Chapter 3:

Data Management Systems

DATA-FLAT FILES
e.g., Figure 3.1 [p.94]
Disadvantages

Data storage
Data updating
Currency of information
Task-data dependency (limited access)
Data integration (limited inclusion)
Do not use accounting data to support
decisions
Manipulate existing data to suit unique needs
Obtain additional private sets of data,
incurring costs and operational problems

DATA-DATABASE
e.g., Figure 3.2 [p.96]
How database approach eliminates
the five disadvantages of flat files

Data storage
Data updates
Currency of information
Task-data dependency (limited access)
Data integration (limited inclusion)

CENTRALIZED DATABASE
SYSTEM
Figure 3.3 [p.98]
Database Environment

DBMS
Users
Database administrator
Physical database

DBMS
Typical features
Program development
Backup and recovery
Database usage reporting
Database access

DBMS
Data definition language (DDL)
Views
Figure 3.4

[p.99]

Internal / physical view

Conceptual / logical view
External / user view

USERS

Formal access: application interfaces

Data manipulation language (DML)
DBMS operations: 7 steps [Figure 3.4]
Informal access: query
Define query
SQL
is industry de facto standard query language
Select, from, where commands
Review Figure 3.5 [p.101] SQL process
QBE

DBA
DBA
Manages the database resources
Table 3.1 [p.102]
Database planning
Database design
Database implementation
Database operations & maintenance
Change & growth

Data dictionary
Interactions [Figure 3-6, p.103]

PHYSICAL DATABASE
Data structures
Data organization
Sequential
Random

Data access methods

Data hierarchy
Attribute/field
Record
Associations

File
Database
Enterprise database

DATABASE MODELS
Hierarchical
Network
Relational

RELATIONAL MODEL:
2-dimensional

RELATIONAL MODEL - TERMS

TABLE = file
COLUMN = field
ROW = record

RULE #1
Entries in the table cells MUST be
single-valued
Cannot be null
Cannot be multi-values
Example

RULE #2
Consistency applies to columnar
values same class

RULE #3
Column names are distinct
Example cost for sales price and
unit cost columns

RULE #4
Each row contains distinctively
different data from all other rows
Requires use of key field(s)

RELATIONAL MODEL
Figure 3-13, p. 112

DATABASE IN DDP
Data concurrency problem
Deadlock (illustrated in Figure 3-17, p. 118)
Time 1: User 1 loads File A, User 2 loads File C User 3 loads File E
Time 2: User 1 locks File A, User 2 locks File C, User 3 locks File E
Time 3: User 1 tries to load File C wait
User 2 tries to load File E wait
Use 3 tries to load File A wait

DEADLOCK!!
Deadlock Resolution

DATABASE IN DDP
Distributed database
Partitioned
Replicated

Concurrency control
Classified
Time-stamps

CONTROLLING & AUDITING

DBMS
Access controls
User views / subschema [see Figure 3-20,
p.121]

Database authorization table

p.122]

User-defined procedures
Mothers maiden name

Data encryption
Biometric devices
Inference controls (query)
example (p. 123)

[Table 3-3,

CONTROLLING & AUDITING DBMS:

Audit Procedures
OBJECTIVE: Verify that database access
authority and privileges are granted to users
in accordance with legitimate needs.

Tables and subschemas

Review policy and job descriptions

Examine programmer authority tables for access to
DDL
Interview programmers and DBA

Appropriate access authority

Biometric controls
Inference controls
Encryption controls

CONTROLLING & AUDITING DBMS:

Audit Procedures
OBJECTIVE: Verify that backup controls in
place are effective in protecting data files
from physical damage, loss, accidental
erasure, and data corruption through system
failures and program errors.
Backups
Logs
Checkpoint
Recovery module

CONTROLLING & AUDITING DBMS:

Audit Procedures
OBJECTIVE: Verify that controls over the
data resource are sufficient to preserve the
integrity and physical security of the
database.

Chapter 3:
Data Management Systems