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    AluminiumforGrainSizaControl PDF

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    of 4
    HEAT TREATMENT OF METALS 1994.1 p.t1-14 N Aluminium for Grain Size Control T.GLADMAN University of Leeds ocomty. dificutties nave been vsperieneed by heat teats sompanies with the aluminis contaots of sees! The al hnunm containing stouls may sufor grain refines vith Aan aftondunt loss of rarcenalbiay, anc fai to anton. Basie thcory and data voncomug aharminigm niide anes grain growth ave been used to indicate tha leriting alumnae Sand mtrogen contents that would be required im order 3 poemit austande grain growth 19 a iavcl of ASTI Wa, whieh gan be regarded a 3 cuwse-grained S00! for hans Lenability purposes. The borderine benuecn “coarse” art ‘ine’ grained steel enemastnes can bp related tothe aston tising parameters fie. time and teriporaturel that araimpeor fant in controling the volume frction and parties sie of ‘luoniniaen mvc. Attention i= drown to the inafsctine a: ‘runs presen as atari in turn doesidised steeis, inTRODUCTION For some sixty yeats, aluminuiny has bean employed in steelmaking for deox:dation purposes. Inaction, many of the ‘aluminiur-Kiad Ioweearbon stoels hava long teen baown to show improved. stiain-againg recistonze and ‘enhanced deep draweabilty. Far many years tha terms aks miniurstezated” and ‘aluminium grain-retined’ have bean used to describe fine-grained stools Confusion over these forms may arise because of the wffects aseceisted with iminiyer kil, ‘aluminium vested’ and. “Aluminin grain-refinea "AGE ovhien are sclational tothe simp ‘a ‘minum oxidation’ weatment: ie. a significant residual siuminium content 18 perforin auher metalargical asks has gers refinement and texture carer ‘anextyos point of mous uanitin tho pineal analysis of almninisin m steel Akuma war used as 1 dexidant forms alurina, with asay mir Haat aut hive maken sto nga the stv oq reer the tec The tte eh fe epee "u aa at J sas 2 farmer slain ihe patil jena tiny mays eno sara fi tho rman ig tgp ith hs Shwe aan erronly, dias hav bie encanta ty eDinnet sot teens cy ta aust grin refine an tees es Pianesnon Stal” Suma Dk, Speen 3 993 taining aluminium and the anterdant loss of hacdenabilty. {snot clear wether the fare to harden has resulta for hig cesidua aluminium tevals remaining froma the deoxida tion practice, or from the supply of steels Getiberately treat fed vath alsminiym whan the order specication has Deon Incomplete In order te deal with these comalexios, the effec of ala mimum on harde Lnderstanié wo impsrant prenpmeng (i) the factors eantraling grain grewah and grain growetn inhibition. and Ai te solubility, precipitation, snd partly size of alu minum atic ‘The purpase of tha present paper s 10 outline tha basis of these phenomena, and lo sive a clear indication of the al fminiuin ard nitrogen contams that aso required to avoid unwanted fine-grainsize effects and the attendant loss af harenabiity nd to understands GRAIN SIZE CONTROL BY PARTICLE PINNING Te ving fore or grein groan i a pliers array of ainssthe rdacaon in grar-boundary atta, apd nonce tho teduetion in the total enersy of grain bowndanes Mt given volume. The elimination of giv Courdores may ‘osu om ater growth of tho larg rans the aay OF by shrinkage ofthe sralargraing nthe aay. By 3 ix ‘ure both The energy change focuni: grouah cstanca.aer vnkaredot soupdavyoseyawang acon, epresens hr Jnlaren athe ineesoed sate aa ofthe growing am Dnstheeecrpas in surface meson mahbpting gras ansumes d qw y © soma Ry Fists raul ne greg gai, Athen ofthe snout ais, and 5 hike nistonte gar boundary soca ona Foetnerate energy change ote gate, wwe ert ak tnathcrensa neporgy accomoang gran a Ta the rads atte growg ging aus Be ore TaN fy the acs neigh gS iain Of secorat phase putes cues gr sy ia ih pei aa {iy deena of the number of partoics por uni area of Wt Euapeep anata atersnet oats Vg. in Turn. cepende upon wnother Ins paren Fant we Fig Btocroloningg para. " jo ia tbe microsio t aval or ain boundaries, and alo fel sa In te present cove of austen: ‘ie grain growth in steck. itis appropiate to corsider only the case of andomly.dstibyted parce, when the pin: fing foree ger unit area of grain boundary, P, is given by. tinal Paatyar Ean ere {athe volume tration of pnaing panicles, and ‘isthe radius ofthese lephercal paris. ‘ALE nneds 10 be apgative an B ig abways positive, qin ‘ow wi osc only when -Fisqreter than. The grams Weil be sabe: FP is gieater than “Fie they wile fully pve, The Boundary betweur pinned grains and grat Srouth wilthus bedetned BYP a°F, or (978-4 =302r fn.3 Iter grain sire heterogeneity is defined by Z = RMRg, then equation 3 may be writen as: ‘Aurnien or Gri Site Cal {actor Z, may be assumed constant, and experimentaliy! ias Ban found To Fave a value Benweon 18 and 2. The Lytle o17 on tne volume fraction, et, is SHOWN I Fig. ‘Equation t dalines The miatmunt vatome Faction of part les that is require to stabilise @ grain size of Rg when the Iapadictes have a sitet, and are randomly d stituted, ‘THE SOLUBILITY AND PRECIPITATION OF ALUMINIUM NITRIDE Solubility The solutlity of alumni sitide im austen, which he pertinent phase whon considenng austenite guain sie effects on hardenability. is given by*: tog hq =logh AUN = 1.93-67707T Ean 5 here sto solubitiy rode. {Rie dissed nicogan contenant Tisthe absolute temperature X : ‘he dissolved slurinium 90d nfvogen contents are those atarein equlibrum wit undissolved aluminum ni,” iTihe tat etuminnum and nitrogen Eontents are less than ‘hose inaiated by equation 5. tnente staal would Rovene ‘ale austenite phase and equation § would be Welevant. ‘The efect of rmperatre on to solubility prog: shown, inp? , ~ For'8 given temperature, the product of dissolved ali minim and dissoived nage can be obtained ard the Coneenaons af aluminium and nitrogen canbe porvayad alin Fg. 3 whieh show the solity tts for 950°C and {os0-c io steel nas alucinarn and ritegen contents indicated by point A, and i Resteg fo 950°C, the steel wil hve both austenite and aumin in tide The coms tion rite wil be given by point STE the ti a slope which represents the stoklomeir ato of 54.97 [nivogen to aluriiurl by we, This accounts for the eeu of aural stum nil mn ‘lomof nitrogen and one ator of aluminum with eave tenis aU and espe soul! be pone dout hat the overali chars oft ste! (vith resaoctto ‘isogen and atuminium confers! nead nat comply withthe + stoichiometric ratio, but lines parallel to AB in Fig. 3 would + becorsiructed theough the stee! composition and seed not {pass though the origin, “The amgunt of aluminium nitride tw) present in the steet would be the gum of tne-nitragen presunt as aluminiym ‘de ie Getence Between Rava @ end rom the nie Fe 1-492) Ry Eqns Tugs the volume faction ef parti rod (og. alu inwum oT) ier idesay z c eases, The qraln sia poe 1 | oh) ‘gen scale) and tie aluminium present as alun nium nitvide the difference between A and 8 read from the aluminium scale). This value can bo obtavw0d mathematically by ewat- ing oquatien Sas: LBA hats ens where: Alrite total aluminium a), Nis the total nitrogen (wea) and Ny isthe nitrogen as aluminum nite (va) This equation is quadratic in forrn and can be volved for Nu given Al, Ny, ard ky: Le the waight% of aliium rtrd to be caleiated, Ts sn turn, can be converted to a waive {raation of aluminium sire particles throu: (MAI Nas AN i274 14) 74 Fan eo Te 926 where the 7.84 and 3:26 cepregent the densi ig 2 Ber oomperciae oy e 3 steel ard alurpinwm aivide Gepectvely, Toe Precip Thee pholog sutfie previ aed in ‘austeri ritide cotthes reheat At low smalia by Osh temper Achigh but the. lem of 350°. Ostwake throug? Pate where: Figthes roistne isthe Disthe isthe (Mist tistime Tister Risthe Thecor informe oral ure. A particle iide ¢ age rad 15 mien organ AUSTE Equatio fraction onside shown | this fot value © ehsowve ofthat stvetue Feinanon Precipitation Characteristics The precipitation characteristics and preciltate nor ‘nology a aluininium rire have been described fly ino "cent review. Far ine purpose ol te presont problem, se sulfcent to aote iat alumni o wide lately ob rede in ostents dung choise eae ee tos in Terid on eeiwating, ang contmyes 12 sioer i fhe, ‘uide beng elaively rapid nutor these condiigity Mon Bie suman some ere reheating into the sustantetempe we hese__the ovordl perepiiaion of aku Allow qustoniising temperatures (below about 1000°C) all goprox marly cuboxt poricigs ave formed, ang grow Ospvald opening wit nerassing bolaing Like Ih the ‘ergata ange. te patie growth ats Reesies wi \sereasing erp aire wth. crcar change shape Athighor tamporatues, needle shan are savas, bul thesearo net porcolyy velevin te tie sansoarese pocticuly hy selav uta the presvat gro lorn of the Rardeming response Gn quenching em I0o a5. Gstwald ripening of pamicles is wequenly duseribot through the Wag er equation Fat) «8 oD IMIQvoRT hora: isthe average panicle sire at inet ais Ihe intial averaga panicte sive, isthe surface ensigy between AIN and! austenite, Disthesiflusion coetfeient for Alin austen, 2s themelar volume of aluminium nize. [iis the eisscivod aluminium content, istime, Tis temperaturein K, and isthe gos constant ‘Thecomplexity ofthis equation ond the sbsence of deiled ‘Hlrmavon nosed ts fe pr rane sears aes Smprical equation’ {o relate the paricle Se to he holding Teno and ietpsrs ‘ie, A relalvely crude equation, describing Tne aver ively chude equation, descobing Ine averone Dorie sue of Weshly previpiated (ei, Or sluernens ‘lige 6a upquenching fs gwen" as loge = 8162/7 + 2593 « ogi’? Ean. ‘whore: "is the average panicle recs fun, {is the austertising time th, ane Tis the austentising emnparature i) For an austeitising treatment of 1 nour at 950°C, the aver ‘g2 radius would be about 00237um. For a shorter time ot 15 minules, the average particle radius would he about 9.015 yn, Fang. AUSTENITE GRAIN SIZE DURING HEAT TREATMENT. Equation 4 reiates the austenite grain size to the volume: fraction and the particle eadius of alurnnia nitride, Sonne consideration has to be givea 19 the selection of Z for, as showa in Fig. 1, the atabilsod grain size fs very sensitive 10 thi fawtor In order ta (ako a conservatives spr 10 thy jngunt of aluminum nitride that ean be toler, 4 low value of 221.6 was selovted froin the expormertally bopsorved range ul 1§ ~20 This electemgives. have Ht of hn aking nite eoquied to skaige ine” gromped sieueture With 21 1 v6R., A -at hus the cet equates 8, 6am 7 leu quate 10 esiewlae alow th ‘ue tabiecalcal L_ aa ae Se aes 92 Sotubity thor 1 hour at 960°C, whore ky = 0.00008%2, and selecting total Diagen lavels of GGDUWAt% and 00ST to roprasen GOS" and BEAS* steelmaking practees respectively. gives the sosuts show in Fig & Thi ilusteates the vain actor willbe slabiised n sco of eflorert aia atamant cose {oi athe t0 atrogon levels The ASTM grain ae moon Der has also boan included in Fig. ta Give some indeaton ‘of the grain siza measure commonly used n hardenabiny studies. Plain carbon steels would commoniy davelog a4 Bustente grain sizeof ASTM 65 at norma! hardening ren peratures (800-950°C}, Thus alum nium contents that vould fa toimhibic grain growth at this grain size would be tolerg Die. In iow-nitrogen steels, typical of 808 practice, the toler able aluminium evelis.012-O0r5wr% inhigher nitrogen sfeo's typical of BEA practice, ine level is much reduced st 8005 - Boar, Sahould be pointed out thas. the particle size used in estate ‘hing Fig correspan.iod ta arreatmem of ThouratSs6-G SIG nes are used, the Bartel go9uld be seater 20.9 smaller volume fraction of aluminum pide would Boraquired toinhibit iain gona, tre soy reducing the 0 sable alumnign’eamgnt-Calevlated valey of re moon particle acs Wom equation 3 ane twit alli on io ra "7005 eres obtener “888 soupreonind mar clone 2 Alain fo Gam Son f | a. ing grain size are shown in Fig. 5 Rectueing the tne frem 1 hour to 16 minutes reducas tne olarabio alursnivm leven ‘he 0.009Wt%5N steals from 0 OCENAMA 19 COISIAIAL ‘Although the altregen contents used in Figs 4 and 5 iypity {he to majer steelmaking routes, nivogen cemtants an vary in each of the processes. Fig. 6 theralore shows the bborerline beween cosrse and fig grained domains a S50-C in teens of Both the alutiinum and Mtrogen eon Berea lenis In this corte, 3 coarse-grained steel would be

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