ha hc v sinh ha lm gim nh hoc
tiu mt c tnh ca n.
VD: formaldehyde khi kt hp vi protein th sinh ra hp cht c gc methylen khng
c. Cn phenol khi vo c th th b oxy ha, b c th gii c.
Thnh phn khi ngm vo c sau khi xng khi gm:
- Cc hp cht phenol: 1 - 34 mg%
- Cc loi acid c tnh bay hi: 5 -13 mg%
- Formaldehyde: 5 - 13 mg%
- Hp cht ceton: 0,2 - 2 mg%

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Cng ngh ch bin sn phm c xng khi

Hnh 6.7 S qui trnh ch bin sn phm c xng khi

K thut xng khi

- Chun b nguyn liu: c dng xng khi gm c hng, c thu, c ng, c chp ...
Sau khi x l, b u, vy, vy, ni tng, ra sch. Nu c ln phi l ly 2 ln, c nh
c nguyn con.
- p mui: ty theo nguyn liu to nh khc nhau m quyt nh t l p sao cho khi
p c phi t mn 1,5 - 2%
- Xng khi: treo c ln cc mc treo trong phng, c nh xp vp khay cch u n
khi bm u.

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Nhit xng khi khong 40 60oC i vi xng khi ngui v 120 140oC i vi
xng khi nng.
Thi gian xng khi ngui khong 3 - 4 ngy, xng khi nng khong 2 - 4 gi
i vi phng php xng khi ngui, thng ngi ta p dng phng php gin on
(ban ngy xng khi, ban m m, sng hm sau m ca phng xng khi cho hi
nc thot ra ngoi)
Yu cu sn phm
- Xng khi ngui c hm lng nc 45 - 52%, nng mui 6 - 12%
- Xng khi nng c hm lng nc 65 - 70%, nng mui 2 - 4%
Tm li: khi xng khi nng protein b ng t lm cho mng ngoi sn phm cng li,
nc thot ra ngoi t, khi bm t, sn phm ngon, mu sc p, mi thm ngon nhng
thi gian bo qun ngn.

Sn phm c ng hp
C hp l mt trong cc dng thc phm ng hp. nc ta c vng bin rng ln,
c nhiu loi c thch hp cho vic sn xut c hp nh c trch, c ng, c thu, tm,
... Trc y nhn dn ta ch bo qun c theo tp qun truyn thng nh sy kh, lm
mm,... Cng ngh sn xut hp pht trin va ko di thi gian bo qun, va lm
tng gi tr thng mi ca c.
Nguyn l ca qu trnh x l nhit hp nhm ph hy hay v hot enzym v vi
khun, trnh s ly nhim tr li t mi trng bn ngoi.
Vic x l nhit cn c tc dng khc l sn phm c vn gi c cht lng tt m
khng cn bo qun lnh.
Chn la tin trnh ch bin nhit
Sn phm hp thc phm c phn chia ra lm 3 nhm ty thc vo pH
- Sn phm c acid cao (pH < 4,5)
C sauce v cc loi sn phm ngm trong dung dch acid acetic, acid citric hoc acid
lactic s ngn chn s pht trin ca vi sinh vt sinh bo t, vi sinh vt gy bnh. Cc
loi vi sinh vt ny b ph hy khi x l nhit trong mi trng acid.

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- Sn phm c acid trung bnh (pH = 4,5 5,3)

Nhiu sn phm hp c sauce c nm trong khong pH ny v tin trnh tit trng
nhit i hi phi kim sot cn thn (thng da trn s ph hy bo t Clostridium
botulinum).
- Sn phm c acid thp (pH>5,3)
Tr cc loi sn phm nu trn, hu ht cc sn phm hp c c pH gn trung tnh
v i hi tin trnh tit trng nhit phi y nh nhm acid trung bnh. Cng thm
vo , cn thit phi tnh n kh nng mt s loi vi sinh vt a nhit hnh thnh bo
t khng nhit c th sng st li trong qu trnh ch bin. V d vi khun chu nhit
Bacillus stearothermophilus gy h hng hp thc phm y hp. Tuy nhin, nu
tin trnh ch bin nhit yu cu tiu dit c ht vi sinh vt sinh bo t th c s b qu
nhit. V vy cch tt nht nn trnh s dng thm cc nguyn liu th cha qua x l
nh cc loi gia v, m chng c th cha vi sinh vt hoc sau tin trnh ch bin bo t
c th hnh thnh.
VD. Sn phm hp c ng knh ln, nu lm ngui t nhin khng dng nc lnh
hoc kh nn lm ngui, c th ko di hn mt ngy lm ngui tm sn phm v
vi sinh vt c th pht trin thng qua khong nhit ny. Khi vi khun a nhit
hnh thnh bo t pht trin v gy h hng sn phm.
Qu trnh ch bin nhit
Qu trnh truyn nhit trong sn phm hp c
c, qu trnh truyn nhit bng dn nhit chim u th. V vy thi gian ti u nhit
truyn vo tm sn phm hay im ngui nht ca sn phm t 20 - 120 pht, khi hp
c ng knh 14,5 mm, cao 168 mm. Nu so snh vi qu trnh ch bin nhit bng i
lu nhit, khi gia nhit cng mt nhit , thi gian t c nhit tm t hn 20
pht.
trnh c b qu nhit im gn vch hp v gia tng tc truyn nhit n
im ngui nht, sauce, du hoc nc mui c b sung thm vo trong hp. Qu
trnh truyn nhit bng i lu nhit c gia tng khi hp c khuy o trong thit
b thanh trng. Roto quay dng lt ngc hp c hiu qu hn roto quay dng xon.
Gia nhit bng bc x nhit khng c thc hin trong thit b thanh trng nhng c 2
qu trnh gia nhit bng in tr v microwave c ng dng lm chn v kh trng
c trc khi cho vo hp.
Trong hu ht cc loi sn phm c ng gi, sn phm dng cht rn huyn ph hoc
cht lng, qu trnh ch bin nhit kt hp c hai qu trnh truyn nhit bng dn nhit
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v i lu nhit xuyn qua sn phm bn trong hp. V tr ca im ngui nht khng

n gin l nm tm hnh hc ca bao b m nm tm hnh hc ca ming c dy
nht trong bao gi. V vy im ngui nht c th nm v tr bt k. Qu trnh truyn
nhit bng dn nhit xy ra chm hn truyn nhit bng i lu nhit.
nh hng ca nhit ch bin
Trong qu trnh ch bin, nhit lm cho c b mm v mt nhng cht d bay hi.
Qu trnh thanh trng nhit gn lin vi thi gian bo qun hp. Trong cng ngh
ch bin hp, cn quan tm gim thiu qu trnh x l nhit qu mc bng cch
tng tc truyn nhit n nhng im ngui nht.
hp b h hng nh hng n gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm, lin quan n hm
lng protein. Mt s protein trong xng c hi v c mi qua qu trnh ch bin th
tr thnh dng n c. S bin tnh protein nhit cao lm mt 9-28% nc ty
thuc vo mc ch bin, loi c, gi tr pH v nhng yu t sinh l khc. Cn gii
hn s mt nc trong hp. Nhng qu trnh ch bin nh ng hp, gim dm, xng
khi v nu lm mt protein ha tan.
Khi x l nhit cc vitamin nhm B nh B1, B2, B12, acid forlic, acid nicotinic b mt
nhiu. Lng vitamin ny cn li c hp rt t so vi c ti.
S thay i mi v xy ra trong sut thi gian ch bin c th chp nhn c nu qu
trnh x l nhit c gii hn. S thay i mi v ca c kh pht hin c khi trong qu
trnh ch bin c s dng thm nc st v gia v.
S bin i cu trc cng xy ra trong sut qu trnh ch bin, bin i ny xy ra c
li nu qu trnh ch bin c kim sot. S bin tnh protein i km theo s mt nc
l nguyn nhn gy nn s bin i cu trc ca c. Nhng loi c c hm lng cht
bo cao th s bin i cu trc din ra t hn nh nh hng hn ch ca cht bo i
vi nc. Vic la chn nguyn liu ban u ch bin cng c ngha rt quan trng
i vi s thay i cu trc ca c. C km ti s b mt nc nhiu hn v cu trc b
bin i nhiu hn sau qu trnh ch bin.
S bin i mu sc ca c cng xy ra khi s dng nguyn liu km cht lng. S
xut hin mu xanh hp c ng l do s ng t trimethylamin, myoglobin, cystein
to nn trong qu trnh nu. C th gim s bin i mu c ng bng cch thm vo
nhng cht chng oxy ha. Nagakao (1971) a ra phng php xc nh s kt hp
TMAO v TMA trong nguyn liu cho bit s xanh ha c th xy ra trong qu trnh
x l nhit.
Mu sc ca c hi ng hp rt quan trng, n nh hng n gi tr cm quan ca sn
phm. C hi mu ti c gi tr cao hn c hi mu nht, c hi mu hng c gi

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tr thp hn hai loi trn. Mi loi c c nhn t iu khin mu khc nhau. S dng c
km cht lng hoc qua trnh thanh trng khng thch hp l yu t nh hng n s
bin i mu.
S ha nu trong c hp lin quan n lng ng kh robose. S ha nu l mt
dng h hng ca hp. S ha nu tng ln l do s tc ng ca riboside hydrolase
ln acid ribonuleic (ARN). Tuy nhin, vi ribose ha tan th qu trnh chn hoc gn
cht c th trnh c s ha nu ca c. Cc nghin cu khc cng cho rng vi khun
Lactobacillus pentoaceticus s phn hy ht ribose nhit 0oC trong 2 ngy. Mt s
ha nu khc xy ra trong qu trnh ngm dm c vi hnh, c th l do cc acid amin
phn ng vi 2,5 diketogluconic acid do s tc ng ca vi khun ln hnh. Nhng phn
ng ha nu ca c hp l nhng phn ng ha nu khng enzym.
S bin i mu sc ca s v cua trong qu trnh ch bin thng lin quan n nhng
ion kim loi. S xut hin mu xanh cua lin quan n ng, cn s xut hin mu en
tm l do st. Ln v cc loi c ng cng chu s thay i mu sc trong qu trnh
ch bin l do trong bn thn n c cha hm lng st cao. Nu nguyn liu trc khi
em ch bin c bo qun trong kho lnh th s thay i mu sc s tng ln v khi
bo qun trong kho lnh s lm tng lng sunfua t do trong nguyn liu, st v sunfua
tc dng vi nhau to ra kt ta st sunfit (Fe2(SO3)3) c mu en bm trn thnh hp,
trn b mt c v ngay c trong phn cht lng.
Nhng tinh th thy tinh i khi c tm thy trong hp c thu, c ng, c hi,
tm v gip xc qua qu trnh ch bin nhit. Nhng tinh th ny b ngi tiu dng hiu
nhm l tinh th thy tinh. Tuy nhin, li l nhng tinh th canxi hoc tinh th magi
amoni phosphate. Khch hng khng cho php c cc tinh th ny trong sn phm. Tt
nht l nn phng chng khng xy ra. S dng natri hexameta phosphate hay
acid citric ngn cn s hnh thnh canxi v magi t do hoc to pH thp trnh s
lng cn ca tinh th ny.
Ch x l nhit
Trong qu trnh thanh trng nhit c nhiu bin i xy ra. C rt nhiu pht minh v
cng ngh sn xut hp nhng ch yu l tp trung vo vic nng cao cht lng ca
hp bng cch gim bt i thi gian x l nhit qu lu m vn m bo c cht
lng theo yu cu. Chn c ch x l nhit thch hp va m bo cht lng
ca sn phm, va t c nhng yu cu ra.

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Cc giai on ch bin sn phm c hp

Qu trnh ch bin s b
Trong qu trnh ch bin sn phm c ng hp cng nh cc loi thc phm ng hp
khc u mong mun thnh phn bn trong hp khng b bin i. t c s mong
i th nguyn liu cn thit phi qua qu trnh ch bin s b sn phm cui cng
t c nhng yu cu ra.
C ti x l trc khi em ng hp cn tun theo nguyn tc GMP Good
Manufacturing Practice.
C lnh ng cn phi c tan gi nhanh (nhng nhit thch hp). Tin trnh tan
gi cn phi iu khin thng s nhit v thi gian.
a. Lm sch v phi l
C c ct b u, tch ni tng. Vic ct b u v tch ni tng c thc hin cng
mt bc.
Mt vi loi c ln cn phi phi l v ct ra thnh tng khc ty theo sn phm v qui
trnh ch bin. Nhiu loi c dng ng hp nh c hi, c trch khng cn phi l v
xng ca chng sau khi qua qu trnh thanh trng mm v n c. Tuy nhin,
c nhng loi cn phi l v xng ca chng rt cng v khng n c. Tht c dng
phi l c cu trc yu v c th v ra khi thanh trng. Vic tch nc gian on x l
nhit s b c ng dng nhm lm cho tht c cng hn, t b v v d dng rt vo
hp. C thu trc khi phil ra lm hai phn nn hp nhit 90oC tht c khng b
v ra.
b. Tch da
Da c l phn n c, nhng nhiu loi c da c tch ra nhm mc ch cm quan,
c bit l c thu v c ng. Tin trnh tch da bng ha cht c s dng bng cch
ngm c vo dung dch NaOH nhit 70 80oC vi pH t 11 - 14. Sau vi pht vt
c ra, dng vi nc mnh phun vo c nhm tch b phn da v sau ngm vo
dung dch HCl, c pH t 1 - 4 trung ha lng kim d cn li trong c.
c. Ra
Lun phi ra c trong nc c x l vi cht kh trng sau khi tch ni tng v giai
on tch ni tng l ngun ly nhim rt nghim trng. Bn cnh , ra cn loi
bt nht v mu. Phi l xong thng s khng ra li.

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d. Ngm mui
Mc ch ca qu trnh p mui l lm tng hng v cho sn phm. Thng y l
mt qu trnh moi rut, ct u v cc qu trnh ch bin s b khc. C c ngm vo
dung dch nc mui mt thi gian, s bin tnh protein khng ng k. Tuy nhin, cc
protein ha tan s di chuyn ra b mt c v khuch tn vo nc mui. Mui ngm vo
tht c v c nh hng trc tip n mi v ca sn phm. Hm lng mui thng
c chp nhn mc 1 - 2%. Mui s dng l dng mui tinh khit v khng cha bt
k lng nh mui MgCl2 no.
Trong sut qu trnh ngm mui c mt t lng nc tch ra t c. ngn chn s
ly nhim, nc mui cn c thay mi thng xuyn. Thi gian ngm mui cc loi
c khc nhau l khc nhau v c xc nh bng thc nghim. Trong qu trnh ngm
mui nn ngm nhit thp v nhit cn c c nh l hng s.
e. Mui kh
Trong qu trnh p mui kh lng nc di chuyn ra ngoi nhanh hn so vi mui
trong dung dch, nhng lng mui ngm vo c nn gii hn sau cho v vn cn chp
nhn. C ln dng ct khc ng hp nn mui kh.
f. Ngm dm
Thng c ng dng nh mt tin trnh ch bin chnh bo qun cho cc sn phm
hi sn. Tht s, tht cua c ngm dm v ng trong l thy tinh trc khi thanh
trng hay tit trng.
g. Xng khi
Qu trnh xng khi nhm lm tng mi v ca c trc khi ng hp. Khi xng khi
sn phm b mt nc v tr nn kh. C 2 phng xng khi l xng khi nng v
xng khi ngui. Khi xng khi nng protein ca c ng t do bin tnh, hn ch s
mt dch trong sut qu trnh ch bin.
Cht lng nguyn liu ban u ca c s dng cho xng khi v ng hp c nh
hng ln n cht lng sn phm cui cng. C c hm lng cht bo thp th mt
nc nhiu trong qu trnh xng khi, iu lm lm cho c cng chc v d xp vo hp,
cu trc rn chc ny vn cn sau qu trnh thanh trng nhit. C c hm lng cht bo
cao th mt nc t do c d b v khi xp hp v sn phm cui cng qu mm.

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Lm chn s b
Gia nhit lm bc hi mt lng nc, lng nc bc hi ty theo loi. Nu lng
nc cn li trong hp, n s pha long cc thnh phn sauce b sung v lm gim gi
tr cm quan ca c (VD: du b tch ra v ni trn b mt sn phm).
Mc ch ca qu trnh lm chn s b l:

Loi bt mt lng nc trong tht c v ngn chn s thot dch

Tch phn nht, mu nh hng n mu sc, mi v sn phm
Gip ng t protein
Tch phn tht ra t xng
Pht trin mi v ca sn phm

Lm chn s b l tin trnh rt quan trng. C cn c x l nhit ngn chn s

mt nc trong sut qu trnh ng hp, nhng khng nn x l nhit qu lu, khi c
s b kh v gim cht lng sn phm.
C th x l nhit bng 3 cch: chin (rn), sy, chn hp. Ty theo yu cu khu v v
th hiu ngi tiu dng c th s dng mt trong 3 phng php trn.
a. Qu trnh chn, hp
Trong qu trnh ch bin sn phm c hp c nhiu loi nguyn liu cn phi qua chn,
hp. Ngi ta nhng nguyn liu vo trong nc hay dung dch hoc x l nguyn liu
bng hi nc nhit 75 100oC. Qu trnh hp tn tht cht dinh dng t hn
nhng thc t sn xut thng chn v thao tc gn nh, thit b n gin, truyn nhit
tt hn khi hp.
Sau khi chn, hp xong cn lm ngui nhanh. Trong ch bin c hp chn, hp lm cho
tht c cng chc hn nhm mc ch: d xp vo hp, lm gim lng vi sinh vt bm
trn b mt c, lm gim s h hng tht c trong sut qu trnh ch bin.
b. Chin (rn)
Thng thng dng du rn c. Trc khi rn, c c th c tm bt nhm lm cho
c sau khi rn vng, thm ngon v hnh thc hp dn. Sau khi tm bt c khong 3-5
pht ri cho vo cho chin.
C sau khi rn lm ngui n 40oC. C rn nhm lm tng gi tr cm quan v gi tr
dinh dng. Lng vi sinh vt cng b tiu dit nhiu do nhit rn cao.
c. Sy

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C sau khi p mui, xp ln li ro khong 10 pht ri em sy vi ch sy

nh sau:
Sy 40-50oC khong 15-30 pht ty theo kch thc ca c
Nng nhit ln 90oC, thi gian nng nhit khong 5-10 pht v tin hnh sy
tip khong 45-60 pht.
Lm ngui n nhit 40oC
Cho vo hp bi kh
C c xp vo hp; du n, nc hay nc sauce c b sung thm vo theo t l
c tnh ton.C th cho vo hp bng tay hoc bng my. Khi rt hp phi m bo
cc yu cu sau:

m bo khi lng tnh v thnh phn ca hp theo qui nh

C hnh thc trnh by p
m bo h s truyn nhit
Khng ln cc tp cht

Bi kh ra khi hp trc khi ghp np l cng on rt cn thit nhm:

- Ngn chn s gia tng p sut trong sut qu trnh tit trng nhit cao do s gin
n ca kh khong trng trong hp.
- Gim s oxy ha sn phm thc phm bn trong hp v gim hin tng n mn hp
Kh sinh ra trong hp do s n mn hp (sinh kh H2), hoc do s hot ng ca vi sinh
vt sinh kh, hoc do khng kh xm nhp vo hp qua khe h.
S khng cn bng gia p sut bn trong v bn ngoi hp thic trong sut tin trnh
ch bin gy bin dng nhng mi ghp, l nguyn nhn dn n mi ghp b h.
hp khng kn d b h hng do vi sinh vt. nu kim tra hp khng k th rt nguy
hi, nh hng n gi tr ca hp khi tiu th. Vi s chnh lch p sut ln hoc
ng knh hp ln, p sut bn trong ln hn p sut bn ngoi gy phng hp, iu
ny c gi l peaking. Khi p sut bn ngoi ln hn p sut bn trong lm cho hp
b mp mo, gi l panelling.
p sut bn trong qu ln c th lm bt np hp hoc lm cho mi ghp lng lo. Do
cn to p sut i khng trong thit b ch bin.
Nhng hp c kch thc nh, vng chc th c th chng li s bin dng do chnh lch
p sut gia trong v ngoi hp. Nhng hp nh khng cn khong khng cho kh gin
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n. c, du, nc st c rt y hp. ngn chn s gia tng p sut vt qu gii

hn bn trong hp trong sut qu trnh gia nhit, cn ui kh v to khong khng trong
hp trc khi em ghp m. C 3 phng php bi kh: phng php nhit, phng php
phun hi v phng php ht chn khng
a. Phng php nhit
Cho c v du hoc nc st vo hp khi cn nng, hi nc bc ln s y khng kh
pha trn ra ngoi, sau ghp m ngay lp tc v lm ngui khng kh khng xm
nhp tr li.
Nu chn khng nh hn 5mmHg th s lm cho hp b bin dng.
b. Phng php phun hi
Hp i qua bng chuyn, hi nc phun vo hp, hi nc s chim ch ca khng kh
trong hp v y khng kh ra ngoi, sau ghp hp ngay lp tc. Hi nc trong hp
s ngng t v to chn khng. Qu trnh ny c thc hin trong phng bi kh.
c. Phng php ht chn khng
y l phng php ph bin nht to chn khng trong hp. Phng php
ny c thc hin trong phng ht chn khng, dng bm chn khng ht khng
kh trong hp ra.
Ghp np
Nhn t quan trng quyt nh s thnh cng ca cng ngh sn xut hp l kh nng
lm kn hp hoc l thy tinh. Bc ny rt quan trng nh hng n mc an ton
v thi gian bo qun.
Kim tra kn ca mi ghp l vn quan trng nht. Sau khi ghp m, hp c a
qua chu nc ra loi b phn nguyn liu cn bm trn hp. Nu khng ra li,
phn nguyn liu ny s b ng cng li trong sut qu trnh x l nhit v khng th
tch ra c sau .
Bao b c hp
Bao b c hp c th l thy tinh hoc kim loi nhng hin nay ph bin nht l bao b
st ty v bao b nhm
Bao b phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
V sinh sch s, khng cha cc tp cht l
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 Khng gy c cho thc phm, khng lm thc phm bin i cht lng,
khng gy mi v l v khng lm bin mu cho thc phm
Bn i vi tc dng ca thc phm
Chu c nhit v p sut cao
Truyn nhit tt, chc chn, gn nh
D gia cng, gi r
Hnh thc hp dn
S dng, vn chuyn, bo qun tin li
Thanh trng
Qu trnh ch bin nhit gip tiu dit vi sinh vt. Thng thng s dng hi thanh
trng nhit. Tc dng c hiu qu nht ca qu trnh ch bin nhit l nhit ln hn
100oC.
Khi x l nhit sn phm, nhit bn trong hp tng chm hn nhit trong thit b
thanh trng. V vy s liu tnh ton v cc s liu thc nghim cn phi c kim tra
t c nhit /thi gian x l nhit thch hp. Sao cho tm sn phm phi m
bo nhit tiu dit tt c cc vi sinh vt, k c dng bo t.
Trong thc t, ch bin hp c sauce c vi dng hp hnh oval 400g i hi thi
gian x l nhit l 75 pht nhit 115oC m bo mc an ton v mt vi sinh
v trnh cc hin tng h hng khc xy ra.
Vn rt quan trng cn lu l mt tin trnh x l nhit iu kin ny thch hp
nhng iu kin khc c th khng thch hp.
Dn nhn v ng thng
dy chuyn cng ngh thc hin, sn phm hp sau khi tit trng c em i
bo n khong 14 ngy trc khi phn phi. Nu c bt k s c no xy ra trong sut
qu trnh ch bin nh mi ghp khng kn, lp trng mt trong ca hp khng tt hay
mt s li khc, hp s trng phng ln. S trng phng ca hp xy ra do vi sinh vt
hot ng sinh kh hoc do phn ng ca sn phm ln thnh hp sinh kh H2.
Tn tr trc khi dn nhn cn c tc dng gip cho sn phm n nh v gip cho nc
sauce ngm vo c.
Ngy nay, nhn giy dn trn hp c thay th bng mc in trn hp. Nhn c dn
trn thng carton. Cc thng ny phi c bn tt bo v hp trnh gy h hng
mi ghp hay con du xut kho.

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Bo qun hp c
Vi nhng sn phm c hp c th bo qun lu di. Trong qu trnh bo qun s lm
tng mi v c trng ca sn phm. Tuy nhin, khng th kim sot c cc phn ng
vt l v ho hc nh hng n bao b v nhng thnh phn bn trong n. Sn phm
sau khi bo qun mt thi gian di thng gp cc trng hp nh thay i mu sc, s
n mn hp, s to thnh tinh th, s ng vn nc st v s mt mi v.
Nhit bo qun khong 35oC ngn cn c s pht trin ca cc bo t vi sinh vt
sng st sau qu trnh thanh trng. Durand v Thibaud (1980) cho rng s n mn b
mt trong ca hp st ty cha c mi v c thu ngm dm hay rt nc st s xy ra
sau 2 nm nu bo qun 37oC.
Mt s qui trnh sn xut c hp
Sn phm c ngm du
Sn phm c ngm du l mt lai sn phm mi, c cht lng v gi tr sinh nng
lng cao.

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Hnh 6.8 S qui trnh ch bin sn phm c ngm du

- Nguyn liu: C em ch bin c hm lng bo ln hn 4%. Khng a vo sn xut

nhng loi c khng chc tht, khng lng bo. C th s dng c ti, c ng
lnh, tt nht l dng c bo qun nhit 1-5oC trong 10-20 gi, khng dng c mt
, m b oxy ha.
- p mui trong 4 pht vi dung dch mui c nng 18-22 B. Sau khi p mui
cho c vo r ro ri em i rt hp bng tay.
- C th hp bng hi nc nhit 90-100oC trong 10 pht.
- Thanh trng theo ch

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Sn phm c st c chua

Hnh 6.9 S qui trnh ch bin sn phm c st c

Sn phm surimi
Gii thiu s lc v surimi
Thut ng surimi ca Nht Bn l mt cch ni thng dng c dng gi tt tn ca
cc sn phm gi cua hoc cc sn phm c bit khc. Surimi cn c gi l ch c,
l mt lai protein trung tnh, c ch bin qua nhiu cng an ra, nghin v nh
hnh li cu trc. Cc protein c lm sch trn vi cht to ng v sau em i
cp ng, n s hnh thnh th gel cng v n hi. Tnh to gel, tnh gi nc v to
nh tng to nn cu trc lm nguyn liu cho vic sn xut Kamaboko.

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Surimi c xut khu v bn vi s lng ln trn khp cc th trng Chu u. T

nhng nm 80, cc nc Ty u, M, Canada, cng sn xut c surimi nhm
cung cp nhu cu ti ch v khc phc vn qun l ngun c trn th gii, trnh c
hin tng ngun c ngy mt cn kit Nht Bn. Vit nam cng c nhiu nh my
sn xut surimi nhng ch yu phc v cho nhu cu xut khu.
Cng ngh sn xut surimi
Qui trnh sn xut Surimi

Hnh 6.10 S qui trnh ch bin sn phm surimi

Thuyt minh qui trnh

a. Nguyn liu
ti ca nguyn liu c rt quan trng t c hiu qu ch bin cao nht.
Nht, sn phm Surimi trong cc nh my c gi tr rt cao. Mi loi phi c x l
da trn gi tr ca n. Cht lng nguyn liu c nh hng rt ln n gi tr cm quan
v tnh cht ha hc ca sn phm. C ti ch bin thch hp hn, to ra sn phm t

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mu v cc lin kt ca m c hnh thnh gel tt hn. Khi c c hm lng nc thp

v protein cao ngha l chu k ra t. pH thp c xu hng to gel bn hn nhng nc
d dng tch ra trong qu trnh ch bin. C sau giai on t cng, pH bt u tng cao,
kh nng gi nc tt v gel tr nn mm.
b. X l
C ti c em i ct u, b ni tng, ra. Vi sn phm surimi c chun b t
tht c c phi l sn s cho sn phm c cht lng n nh hn. Tuy nhin, trong
qu trnh chun b tht phi l, hiu sut thu hi tht s gim do mt phn tht cn dnh li
cc phn xng. Vic s dng tht c cn nguyn xng s lm cho sn phm surimi
c cht lng km hn. Bi v trong qu trnh p ly tht c dch lng trong cc t bo
thn kinh, ty v cc thnh phn cn st li trn xng nh l lch, thn, rut, d dy
... rt giu enzym gy bin tnh protein, mc d qu trnh ra c th loi cc enzym ny
nhng khng trit . B li hiu sut thu hi tht trong trng hp ny cao hn.
Bng 6.2. T l cc phn thu c so vi c nguyn con
T l so vi c nguyn con (%)

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Cc phn ca c

40 11 30 11 7

Phn tht b xng

32 10 17 6

Phn tht c ra 3 ln v c p kh 22 8

10 4

3
1

(a): Tht phil bn

(b): Tht phil (phn c gi l J cut)
(c): u
(d): Xng gia (phn pha sau)
(e): Xng gia (phn pha trc)
c. Nghin p
Mc ch nghin p l tch xng, vy, da bng phng php c hc. Phn tht c p
xuyn qua cc l ca trng nghin c ng knh t 3 - 4 mm. Nguyn l hot ng ca
my nh vo lc p ca rulo tr lc, lc cng ca cc dy cao su p, dy cao su st vo
trng nghin. C i vo gia dy cao su v trng nghin b p mnh, tht c xuyn qua
l trng i vo trong, cn xng, vy, da khng xuyn qua l trng c cun ra ngoi
b thanh gt gt rt xung. i vi tht phi l em i nghin, hiu sut lm vic ca my

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rt cao. Trong qu trnh nghin c cc bin i vt l v ha hc xy ra: cu trc tht

c b ph v hon ton, nhit gia tng trong qu trnh nghin lm cho protein b bin
tnh mt phn.
d . Tin trnh ra
Chu k ra ca c vi nc l giai on quan trng ca tin trnh sn xut surimi. Ra
c nhm loi b:
- S ha tan ca m c protein sarcoplasmic (protein cht c) vo trong nc m nhng
cht ngn cn qu trnh hnh thnh gel.
- Enzym (protease)
- Cht mi, mu
- Lipid
- Cht mang oxy trong hng cu gy nn s oxy ha cht bo lm bin i tnh cht ca
protein.
- Kh tanh
Ra s lm cho nng actin v myosin tng, gip gel hnh thnh tt
Mi ln ra phi c thc hin nhanh trong khong 5 - 10 pht, t l nc ra vi c
khong 3:1 hoc 4:1 s cho kt qu cao, nhit nc ra thng khong 0-5oC ngn
chn s bin tnh ca protein. Qu trnh ra c lp li 2 - 3 ln.
i vi c nc vn mu, mi c th b gim nh nhng khng ng k bi v cc thao
tc ra c thc hin rt nhanh. Trong c khong 2/3 cht kh ca tht c cu thnh
t nhng si t c c tnh cht, chc nng rt tt. Phn cn li cha cc thnh phn mu,
lipid v cc protein cht c khc l thnh phn bt li i vi qu trnh sn xut surimi,
cc thnh phn ny cng c loi ra khi c mt t. Chnh nhng c im ny c nc
c th ra 1 - 2 ln l c.
i vi cc loi c c cha nhiu lipid, trong qu trnh ra lipid d b thy phn. Cht
bo ca c a s l cht bo cha bo ha d b oxy ha to nn mu v mi kh chu,
cn phi loi ra trong qu trnh sn xut. ln ra th nht ngi ta dng nc ra l
dung dch NaHCO3 0,5% nhm ty mu v mi tht c. ln ra sau cng dng nc
mui nng 0,1 - 0,3% ra nhm d dng cho vic p kh nc sau ny.

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Cht lng nc ra rt quan trng nh khi pH cao s lm tng kh nng gi nc.

Nc cng vi s hin din ca ion Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+ s nh hng n cu trc v
mu sc ca sn phm.
e . Lc
Tin trnh ny c th thc hin trc hoc sau khi kh nc. Vic chn la phng
php lc da vo s lng nc cha trong c sau khi kh nc. Khi lng nc trong
c thp qu trnh lc din ra chm v kh khn. Mc ch ca qu trnh lc l loi b
xng, da v nhng phn m c mu en gy nh hng n cht lng sn phm.
f . Kh nc (p tch nc)
Vic kh nc lm gim hm lng nc ca tht c cn khong 80 - 85% so vi trng
lng t. Phng php c truyn l dng my p trc vt. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn s
dng my ly tm quay vi tc cao tch nc. Trong qu trnh p tch nc mt
phn nhng cht c kh nng ha tan trong nc (protein, khong...) s b tht thot.
Vic kh nc v lc l giai on kt thc ca tin trnh sn xut surimi truyn thng.
g . Phi trn ph gia
Thm cc cht ph gia nh ng, sorbitol, polyphosphate nng cao cht lng cm
quan cho sn phm, to s ng nht gia tht c v gia v chun b cho giai on
nh hnh.
Ty theo yu cu ca khch hng m c nhng cng thc phi trn khc nhau
VD. 100 kg tht c b sung:
2 kg sorbitol
5,5 kg ng
0,3 kg polyphosphate
Trong qu trnh phi trn c s gia tng nhit . V vy cn phi b sung nc xay
nhuyn hoc nc lnh vo nhm lm gim nhit sn phm. Nhit thp lm cho
cu trc tht c co li v sn phm dai hn.
h . Cp ng
Nhm mc ch ko di thi gian bo qun t 6 - 12 thng. Nhit cp ng khong 40oC, sau cho tm sn phm t nhit - 15oC trong khong thi gian 4 - 5 gi. Qu
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trnh bo qun v vn chuyn surimi phi c duy tr trng thi lnh, nhit khong
-25oC.
c tnh, chc nng ca protein surimi
c tnh chc nng ca protein surimi c chia lm 3 nhm ln:
Tnh hp thu v gi nc
Tnh hp thu v gi nc ca protein surimi b nh hng bi nhiu yu t. Mt vi yu
t nh nng , pH (pH thay i dn n lm gim lc lin kt gia cc protein), nhit
(nhit cao lm gim s c nh nc), thi gian, lc ion.c nh hng n s
hp thu nc ca protein. l ch tiu cho php o lng s bin tnh ca protein.
Tnh hat ng b mt
1. Tnh to nh tng
Nh tng l s phn tn ca hai pha lng khng ha tan vo nhau, mt trong hai pha l
pha lin tc, pha kia l pha phn tn. a s cc h nh tng thc phm thng dng
nc trong du hoc du rong nc. S to nh tng t c cng cha nhng bt rn
phn tn.
1. Tnh to bt
Cc yu t c lin quan n tnh to bt ca protein surimi
- Mui c th nh hng n tnh tan, nht, tnh lm gp np protein. iu ny c
th lm h hng tnh to bt
- ng saccharose v cc ng khc thng lm gim s n ca bt, nhng n ci
thin c bn ca bt bi v n lm tng nht ca bt.
- Hm lng lipit thp lm bin tnh tnh to bt ca protein
- Khi tng hm lng protein, tnh tan ca bt tng, do th tch ca bt khng tng.
c. Tnh to gel
Qu trnh to gel l mt t chc di dng mng protein c th t ca tt c cc protein
b bin tnh. a s cc trng hp, vic x l nhit thch hp to gel. S c mt
ca mui, nht l Ca2+ rt cn thit lm tng tc to gel hoc lm tng cng ca
gel. S hnh thnh mng protein cng c xem nh cn bng gia cc lin kt protein-

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protein, protein-dung mi, lc ht gia cc chui polypeptid bn cnh. Cc giai an

to gel l:
S phn ly thun nghch cu trc bc 4 ca protein
S bin tnh khng thun nghch cu trc bc 3 v bc 2
- S h hng mt phn ca cc protein b bin tnh, giai an h hng din ra nhanh
hay chm ph thuc giai an bin tnh. D thy nht l cc chui polypeptid c khuynh
hng dui thng ra. iu ny thun li cho vic hnh thnh gel c trt t, ng nht v
to kh nng n hi tt.
Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh chun b surimi
Ngun nguyn liu l yu t nh hng ch yu n qu trnh chun b surimi. C nc
s cho surimi c cht lng hn c bo, cng nh qui trnh chun b surimi t c nc
n gin hn c bo. C yu t hn ch vic dng c bo so vi c nc trong qu trnh
chun b surimi
T l c tht sm
C tht sm rt giu myoglobin, ty th, cht bo v collagen. y l nhng thnh phn
bt li trong qu trnh chun b surimi. Cc thnh phn ny nh hng n mu sc, mi
v ca sn phm, cn phi c lai ra trong qu trnh chun b surimi. Ngc li c c
t l c tht trng thp, c cha hm lng myoglobin, ty th, cht bo, thp. Do
hm lng chung ca cc cht ny trong c bo cao hn c nc, qui trnh sn xut c nc
t b nh hng bi cc yu t ny.
Hm lng cht bo cao
Cc thnh phn ca c cng nh hm lng cht bo c trong c thay i ty theo ma.
Vi lai c trch hm lng cht bo thp nht vo thng 3 (1-5%), cao nht vo thng
11 (15-20%). Cht bo trong c phn ln l cht bo cha bo ha, cho nn n rt d b
thy phn v oxy ha cho ra cc cht c mi l v mu tht c tr nn sm ti. Do cc
cht bo cn phi c loi ra trong qu trnh ra.
Hm lng nit phi protein v cc protein tng c cao
Hm lng protein tng c trong c tht sm ca c trch chim khong 35% tng hm
lng protein, trong khi c tht trng cc protein ny ch chim 29% . c trch t
l c tht sm cao hn c tht trng, do hm lng protein tng c trong c trch
rt cao. Cc protein ny tan c trong nc nh lc lin kt ion yu. S c mt cc
protein tng c cng cc cht nit phi protein (ur, creatin, ) vi t l cao l yu t
hn ch trong qu trnh sn xut surimi. Cc protein tng c v nit phi protein nh
hng chnh n vic to mu, mi v ca sn phm. Chnh v th trong qu trnh sn
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xut surimi cn phi lai b cc thnh phn ny ra khi c tht c ci thin mu sc,
mi v ca sn phm.

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Tham gia ng gp
Ti liu: cng ngh ch bin thy hi sn
Bin tp bi: Que Phan Thi Thanh
URL: http://voer.edu.vn/c/2254779c
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: M u
Cc tc gi: Que Phan Thi Thanh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/54017b5f
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Thnh phn ha hc v tnh cht ca ng vt thy sn
Cc tc gi: Que Phan Thi Thanh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/b9fbb727
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Cc bin i ca ng vt thy sn sau khi cht
Cc tc gi: Que Phan Thi Thanh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/d1561dfd
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: K thut lnh ng thy sn
Cc tc gi: Que Phan Thi Thanh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/31560f55
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Cc bin php bo qun ti nguyn liu thy sn
Cc tc gi: Que Phan Thi Thanh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/64e646dd
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Cng ngh ch bin nc mm
Cc tc gi: Que Phan Thi Thanh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/c952a321

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Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Cc dng sn phm thy sn khc
Cc tc gi: Que Phan Thi Thanh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/5c8b25bd
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

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Chng trnh Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam

Chng trnh Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam (Vietnam Open Educational Resources
VOER) c h tr bi Qu Vit Nam. Mc tiu ca chng trnh l xy dng kho
Ti nguyn gio dc M min ph ca ngi Vit v cho ngi Vit, c ni dung phong
ph. Cc ni dung u tun th Giy php Creative Commons Attribution (CC-by) 4.0
do cc ni dung u c th c s dng, ti s dng v truy nhp min ph trc
ht trong trong mi trng ging dy, hc tp v nghin cu sau cho ton x hi.
Vi s h tr ca Qu Vit Nam, Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam (VOER) tr thnh
mt cng thng tin chnh cho cc sinh vin v ging vin trong v ngoi Vit Nam. Mi
ngy c hng chc nghn lt truy cp VOER (www.voer.edu.vn) nghin cu, hc
tp v ti ti liu ging dy v. Vi hng chc nghn module kin thc t hng nghn
tc gi khc nhau ng gp, Th Vin Hc liu M Vit Nam l mt kho tng ti liu
khng l, ni dung phong ph phc v cho tt c cc nhu cu hc tp, nghin cu ca
c gi.
Ngun ti liu m phong ph c trn VOER c c l do s chia s t nguyn ca cc
tc gi trong v ngoi nc. Qu trnh chia s ti liu trn VOER tr ln d dng nh
m 1, 2, 3 nh vo sc mnh ca nn tng Hanoi Spring.
Hanoi Spring l mt nn tng cng ngh tin tin c thit k cho php cng chng d
dng chia s ti liu ging dy, hc tp cng nh ch ng pht trin chng trnh ging
dy da trn khi nim v hc liu m (OCW) v ti nguyn gio dc m (OER) . Khi
nim chia s tri thc c tnh cch mng c khi xng v pht trin tin phong
bi i hc MIT v i hc Rice Hoa K trong vng mt thp k qua. K t , phong
tro Ti nguyn Gio dc M pht trin nhanh chng, c UNESCO h tr v c
chp nhn nh mt chng trnh chnh thc nhiu nc trn th gii.

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