TRNG I HC CNG NGH THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG THI NGUYN

KHOA CNG NGH IN T V TRUYN THNG

Bi ging:

IN T CNG NGHIP
(Ti liu lu hnh ni b)

Thi Nguyn, nm 2012

Chng 1
CC PHN T BN DN CNG SUT C BN
I.1
THYRISTOR
Thyristor l phn t bn dn cu to t bn lp bn dn p-n-p-n, to ra ba tip gip p-n:
J1, J2, J3. Thyristor c ba cc Anode (A), Cathode (K), cc iu khin (G Gate) nh
c biu din trn hnh 1.1.
K

a)

IG3 IG2 IG1

Dng d
Idt

G
J1

Iv

J3
J2

n-

Ung, max

Uthmax

b)

Hnh 1.7. Thyristor

Cu trc bn dn; K hiu; Hnh nh thc t
Hnh 1.8. c tnh Vn-Ampe ca
Thyristor

I.1.1 c tnh Vn-Ampe ca Thyristor

c tnh Vn-Ampe ca mt Thyristor gm hai phn (hnh 1.2). Phn th nht nm
trong gc phn t th I l c tnh thun tng ng vi trng hp in p UAK > 0;
phn th hai nm trong gc phn t th III, gi l c tnh ngc, tng ng vi
trng hp: UAK < 0.
a) Trng hp dng in vo cc iu khin bng khng (IG = 0)
Khi dng vo cc iu khin ca Thyristor bng 0 hay khi h mch cc iu khin
Thyristor s cn tr dng in ng vi c hai trng hp phn cc in p gia
Anode-Cathode. Khi in p UAK < 0, theo cu to bn dn ca Thyristor, hai tip gip
J1, J3 u phn cc ngc, lp J2 phn cc thun, nh vy Thyristor s ging nh hai
diode mc ni tip b phn cc ngc. Qua Thyristor s ch c mt dng in rt nh
chy qua, gi l dng r. Khi UAK tng t n mt gi tr in p ln nht Ung.max s
xy ra hin tng Thyristor b nh thng, dng in c th tng ln rt ln. Ging
nh on c tnh ngc ca diode, lc ny nu c gim in p UAK xung di
mc Ung.max th dng in cng khng gim c v mc dng r. Thyristor b
hng.
Khi tng in p Anode-Cathode theo chiu thun, UAK > 0, lc u cng ch c
mt dng in rt nh chy qua, gi l dng r. in tr tng ng mch AnodeCathode vn c gi tr rt ln. Khi tip gip J1, J3 phn cc thun, J2 phn cc

ngc. Cho n khi UAK tng t n gi tr in p thun ln nht, Uth.max, s xy ra

hin tng in tr tng ng mch Anode-Cathode t ngt gim, dng in chy
qua Thyristor s ch b gii hn bi in tr mch ngoi. Nu khi dng qua
Thyristor ln hn mt mc dng ti thiu, gi l dng duy tr Idt, th khi Thyristor
s dn dng trn ng c tnh thun. on c tnh thun c c trng bi tnh
cht dn dng v ph thuc vo gi tr ca ph ti nhng in p ri trn AnodeCathode nh v hu nh khng ph thuc vo gi tr ca dng in.
b) Trng hp c dng in vo cc iu khin (IG > 0)
Nu c dng iu khin a vo gia cc iu khin (G) v Cathode, qu trnh chuyn
im lm vic trn ng c tnh thun s xy ra sm hn, c Uth < Uth.max. iu ny
c m t trn hnh 1.2 bng nhng ng nt t, ng vi gi tr dng iu khin
khc nhau IG1, IG2, IG3,... Ni chung, nu dng iu khin ln hn th im chuyn c
tnh lm vic s xy ra vi UAK nh hn.
Trong thc t i vi mi loi Thyristor s c ch to bi mt dng iu
khin nh mc Ik m.
I.1.2 M - kho Thyristor
Thyristor ch cho php dng chy qua theo mt chiu, t Anode n Cathode, v
khng c chy theo chiu ngc li. iu kin Thyristor c th dn dng, ngoi
iu kin phi c in p UAK > 0 cn phi tha mn iu kin l in p iu khin
dng. Do Thyristor c coi l phn t bn dn c iu khin.
a) M Thyristor
Khi c phn cc thun, UAK > 0, Thyristor c th m bng hai cch. Th
nht, c th tng in p Anode-Cathode cho n khi t n gi tr in p thun ln
nht, Uth.max, in tr tng ng trong mch Anode-Cathode s gim t ngt v
dng qua Thyristor s hon ton do mch ngoi xc nh. Phng php ny trn thc
t khng c p dng do nguyn nhn m khng mong mun.
Phng php th hai, phng php c p dng thc t, l a mt xung dng
in c gi tr nht nh vo gia cc iu khin v Cathode. Xung dng in iu
khin s chuyn trng thi ca Thyristor t tr khng cao sang tr khng thp mc
in p Anode-Cathode nh. Khi nu dng qua Anode-Cathode ln hn mt gi tr
nht nh, gi l dng duy tr (Idt) th Thyristor s tip tc trong trng thi m dn
dng m khng cn n s tn ti ca xung dng iu khin. iu ny ngha l c th
iu khin m cc Thyristor bng cc xung dng c rng xung nht nh, do
cng sut ca mch iu khin c th l rt nh, so vi cng sut ca mch lc m
Thyristor l mt phn t ng ct, khng ch dng in.
b) Kho Thyristor
Mt Thyristor ang dn dng s tr v trng thi kha (in tr tng ng mch
Anode-Cathode tng cao) nu dng in gim v khng. Tuy nhin Thyristor vn
trng thi kha, vi tr khng cao, khi in p Anode-Cathode li dng ( U AK 0 ),

cn phi c mt thi gian nht nh cc lp tip gip phc hi hon ton tnh cht
cn tr dng in ca Thyristor.
Khi Thyristor dn dng theo chiu thun, hai lp tip gip J1, J3 phn cc thun,
cc in tch i qua hai lp ny d dng v lp y tip gip J2 ang b phn cc
ngc. V vy m dng in c th chy qua ba lp tip gip J1, J2, J3. kha
Thyristor li cn gim dng Anode-Cathode v khng bng cch hoc l i chiu
dng in hoc p mt in p ngc ln gia Anode v Cathode ca Thyristor. Sau
khi dng v bng khng phi t mt in p ngc ln Anode-Cathode ( U AK 0 )
trong mt khong thi gian ti thiu, gi l thi gian kha (k hiu l: tr ), lc ny
Thyristor s kha. Trong thi gian phc hi c mt dng in ngc chy gia
Cathode v Anode. Thi gian phc hi l mt trong nhng thng s quan trng ca
Thyristor. Thi gian phc hi xc nh di tn s lm vic ca Thyristor. Thi gian
phc hi tr c gi tr c 5 10s i vi cc Thyristor tn s cao v c 50 200s i
vi cc Thyristor tn s thp.
I.1.3 Cc yu cu i vi tn hiu iu khin Thyristor
Quan h gia in p trn cc iu khin v Cathode vi dng i vo cc iu khin
xc nh cc yu cu i vi tn hiu iu khin Thyristor. Vi cng mt loi Thyristor
nh sn xut s cung cp mt h c tnh iu khin (v d nh hnh 1.3) trn c th
thy c cc c tnh gii hn v in p v dng in nh nht ng vi mt nhit
mi trng nht nh m tn hiu iu khin phi m bo chc chn m c
mt Thyristor. Dng iu khin i qua tip gip p-n gia cc iu khin v Cathode
cng lm pht nng tip gip ny. V vy tn hiu iu khin cng phi b hn ch v
cng sut. Cng sut gii hn ca tn hiu iu khin ph thuc vo rng ca xung
iu khin. Tn hiu iu khin l mt U
GK
Gii hn dng nh nht
xung c rng cng ngn th cng sut
cho php c th cng ln.
Gii hn cng sut xung
S tiu biu ca mt mch
khuch i xung iu khin Thyristor
0,01ms
c cho trn hnh 1.4. Kha Transistor T
Vng m
chc chn
0,1ms
c iu khin bi mt xung c rng -100C
nht nh, ng ct in p pha s cp
00C
bin p xung. Xung iu khin a n
Gii hn in p nh nht
cc iu khin ca Thyristor pha bn
0
G
Hnh 1.3. Yu cu i vi xung
cun th cp. Nh vy mch lc c
iu khin ca Thyristor
cch ly hon ton vi mch iu khin
bi bin p xung. in tr R hn ch dng qua Transistor v xc nh ni tr ca
ngun tn hiu iu khin. Diode D1 ngn mch cun s cp bin p xung khi
Transistor T kha li chng qu p trn T. Diode D2 ngn xung m vo cc iu
khin. Diode D3 mc song song vi cc iu khin v c th song song vi t C c tc
dng gim qu p trn tip gip G-K khi Thyristor b phn cc ngc.

+Un

I.1.4 Cc thng s c bn ca
Thyristor

D2

BAX
*

Cc thng s c bn l cc thng s
da vo ta c th la chn mt
Thyristor cho mt ng dng c th no
.

on

D1

W1

D3

W2

ukT

off

RB
Tr2

1/- Gi tr dng trung bnh cho php

chy qua Thyristor, Iv

Hnh 1.4. S tiu biu mch khuch i

xung iu khin tiristo

y l gi tr dng trung bnh cho php

chy qua Thyristor vi iu kin nhit ca cu trc tinh th bn dn ca Thyristor
khng vt qu mt gi tr cho php. Trong thc t dng in cho php chy qua
Thyristor cn ph thuc vo cc iu kin lm mt v nhit mi trng. Thyristor
c th c gn ln cc b tn nhit tiu chun v lm mt t nhin. Ngoi ra,
Thyristor c th phi c lm mt cng bc nh qut gi hoc dng nc ti
nhit lng to ra nhanh hn. Vn lm mt van bn dn s c cp n phn
sau, ta c th la chn dng in theo cc phng n sau:
Lm mt t nhin: dng s
+Un
dng cho php n mt phn ba
dng Iv.
Lm mt cng bc bng
D2
G
BAX
qut gi: dng s dng bng hai
* *
phn ba dng Iv.
ukT
D1
W
W
C
D
Lm mt cng bc bng
nc: c th s dng 100% dng
Iv.

on

off

RB

2/- in p ngc cho php ln

nht, Ung.max

Tr2

Hnh 1.4. S tiu biu mch khuch i

y l gi tr in p ngc ln
xung iu khin tiristo
nht cho php t ln Thyristor.
Ti bt k thi im no in p gia Anode-Cathode U AK lun nh hn. m bo
mt d tr nht nh v in p, ngha l phi c chn t nht l bng 1,2 n 1,5
ln gi tr bin ln nht ca in p trn s .
3/- Thi gian phc hi tnh cht kha ca Thyristor, tr (s)
y l thi gian ti thiu phi t in p m ln gia Anode-Cathode ca Thyristor
sau khi dng Anode-Cathode v bng khng trc khi li c th c in p dng
m Thyristor vn kha. Thi gian phc hi tr l mt thng s rt quan trng ca
Thyristor, nht l trong cc b nghch lu c lp, trong phi lun m bo rng
thi gian dnh cho qu trnh kha phi bng 1,5 n 2 ln tr.
4/- Tc tng in p cho php,

dU
(V/s)
dt

Thyristor c s dng nh mt phn t c iu khin, tc Thyristro c phn cc

thun (UAK > 0) v c tn hiu iu khin th n mi cho php dng in chy qua.
Nhng khi Thyristor c phn cc thun cha c Uk th phn ln in p ri trn
lp tip gip J2 nh c ch ra trn hnh 1.5.
Lp tip gip J2 b phn cc ngc
nn dy ca n n ra, to ra vng
khng gian ngho in tch, cn tr dng
in chy qua. Vng khng gian ny c
th coi nh mt t in c in dung CJ .

K
n

J3
J2

CJ2

J1

i=CJ2(du/dt)

Khi c in p bin thin vi tc ln,

dng in ca t in c gi tr ng k,
ng vai tr nh dng iu khin. Kt
qu l Thyristor c th m ra khi cha c
tn hiu iu khin vo cc iu khin G.

Hnh 1.5. Hiu ng dU/dt tc dng nh

dng iu khin

Tc tng in p l mt thng s phn bit gia Thyristor tn s thp vi

cc Thyristor tn s cao. Thyristor tn s thp, dU/dt vo khong 50 n 200 v/s;
vi cc Thyristor tn s cao dU/dt c th t 500 n 2000 V/s.
5/- Tc tng dng cho php,

dI
(A.s)
dt

Khi Thyristor bt u m, khng phi mi im trn tit din tinh th bn dn ca n

u dn dng ng u. Dng in s chy qua bt u mt s im, gn vi cc
iu khin nht, sau s lan to dn sang cc im khc trn ton b tit din. Nu
tc tng dng qu ln c th dn n mt dng in cc im dn ban u qu
ln, s pht nhit cc b qu mnh lit c th dn n hng cc b, t dn n
hng ton b tit din tinh th bn dn.
Tc tng dng cng phn bit Thyristor tn s thp, c dI/dt c 50 100
A/s, vi cc Thyristor tn s cao vi dI/dt c 500 2000 A/s. Trong cc ng dng
phi lun m bo tc tng dng di mc cho php. iu ny t c nh mc
ni tip cc van bn dn vi cc cun khng.
I.2

TRIAC
T2
T2

p
n
p

G
n

G
n
T1

T1
a)

b)

c)

Hnh 1.6. Triac: a) Cu trc bn dn; b) K hiu;

c) S tng ng vi hai Thyristor song song
ngc

Triac l phn t bn dn c cu trc bn dn gm nm lp, to nn cu trc p-n-p-n

nh Thyristor theo c hai chiu gia cc cc T1 v T2 nh c th hin trn hnh
1.16a. Triac c k hiu trn s nh trn hnh 1.6b, c th dn dng theo c hai
chiu T1 v T2. V nguyn tc, Triac hon ton c th coi l tng ng vi hai
Thyristor u song song ngc nh trn hnh 1.6c.
c tnh vn-ampe ca Triac bao gm hai on c tnh gc phn t th I v
th III, mi on u ging nh c tnh thun ca mt Thyristor nh c biu din
trn hnh 1.7a.
Triac c th iu khin m dn
i(A)
T2
dng bng c xung dng dng (dng i
Iv
vo cc iu khin) hoc bng xung
Idt
R
dng m (dng i ra khi cc iu
G
u
T1
khin). Tuy nhin xung dng iu khin
0
Uv,th Uth,max
m c nhy km hn. Nguyn l thc
+
hin iu khin bng xung dng iu
(a)
khin m c biu din trn hnh 1.7b.
b)
Triac c bit hu ch trong cc
Hnh 1.7. Triac: a) c tnh vn-ampe
ng dng iu chnh in p xoay chiu b) iu khin triac bng dng iu khin m
hoc cc cng-tc-t tnh di cng sut va v nh.
I.3

THYRISTOR KHA C CC IU KHIN, GTO

(Gate Turn - Off Thyristor)

Cc GTO, nh tn gi ca n, ngha l kha li c bng cc iu khin, c

kh nng ng ct cc dng in rt ln, chu c in p cao ging nh Thyristor, l
mt van iu khin hon ton, c th ch ng c thi im kha di tc ng ca tn
hiu iu khin. Vic ng dng cc GTO
A (Anode)
pht huy u im c bn ca cc phn t bn
A
p
n
p
n
p
n
p
dn, l kh nng ng ct dng in ln
J
n
nhng li c iu khin bi cc tn hiu
V
J
p
in cng sut nh.
G
n
n
n
J
K
Cu trc bn dn ca GTO phc tp
b)
hn so vi Thyristor nh c ch ra trn G (Gate)
a)
K (Cathode)
hnh 1.8. K hiu ca GTO cng ch ra tnh
Hnh 1.8. GTO:
cht iu khin hon ton ca n. l dng
a) Cu trc bn dn; b) K hiu
in i vo cc iu khin m GTO, cn
dng i ra khi cc iu khin dng di
chuyn cc in tch ra khi cu trc bn dn ca n, kha GTO li.
+

Trong cu trc bn dn ca GTO lp p, Anode c b sung cc lp n+. Du

+ bn cnh ch ra rng mt cc in tch tng ng, cc l hoc in t, c
lm giu thm vi mc ch lm gim in tr khi dn ca cc vng ny. Cc iu

khin vn c ni vo lp p th ba nhng c chia nh ra v phn b u so vi lp

n+ ca Cathode.
Khi cha c dng iu khin, nu Anode c in p dng hn so vi Cathode
th ton b in p s ri trn tip gip J2 gia, ging nh trong cu trc ca
Thyristor. Tuy nhin nu Cathode c in p dng hn so vi Anode th tip gip p+n st Anode s b nh thng ngay in p rt thp, ngha l GTO khng th chu
c in p ngc.
GTO c iu khin m bng cch cho dng vo cc iu khin, ging nh
Thyristor thng. Tuy nhin do cu trc bn dn khc nhau nn dng duy tr GTO
cao hn Thyristor thng. Do , dng iu khin phi c bin ln hn v duy tr
trong thi gian di hn dng qua GTO kp vt xa gi tr dng duy tr. Ging nh
Thyristor thng, sau khi GTO dn th dng iu khin khng cn tc dng. Nh
vy, c th m GTO bng cc xung ngn, vi cng sut khng ng k.
kho GTO, mt xung dng phi c ly ra t cc iu khin. Khi van ang
dn dng, tip gip J2 cha mt s lng ln cc in tch sinh ra do tc dng ca
hiu ng bn ph "v bo" to nn vng dn in, cho php cc in t di chuyn
t Cathode, vng n+ n Anode, vng p+, to nn dng Anode. Bng cch ly i mt
s lng ln cc in tch qua cc iu khin, vng dn in s b co hp v b p v
pha vng n+ ca Anode v vng n+ ca Cathode. Kt qu l dng Anode s b gim
cho n khi bng 0. Dng iu khin c duy tr mt thi gian ngn GTO phc
hi tnh cht kha.
Yu cu v xung iu khin v
I
nguyn tc thc hin c th hin
A
trn hnh 1.9. Hnh 1.9a th hin xung
V
dng kho GTO phi c bin rt
t
ln, vo khong 20 25% bin
G
K
I
dng Anode-Cathode. Mt yu cu
quan trng na l xung dng iu
M
Kha
khin phi c dc sn xung rt
a)
b)
Hnh
1.9.
Nguyn
l
iu
khin
GTO:
ln, sau khong 0,5 1s. iu ny
a) Yu cu dng xung iu khin;
gii thch ti sao nguyn l thc hin
b) Nguyn l thc hin
to xung dng kho l ni mch cc
iu khin vo mt ngun dng. V nguyn tc, ngun dng c ni tr bng khng v
c th cung cp mt dng in v cng ln.
S n gin trn hnh 1.10
m t vic thc hin nguyn l iu
+15V
A
khin trn. Mch in dng hai kho
T1
Transistor T1, T2. Khi tn hiu iu
khin l 15V, T1 m, dng chy t
V
C1
ngun 15V qua in tr hn ch R1 np
R1
in cho t Cl to nn dng chy vo
G
G

Gmax

15V
0V

T2

DZ12V

Hnh 1.10. Mch iu khin GTO

cc iu khin ca GTO. Khi t C1 np y n in p ca diode n p Dz (12V),

dng iu khin kt thc. Khi tn hiu iu khin a vo cc gc T1, T2. T2 s m do
c in p trn t C1, t C1 b ngn mch qua cc iu khin v Cathode, Transistor T2
to nn dng i ra khi cc iu khin, kho GTO li. Diode Dz ngn khng cho t C,
np ngc li.
y vai tr ca ngun p chnh l t C l, do t Cl Phi chn l loi c cht
lng rt cao. Transistor T2 phi chn l loi chu c xung dng c bin ln chy
qua.
I.4

TRANSISTOR CNG SUT, BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor)

Transistor l phn t bn dn c cu
(Base)
E (Emitter)
trc bn dn gm 3 lp bn dn p-n-p B
(bng thun) hoc n-p-n (bng ngc),
n
p
n
n
C
to nn hai tip gip p-n. Cu trc ny
B
thng c gi l Bipolar Junction
n
Transistor (BJT), v dng in chy
n
E
trong cu trc ny bao gm c hai loi
b)
a)
C
in tch m v dng (Bipolar ngha l
Hnh 1.11. BJT:
hai cc tnh). Transistor c ba cc:
a) Cu trc bn dn; b) K hiu
Base (B), Collector (C) v Emitter (E).
BJT cng sut thng l loi bng ngc. Cu trc tiu biu v k hiu trn s ca
mt BJT cng sut c biu din trn hnh 1.11, trong lp bn dn n xc nh in
p nh thng ca tip gip B-C v do ca C-E.
-

Trong ch tuyn tnh, hay cn gi l ch khuch i, Transistor l phn t

khuch i dng in vi dng Collector Ic bng ln dng Base (dng iu khin),
trong l h s khuch i dng in.
Ic = .IB
Tuy nhin, trong in t cng sut Transistor ch c s dng nh mt phn t
kho. Khi m dng iu khin phi tha mn iu kin:
IB

IC

hay I B kbh

IC

Trong kbh = 1,2 1,5 gi l h s bo ho. Khi Transistor s trong ch

bo ha vi in p gia Collector v Emitter rt nh, c 1 1,5V, gi l in p
bo ha, U CE .bh .
Khi kho, dng iu khin IB bng khng, lc dng Collector gn bng
khng, in p U CE s ln n gi tr in p ngun cung cp cho mch ti ni tip vi
Transistor.
Tn hao cng sut trn Transistor bng tch ca dng in Collector vi in p
ri trn Collector-Emitter, s c gi tr rt nh trong ch kho.
Trong cu trc bn dn ca BJT, ch kho, c hai tip gip B-E v B-C
u b phn cc ngc. in p t gia Collector-Emitter s ri ch yu trn vng tr

khng cao ca tip gip p n . dy v mt in tch ca lp n xc nh kh

nng chu in p ca cu trc BJT. Transistor trong ch tuyn tnh nu tip gip
B-E phn cc thun v tip gip B-C phn cc ngc. Trong ch tuyn tnh, s
in tch dng a vo t cc Base s kch thch cc in t t tip gip B-C thm
nhp vo vng Base, ti y chng c trung ha ht. Kt qu l tc trung ha
quyt nh dng Collector t l vi dng Base, I c I B . Transistor trong ch bo
ha nu c hai tip gip B-E v B-C u c phn cc thun. Cc in t s thm
nhp vo y vng Base, vng p, t c hai tip gip B-E v B-C, v nu cc in tch
dng c a vo t cc Base c s lng d tha th cc in tch s khng b
trung ha ht, kt qu l vng Base s tr nn vng c in tr nh, dng in c th
chy qua. Cng do tc trung ha in tch khng kp nn Transistor khng cn kh
nng khng ch dng in c na v gi tr dng in s hon ton do mch ngoi
quyt nh. l ch m bo ha. C ch to ra dng in y l s thm nhp
ca cc in tch khc du vo vng Base p, cc in t, v vy BJT cn gi l cu trc
vi cc ht mang in phi c bn, phn bit vi cu trc MOSFET, l cu trc vi cc
ht mang in c bn.
I.4.1 c tnh ng ct ca Transistor
uB

+Un

UB1
t
UB2

Rt

UBE(t)

0,7V

CBC
t

iC(t)

UB2

C
uB(t)

iB(t)

RB iB(t)

IB1(t)

B
UB1

UB2

CBE

(a)
uCE(t)

IB2(t)

+Un
t

Un-IC,bh.Rt
IC,bh

iC(t)

(b)

Hnh 1.12. Qu trnh ng-ct

mt BJT
a/- S
b/- Dng sng dng, p

t
(1) (2) (3)

(4)

(5)

(6) (7)

(8)

(9)

Ch ng ct ca Transistor ph thuc ch yu vo cc t k sinh gia cc tip gip

B-E v B-C, CBE v CBC . Ta phn tch qu trnh ng ct ca mt Transistor qua s
kho trn hnh 1.12a, trong Transistor ng ct mt ti thun tr Rt di in p

U n iu khin bi tn hiu in p t U B2 n U B1 v ngc li. Dng sng dng

in, in p cho trn hnh 1.12b.

a. Qu trnh m
Theo th hnh 1.12, trong khong thi gian (1), BJT ang trong ch kho vi
in p ngc U B t ln tip gip B-E. Qu trnh m BJT bt u khi tn hiu iu
2

khin nhy t U B ln mc U B . Trong khong (2), t u vo, gi tr tng ng

2

bng Cin CBE CBC , np in t in p U B n U B . Khi U BE cn nh hn khng,

2

cha c hin tng g xy ra i vi I C v U CE . T Cin ch np n gi tr ngng m

U * ca tip gip B-E, c 0,6 0,7V, bng in p ri trn diode theo chiu thun, th
qu trnh np kt thc. Dng in v in p trn BJT ch bt u thay i khi U BE gi

tr khng u giai on (3). Khong thi gian (2) gi l thi gian tr khi m, td on
ca BJT.
Trong khong (3), cc in t xut pht t Emitter thm nhp vo vng Base,
vt qua tip gip B-C lm xut hin dng Collector. Cc in t thot ra khi
Collector cng lm tng thm cc in t n t Emitter. Qu trnh tng dng I C , I E
tip tc xy ra cho n khi trong Base tch ly lng in tch d tha QB m
tc t trung ha ca chng m bo mt dng Base khng i:
I B1

U B1 U *
RB

Ti im cng dng in ti Base trn s hnh I.12a, ta c:

I B1 iC.BE iC.BC iB

trong :
iC .BE l dng np ca t CBE,
iC .BC l dng np ca t CBC,
iB l dng u vo ca Transistor, iC iB

Dng Collector tng dn theo quy lut hm m, n gi tr cui cng l

IC () = .IB . Tuy nhin ch n cui giai on (3) th dng I C t n gi tr bo
1

ha, IC.bh , BJT ra khi ch tuyn tnh v iu kin iC iB khng cn tc dng na.
Trong ch bo ha c hai tip gip B-E v B-C u c phn cc thun. V kho
lm vic vi ti tr trn Collector nn in p trn Collector - Emitter VCE cng gim
theo cng tc vi s tng ca dng I C . Khong thi gian (3) ph thuc vo ln
ca dng I B , dng ny cng ln th thi gian ny cng ngn.
1

Trong khong (4), phn cui ca in p U CE tip tc gim n gi tr in p

bo ha cui cng xc nh bi biu thc:
UCE U n IC.bh .R1

Thi gian (4) ph thuc qu trnh suy gim in tr ca vng n v ph thuc

cu to ca BJT; Trong giai on ( 5): BJT hon ton lm vic trong ch bo ha.
b. Qu trnh kho BJT
Trong thi gian BJT trong ch bo ha, in tch tch t khng ch trong lp Base
m c trong lp Collector.
Khi in p iu khin thay i t U B xung U B u giai on (6), in tch
1

tch ly trong cc lp bn dn khng th thay i tc thi. Dng I B lc ny s c gi

tr:
I B2

U B2 U *
RB

Lc u cc in tch c di chuyn ra ngoi bng dng khng i I B Giai

2

on di chuyn kt thc cui giai on (6) khi mt in tch trong tip gip BaseCollector gim v bng khng v sau tip gip nay bt u b phn cc ngc.
Khong thi gian (6) gi l thi gian tr khi kho, td off .
Trong khong (7), dng Collector I C bt u gim v bng khng, in p U CE
s tng dn ti gi tr U n . Trong khong ny BJT lm vic trong ch tuyn tnh,
trong dng IC t l vi dng Base. T CBC bt u np ti gi tr in p ngc,
bng U n . Lu rng trong giai on ny, ti vng Base trn s hnh 1.12a, ta c:
I B2 IC .BC iB

Trong : I C .BC l dng np ca t CBC ; iB l dng u vo ca Transistor. T

c th thy quy lut IC .iB vn c thc hin. Tip gip B-E vn c phn cc
thun, tip gip B-C b phn cc ngc. n cui khong (7) Transistor mi kho li
hon ton.
Trong khong (8), t Base-Emitter tip tc np ti in p ngc U B

Transistor ch kho hon ton trong khong (9).

c. Dng ti u ca dng iu khin kho Transistor
Transistor c th kho li bng cch cho in p t gia Base-Emitter bng khng,
tuy nhin c th thy rng khi thi gian kho s b ko di ng k. Khi dng
I B 0 , ton b in tch tch ly trong cu trc bn dn ca Transistor s suy gim
2

dn dn ti khi Transitor c thi gian kha.

C th rt ngn thi gian m, kho
Transistor bng cch cng bc qu trnh di
chuyn in tch nh dng dng in iu khin
nh biu din trn hnh 1.13. thi im m,
dng I B c gi tr ln hn nhiu so vi gi tr

iB(t)
IB1
Kbh.IC

cn thit bo ha BJT trong ch dn,

I B on kbh .IC . Nh vy thi gian tr khi m I B on

Hnh 1.13. Dng dng in iu

khin l tng cho mt kha BJT

v thi gian m tr on (khong (3) trn th hnh 1.12b) s c rt ngn.

Dng kho I B cng cn c bin ln rt ngn thi gian tr khi kho
2

td off v thi gian kho tr off (khong (7) trn th hnh 1.12b).

Tuy nhin, dng I B cng lm nng cc tip gip trong BJT, v vy gi tr bin
ca chng cng phi c hn ch ph hp theo cc gi tr gii hn cho trong cc
c tnh k thut ca nh sn xut.
I.4.2

c tnh tnh ca BJT v cch mc s Darlington

c tnh tnh ca mt BJT cho trn hnh

l.14a v b. c tnh trn hnh 1.14a biu
din mi quan h gia dng Collector v
dng Base IC , I B , ti cc in p UCE khc
nhau vi vng lm vic tuyn tnh, v vng
bo ho. Vi mt dng lm vic IC no ,
c c in p ri trn BJT nh th dng
IB phi tng i ln. nghing ca
ng c tnh iu khin = IC/IB th
hin h s khuch i dng in. C th thy
rng h s khuch i dng in ca BJT
cng sut tng i thp, thng thng
10, iu ny ngha l BJT yu cu dng iu
khin tng i ln. H s khuch i dng
in gim mnh khi dng lm vic ln hn.
C th gim c dng iu khin nh cch
mc Darlington.

IC(A)
10

UCE=200V

Vng tuyn tnh

I C
I B

UCE=20V
UCE=5V

I B

Vng bo ha

I C

UCE=0,5V

UCE=0,2V
IB(A)
0

10

IC
Chiu tng IB

IB=0
H Emitter

U
U
U
U
c tnh ra, th hin trn hnh 1.14b,
Hnh 1.14. c tnh tnh ca BJT
l mi quan h gia dng Collector v in
a) c tnh iu khin; b) c tnh ra
p Collector, UCE vi IB l c ba gi tr in
p nh thng UCE0, UCB0, USUS. Cc gi tr in p ny c cho trong cc c tnh k
thut ca nh sn xut. UCB0 l in p nh thng tip gip Base-Collector khi h
mch Emitter. UCB0 l in p nh thng Collector - Emitter khi dng iu khin
bng khng. C th thy UCE0 c gi tr ln hn in p
C
nh thng Collector-Emitter khi dng iu khin ln
B1
hn khng, USUS. V vy tng kh nng chu in p
Q1
ca phn t khi kho phi m bo rng dng iu
khin IB bng khng. Ni chung in p lm vic phi
Q2
D1
nh hn USUS.
B2
SUS

Cch mc s Darlington
Ni chung cc BJT c h s khuch i dng in
tng i thp, dn n dng iu khin yu cu qu

CBO

CEO

CE

Hnh 1.15. Tranzito mc

Darlington

ln. S mc Darlington l cch ni hai Transistor Q1, Q2 vi h s khuch i dng

tng ng l, 2 nh c biu din trn hnh 1.15, c h s khuch i dng chung
bng: = l.2. tng h s khuch i dng hn na c th mc Darlington t
ba Transistor. Ngi ta sn xut cc Transistor Darlington trong cng mt v, trong
tch hp diode D1 dng cng bc qu trnh kho Q2.
Tuy nhin cch ni Darlington lm cho in p ri trn Collector-Emitter ca
Transistor hp thnh ln hn so vi trng hp ch dng mt Transistor, ngha l tn
tht trn phn t khi dn dng cng ln hn. iu ny c th c chng t qua s
hnh 1.15 v in p gia Collector-Emitter ca mch Darlington bng:
UCE = UCE.Q1 + UBE.Q2
trong UBE.Q2 c gi tr khng i khi Transistor dn dng.
I.5

TRANSISTOR TRNG, MOSFET

(Metal-Oxlde-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor)

I.5.1 Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca MOSFET

Khc vi cu trc BJT, MOSFET c
Cc iu khin
Cc gc
cu trc bn dn cho php iu khin
(S Source)
(G Gate)
bng in p vi dng in iu khin
D
cc nh. Hnh 1.16 a v b th hin cu
n
n
n
n
p
p
trc bn dn v k hiu ca mt
MOSFET knh dn kiu n. Trong
G
n(G - Gate) l cc iu khin c cch
n
ly hon ton vi cu trc bn dn cn
S
Cc mng
li bi lp in mi cc mng nhng
a)
b)
(D Drain)
c cch in cc ln ioxil-silic
Hnh 1.16. MOSFET (knh dn n)
(SiO2). Hai cc cn li l cc gc (S a/- Cu trc bn dn; b/-K hiu
Source) v cc mng (D - Drain). Cc
n
n
n
n
p
p
mng l cc n cc ht mang in. Nu knh
Vng ngho in tch
dn l n th cc ht mang in s l cc in t a)
n(electron), do cc tnh in p ca cc mng
n
s l dng so vi cc gc. Trn k hiu phn
t, phn chm gch gia D v S ch ra rng
trong iu kin bnh thng khng c mt knh
n
n
n
n
dn thc s ni gia D v S. Cu trc bn dn
p
p
ca MOSFET knh dn kiu p cng tng t
b)
nhng cc lp bn dn s c kiu dn in
Knh dn
nngc li. Tuy nhin a s cc MOSFET cng
n
sut l loi c knh dn kiu n.
Trn Hnh 1.17 m t s to thnh knh dn
trong cu trc bn dn ca MOSFET. Trong ch
lm vic bnh thng uDS > 0. Gi s in
p gia cc iu khin v cc gc bng khng,

n
p

c)
Diode trong

nn

Hnh 1.17. S to thnh knh dn

trong cu trc MOSTET

uDS = 0, khi knh dn s hon ton khng xut hin. Gia cc gc v cc mng s
l tip gip p-n- phn cc ngc. in p uDS s hon ton ri trn vng ngho in
tch ca tip gip ny (hnh 1.17a).
Nu in p iu khin m, UGS < 0, th vng b mt gip cc iu khin s tch
t cc l (p), do dng in gia cc gc v cc mng s khng th xut hin. Khi
in p iu khin l dng, UGS > 0 v ln b mt tip gip cc iu khin s tch
t cc in t, v mt knh dn thc s hnh thnh (hnh 1.17b). Nh vy trong cu
trc bn dn ca MOSFET, cc phn t mang in l cc in t, ging nh ca lp n
to nn cc mng, nn MOSFET c gi l phn t vi cc ht mang in c bn,
khc vi cc cu trc ca BJT, IGBT, Thyristor l cc phn t vi cc ht mang in
phi c bn. Dng in gia cc gc v cc mng by gi s ph thuc vo in p
UDS.
T cu trc bn dn ca MOSFET (hnh 1.17c), c th thy rng gia cc mng
v cc gc tn ti mt tip gip p-n- tng ng vi mt diode ngc ni gia D v
S. Trong cc s b bin i, trao i nng lng gia ti v ngun thng cn
c cc diode ngc mc song song vi cc van bn dn. Nh vy u im ca
MOSFET l c sn mt diode ni ti nh vy.
Trn Hnh 1.18 th hin c tnh tnh ca mt kho MOSFET. Khi in p iu
khin UGS nh hn mt ngng no , c 3V, MOSFET trng thi kho vi in
tr rt ln gia cc mng D v cc gc S. Khi UGS c 5 - 7V, MOSFET s trong ch
dn. Thng thng iu khin MOSFET bng in p iu khin c 15V lm
gim in p ri trn D v S. Khi UDS
s gn nh t l vi dng ID.
ID(A)
UDS=200V UDS=10V
c tnh tnh ca MOSFET c th
c tuyn tnh ho ch bao gm hai
on th hin hai ch kho v dn
dng nh c th hin trn cng hnh
1.18. Theo c tnh ny dng qua
MOSFET ch xut hin khi in p iu
khin vt qua mt gi tr ngng
UGS(th). Khi nghing ca ng
c tnh khi dn dng c trng bi
dn:

Gm

I D
U GS

UDS=2V

10A

Dn dng
5A

UDS=1V
UDS=0,5V

0
5V

10V

UGS

Hnh 1.18. c tnh tnh ca

MOSFET

Trong : UGS(th), gm l nhng thng s ca MOSFET. Ngi ta c th dng gi

tr nghch o ca gm l in tr thun RDS(ON) c trng cho qu trnh dn ca
MOSFET.
I.5.2. c tnh ng ct ca MOSFET

Do l mt phn t vi cc ht mang in c bn, MOSFET c th ng ct vi tn s

rt cao. Tuy nhin c th t c thi gian ng ct rt ngn th vn iu khin
l rt quan trng. C ch nh hng n thi gian ng ct ca MOSFET l cc t
in k sinh gia cc cc.
Cc iu khin
G (Gate)

B (Base)

Cgs

BJT k
sinh n+

n+

Cgd

p
Vng ngho
in tch

Cds
it
trong

n-

CGD
RGint

RDS(on)

CDS

CGS

n+
Cc mng D (Drain)

Hnh 1.19. M hnh mt kha MOSFET

a/- Cc thnh phn t k sinh gia cc lp bn dn trong cu trc MOSFET;
b/- Mch in tng ng

Trn Hnh 1.19a th hin cc thnh phn t in k sinh to ra gia cc phn

trong cu trc bn dn ca MOSFET. T in gia cc iu khin v cc gc C GS
Phi c np n in p UGS(th) trc khi dng cc mng c th xut hin. T
gia cc iu khin v cc mng C GD c nh hng mnh n gii hn tc ng
ct ca MOSFET. Hnh 1.19b ch ra s tng ng ca mt MOSFET v cc t
k sinh tng ng.
Cc t ny thc ra c gi tr thay i ty theo mc in p, v d C GD thay i
theo in p UDS gia gi tr thp CGDI v gi tr cao CGDh nh c ch ra trn hnh
1.20.
a. Qu trnh m
Gi s ta xt qu trnh m MOSFET,

UDD
D

CGD

IGD
CGD
RGext

RGint

G
Driver IG
Rdr

CGDI
UDS

CDS

CGS

IGS
S

UDS=UGS

Hnh 1.20. S ph thuc ca

t in CGD vo in p UDS

Hnh 1.21a. S qu trnh

m mt MOSFET
lm vic vi ti tr cm, c diode khng. y

l ch lm vic tiu biu ca cc kha bn dn. S v th dng dng in,

in p ca qu trnh m MOSFET c th hin trn hnh 1.21a v hnh 1.21b. Ti
cm trong s th hin bng ngun dng ni song song ngc vi diode di in
p mt chiu UDD. MOSFET c iu khin bi u ra ca vi mch DRIVER di
ngun nui UCC ni tip quang in tr RGext. Cc iu khin c in tr ni RGint. Khi
c xung dng u vo ca DRIVE, u ra ca n s c xung vi bin U P a
n tr RGext.
Nh vy UGS s tng vi hng s thi gian xc nh bi:
T1 = (Rdr + RGext + RGint).(CGS + CGDI)
Trong t CGD ang mc thp, CGD1 do in p UDS ang mc cao.
Theo th, trong khong thi gian t 0 n t1, t (CGS + CDSI) c np theo
quy lut hm m ti gi tr ngng U GS(th). Trong khong ny c in p U DS ln dng
ID u cha thay i. td(on) = t1 gi l thi gian tr khi m. Bt u t thi im t1 khi
UGS vt qua gi tr ngng, dng cc mng ID bt u tng, tuy nhin in p UDS
vn gi nguyn gi tr in p ngun UDD.
Trong khong t1 n t2, dng ID tng tuyn tnh rt nhanh, t n gi tr dng
ti. T t2 tr i, khi UGS t n mc, gi l mc Miller, in p U DS bt u gim
rt nhanh. Trong khong t t2 n t4, in p UGS b gm mc Miller, do dng IG
cng c gi tr khng i. Khong ny gi l khong Miller. Trong khong thi gian
ny,
U
UP
dng
U
Udr
iu
t
t
khin
l
dng
phng
U
UGS
cho U
t CGD
Uth
Mc Miller
Mc Miller

gim
t
t
nhanh
I
IG
in
p
gia
iG(t)
i (t)
cc
mng
A
A
t
t
v
cc
U
UDS
gc
UDS.
uDS(t)
P

dr

GS

(t ) U

.(1 e

t
T
1)

GS

GS

(t ) U

.(1 e

t
T
2 )

th

DS

uDS(t)

UDS(on)
UDS(o

n)

ID

ID
iD(t)

iD(t)

t
0

t1

t2

t3

Hnh 1.21b. Qu trnh m

mt MOSFET
( th dng in, in p)

0 t1

t2 t3 t4

Hnh 1.22. Qu trnh m mt

MOSFET di nh hng ca
qu trnh phc hi diode
( th dng in, in p)

Sau thi im t4, UGS li tng tip tc vi hng s thi gian:

T2 = (Rdr + RGext + RGin) (CGS + CGDh)
V lc ny t CGD tng n gi tr cao CGDh (hnh 1.20). UGS s tng n gi
tr cui cng, xc nh gi tr thp nht ca in p gia cc gc v cc mng, UDS =
IDS.RDS(on).
Trn th hnh 1.21, A1 c trng cho in tch np cho t (CGS + CGD) trong
khong t1 n t2, A2 c trng cho in tch np cho t CGD trong khong t2 n t4.
Nu coi diode khng D khng phi l l tng th qu trnh phc hi ca diode
s nh hng n dng sng ca s nh ch ra trong hnh 1.22, theo dng ID c
nh nh cao thi im t2 tng ng vi dng ngc ca qu trnh phc hi diode D.
b. Qu trnh kho MOSFET
Dng sng ca qu trnh kho th hin trn hnh 1.23. Khi u ra ca vi mch iu
khin Driver xung n mc khng UGS bt u gim theo hm m vi hng s thi
gian T2 = (Rdr + RGext + RGint).(CGS + CGDh) t 0 n t1. Tuy nhin sau thi im t3 th
hng s thi gian li l:
T1 = (Rdr + RGext + RGint).(CGS + CGDI).

+UDD
D

UCC

IGD
CGD
RGext

Rdr
Driver

IG

RGint

CDS

G
CGS
IGS
S

Hnh 1.23. Qu trnh

kha MOSFET
a/- S
b/- Dng sng

T 0 n t1 l thi gian tr khi kho td(off), dng iu khin phng in cho t

CGS v t CGD. Sau thi im t, in p USD bt u tng t ID.RDS(on) n gi tr cui
cng ti t3, trong khi dng ID vn gi nguyn mc c. Khong thi gian t t2 n t3
tng ng vi mc Miller, dng iu khin v in p trn cc iu khin gi nguyn
gi tr khng i. Sau thi im t3 dng ID bt u gim v n khng thi im t4.
T t4 MOSFET b kho hn.
c. Cc thng s th hin kh nng ng ct ca MOSFET
Nh vy thi gian tr khi m, khi kho ph thuc gi tr cc t k sinh CGS.CGD.CDS,
tuy nhin cc thng s k thut ca MOSFET thng c cho di dng cc tr s t
CISS, CRSS, COSS di nhng iu kin nht nh nh in p UDS, UGS. C th tnh ra
cc t k sinh nh sau:
CGD = CRSS
CGS = CISS - CRSS
CDS = COSS - CRSS
C th tnh cc gi tr trung bnh cho cc t CGD v CDS vi in p lm vic
tng ng theo cng thc gn ng sau y:
CGD = 2(CRSS.lm vic).(UDS.lm vic /UDS.off)1/2
COSS = 2(COSS.lm vic).(UDS.lm vic /UDS.off)1/2
xc nh cng sut ca mch iu khin MOSFET, cc ti kiu k thut
thng cho thng s in tch np cho cc iu khin QG (n v: Culng (C)) di

in p khi kho gia cc mng v cc gc. UDS(off) nht nh. Khi cng sut mch
iu khin c tnh bng:
Piu khin = UCC.Qg.fgw
trong : fgw l tn s ng ct ca MOSFET.
Tn hao cng sut do qu trnh ng ct trn MOSFET c tnh bng:
1
Pgw U DS I D f w ton toff
2

trong ton, toff l thi gian m v kho ca MOSFET, tng ng l cc khong thi
gian t t1 n t4 trn th dng sng cc qu trnh m - kho.
I.6. TRANSISTOR C CC IU KHIN CCH LY, IGBT
(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)
I.6.1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng
IGBT l phn t kt hp kh nng ng ct nhanh ca MOSFET v kh nng chu ti
ln ca Transistor thng. V mt iu khin, IGBT gn nh ging hon ton
MOSFET, ngha l c iu khin bng in p, do cng sut iu khin yu cu
cc nh. Hnh 1.24 gii thiu cu trc bn n ca mt IGBT.
G (Gate)

E (Emitter)
C

n
p

a)

C - (Collector)

n
p

b)

i2
+

i1

i2

c)

d)

Hnh 1.24. IGBT

a) Cu trc bn dn; b) Cu trc tng ng vi mt tranzito
n-p-n v mt MOSFET; c) S tng ng; d) K hiu

V cu trc bn dn, IGBT rt ging vi MOSFET, im khc nhau l c thm

lp p ni vi Collector to nn cu trc bn dn p-n-p gia Emitter (tng t cc gc)
vi Collector (tng t vi cc mng), khng phi l n-n nh MOSFET (hnh
1.24b). C th coi IGBT tng ng vi mt Transistor p-n-p vi dng Base c
iu khin bi mt MOSFET (hnh 1.24b v c).
Di tc dng ca in p iu khin U GE > 0, knh dn vi cc ht mang in
l cc in t c hnh thnh, ging nh cu trc MOSFET. Cc in t di chuyn
v pha Collector vt qua lp tip gip n--p nh cu trc gia Base v Collector
Transistor thng to nn dng Collector.
I.6.2. c tnh ng ct ca IGBT

Do c cu trc p-n--p m in p thun gia C v E trong ch dn dng IGBT

thp hn so vi MOSFET. Tuy nhin cng do cu trc ny m thi gian ng ct
ca IGBT chm hn so vi MOSFET. c bit l khi
kha li. Trn hnh 1.24b v c th hin cu trc
I0
D0
tng ng ca IGBT vi mt MOSFET v mt p+
Udc
n-p Transistor. K hiu dng qua IGBT gm hai
Cgc
thnh phn: i1 l dng qua MOSFET, i2 l dng qua
RG
D
+
Transistor. Phn MOSFET trong IGBT c th kha
Cge
UG
li nhanh chng nu x ht c in tch gia G v
E, do dng il s bng khng. Tuy nhin thnh
phn dng i2 s khng th suy gim nhanh c do Hnh 1.25. S th nghim
lng in tich tch ly trong lp n - (tng ng
mt kha IGBT
vi Base ca cu trc p-n-p) ch c th mt i do qu trnh t trung ha in tch. iu
ny dn n xut hin vng dng in b ko di khi kha mt IGBT. Ta s kho st
qu trnh m v kha mt IGBT theo s th nghim cho trn hnh 1.25. Trn s
IGBT ng ct mt ti cm c diode khng Do
UGE
mc song song. IGBT c iu khin bi ngun
UG
tn hiu vi bin UG ni vi cc iu khin G
UGE.I
qua in tr RC. Trn s Cgc, Cgc th hin cc t
UGE.th
t(s)
k sinh gia cc iu khin v Collector, Emitter.
0

td(on)

Diode
a. Qu trnh m IGBT
Ic
D
phc
Qu trnh m IGBT din ra rt ging vi qu trnh
hi
I0 t(s)
ny MOSFET khi in p iu khin du vo
U
tng t khng n gi tr UG. Trong thi gian tr
U
khi m td(on) tn hiu iu khin np in cho t
U
t(s)
CGC lm in p gia cc iu khin v Emitter
tng theo quy lut hm m, t khng n gi tr
t
t t
Tn hao
ngng UGE(th) (khong 3 n 5V), ch bt u t
khi m
MOSFET trong cu trc ca IGBT mi bt u
t(s)
m ra. Dng in gia Collector - Emitter tng
t
Hnh
1.26.
Qu trnh m IGBT
theo quy lut tuyn tnh t khng n dng ti Io
trong thi gian tr. Trong thi gian tr in p gia cc iu khin v Emitter tng n
gi tr UGEto xc nh gi tr dng I0 qua Collector. Do diode D0, cn ang dn dng ti
I0, nn in p UCE vn b gm ln mc in p ngun mt chiu Udc. Tip theo qu
trnh m din ra theo hai giai on, tfv1 v tfv2. Trong sut hai giai on ny in p
gia cc iu khin gi nguyn mc U GEIo (mc Miller), duy tr dng I0, do dng
iu khin hon ton l dng phng ca t C gc. IGBT vn lm vic trong ch tuyn
tnh. Trong giai on u din ra qu trnh kha v phc hi ca diode D0, dng phc
hi ca diode D0 to nn xung dng trn mc dng I0 ca IGBT. in p UCE bt u
gim. IGBT chuyn im lm vic qua vng ch tuyn tnh sang vng bo ha.
Giai on hai tip din qu trnh gim in tr trong vng thun tr ca Collector,
0

CE

dc

CE.on

fv1

on

fv2

UGE
UG

dn n in tr gia Collector - Emitter v

n gi tr Ron khi kha bo ha hon ton.
UCE.on = I0.Ron.
Sau thi gian m ton, khi t Cgc
Phng in xong, in p gia cc iu
khin v Emitter tip tc tng theo quy lut
hm m, vi hng s thi gian bng C gcRG
n gi tr cui cng UG.
Tn hao nng lng khi m c tnh
gn ng bng:

U .I
Q on dc 0 t on
2
Nu tnh thm nh hng ca qu
trnh phc hi ca diode D0 th tn hao nng
lng s ln hn do xung dng trn dng
Collector.

UGE.Io
UGE(th)
t(s)

-UG
td(off)

Ic
I0

i1
t(s)

i2

UCE
Udc
t(s)

UCE.on

Tn hao

trv

tfi2

tfi1

khi kha

t(s)
toff

b. Qu trnh kha

Hnh 1.27. Qu trnh kho IGBT

Dng in p, dng in ca qu trnh kho

th hin trn hnh 1.27. Qu trnh kha bt u khi din p iu khin gim t U G
xung -UG. Trong thi gian tr khi kha td(off) ch c t u vo Cge phng in qua
dng iu khin u vo vi hng s thi gian bng C geRG, ti mc in p Miller. Bt
du t mc Miller in p gia cc iu khin v Emitter b gi khng i do in p
Ucc bt u tng ln v do t C gc bt u c np in. Dng iu khin by gi s
hon ton l dng np cho t C gc nn in p UGE c gi khng i. in p Ucc
tng t gi tr bo ha U cc.on ti gi tr in p ngun Udc sau khong thi gian trV. T
cui khong trV diode D0 bt u m ra cho dng ti I0 ngn mch qua, do dng
Collector bt u gim. Qu trnh gim din ra theo hai giai on, t fi1 v tfi2. Trong giai
on u, thnh phn dng i1 ca MOSFET trong cu trc bn dn IGBT suy gim
nhanh chng v khng. in p UGC ra khi mc Miller v gim v mc in p iu
khin u vo -UG vi hng s thi gian:
RG(Cgc + Cgc)

cui khong tfi1, Ugc t mc ngng kha ca MOSFET. U GE(th) tng ng

vi vic MOSFET b kha hon ton. Trong giai on hai, thnh phn dng i 2 ca
Transistor p-n-p bt u suy gim. Qu trnh gim dng ny c th ko rt di v cc
in tch trong lp n- b mt i do qu trnh t trung ha in tch ti ch. l vn
ui dng in ni n phn trn.
Tn hao nng lng trong qu trnh kha c th tnh gn ng bng:
Qoff =

U dc .I 0
toff
2

Lp n- trong cu trc bn dn ca IGBT gip gim in p ri khi dn, v khi

s lng cc in tch thiu s (cc l) tch t trong lp ny lm gim in tr ng
k. Tuy nhin cc in tch tch t ny li khng c cch g di chuyn ra ngoi mt
cch ch ng c, lm tng thi gian kha ca phn t. y cng ngh ch to bt
buc phi tho hip. So vi MOSFET, IGBT c thi gian m tng ng nhng thi
gian kha di hn, c 1 n 5 s.
Cc iu khin
Cc gc

SiO2
n+

n+

j1
j2

Vng thn

nVng Base

j3

p+

Lp m
Lp pht sinh in tch

Cc mng

Hnh 1.28. Cu trc bn dn ca mt IGBT cc nhanh

(Punch Through IGBT)

Thi gian kha ca IGBT c th rt ngn nu thm vo mt lp m n+ nh

trong cu trc Punch Through IGBT nh minh ha trn hnh 1.28. Cu trc ny c mt
Thyristor k sinh lo t ba tip gip bn dn p-n, J1. J2, J3. Trong cu trc ny mt
cc in tch dng, cc l, suy gim mnh theo hng t cc lp p + n n- n n+,
iu ny gip qu trnh t trung ha cc in tch dng trong lp n - xy ra nhanh hn.
Cng ngh ny to ra cc IGBT cc nhanh vi thi gian kha nh hn 2 s.
I.6.3. Vng lm vic an ton, SOA (Safe Operating Area)
Vng lm vic an ton ca cc phn t bn dn cng sut, SOA, c th hin di
dng th quan h gia gi tr in p v dng in ln nht m phn t c th hoi
ng c trong mi ch , khi dn, khi kha cng nh trong qu trnh ng ct SOA
ca IGBT c dng nh c biu din trn hnh 1.29.
Hnh 1.29 th hin SOA ca IGBT trong hai trng hp. Hnh 1.29a l SOA
khi in p t ln cc iu khin v Emitter l dng, hnh 1.29b l SOA khi in p
ny l m. SOA khi in p iu khin dng c dng hnh ch nht vi hn ch gc
pha trn, bn phi, tng ng vi ch dng in v in p ln. iu ny ngha l
khi chu k ng ct cng ngn, ng vi tn s lm vic cng cao, th kh nng dng
ct cng sut cng phi c suy gim. SOA khi t in p iu khin m ln cc
iu khin v Emitter li b gii hn vng cng sut ln do tc tng in p trn
Collector - Emitter khi IGBT kha li. l v khi tc tng in p qu ln s dn
n xut hin dng in ln a vo vng p ca cc iu khin, tc dng ging nh
dng iu khin lm IGBT m tr li nh tc dng i vi cu trc ca Thyristor. Tuy

nhin kh nng chu ng tc tng p IGBT ln hn nhiu so vi cc phn t

bn dn cng sut khc.
IC
ICM

IC
ICM

Thi gian ng ct

Gii hn do tc
tng in p

dV CE
dt
1000s

10-5s

2000s

10-4s

3000s

DC

VCE

VCE

Hnh 1.29. Vng lm vic an ton ca IGBT:

a) Khi in p iu khin dng; b) Khi in p iu khin m

Gi tr ln nht ca dng Collector ICM c chn sao cho trnh c hin

tng cht gi dng, khng kha li c, ging nh Thyristor. Hn na, in p
iu khin ln nht UGE cng phi c chn c th gii hn c dng in ICE
trong gii hn ln nht cho php ny trong iu kin s c ngn mch, bng cch
chuyn bt buc t ch bo ha sang ch tuyn tnh. Khi dng I CE c gii
hn khng i, khng ph thuc vo in p UCE lc . Tip theo IGBT phi c
kha li trong iu kin , cng nhanh cng tt trnh pht nhit qu mnh lit.
Trnh c hin tng cht gi dng bng cch lin tc theo di dng Collector l
iu cn phi lm khi thit k iu khin IGBT.
+UGE
I.6.4. Yu cu i vi tn hiu iu khin IGBT
Q1
RG
IGBT l phn t iu khin bng in p, ging UG
nh MOSFET, nn yu cu in p iu khin lin
IGBT
18V
Q2
tc trn cc iu khin v Emitter xc nh ch
-UGE
kha, m. Mch iu khin cho IGBT c yu
Hnh 1.30. Yu cu i vi
cu ti thiu nh c biu din qua s trn
tn hiu iu khin
hnh 1.30. Tn hiu m c bin U CE, tn hiu
kha c bin -UCE cung cp cho mch G-E qua
in tr RG. Mch G-E c bo v bi diode n p mc khong 18 V. Do c t
k sinh ln gia G v E nn k thut iu khin nh iu khin MOSFET c th
c p dng, tuy nhin in p kha phi ln hn. Ni chung tn hiu iu khin
thng c chn l +15 v -5V l ph hp. Mc in p m khi kha gp phn gim
tn tht cng sut trn mch iu khin nh c minh ha trn hnh 1.31a.
in tr RG cng nh hng n tn hao cng sut iu khin nh c minh
ha trn th hnh 1.31b. in tr RG nh, gim thi gian xc lp tn hiu iu khin,
gim nh hng ca dU CE/dt, gim tn tht nng lng trong qu trnh iu khin,
nhng li lm mch iu khin nhy cm hn vi in cm k sinh trong mch iu
khin.

Dng iu khin u vo phi cung cp c dng in c bin bng:

IG.max =

U CE
RG

Trong : UGE = UGE(on) + U GE(off)

Tn hao cng sut trung bnh c th tnh bng biu thc: P = UGE.QG.fsw
Trong : QG (mili Culng, mC) l in tch np cho t u vo, gi tr thng c
cho trong ti liu k thut ca nh sn xut; fsw l tn s ng ct ca IGBT.
1.6.5. Vn bo v IGBT
IGBT thng c s dng trong cc mch nghch lu hoc cc b bin i xung p
mt chiu, trong p dng cc quy lut bin iu khc nhau v thng yu cu van
ng ct vi tn s cao, t 2 n hng chc kHz. tn s ng ct cao nh vy.
Nhng s c xy ra c th ph hy phn t nhanh chng. S c thng xy ra nht l
qu dng do ngn mch t pha ti hoc t cc phn t c li do ch to hoc do lp
rp. V vy vn bo v cho phn t l nhim v cc k quan trng t ra.
i vi IGBT ta c th ngt dng in bng cch a in p iu khin v gi
tr m. Tuy nhin qu ti dng in c th a IGBT ra khi ch bo ha dn n
cng sut pht
nhit tng ln
t ngt, ph
High side Gate
hy phn t sau
HOP
vi chu k ng
LOP
ct. Mt khc
SSD
R
khi kha IGBT
li trong mt Desat Fault
thi gian rt
ngn khi dng Chuyn mch mm
U
in ln dn n
tc tng dng
Hnh 1.32. Cc chc nng trong mch tch hp iu khin IGBT
dI/dt qu ln gy
(IRZI37 ca International Rectifier )
S

qu p trn Collector - Emitter, lp tc nh thng lp tip gip ny. R rng l, trong

s c qu dng, khng th tip tc iu khin IGBT bng nhng xung ngn theo quy
lut bin iu nh c v cng khng th ch n gin l ngt xung iu khin dp
tt dng din c. Vn ngt dng t ngt khng ch xy ra trong ch s c m
cn xy ra khi tt ngun hoc khi dng hot ng, ngha l trong ch vn hnh bnh
thng.
C th ngn chn hu qu ca vic tt dng t ngt bng cch s dng cc
mch dp RC (snubber circuit), mc song song vi phn t. Tuy nhin cc mch dp
lm tng kch thc v lm gim tin cy ca thit b. Gii php tch cc hn c
a ra y l lm chm li qu trnh kha ca IGBT, hay cn gi l kha mm (soft
turn-off), khi pht hin c s c dng in tng qu mc cho php. Trong trng hp
ny in p trn cc iu khin v Emitter c gim i t t v n in p m khi
kha. IGBT s chuyn v trng thi kha qua ch tuyn tnh, do dng din b
hn ch v gim dn v khng, trnh c qu p trn phn t. Thi gian kha ca
IGBT c th c ko di 5 n 10 ln thi gian kha thng thng.
C th pht hin qu dng bng cch dng cc phn t o dng in tuyn tnh
nh xen x Hall hoc cc mch o dng in trn shunt dng. Tuy nhin i vi IGBT
c th pht hin qu dng s dng tn hiu in p trn Collector - Emitter. Khi c tn
hiu m nu UCE ln hn mc bo ha thng thng UCE.bh < 5V chng t IGBT ra
khi ch bo ha do dng in qu ln. Mt s vi mch optocoupler c ch to
sn cho mc ch phi hp gia tn hiu iu khin v pht hin cha bo ha IGBT,
hn na li cch ly gia mch lc v mch iu khin. Ngy nay chc nng pht xung
v bo v IGBT c tch hp trong cc IC chuyn dng, to thun li ln cho cc
nh thit k. V d v mt mch tch hp nh vy, IRZI37 ca International Rectifier
c cho trn hnh 1.32.
Trn hnh 1.32 c th thy cc iu khin ca
IGBT c cung cp ba tn hiu iu khin qua ba
in tr, tn hiu m qua HOP, tn hiu kha qua
LOP, tn hiu kha mm qua SSD. Hiu chnh cc
in tr ny c th hiu chnh c cc thi gian
iu khin tng ng. Tn hiu DESAT c ly qua
phn p gia Collector.v Emitter qua diode ni vi
Collector, a qua mch lc phi hp vi tn hiu
iu khin kha, m, qua mch NAND a ra tn
hiu cha bo ha (Desal Fault). Qua mch x l
Hnh 1.33. Kho mm bng
logic (khng th hin y ) tn hiu kha mm
IR2137
c th c a n MOSFETiu khin mch kha
mm (soft shutdown) vi in tr a n cc iu khin c 500, ln hn 10 ln
so vi mch kha, m.

Tc dng ca mch kha mm c minh ha

qua th thc t trn hnh 1.33. ng trn cng l
hnh dng tn hiu iu khin, ng cong gia l
in p UCE, ng cong di cng l dng dng
in. C th nhn ra khng c qu p trn ng
cong in p nhng IGBT lm vic trong ch
tuyn tnh. trong sut thi gian T khi dng in gim
dn v khng.

IC
UCE

Qu in p xy ra khi van b kha li tc

I : 40A/; U : 100V/; t: 2s/;
thi nh c minh ha trn hnh 1.34. Trn hnh
Hnh 1.34. Qu p sinh ra
do kha tc thi
1.34 ng cong bn trn l dng in, bn di l
in p. Khi van m ra th b qu ti nn in p li tng ln. Sau van b kha li
tc thi dn n xung qu in p, trong trng hp ny l khong 100V, trn ng
cong in p.
C

I.7.

CE

TN HAO CNG SUT TRN CC PHN T

BN DN CNG SUT
Ngoi tn tht do mch iu khin sinh ra cp n nhng phn t c th ni
trn. Ta s phn tch cc thnh phn tn tht trong cc ch lm vic ca van sau
y.
Bng 1.1. Thng s cc i ca cc phn t bn dn cng sut do
Misubishi cng b
Chng loi van bn dn cng sut

Kh nng ng ct cc i

iot cng sut

2,8 kV; 3,5 kA

iot ng ct nhanh

6,0 kV; 3,0 kA

Thyristor thng

12,0 kV; 1,5 kA

Thyristor tn s cao

1,2 kV; 1,5 kA

Thyristor iu khin bng diode quang

8,0 kV; 3,6 kA

GTO

6,0 kV; 6,0 kA

GCT Thyristor

4,5 kV; 4,0 kA

IGBT in p cap (HVIGBT)

3,3 kV; 1,2 kA

Module cng sut ln (HVIPM)

3,3 kV; 1,2 kA

I.7.1 Tn tht trong ch tnh ang dn dng hoc ang kha

Khi phn t ang trong ch dn dng hoc ang kha tn hao cng sut bng tch
ca dng in qua phn t vi in p ri trn n. Khi phn t ang kha, in p trn
n c th ln nhng dng r qua van s c gi tr rt nh, v vy tn hao cng sut c
th b qua. Tn hao cng sut trong ch tnh ch yu sinh ra khi van dn dng. Vi
a s cc phn t bn n, in p ri trn van khi dn thng khng i, t ph

thuc vo gi tr dng in chy qua. Nh vy c th d dng xc nh c tn hao

cng sut trong trng thi van dn.
I.7.2 Tn tht trong qu trnh ng ct
Trong qu trnh dng ct, cng sut tn hao tc thi c th c gi tr ln v dng in
v in p trn van u c th c gi tr ln ng thi. Ni chung, thi gian dng ct
ch chim mt phn nh trong c chu k hot ng ca phn t nn tn hao cng sut
trong ch ng ct ch chim mt phn nh trong cng sut tn hao trung bnh. Tuy
nhin khi phn t phi lm vic vi tn s ng ct cao th tn hao do ng ct li
chim mt phn chnh trong cng sut pht nhit.
Xc nh cng sut tn hao trong ch ng ct l nhim v khng n gin,
v phi phn bit cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ng ct do nh hng n
tn hao cng sut. v d ta s xt cc thnh phn tn hao cng sut cho s b
bin i xung p mt chiu dng MOSFET nh trn hnh 1.41.
I.7.2.1 Tn hao do thi gian m v kha
L
Gi s trong s diode l phn t l tng,
it
iV V
cn MOSFET m, kha vi thi gian hu hn.
iD0
RG
Vi ti tr cm, dng in i v(t) v in p uV(t)
VG +
+
khng th thay i tc thi. Dng dng v p E
Rt
trong qu trnh kha th hin trn hnh 1.36.
D0
t
0
Trong thi gian chuyn mch rt ngn
dng ti cha kp thay i v c gi tr it = It,
Hnh 1.35. B bin i xung p
trong khong thi gian t0 < t < t2. Ti t0, c tn
mt chiu, dng MOSFET.
hiu kha MOSFET V, din p trn V tng
tuyn tnh t khng n gi tr in p ngun mt chiu E trong khong t t 0 n t1.
Trong khong ny diode D0 cha m nn dng qua V vn bng It. Bt u t t1 diode
D0 m ra, do dng qua V gim tuyn tnh v 0 thi im t 2, ti dng qua diode
D0 tng ln n bng dng ti.
Tn hao cng sut tc thi trn V bng p v(t) = iv(t)/uv(t) c dng tam gic trong
khong t0 < t < t2. Tn hao nng lng trn V chnh l din tch ca tam gic ny:
Woff =

1
1
EIt(t2 - t1) = EIttoff
2
2

uV(t) iV(t)

Trong : toff l thi gian kha ca MOSFET.

It

iV(t)

uV(t)

UD0 t ID t

ID0 t

Trong qu trnh m, th dng in,

in p trn cc phn t c dng ging nh
hnh 1.36. Dng qua V phi tng t 0 n It,
dng qua diode gim t It v 0. Ch khi dng
qua diode v n 0 th in p trn V mi

It
t

UD0 t
-E

0
t0

t1

t2

Hnh 1.36. Dng sng qu trnh

van kha trong s hnh 1.35

bt u gim t E v n 0. Nng lng tn hao khi m bng:

Won =

1
EItton
2

Trong : ton l thi gian m ca van.

Tng tn hao cng sut trong qu trnh ng ct bng W off + Won. Nu chu k
hot ng ca van l T ng vi tn s ng ct ca van l: = 1./T
th cng sut tn hao s bng:
Ps =

1
(Woff + Won) = f(Woff + Won)
T

Nh vy tn hao cng sut t l vi tn s ng ct.

I.7.2.2 Tn hao do qu trnh phc hi
phn trn ta gi s rng diode l phn t l tng m ch xt n tn hao cng sut
do thi gian kha, m ca MOSFET gy ra.
uV(t)
iV(t)
Vi gi thit thi gian ng ct ca
i (t)
MOSFET rt ngn so vi thi gian kha li
E
ca diode th tn tht cng sut s ch yu
u (t)
do qu trnh phc hi ca diode sinh ra.
0
Vn vi s trn hnh 1.35, ta xt qu
t
UD t ID t I
trnh MOSFET kha li. Dng sng ca
ID t
qu trnh ny biu din trn hnh 1.37.
t
0
Khi diode kha s c mt dng in
-E
ngc i ra ngoi. Bin dng in
UD t
ngc c th ln gp vi ln gi tr dng
W
W
in diode dn trc . Trn th, ti
thi im t0 MOSFET bt u m ra lm
0
diode D0 bt u kha li. Dng in ngc
t
t1
t2
t0
Hnh 1.37. Tn hao cng sut
ca diode to nn xung dng trn gi tr It
do diode phc hi
qua van V. Trong khong t0 n t1 diode
vn cn phn cc thun nn in p trn van V vn bng E. Ti t 1 dng.qua diode bng
0, diode bt u b phn cc ngc. T tl n t2 dng in ngc ca diode np cho t
tng ng ca tip gip p-n phn cc ngc. in p trn van V gim dn v 0 ti
t2, ti diode kha li hon ton.
V

Khong thi gian t tl n t2 gi l thi gian phc hi ca diode, tr.Nhng diode

c khong thi gian t2 - tl nh hn nhiu ln khong t1 - to gi l diode dp, hay diode
ct nhanh. Nu thi gian ct dng ca diode rt ngn th thi gian ng ct ca cc
phn t cng s rt nhanh. Tuy nhin nu tc gim dng qu nhanh s dn n qu
in p trn cc in cm k sinh, v do , cho cc phn t trong mch. Qu in p
c th c suy gim bng cc mch RC song song vi phn t (snubber circuit),
nhng cc mch ny li tng thm cc tn tht trn s . Ni chung phi c mt s

tha hip gia mong mun gim tn tht trong qu trnh ng ct v an ton cho
cc phn t trn s .
Tn tht nng lng trong qu trnh m van V c tnh bng:
t2

W u v t i v t dt
t0

Nu dng diode ct nhanh th (t2 - tl) << (t1 - t0), t tch phn ny c th c
tnh n gin hn. Coi in p trn van V bng E trong phn ln thi gian phc hi t r
= t2 - t0), dng qua van iV(t) = It - ID0(t), do :
t2

W E V (I t iV(t)dt = E.Ittr + E.Qr

t0

trong Qr l in tch phc hi ca diode, gi tr ny c th tm thy trong c tnh

k thut ca diode.
Tn tht nng lng do thi gian phc hi ca diode ph thuc thi gian phc
hi tr ca diode v in p mt chiu ca b bin i. Nng lng ny c th chim
mt phn ln trong tn tht do qu trnh ng ct. Tn hao ny c th gim ng k
nu s dng cc diode ct nhanh, tuy nhin khi phi p dng cc bin php trnh
qu p cho cc phn t trong s .
I.7.2.3. Tn hao do cc phn t phn khng
Cc phn t phn khng nh t in, in cm cng gy nn tn tht cng sut. T
in tng ng song song vi cc phn t s phng in khi cc phn t ny m ra
v tiu tn ton b nng lng tch ly trc . Cc t c np khng mt nng
lng khi phn t kha li. Cc in cm ni tip vi phn t s c np nng lng
khi phn t m ra v tiu tn nng lng khi phn t kha li.
Nng lng lch ly trong t in v in cm tng ng l:

1
WC C i U i2 ;
i 2

1
WL L i I i2
i 2

V d i vi MOSFET, ta c t in tng ng gia cc mng v cc gc l

CDS, cn diode song song c t l CD. Tn hao cng sut khi MOSFET m ra s l:
Wc =

1
; (CDS + CD) E2
2

iL(t)

Nu bit cc thng s lin quan n t in tng

L
ng ca phn t, ta c th xc nh c cc thnh
+
phn tn hao cng sut trn.
e(t)
iD(t)
in cm ni tip vi cc phn t c th l in
D
C
cm dy ni, in cm thm vo gim tc tng
dng. Cc in cm ny gy nn qu in p khi phn t
kha li. Chng cng l nguyn nhn gy nn tn hao Hnh 1.38. S m t tn
cng sut, nht l trong nhng ng dng c dng in rt hao cng sut trn in cm
khi diode m v kha
ln.

 v d, ta xt s trn hnh 1.38, trong e(t) l ngun xung p ch nht l

tng. Dng dng in, in p trn cc phn t cho trn hnh 1.39. Ngun p e(t) lc
u c gi tr dng lm Diode phn cc thun diode m cho dng qua cun cm tng
tuyn tnh vi dc E1/L. Ti thi im t = ti in p e(t) tr nn m, dng it(t) bt
u gim vi dc -E2/L. n t = t2, dng qua diode bng 0 nhng trong tip gip
p-n vn cn tch ly mt din tch Qr. Diode vn cn phn cc thun n thi im t =
t do dng qua cun cm vn tip tc gim vi dc -E2/L. Bt u t thi im t3,
in tch tch ly trong diode ht diode bt
u phn cc ngc. Dng ngc s np cho t e(t)
C ti in p ngun -E2. T t3 dng qua cun E1
cm phi chy qua t C, to nn mch dao ng
ni tip, do dng c dng hnh sin tt dn:
t
Qu trnh phc hi ca diode gy nn
tn hao trn s .
Trong khong t2 < t < t3 in tch phc hi

-E2
iL(t)

t3

bng: Qr = i L (t)dt
t2

in tch ny lin quan trc tip n

nng lng tch ly trong cun cm L:

uD(t)
0

t3

WL =

(t)i L (t)dt

t
t1

t2

t3

-E2

t2

Trong khong ny in p trn cun cm

bng -E2, vy ta c:
t3

t3

t2

t2

Hnh 1.39.Dng dng in, in p

ca s 1.38

WL = u L (t)i L (t)dt = (E 2 ) i L (t)dt =

= E2 Q r
Nh vy nng lng trn cun cm L t l vi tch ca in p trn cun cm
vi in tch phc hi ca diode. Khi t > t3, nng lng ch trao i trong mch dao
ng to bi cun cm v t. v s tt dn do tiu tn trn in tr dy qun v tn hao
trn t.
I.8
LM MT CC LINH KIN BN DN CNG SUT
Tn hao cng sut, bng tch ca dng in chy qua phn t vi in p ri trn phn
t, ta ra di dng nhit trong qu trnh lm vic. Nhit lng ta ra t l vi gi tr
trung bnh ca tn hao cng sut. Trong qu trnh lm vic, ca bn dn phi lun
di mt gi tr cho php (khong 120 oC n 150oC theo c tnh k thut ca phn
t), v vy nhit lng sinh ra cn phi c dn ra ngoi, ngha l i hi phi c qu
trnh lm mt cc phn t bn dn.
I.8.1. M hnh truyn nhit

Nhit truyn t ni c nhit cao sang ni c nhit thp. Nhit lng trao i, P T
t l vi chnh lch nhit theo h s, gi l tr khng truyn nhit R T. Theo :
PT

Ti T2 , trong n v tng ng l: P [w]; T [oC]; R [oC/w].

T
T
RT

S cn bng nhit xy ra khi nhit lng pht sinh bng nhit lng ta ra mi
trng, ngha l:
PT dt Ad B dt

Trong : PT - cng sut pht nhit (tn hao cng sut) trn phn t [W];
A - nhit lng ring, bng nhit lng lm cho nhit phn t thay i
B - cng sut ta ra nhit mi trng tng thm oC [J];
- chnh lch nhit gia phn t v mi trng [0C]
Vit li phng trnh vi phn trn di dng:
d
PT A
B
dt

Gi s ti thi im t = 0, chnh lch

nhit l = 0, nghim ca phng trnh
trn s l:
t

max 1 e

max1

PT1

max 2

PT2

Trong : max PT / B : l chnh lch nhit

T
Hnh 1.40. ng cong pht nhit

ln nht t c, v T A / B l hng s thi gian nhit.

ng cong thay i nhit c th hin trn hnh ng vi hai cng sut
pht nhit khc nhau PT1 > PT2.
Dng ng cong nhit nh trn hnh
1.55 ch ng cho mi trng ng nht, v d
mt bn ng hay nhm. Tuy nhin phn t bn
T
dn c gn ln b phn tn nhit l mt mi
trng khng ng nht. V th tch nh nn kh
T
T
nng tch nhit km, nhit trn phn t s tng
T
rt nhanh. Nhit lng t phn t truyn ra cnh
tn nhit, ri t cnh tn nhit truyn ra mi
Rth
Rth
Rth
trng. S c s chnh lch nhit gia phn t,
cnh tn nhit, mi trng. Tng ng gia cc Hnh 1.41. M hnh truyn nhit
b phn tip gip nhau s c tr khng truyn nhit khc nhau. M hnh ca h thng
truyn nhit nh vy c cho trn hnh. Trong cng th hin ng nhit gim
t phn t Tj ti v phn t Ty, ti cnh tn nhit Th v ti mi trng Ta.
j

(j-v)

(v-h)

(h-a)

Dng nhit truyn t cu trc bn dn ra n v phn t, t v ti cnh tn

nhit, t cnh tn nhit ra n mi trng. Gia cc mi trng tip gip nhau tr

khng nhit l: Rtb(j-v), Rth(vhj), Rth(h-a). Do tr khng nhit s bng tng tr khng
nhit gia cc vng tit gip nhau:
Rth = Rth(jv) + Rth(v-h) + Rth(h-a)
Nh vy nhit gi tng ca cu trc bn dn s l:
Tj = Ta + PTRtb
Biu thc ny thng c s dng
xc nh Rth cn thit khi bit nhit cho
php gii hn Tj ca phn t nhit lm vic
ca mi trng Ta v cng sut pht nhit PT.
I.8.2. Tnh ton tn nhit
Gia cng sut ln nht c th c to ra
ngoi mi trng v nhit v phn t ph
thuc nhau theo biu thc:

P
Pmax

50%

Pmax

T
25
= v,max
= const
R th( j v )

trong gi thit nhit mi

25oC.

25

50

100

150

200 Tjmax

Hnh 1.57: th nhit v cng

sut tn nhit ln nht cho php

trng l

Mi quan h ny c biu din trn th hnh 1.57 theo khi nhit cu

trc bn dn bng nhit cc i cho php T j.max th cng sut ta ra s bng 0, ng
ngha vi vic phn t b ph hy. Cc s liu ny, k c th hnh 1.57, cho mi
phn t bn dn, c cho trong c tnh k thut ca nh sn xut. m bo nhit
mi trng mt nhit thch hp ta phi gn phn t bn dn ln mt cnh tn
nhit.
Khi :

P max

Tv,max Ta
R th( ja )

Theo m hnh truyn nhit trn hnh 1.56, ta c:

Tj - nhit ca cu trc bn dn. cho'bi nh sn xut,
Tv - nhit v phn t.
Th - nhit cnh tn nhit.
Ta - nhit mi trng,
Pth - tn hao pht nhit trong phn t, c tnh ton bi ngi s dng,
Rth(j-v) - tr khng nhit gia cu trc bn dn v v, cho bi nh sn xut,
Rth(v-h) - tr khng nhit gia v v cnh tn nhit, ph thuc hnh ang.
kch thc v phn t, cho bi nh sn xut.
Rth(h-a) - tr khng nhit gia cnh tn nhit v mi trng, cho bi nh
sn xut cnh tn nhit.
Vi cc k hiu trn y, nu tnh ton c tn hao pht nhit
phn t Pth.max, c th xc nh tr khng truyn nhit yu cu ca cnh

trn
tn nhit:

R th h a

Tj.max Ta
Pth.max

a R th( jv) R th( v h)

Gi tr Rth(h-a) cho php chn c loi tn nhit theo yu cu da vo c tnh

ca mt s loi tn nhit do cc nh sn xut cung cp.
V d: Thyristor BTW 67-1200, v loi CB-332.
Tr khng nhit t cu trc bn dn ra v Rth(j-v) = 0.93oC/w,
Tr khng nhit t v ra tn nhit Tth(v-h) = 0.1oC/w.
Tj.max = 110oC.
Iv

= 25 A. Ung.max = 1200 V.

Gi s tn hao cng sut trong qu trnh lm vic tnh ton c l 50W,

nhit mi trng l 40oC. Tr khng nhit ca tn nhit yu cu l:

R th h a

Tj.max Ta
Pth.max

R th( jv) R th( v h) 0, 370 C

T gi tr ny c th chn c loi tn nhit theo yu cu.

CHNG 2
CHNH LU IU KHIN
(B bin i xoay chiu - mt chiu)
II.1 TNG QUAN V CHNH LU C IU KHIN
Trong k thut in rt nhiu trng hp yu cu phi bin i mt ngun in p
xoay chiu thnh in p mt chiu v iu chnh c gi tr ca in p mt chiu
u ra. thc hin vic ny ngi ta c nhiu cch khc nhau, v d nh dng t hp
ng c - my pht, dng b bin i mt phn ng, dng chnh lu, v.v Nhng ph
bin nht v c hiu sut cao nht l s dng cc s chnh lu bng cc dng c bn
dn. Cc s chnh lu (cc b bin i xoay chiu-mt chiu) l cc b bin i
ng dng tnh cht dn dng mt chiu ca cc dng c in t hoc bn dn bin
i in p xoay chiu thnh in p mt chiu mt cch trc tip. Hin nay cc dng
c in t hu nh khng cn c s dng trong cc s chnh lu v kch thc
ln, hiu sut thp. Dng c s dng ch yu trong cc s chnh lu hin nay l cc
thyristor v cc diode bn dn. Cc s chnh lu c nhiu dng khc nhau v c
ng dng cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau, v d nh dng iu chnh tc ng c
mt chiu; cung cp in p mt chiu cho thit b m in, in phn; cung cp in
p mt chiu cho cc thit b iu khin, cc n pht trung tn v cao tn, v.v... Cc
s chnh lu c s dng t cng sut rt nh n cng sut rt ln.
II.1.1 S ni dy
C hai loi s ni dy cc b chnh lu l: S ni dy hnh tia v s ni dy
hnh cu.
II.1.1.1. S ni dy hnh tia
Hnh 2.1 l cc s chnh lu hnh tia tng qut. Hnh 2.1a l s chnh lu hnh
tia m pha cc van ni Cathode chung, cn hnh 2.1b l s chnh lu hnh tia m pha
cc van ni anode chung. Trong cc s ny:
u1,u2,...,um: l h thng in p xoay chiu (thng l hnh sin) m pha.
T1,T2,...,Tm: l m van chnh lu c iu khin (thyristor), trong cc s chnh
lu khng iu khin th cc van l diode.
Ld, Rd,, Ed: l in tr, in cm, sc in ng (s..) ph ti mt chiu.
ud, id: l in p v dng in chnh lu tc thi trn ph ti mt chiu, chiu
qui c ca id ly trng vi chiu thc ca dng qua ti, cn chiu qui c ca
ud ly trng vi chiu qui c ca dng ti id.
im O l trung tnh ngun xoay chiu.


T1

u2

u1

T2

u1

id

um

Rd

um

id

Rd

ud

Tm

u2

T1

T2

Tm

ud

Ld

Ld

Ed

Ed

Hnh 2.1a: S chnh lu hnh tia

m pha cc van ni katt chung

Hnh 2.1b: S chnh lu hnh tia

m pha cc van ni anode chung

c im chung ca cc s chnh lu hnh tia l:

S van chnh lu bng s pha ngun xoay chiu.
Cc van c mt in cc cng tn ni chung, in cc cn li ni vi ngun
xoay chiu. Nu in cc ni chung l Cathode th s c gi l s
Cathode chung, cn nu in cc ni chung l anode ta c s anode chung.
im ni chung ca cc van l mt trong hai in cc ca in p chnh lu.
H thng in p ngun xoay chiu m pha phi c im trung tnh, trung tnh
ngun l in cc cn li ca in p chnh lu.
II.1.1.2. S ni dy hnh cu
Trn hnh 2.2 l cc s chnh lu mc theo s cu. Hnh 2.2a l s dng tng
qut vi s pha m 3, hnh 2.2b l s chnh lu cu mt pha.
Cc phn t trn cc s :
u1

T2

u2

um

T2

T1

T4

T3

T1

T4

T3

A
T2m

ud

T2m-1
ud

Ed

Ld

Rd

id
Ed

Hnh 2.1b: S chnh lu

hnhcu 1 pha

Ld

Rd

id

Hnh 2.2a: S chnh lu hnh

cu m pha (m 3)

u1,u2,... um: l h thng in p xoay chiu (thng l hnh sin) m pha, u l in

p xoay chiu mt pha.

 T1,T2,...,T2m: l cc van chnh lu c iu khin (thyristor).

Rd, Ld, Ed: l in tr, in cm, s... ph ti (Ed cn c gi l s... ngc
hay sc phn in ng).
ud,id: l in p v dng ti tc thi,qui c chiu ging nh s hnh tia.
Cc c im chung ca s chnh lu hnh cu m pha:
S van chnh lu trong s bng 2 ln s pha, trong c m van c Cathode
ni chung c gi l nhm van Cathode chung v trn s ta k hiu bi ch
s l, m van cn li c anode ni chung nn c gi l nhm van anode chung
v trn s ta k hiu bng ch s chn.
Mi pha ngun xoay chiu ni vi 2 van, mt nhm Cathode chung v mt
nhm anode chung.
im ni chung ca cc van nhm Cathode chung (K), nhm van anode chung
(A) l 2 in cc ca in p ra.
II.1.1.3. Nguyn l lm vic
a/- Nguyn l lm vic ca s chnh lu hnh tia
Trng hp s chnh lu l khng iu khin (hnh 2.3a)
n gin cho vic nghin cu nguyn l lm vic ca s chnh lu, trc tin ta
xt vi s khng iu khin v nghin cu loi s cc van ni Cathode chung
(hnh 2.3a).
Trong s ny ta thay cc thyristor
O
s hnh 2.1a bng cc diode t D1 n u1
id
u2
um
Dm.

Rd
Qua nghin cu ngi ta nhn thy
Dm
ud
rng: ch dng qua ti l lin tc v b D1 D2
Ld
qua qu trnh chuyn mch th mt thi
im bt k khi b chnh lu ang lm vic
trong s lun c mt van dn dng, l
Ed
K
van ni vi pha c in p dng nht. Mt
khc nh bit vi h thng in p xoay
Hnh 2.3a
chiu m pha th trong thi gian mt chu k
ngun mi pha s ln lt dng nht trong khong thi gian bng 1/m chu k, do vy
m mi van trong s s dn dng mt khong bng 1/m chu k trong thi gian mt
chu k ngun. Ta gi thit rng st in p trn diode hoc thyristor m (dn dng)
bng khng. Nh vy thi im m in p trn van bng khng v c xu hng
chuyn sang dng l thi im van (diode) bt u m, thi im m diode trong s
chnh lu bt u m c gi l thi im m t nhin i vi van trong s
chnh lu.
Thi im m t nhin i vi van trong s chnh lu cc van ni Cathode
chung chm sau thi im in p ca pha ni van bng khng v bt u chuyn sang
dng mt gc in bng 0, vi 0 c xc nh nh sau:
0 = /2-/m

Mi diode trong s bt u m ti thi im m t nhin v s kho ti thi

im m t nhin ca van tip theo. in p chnh lu s lp li m ln ging nhau
trong mt chu k ngun xoay chiu.
Trng hp s chnh lu hnh tia m pha cc van ni anode chung, khi s
lm vic ch dng lin tc v b qua chuyn mch th ti mt thi im bt k
trong s c mt van mc vi pha c in p m nht dn dng. Thi im m t
nhin i cc van trong s ny chm sau thi im in p ca pha mc vi van
bng khng v bt u chuyn sang m mt gc in cng bng 0 .
Trng hp chnh lu c iu khin (hnh
O u
id
u1
u2
m
2.3b)

Rd
Trong trng hp ny cc van chnh lu l cc
Tm ud
thyristor (T1,T2,...,Tm). Nh bit, mt T1 T2
Ld
thyristor c th chuyn t trng thi kho sang
trng m th cn phi c hai iu kin:
Ed
K
in p gia anode v Cathode phi
dng (thun).
Hnh 2.3b
C tn hiu iu khin t vo in cc
iu khin v Cathode ca van (ni tt l c tn hiu iu khin).
Do c im va nu m trong s ny ta c th iu khin c thi im
m ca cc van trong mt gii hn nht nh. C th l, trong khong thi gian van c
iu kin m th nht l c in p thun (t thi im m t nhin i vi van cho
n sau thi im ny mt na chu k), ta cn m van thi im no th ta truyn tn
hiu iu khin n van thi im v iu ny c thc hin vi tt c cc van
trong s . Nh vy nu ta truyn tn hiu iu khin n van chm sau thi im m
t nhin mt gc in bng th tt c cc van trong s s m chm so vi thi
im m t nhin mt gc in l v ng cong in p chnh lu trn ph ti
mt chiu s khc so vi s chnh lu khng iu khin (cc van m ti thi im
m t nhin i vi van), do vy gi tr trung bnh (thnh phn mt chiu) ca in p
chnh lu s thay i. Mt khc khi thay i gi tr ca th dng v gi tr trung bnh
ca in p chnh lu cng thay i theo. Vy ta c th thay i c thnh phn mt
chiu ca in p trn ti nh thay i thi im m van, tc l thay i gi tr gc .
Trong s chnh lu th gi tr gc m chm ca van c gi l gc iu khin
ca s chnh lu. T cc iu kin m ca van nu trn ta thy rng: mun van
m c khi c tn hiu iu khin th thi im truyn tn hiu iu khin n van
phi nm trong khong in p trn van l thun,c ngha rng: 180 0 > 00. Trng
hp s lm vic vi = 00 tng ng vi trng hp s chnh lu khng iu
khin.
S lm vic ca s chnh lu hnh tia m pha cc van ni anode chung cng
hon ton tng t, ch khc l thi im m t nhin ca cc van trong s ny xc
nh khc vi s cc van ni Cathode chung.
b/- Nguyn l lm vic s cu

 Trng hp s khng iu khin:

T kt cu ca s chnhlu hnh cu ta c nhn xt:
c dng qua ph ti th trong s phi c t nht 2 van cng dn dng, mt
van nhm Cathode chung cn van kia nhm anode chung. Vy, vi gi thit l s
lm vic ch dng lin tc v b qua qu trnh chuyn mch th khi b chnh
lu cu m pha lm vic, mt thi im bt k trong s lun c 2 van dn dng:
mt van nhm Cathode chung ni vi pha ang c in p dng nht v mt van
nhm anode chung ni vi pha ang c in p m nht. Thi im m t nhin i
cc van nhm Cathode chung xc nh ging nh cc van trong s chnh lu hnh
tia cng s pha cc van ni Cathode chung, cn thi im m t nhin i vi cc van
nhm anode chung th xc nh nh i vi cc van trong s chnh lu hnh tia
cng s pha cc van ni anode chung. Vi c im lm vic ca s chnh lu hnh
cu ngi ta nhn thy rng: Trong mt chu k ngun xoay chiu mi van cng dn
dng mt khong thi gian bng 1/m chu k nh s hnh tia, s chuyn mch
dng t van ny sang van khc ch din ra vi cc van trong cng mt nhm v c
lp vi nhm van kia; trong mt chu k ngun xoay chiu in p chnh lu lp li q
ln ging nhau, vi q = 2m khi m l v q = m khi m chn.
Trng hp s chnh lu c iu khin
u1
u2
um
O
(hnh2.4)

Vi s chnh lu cu, iu khin in

p chnh lu trn ph ti mt chiu ngi ta cng
T2
T1
thc vic iu khin cho cc van trong s m
T4
T3
chm hn thi im m t nhin mt gc in
bng nh s dng tn hiu iu khin ging nh
K
s hnh tia. Gii hn thay i ln nht ca A
0
0
T2m-1
gc iu khin l t 0 n 180 .
T2m
u

d
II.1.2 Dng v p ca b chnh lu v ti
II.1.2.1 Dng in chnh lu trn ph ti mt
Rd
id
chiu
Ed
Ld
Hnh 2.4
T mc trn ta thy rng dng ng cong in p
chnh lu lp i lp li q ln trong mt chu k ngun xoay chiu, do vy ch xc
lp th dng qua ti cng s lp i lp li q ln (vi q = m khi s chnh lu l hnh tia
hoc s cu c s pha m l chn, q = 2m khi s chnh lu l hnh cu vi s pha
m l l). Qua y chng ta thy rng bit dng v p trn ti ch xc lp ta ch
cn bit dng v p trn ti trong mt khong thi gian
bng mt ln lp li (bng 1/m chu k hay qui ra gc
id
in bng 2/q). xc nh dng v p trn ti ta da vo
Rd
T
s thay th b chnh lu trong mt khong lm vic ca
ud
1 van nh hnh2.5.
Ld
u

Trong s thay th ny ta c:

Ed
Hnh 2.5

 u: l tng i s in p ngun xoay chiu tc ng trong mch vng ni vi

cc van ang dn dng trong s giai on xt,trong s hnh tia mt
thi im ch c mt van lm vic nn u s l in pha, vi s cu mt thi
im c 2 van mc vi hai pha khc nhau cng lm vic nn u s l in p dy.
Nu ta chn mc thi gian xt t = 0 (t = 0) l thi im bt u m mt van
trong s th: u = Um.sin (t+)
(2-1a)
Trong Um l bin in pha ngun xoay chiu nu s chnh lu l hnh
tia hoc l bin in p dy nu s chnh lu l chnh lu l hnh cu (V),
l tn s gc ca ngun in xoay chiu (rad), t l thi gian xt (s), l gc
pha u v c xc nh: = /2-/q +
(2-1b)
Cn T c trng cc van ang dn dng, s tia l 1 van cn s cu c 2
van dn dng ni tip nhau. y T ch c ngha l dng trong s ch c
php i theo mt chiu l chiu thc ca dng qua T, cn st in p trn T
c b qua.
Ed, Ld, Rd: l cc phn t ph ti.
ud, id: l in p v dng in trn ti.
Vit phng trnh cn bng in p trong s hnh 2.5 ta c
Rd .id Ld

di
U m sin(t ) Ed
dt

(2-2)

gii phng trnh ny ta t:

=Ed/Um; i*=id/Im=id.Rd/Um; =Ld/Rd (2-3)
Th (1-3) vo (1-2) ta c:
i* +.di*/dt=sin (t+) -
(2-4)
y l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh i vi dng ti dng tng i.Gii
phng trnh ny vi iu kin u l: i* (t = 0) = i*0 ta c:
sin[ -arctg( )] t /
sin[t -arctg( )]
i* { i * }e
{ } (2-5)
0
1 ( )2
1 ( )2
Biu thc (2-5) l biu thc tng qut dng xc nh dng in tng i
qua ph ti mt chiu (i*), t y khi s dng (2-3) s tm c id. Biu thc ny xc
nh trong khong t t = 0 n t = 2/q.
Tu thuc vo c tnh ph ti, dng s , gi tr gc iu khin m xy ra mt
s ch lm vic khc nhau:
Nu trong ton b thi gian lm vic m id > 0 ta c ch dng in ti lin
tc.
Nu trong mt chu k lm vic m dng ti c q khong bng khng v q
khong khc khng ta c ch dng in ti gin on.
Ch trung gian (gii hn) gia 2 ch nu trn c gi l ch dng
in bin lin tc.

Ch : Khi dng (2-5) nu tnh c i* c gi tr m trong mt khong no thi

gian xt th trong khong ta ly i *=0,v dng in trong mch ch c php i theo
mt chiu nn khng m.
a/- Ch dng ti gin on
iu ny s xy ra vi ti l in tr thun khi ln trong s 1 hoc 2 pha v ngay
c s 3 pha, hoc khi ti c Ld hu hn m Ed ln hoc ln,... Khi , ti thi
im ta bt u m mt van th dng qua ti ang bng khng, tc l i*0=0. Vy biu
thc dng ti dng tng i lc ny l:
sin[ -arctg( )] t /
sin[t -arctg( )]
(2-6)
i* { }e
{ }
1 ( )2
1 ( )2
Khi nghin cu b chnh lu ch dng in gin on ngi ta gi khong
thi gian tn ti mt xung dng ti qui ra gc in l gc dn ca van v k hiu l
.
b/- Dng in ti khi ph ti Rd - Ed (khi Ld = 0)
Khi Ld = 0, ta c: = 0, nn e-t/ = 0.
Vy dng tng i trn ti: i*= sin (t +) - (2-7)
c/- Dng in ti ch dng bin lin tc
Khi s lm vic ch ny th ng cong dng in c q im bng khng
trong mt chu k ngun xoay chiu. Nhng im dng ti bng khng l nhng im
bt u m mt van trong s , vy trong trng hp ny i *0 = 0 v ta cng c th
dng biu thc (2-6) xc nh dng ti, tuy nhin trong trng hp ny th gc dn
ca van = 2/q. Khi thay t = 2/q vo (2-6) v cho i* = 0 ta tm c gi tr gii
hn ca s.. s c th chuyn t ch dng gin on sang lin tc v ngc
li, ta c:
sin[2 / q arctg ( )] sin[ arctg ( )]e2 / q

(2-8)
gh
(1 e2 / q ). 1 ( )2
d/- Dng ti ch dng lin tc
Khi s chnh lu lm vic ch xc lp m dng ti lin tc th do tnh cht
lp i lp li mang tnh chu k vi chu k lp li bng 1/q ln chu k ngun xoay
chiu nn dng ti khi t = 2/q cng bng dng ti ti t = 0, tc l bng i*0.
Thay t = 2/q vo (2-5) ta tm c i*0:
sin[2 / q arctg ( )] sin[ arctg ( )]e2 / q
*
i

0
(1 e2 / q ). 1 ( )2

(2-9)

Th (2-9) vo (2-5) v bin i ta c:

{sin[2 / q arctg ( )] sin[ arctg ( )]}et / sin[t arctg ( )]
i*

(1 e2 / q ). 1 ( )2
1 ( )2

y l biu thc dng ti dng tng i ch dng lin tc.

(2-10)

 Trng hp khi Ld=

Trong trng hp ny ta tm dng in tng i bng cch ly gii hn i * khi cho Ld
tin n (v cng), gi tr i* lc ny c k hiu l I*:
sin(2 / q / 2) sin( / 2)
2sin( / q ).cos( /q / 2)
I * lim i*

2 / q
2 / q

q
I * .sin .cos
(2-11)
q

T biu thc (2-11) ta thy rng: dng qua ti khi Ld= khng ph thuc vo
thi gian. Nu ch rng dng qua ph ti b chnh lu gm hai thnh phn: mt
thnh phn khng i khng ph thuc thi gian l thnh phn mt chiu hay gi tr
trung bnh v mt thnh phn bin i theo thi gian l thnh phn xoay chiu th dng
ti trong trng hp ny ng bng gi tr trung bnh dng chnh lu, ta k hiu l Id.
Id= (Um. (q/).sin /q .cos - Ed)/Rd (2-12)
II.1.2.2 in p chnh lu trn ph ti mt chiu
C hai khi nim v in p chnh lu l:
in p chnh lu tc thi (k hiu l ud) trong khong thi gian xt nu ta
c:
o ch dng ti gin on:
ud = u khi id > 0 (tc l khi i* > 0): t t=0 n t =
ud = Ed trong khong dng ti bng khng t t= n t =2/q
o ch dng ti lin tc: ud = u trong ton khong xt.
in p chnh lu trung bnh, y chnh l thnh phn mt chiu ca in p
chnh lu, n c tnh theo biu thc:
2 / q
U (q / 2 ) u (t ).d (t )
d
0 d
(2-13)
Trng hp dng ti gin on:

U d (q / 2 )[ U m sin(t )d (t )
0

2 / q

.d (t )]

(2-14)

Trng hp dng ti lin tc:

2 / q

q
U d (q / 2 ) U m sin(t )d (t ) .U m .sin . cos U d0 . cos

q
0

(2-15)
II.1.3. Cc ch lm vic ca b chnh lu
Ch nghch lu ca chnh lu c iu khin
Khi nghin cu s lm vic ca s chnh lu c iu khin ngi ta nhn thy trong
mt s iu kin nht nh b chnh lu thc hin qu trnh bin i nng lng ngc
vi ch chnh lu bnh thng, lc b chnh lu thc hin bin i in nng
mt chiu bn pha ph ti thnh in nng xoay chiu v chuyn tr cho ngun cung

cp xoay chiu. Ch lm vic ny ca s chnh lu c gi l ch nghch

lu ca chnh lu c iu khin.
Nu gi cng sut tiu th trn ph ti b chnh lu l Pd, b qua tn tht ph ta
c:
Pd = Ud. Id
Trong , Ud, Id: l gi tr trung bnh ca in p v dng in chnh lu.
Khi s lm vic ch chnh lu ta c Pd > 0, ph ti tiu th cng sut
tc dng do ngun xoay chiu chuyn sang. Trong trng hp b bin i lm vic
ch nghch lu th nh nu: ph ti pht ra cng sut tc dng v ngun xoay
chiu lc ny thu cng sut tc dng, do vy Pd < 0. Mt khc, ta bit rng dng qua
ph ti b chnh lu ch i theo mt chiu nn nu c dng qua ti th Id khng th m
(tc Id lun lun > 0). Vy mun c Pd < 0 th Ud <0, tc l in p u ra b chnh lu
phi i du. Nu gi thit s chnh lu lm vic ch dng lin tc ta c:
U d U d . cos
0

T biu thc ny ta thy rng:

Nu 0 < < /2 th Ud >0, s lm vic ch chnh lu.
Nu /2< < th Ud <0, s lm vic ch nghch lu.
Vy iu kin th nht c ch nghch lu l: /2< < .
Mt khc ta c Id = (Ud - Ed)/ Rd. Mun c ch nghch lu th ti phi pht ra
cng sut tc dng tc l Pd phi m, v iu ny c ngha l Id >0. T biu thc trn
ta suy ra (Ud - Ed) > 0, m Ud < 0 nn Ed < 0 v |Ed| > |Ud| (*), tc l ta phi o cc
tnh ca Ed so vi qui c v phi m bo biu thc (*).
Vy iu kin th hai c ch nghch lu l: phi o chiu s... ph ti
Ed v m bo quan h |Ed| > |Ud|.
Khi s chnh lu lm vic ch nghch lu ngi a ra mt i lng
mi l gc iu khin nghch lu hay gi tt l gc nghch lu v k hiu l . Gc
c tnh bng khong thi gian t thi im m van n thi im chm sau thi
im m t nhin i vi van mt gc bng 1800 qui ra gc in, vy = -
Ch : T c im lm vic cng nh bn cht ca cc thyristor ngi ta thy
rng, mt thyristor ang dn dng chuyn sang trng thi kho mt cch chc chn
th sau khi dng qua van gim v bng khng ta phi duy tr mt in p m hoc bng
khng trong mt khong thi gian nht nh th van mi m bo phc hi c tnh
cht iu khin, c ngha rng sau khong thi gian cn thit nh nu ta c th t
in p thun trong gii hn cho php ln van th van cng vn kho nu cha c tn
hiu iu khin. Khong thi gian cn thit nu trn c gi l thi gian phc hi
tnh cht iu khin ca van v ta k hiu l tk. Khi s lm vic ch nghch lu
nu ta cho = th khi dng qua mt van va bng khng (vi gi thit ang b qua
chuyn mch s xt phn sau), in p trn van cng bng khng v bt u
chuyn sang dng (thun) tc l van khng c thi gian phc hi tnh cht iu khin
v s m li ngay. S t m li ca van va kho kt hp vi vic trong s ang c
mt van cng nhm dn dng s gy nn ngn mch v ph hu ch nghch lu,

ngi ta gi hin tng ny l hin tng lt nghch lu. Mun cho s lm vic
bnh thng ch nghch lu th phi to ra khong thi gian cn thit van phc
hi tnh cht iu khin bng cch gim gi tr gc iu khin cc i v ngi ta thc
hin:
/2< < max hay min < < /2, trong min = tk
(2-16)
II.1.4 Chnh lu iu khin lm vic vi diode khng (D0)
T nguyn l lm vic ca s chnh lu, ngi ta
u1
T1 iT1
thy rng khi a in cm vo mch ti san phng

dng ti th cc gc iu khin ln in p chnh lu

tc thi c nhng khong m. iu ni ln rng
u2
T2
iT2

trong cc khong thi gian th ti pht ra cng sut

D0
tc dng v thc t l in cm mch ti gii phng ra
mt nng lng m n tch lu c trong giai
ud
on in p chnh lu tc thi dng. Mt phn nng
lng tch lu trong Ld lc ny c chuyn vo cung
id
Ld
Rd
Ed
cp cho Rd v Ed, cn mt phn chuyn tr cho ngun
Hnh 2.6
xoay chiu. V Ld l hu hn nn nng lng n tch
lu c cng l hu hn, do vy khi dng ti nh hoc gc iu khin qu ln, th
dng in qua ti s khng lin tc. khc phc mt phn ngi ta tm cch sao cho
khng chuyn nng lng tch lu trong Ld v ngun m ch dng duy tr dng qua
ti, lc kh nng lin tc ca dng ti s tt hn. Ngi ta thc hin bng cch mc
song song vi ti mt diode sao cho khi ud > 0 th diode ny b t in p ngc.
Diode ny c gi l diode khng, k hiu l D0. V d s chnh lu hnh tia 2
pha c diode khng nh hnh 2.6.
Nguyn l hot ng ca s chnh lu c van khng c th tm tt nh sau:
Khi in p chnh lu tc thi dng th diode khng b t in p ngc. Khi in
p chnh lu tc thi c xu hng chuyn sang m th diode khng s m, diode
khng m th st p trn n gim v bng khng. in p trn D 0 l uDo=0, nn ud=0,
do vy in p trn van c iu khin ang dn dng giai on trc s chuyn sang
m v in p ca pha ngun xoay chiu ni vi van bt u i du v van s kho
li. Trong thi gian D0 lm vic th ud=0 v id = iDo. n thi im ta a tn hiu iu
khin m van c iu khin tip theo trong s th ud >0 v uDo=-ud<0, D0 li kho.
Trong cc giai on tip theo s lm
u1
ud (nt
u2
vic ca s din ra tng t, trong u
m)
mt chu k ngun xoay chiu D0 lm
t
vic q ln.
0
th in p chnh lu tc thi,
/2
3/2

2
dng cc van ca s hnh 2.6 khi

s lm vic vi 0, gi thit Ld iT
iT1
iT2
= cho trn hnh 2.7.
Id
t
0
/2
3/2
Mt s nhn xt:

iDo
0

Id

/2

Hnh 2.7

3/2

 Do c im l dng qua D0 gy nn bi s... t cm trong in cm ph ti

Ld,v vy s c ch hp l khi Ld0, Ld cng ln cng tt.
Trong s chnh lu c D0 th ud 0 (khng m), nn Ud0 v s khng
lm vic c ch nghch lu.
II.1.5 Qu trnh chuyn mch (chuyn i) trong s chnh lu
II.1.5.1 Khi nim
Bnh thng xt nguyn l hot ng ca cc s chnh lu ta thng gi thit b
qua in tr v in cm ngun cung cp xoay chiu v ca dy dn cng nh cc
phn t khc mc ni tip trong mch ngun n gin cho vic nghin cu. Trong
trng hp ny khi ta m mt van n lt lm vic th van ang dn dng giai on
trc v cng nhm s kho li tc thi. Trong thc t th mch ngun lun lun
tn ti mt gi tr in tr v mt gi tr in cm nht nh, iu ny s lm cho s
thay i van lm vic trong s khc i, c bit l in cm mch ngun. Do c
im ca in cm l dng qua n khng c php thay i t ngt nn khi ta
truyn tn hiu iu khin n m mt van n lt lm vic th van cng nhm vi n
ang dn dng giai on trc dng cha gim ngay v khng m s gim dn trong
mt khong thi gian no v trong thi gian dng qua van va m cng s tng
dn t 0 n gi tr dng qua ti. Nh vy, ta thy rng khi chuyn s dn dng t van
ny sang van khc cng nhm s xut hin mt khong thi gian c hai van cng
nhm ca s cng dn dng, khong thi gian ny c gi l thi gian chuyn
mch v qu trnh din ra trong s chnh lu trong thi gian ny c gi l qu
trnh chuyn mch. Trong thi gian chuyn mch s lm vic trng thi ngn
mch hai pha ngun xoay chiu bi st in p trn hai van cng nhm dn dng xem
l bng khng. Qu trnh chuyn mch nh nu khng xy ra i vi ch dng
gin on v khi ta m mt van trong s th tt c cc van lm vic giai on
trc u ang kho. Qu trnh chuyn mch ch din ra khi s lm ch dng
lin tc v vic nghin cu qu trnh ny tng i phc tp. n gin cho vic
nghin cu ta tm thi a ra mt s gi thit nh sau:
1- in p xoay chiu cung cp cho b chnh lu l hon ton hnh sin.
2- Tm thi b qua in tr trong mch ngun (Rs= 0), ch xt n in cm ca
mch ngun (Ls 0).
3- Gi thit in cm mch ti l v cng ln (Ld= nn id =Id=const)
4- B qua st in p trn van v xem rng van m ngay khi c tn hiu iu
khin.
5- Ch kho st qu trnh chuyn mch din ra gia 2 van v nghin cu vi
trng hp s l hnh tia, sau suy rng
un
Lsn
Tn iTn
kt qu cho c s hnh cu.

II.1.5.2 Dng dng qua cc van trong giai on

chuynmch
Tn+1 iTn+1
un+1
Lsn+1

xc nh biu thc dng cc van trong giai on

chuyn mch vi s chnh lu hnh tia m pha cc
ud

Ed

Ld

Rd

Hnh 2.8

id

van ni Cathode chung ta s dng s thay th b chnh lu trong thi gian din ra
qu trnh chuyn mch gia 2 van Tn v Tn+1, (n<m), nh hnh 2.8:
Trong :
un, un+1 l in pha th n v n+1 trong h thng in p xoay chiu hnh sin m
pha (n<m).
Tn, Tn+1 l 2 van mc 2 pha un, un+1
Lsn, Lsn+1 l in cm tng trong 2 pha ngun xoay chiu th n v n+1, ta c:
Lsn = Lsn+1 = Ls.
Ed, Rd, Ld l cc phn t ph ti mt chiu.
iTn, iTn+1, id l dng in cc van l dng ti.
ud l in p chnh lu tc thi.
Ta chn mc thi gian xt t = 0 l thi im truyn tn hiu iu khin m
Tn+1, trc van Tn ang dn dng. Vit phng trnh cn bng in p trong mch
vng qua 2 van ang din ra chuyn mch v hai pha ngun ni vi 2 van ny vi ch
rng in p trn 2 van ny trong khong chuyn mch bng khng (v cc van ang
dn dng), ta c:
- Ls.diTn/dt+ Ls.diTn+1/dt =un+1 -un
(2-17)
Mt khc ta li c:
iTn + iTn+1 = Id
(2-18)
T (1-17) v (1-18) ta rt ra:
iTn+1 = Id - iTn, diTn+1/dt = - diTn/dt, un+1 - un =Um.sin (t+) vi Um l bin in p
dy ca 2 pha ngun lin tip nhau. Thay cc biu thc ny vo (2-17) ta c:
2.Ls.diTn+1/dt = Um.sin (t+)
(2-19)
Gii phng trnh vi phn ny ta c:
iTn+1 = - Im.cos (t+) +C
Hng s tch phn C c xc nh da iu kin u l khi t=0 th iTn+1 =0 v
c gi tr nh sau:
C = Im.cos = (Um/2 Ls). cos
Vi: Im l gi tr hng c xc nh bng: Im= Um/2 Ls
(2-20)
Vy ta c:
iTn+1= Im.[cos - cos (t+)]
(2-21a)
iTn = Id - Im.[cos - cos (t+)]
(2-21b)
II.1.5.3 Gc chuyn mch
Khong thi gian chuyn mch qui ra gc in c gi l gc chuyn mch v
thng c k hiu l . xc nh gc chuyn mch ta da vo iu kin: khi kt
thc chuyn mch th iTn=0 v iTn+1=Id .Thng thng ngi ta tnh ton gi tr gc
chuyn mch khi =0 trc (khi =0 th = 0 ) ri tnh ton thng qua 0 v .
Cho =0 v thay t=0 vo (2-21a) hoc (2-21b) ta c:
1 - cos0 = (Id.2. Ls)/Um
(2-22)

0 = arccos[1- (2..Ls.Id)/Um] (2-22a)

Thay t= vo (1-21b) v cho iTn= 0 ta rt ra:
cos - cos ( +) = (Id.2. Ls)/Um
(2-23)
Chia v vi v hai ng thc (2-22), (2-23) cho nhau ta c:
(1- cos0 )/ [cos - cos ( +)] =1
(2-24)
sau khi bin i, cui cng ta rt ra:
=arccos (cos + cos0 - 1) -
(2-25)
Nhn xt: Gc chuyn mch ph thuc vo gi tr dng ti Id, in p ngun cung
cp, in cm trong mch ngun Ls, gc iu khin .
II.1.5.4 in p chnh lu khi c xt n qu trnh chuyn mch
a/- in p chnh lu tc thi
Trong khong thi gian khng din ra chuyn mch: Trong cc giai on ny
in p chnh lu tc thi bng in p ca pha ngun xoay chiu ni vi van
ang dn dng, v d: ln cn trc t=0 th Tn dn dng nn ud=un cn t t=
n t=2/q th Tn+1 dn dng nn ud=un+1 .
Trong giai on din ra chuyn mch: Khi c s chuyn mch dng t van ny
sang van khc th dng qua cc van v cc pha ngun xoay chiu c s bin i
nn in p chnh lu tc thi trn ti cng s thay i. xc nh in p trn
ti trong giai on ny ta vit phng trnh cn bng in p nh sau:
Ls.diTn+1/dt + ud = un+1
(2-26a)
Ls.diTn/dt + ud = un
(2-26b)
Cng hai phng trnh ny v vi v, bin i v ch rng:
diTn+1/dt=- diTn/dt
ta c:
ud = (un+1 + un)/2
(2-27)
b/- in p chnh lu trung bnh
Do c chuyn mch m in p chnh lu tc thi trong khong chuyn mch b gim
i. Lng gim i ca ud trong khong chuyn mch bng st in p trn in cm
mch ngun uLs. V vy m gi tr trung bnh ca in p chnh lu cng b gim i
mt lng bng gi tr trung bnh ca st in p trn Ls, ta k hiu l Ux. Gi tr
Ux c xc nh bng:

U x (q / 4 ) U m sin(t )d (t ) (q / 4 ).U m .[cos cos( )]

0

(2-28)

Da vo (2-23) ta rt ra: Ux= (q/2)..Ls.Id. (2-29)

V cui cng ta c biu thc in p chnh lu trung bnh khi c tnh n qu
trnh chuyn mch l:
Ud = Ud0.cos - (q/2)..Ls.Id (2-30)
Ch :
Khi c tnh n in tr Rs trong mch ngun xoay chiu m vn gi thit Ld=
th cc tnh ton cho thy rng dng ng cong dng in cc van cng gn

ging nh khi b qua in tr ngun v cc biu thc tnh ton trn vn c th

s dng c vi mc chnh xc cho php, ch cn quan tm thm st p trn
Rs.
Khi c tnh n in tr Rs trong mch ngun xoay chiu m gi tr Ld hu hn
th nu Ld c gi tr ln cho dng ti p mch nh th dng dng cc van
cng thay i rt t v ta vn c th s dng cc quan h trn nhng trong biu
thc tnh in p chnh lu trung bnh phi tnh n st in p mt chiu trn
Rs. Vy, biu thc in p chnh lu trung bnh khi c Rs l:
Ud = Ud0.cos - (q/2)..Ls.Id - Rs.Id
(2-31)
Cc biu thc (1-30), (1-31) tuy tnh ton vi s hnh tia nhng vn p dng
c cho c cc s hnh cu tr trng hp s cu mt pha. Vi s
chnh lu cu mt pha ta s dng biu thc sau:
Ud = Ud0.cos - (2/)..Ls.Id - Rs.Id
(2-32)
Khi c tnh n chuyn mch th di dn dng ca van ko di thm mt gc
bng nn trnh lt nghch lu khi s lm vic ch ny gc
nghch lu cn phi tho mn:
min < < /2
(2-33a)
Trong : min = tk+

(2-

33b)
II.1.5.5 Mt s v d:
a/- S chnh hnh tia 2 pha
u

ud (nt
m)

0
i
0

u2

t
u1

iT2

iT1
t

uc

ua

ub

Hnh 2.9. S chnh lu hnh tia 2
pha

T T
1

T
2

T
2

T
3

Hnh 2.10. S chnh lu hnh tia 3

pha

b/- S chnh hnh tia 3 pha (Hnh 2.10)

Trong trng hp ny ta gi thit ti thi im bt u xt ta m T2 khi trc T1
ang dn dng th t t=0 n t= s din ra qu trnh chuyn mch dng t T1 sang
T2 v in p chnh lu tc thi trong khong ny l ud = (u1 + u2)/2 =0, dng ng
cong dng cc van v in p trn ti nh hnh 2.9. y ta gi thit ti t=0 th ta
truyn tn hiu iu khin n m T2 mc pha b (pha th 2) v trc T1 ang dn
dng nn giai on t t=0 n t= din ra s chuyn mch dng t T1 sang T2, do

vy in p chnh lu lc ny s bng: ud = (u1 + u2)/2 = (ua + ub)/2. th in p

chnh lu tc thi nh hnh 2.10.
II.1.6 nh hng ca chnh lu n li in
Do s lm vic ca s chnh lu m dng qua ngun in xoay chiu c dng khc
hnh sin.Phn tch ng cong dng in ngun ra chui Furi ta c mt thnh phn
hnh sin tn s bng tn s in p ngun c gi l sng hi bc nht dng in
ngun (li) v mt tng v hn cc thnh phn hnh sin khc c tn s ln hn tn s
in p ngun mt s nguyn ln c gi l cc sng hi bc cao dng in ngun.
T cc c trng ca mch in khng hnh sin nghin trong l thuyt mch in v
do in p ngun l hnh sin nn ch c thnh phn dng in hnh sin tn s bng tn
s in p ngun (sng hi bc nht) l tham gia vo qu trnh truyn cng sut tc
dng t ngun ti ti, cn cc sng hi bc cao khng tham gia vo qu trnh ny m
n ch gy nn cc tn tht ph khi truyn ti. Mt khc, do s hot ng ca chnh lu
iu khin m gy nn s lch pha gia dng in v in p ngun lm gim h s
cng sut ca li in xoay chiu khi cung cp cho s chnh lu.
II.1.6.1 Xut hin sng hi bc cao trong dng in li
Ta gi thit rng Ld = , b qua qu trnh chuyn mch th th dng in ca ngun
xoay chiu trong mt s trng
i1
hp nh hnh 2.11. Trong
Id/kba
t
0
a
hnh 2.11a l ca s tia 2 pha
2

/2
hoc cu mt pha khng c
i1
diode khng, hnh 2.11b l
t
Id/kba
0
b
trng hp chnh lu tia 2 pha

2
/2
hoc cu mt pha khi c diode
i1
2/3
khng, cn hnh 2.11c l i vi
Id/kba
s chnh lu cu 3 pha khi
t
c
0
2

my bin p ni Y/Y.
/3
Phn tch cc ng cong
Hnh 2.11: th dng in li in xoay
trn ra chui Furi ta c:
chiu
ng cong hnh 2.11a:
i1= (4Id/kba).[sint+ (1/2).sin3t+ (1/5).sin5t+...+ (1/n).sinnt+...
(2-34)
ng cong dng in ch cha cc sng hi bc l, bin ca sng hi bc n
bng: Inm = (1/n). (4Id/kba); trong n l s nguyn dng v l, kba l h s bin p
ca my bin p cung cp cho s .
ng cong hnh 2.11b: n gin cho vic phn tch ta chuyn dch trc
tung i 1 khong bng /2 (ng nt t trn hnh), ta c:
i1= (4Id/kba).[sin (/2) (1-/).cost+ (1/3).sin (3/2) (1-/).cos3t+...
+ (1/n).sin (/2).. (1-/).cosnt+...]
(2-35)
Bin sng hi bc n l: Inm = (1/n). (4Id/kba). sin (n/2) (1-/).
ng cong hnh 2.11c khi dch trc tung sang phi 900 s l:

i1 [(2 3I d ) / kba ].[(cos t (1/ 5).cos 5t (1/ 7).cos 7t (1/11). cos11t

... (1/ n).cos nt ...)]

(2-36)

Bin sng hi bc n: I nm (1/ n).(2 3I d ) /( kba )

Nhn xt:
T vic phn tch mt s ng cong in mch ngun nu, ta thy rng
dng in ngun c mt thnh phn hnh sin tn s bng tn s in p ngun l sng
hi bc nht v v s cc sng bc cao vi ch s bc n c xc nh:
n = kq1;k=1,2,3,...
(2-37)
Gi tr tng i ca sng hi bc n (so vi sng hi bc nht):
Inm* = (I1m/Inm)=1/n

II.1.6.2 Gim h s cng sut cos

H s cng sut cos trong trng hp chung c xc nh bng:
cos =P/S
(2-39)
Trong : P,S l cng sut tc dng v cng sut ton phn m b chnh lu
yu cu t li in xoay chiu:
P=m.U1.I11.cos1; S=m.U1.I1
Vi m l s pha, U1 l gi tr hiu dng in p 1 pha, I1 l gi tr hiu dng
dng in pha, I11 l gi tr hiu dng sng hi bc nht dng in pha, I1n l gi tr
hiu dng sng hi bc n dng in pha ngun xoay chiu.
I1 I11 I1n
2

Vy: cos P / S ( I11. cos 1 ) / ( I112 I1n 2 ) . cos

(2-40)

y l h s hnh dng dng din ngun v =I11/I1, cn 1 l gc lch pha

gia sng hi bc nht dng in ngun v in p ngun.
V d: Trng hp s cu 1 pha hoc hnh tia 2 pha, gi thit Ld = :
Nu b qua chuyn mch: cos (2. 2 / ). cos 1
Khi khng c diode khng th 1 =
Khi c diode khng th: 1 = /2
Nu c xt n chuyn mch: cos k (2 2 / ). cos 1
Vi 1+/2 hoc cos1=[cos-cos (+)]/2 v gi tr:
k (sin / 2) /[( / 2) 1 (2 / 3 ) ]

T ta thy rng khi gc iu khin tng s lm tng 1 v dn n h s

cng sut ca s chnh lu b gim .Khi khng c diode D 0 th cos=0 khi =900.
II.2 Phn tch kho st cc s chnh lu iu khin
II.2.1 Cc s chnh lu hnh tia
II.2.1.1 S chnh lu hnh tia 1 pha khng c D0
u

i2
i1 B
A
**
u1

id

T iT
uT

ud (nt m)

Rd

u2
ud

uk
T 0
Id

2

2

b)
a)
2
Hnh 2.12a,b: S chnh lu mt pha na chu k, in p v
dng ti trng hp ti thun tr
Trn hnh 2.12a trnh by chnh lu mt pha na chu k ti thun tr. in p ngun
u= Umsin(t), tiristo T vn trng thi kho. Ti thi im t=, a xung iu khin
iG vo cc iu khin, lc ny U AK>0, xung mi c tc dng m tiristo, a tiristo
sang trng thi dn. Tiristo tip tc dn trong khong <t<, dng in id c dng
tng t in p ud. Trong khong <t<2, in p UAK<0 tiristo b kho. Hnh
2.12b trnh by dng sng in p, dng in ca chnh lu khi ti thun tr. Gc
gi l gc m, i khi cn gi l gc tr.
Tr in p trung bnh trn ti:
1
Ud
2

2U 2 sin t.dt 0, 45U 2

1 cos
2

Trong thc t ti thng c tnh cht in cm, ti R- L, khi nng lng

Ud
Ud
i2

u1

i1 B
A
**

T iT

eL
t

id
0

uT

Rd

u2

Ld

Udk

ud
t

Id

b)

a)

Hnh 2.13a,b: S chnh lu mt pha na chu k,

in p v dng ti trng hp ti R- L
c tch lu trong t trng cun dy s duy tr dng in ti ngay c khi in p
UAK<0, ta c s hnh 2.13
in p trung bnh trn ti:
Ud

1
2

2U 2 sin t.dt 0, 45U 2

cos cos
2

II.2.1.2 S chnh lu hnh tia 1 pha c diode D0

a/- S nguyn l
S chnh lu hnh tia 1 pha l s chnh lu n gin nht, s ny thng
c s dng dng c diode khng v
i2
ng dng trong mt s trng hp nh:
T iT
id
Trong h thng truyn ng in
uT
i1 B
dng khp ly hp in t, cung cp in
Rd
iD
p mt chiu iu chnh c cho mt s
A
**
o
u2 uD
thit b n gin khc, v.v... S b chnh u1
Ld
D0
o
lu hnh 2.14 bao gm y cc phn t
ud
cn thit ca mt s chnh lu:
Ed
Trong :
Hnh 2.14
BA: l my bin p dng cung
cp cho s chnh lu, BA c mt s nhim v nh sau:
Bin i in p xoay chiu li in u1 thnh in p xoay chiu u2 bn th
cp c gi tr ph hp vi yu cu ca s chnh lu.

 m bo s cch ly v in gia mch ng lc ca s chnh lu vi

ngun in xoay chiu trong mt s trng hp cn thit m bo an
ton cho ngi vn hnh v sa cha.
Gi tr in cm tn ca BA tham gia lm gim tc tng ca dng qua
van khi m van lm hn ch c gi tr di T/dt bo v van, v vy khi
s dng my bin p cung cp cho s chnh lu th khng cn phi
a thm in cm vo mch ngun m ch cn la chn my bin p c gi
tr in p ngn mch phn trm ln (uN% = 710 %).
T l van chnh lu c iu khin (thyristor) dng bin in p xoay
chiu u2 thnh in p mt chiu trn ti ud .
Rd, Ld, Ed l cc phn t ph ti mt chiu.
D0 l diode khng.
u1, i1: in p v dng in
cun s cp my bin p
u
ud (nt

BA (in p ngun xoay

m)
chiu)
1
t
0
u2, i2: in p v dng in
2

2
cun th cp my bin p
BA.
uT, iT: in p v dng in
uk
t
ca thyristor T.
T
0
1

2 2
uDo, iDo: in p v dng iT
in ca diode khng Do.
Id
2 t
1
0

2
ud, id: in p v dng in iDo
2
t
1
Id
chnh lu trn ti.
0
2

b/- Nguyn l lm vic ca s

uT
u2
Ta gi thit rng Ld = , s
uT (nt m)

lm vic ch xc lp, cho s lm

1
t
vic vi mt gc iu khin bng v
0

2 2

th in p u2 nh hnh v 2.15a,
th tn hiu iu khin T cho trn hnh
2.15b.
Tm tt ta c s lm vic ca s
Hnh 2.15: th p v dng mt s
:
phn t ca s
t=01 v t=2=2+,...
trong s c Do dn dng: ud=0;
iT=0;
iDo=id=Id;
uT=u2;
uDo=0;
t=1 v 23,...trong s c T lm vic: ud=u2;
iT=id=Id;
iDo=0;
uT=0;
uDo=-u2.

 th in p chnh lu tc thi, tn hiu iu khin thyristor T, dng in qua

T v diode khng D0 trng hp va nu nh hnh 2.15.
c/- Mt s biu thc tnh ton
in p chnh lu trung bnh: Ud =Udo. (1+cos)/2; Udo

U2

Dng trung bnh qua thyristor: ITtb = Id (-)/2

Dng hiu dng qua thyristor: IT ( ) / 2 .Id
Dng trung bnh qua Do: IDotb = Id (+)/2
Dng hiu dng qua Do: I Do ( ) / 2 .Id
in p thun ln nht trn thyristor: UTthmax 2.U2

in p ngc ln nht trn thyristor: UT ng max 2.U2

in p ngc ln nht trn D0: U Dong max 2.U2

d/- Tnh chn cc van

la chn cc van trong s chnh lu ta da vo cc gi tr cho php v dng v
p ca van cho trong ti liu tra cu van v cc gi tr tng ng khi van lm vic
trong mt s c th. Sau khi tnh chn van nh nu ta phi kim tra li van theo
cc iu kin v tc bin thin cho php ca in p v dng in trn van.
Cc van c chn cn tho mn cc iu kin nh sau:
iu kin v dng in:
o Thyristor: [ITtb] KiT.ITtbmax hoc [IT] KiT.ITmax
(2-41)
o Diode D0: [IDtb] KiD.IDotbmax hoc [ID] KiD.IDomax
(2-42)
Trong : [ITtb], [IT] l gi tr trung bnh v hiu dng cho php ca dng in
i vi thyristor; ITtbmax, ITmax l gi tr trung bnh v hiu dng ln nht ca dng in
i qua thyristor trong s khi dng ti l nh mc; [IDtb], [ID] l gi tr trung bnh v
hiu dng cho php ca dng in i vi diode; IDotbmax, IDomax l gi tr trung bnh v
hiu dng ln nht ca dng in chy qua diode khng khi dng ti l nh mc; KiT,
KiD l h s d v dng ca thyristor v diode, thng ly KiT=1,54 v KiD=1,52,5.
iu kin v in p:
o Thyristor: [UTthmax] KuT.UTttmax v [UTngmax] KuT.UTngmax (2-43)
o Diode D0: [UDngmax] KuD.UDongmax
(2-44)
Trong : [UTthmax], [UTngmax] l gi tr cho php ca in p thun ln nht v
in p ngc ln nht i vi thyristor; UTthmax, UTngmax l gi tr ln nht ca in p
thun v ngc trn thyristor trong s c th; [UDngmax] l gi tr cho php ca in
p ngc ln nht i vi diode; U Dongmax l gi tr ln nht ca in p ngc trn
diode khng trong s c th; KuT, KuD l h s d v in p ca thyristor v
diode, thng ly KuT= KuD=1,52,5.
Cc iu kin kim tra li van chn:
iu kin tc tng ca in p trn van: [du/dt] du/dtmax
(2-45)

iu kin tc tng ca dng in qua van: [di/dt] di/dtmax (2-46)

Trong : [du/dt], [di/dt] l cc gi tr cho php v tc tng ca in p v

dng in i vi van v tra trong s tay tra cu van; du/dtmax, di/dtmax l cc gi tr ln
nht v tc tng ca in p v dng in i vi van trong s c th.
Khi khng t iu kin no trong hai iu kin kim tra van th ta phi tnh
ton cc mch bo v t c iu kin m thng khng phi chn li van.
Phn tnh chn van ny c th p dng cho
1
i1
BA
mi s chnh lu.
i21
iT
T1
* w21
II.2.1.3 S chnh lu hnh tia hai pha
u21
1
*
ud
u1
w1
a/- S chnh lu hnh tia hai pha khng
O
* w22
c D0
Ld
Rd id
Ed
u
22
S nguyn l (Hnh 2.16)
T2
i22
iT2
Trong : BA l my bin p cung cp cho
2
Hnh
2.16
S chnh lu hnh tia 2
s chnh lu, ngoi cc nhim v nh
pha khng c D0
nu s trc th trong s ny BA
cn c chc nng l to ra h thng in p
xoay chiu hai pha khng c trong li in cng nghip. BA c mt cun s cp
c t in p ngun xoay chiu mt pha u1, hai cun th cp l w21, w22 c s vng
bng nhau v u nh hnh v. Nh vy trn w21, w22 ta c cc in p l u21, u22 tho
mn quan h: u21 = u22, y l h thng in p xoay chiu hai pha cn thit.
Cc thyristor T1, T2 lm nhim v bin in
u21
u22 ud (nt
p xoay chiu thnh mt chiu.
u
m)
Ed
Ed, Ld, Rd cc phn t ph ti.
Nguyn l lm vic:
1 1
2 2
3

0
Trng hp ph ti Rd -Ed:
'
'
t
=
= = 2 =
Vi trng hp ny ph thuc vo gi tr Ed,

m xy ra mt s trng hp khc nhau.

y ta xt mt trng c th vi gi iT1
tr , U2m sao cho U2m.sin >Ed.

2
0
2
t

3
1
Ti t=1= ta truyn xung iu khin n m iT
=

=
=
T1, gi thit rng trc (t=0 n t<1) th 2 0

t
trong s cha c van no lm vic nn id =0
id
v ud=Ed. Vy ti 1th uT1=u21-Ed>0, c 2
t
0
iu kin T1 m T1 s m, st in p trn
u
2u2
T1 gim v bng khng nn ta c in p chnh T
1
1u
lu tc thi ud=u21. Lc ny trong s xut
uT1 nt
21
m
hin dng in i t u pha th nht (im 1)
qua T1, qua ph ti v quay v pha th nht th

cp my bin p BA. Van T2 lc ny b t 0

t
in p ngc v kho li, ta c:
u21-Ed
iT1=id=(ud-Ed)/Rd= (u21-Ed)/Rd;

Hnh 2.17 th p v dng mt s phn

t ca s

iT2 = 0;
uT1= 0;
uT2 = 2u22;
n thi im t=1' th u21 = Ed lc dng qua T1 v ph ti bng khng v c xu
hng mun i chiu,nhng do tnh dn dng mt chiu ca cc van m T 1 s kho
li cn T2 th cha c iu kin m nn dng ti s bng khng trong giai on tip.
Trong giai on ny c 2 van T1 v T2 u kho:
ud = E d;
iT1=0;
iT2 = 0;
uT1= u21- Ed; uT2 = u22 - Ed;
Ti t=2 = +, van T2 c tn hiu iu khin v uT2 = u22-Ed>0, hai iu
kin cho T2 m. VanT2 m th st p trn n gim v khng nn ud = u22, van T1 th b
t in p ngc v ang kho. Trong giai on ny ta c:
iT1 = 0;
iT2=id= (ud-Ed)/Rd= (u22-Ed)/Rd;
uT1 = 2u21;
uT2= 0;
Ti t=2' th u22 = Ed lc dng qua T2 v ph ti bng khng v c xu
hng mun i chiu, nhng do tnh dn dng mt chiu ca cc van m T 2 s kho
li cn T1 th cha c iu kin m nn dng ti s bng trong giai on tip. Trong
giai on ny c 2 van T1 v T2 cng u kho (tng t nh giai on t=1'
t=2):
ud = E d;
iT1=0;
iT2 = 0;
uT1= u21- Ed; uT2 = u22 - Ed;
Ti t=3 th T1 li c tn hiu iu khin v uT1>0 nn T1 li m, s lp li
trng thi lm vic nh t t=1. Giai on t t= 0 t = 1 cng ging nh giai
on t=2t=3 (do tnh cht lp i lp li trong s chnh lu).
th in p chnh lu, dng cc van, dng in chnh lu, in p trn T 1 biu din
trn cc hnh 2.17a 2.17e.
in p chnh lu trung bnh ca trng hp ny l:


U (2/ 2 )[ U m sin(t )d (t ) E .d (t )]
d
0
d

1
U d . U m cos cos .Ed

Dng trung bnh qua mt thyristor:

ITtb= (1/).{Um[cos-cos (-)] + (--).Ed }/Rd.
y gi tr gc c xc nh nh sau: = arcsin (Ed/Um)
Trng hp ti c Ld =
Gi thit cho s lm vic vi mt gc iu khin l ,ti t=0 th u21=0 v bt u
chuyn sang dng. Ti t=1= ta truyn xung iu khin n m T1, gi thit rng
trc (t=0 n t<1) th trong s c van T2 lm vic nn id =iT2 v ud=u22
.Vy ti 1th uT1=u21- u22 =2u21 > 0, c 2 iu kin T1 m. T1 s m, st in p
trn T1gim v bng khng nn ta c in p chnh lu tc thi ud=u21. Lc ny uT2 =
u22 - u21 =2u22 <0, tc l do T1 m m T2 b t in p ngc, T2 kho li. Trong s
by gi ch c van T1 lm vic, xut hin dng in i t u pha th nht (im 1)

qua T1, qua ph ti v quay v pha th nht th cp my bin p BA. Ta c:

iT1=id=Id;
iT2 = 0;
uT1= 0;
uT2 = 2u22;
n thi im t = th u21 = 0 v bt u chuyn sang m, lc u21 s c tc
dng ngc chiu dng qua T1 v ph ti
u22 ud (nt
u21
u
m)
lm cho dng ti c xu hng gim,
trong in cm ph ti s xut hin s...
1
2
3

t cm tip tc duy tr dng ti v vi 0

t
=
=
=

2
gi thit Ld = th nh bit: dng ti
khng i, vy trong khong tip theo

th T1 vn dn dng nn cc quan h vn i
T

nh nu.
2
3
1
10
Id
t
=
=
=
2
Ti t=2 = + van T2 c tn iT2

1
Id
hiu iu khin v uT2 = 2.u22 >0, hai
0
t
=
2

iu kin cho T2 m. Van T2 m th st i1

1 Id/kba
p trn n gim v khng nn ud = u22, 0
t
=
2

khi in p trn T1s l: uT1 =2.u21< 0, uT1

2u21
tc l T1 b t in p ngc v kho
li. Trong giai on ny ta c:
u21
iT1 = 0;
iT2=id=Id;
1
2
3
uT1 =2u21;
uT2= 0;
t
0
=
=
=
n thi im t = 2 th u22 = 0
2

v bt u chuyn sang m, lc u22 c

s tc dng ngc chiu dng qua T2 v
ph ti lm cho dng ti c xu hng
gim, trong in cm ph ti s xut
hin s... t cm tip tc duy tr Hnh 2.18 th p v dng mt s
phn t ca s
dng ti tng t nh t t = n t =
2 = +. Vy trong khong tip theo th T2 vn dn dng nn cc quan h vn nh
giai on t t = 2 = + n t = 2.
Ti t = 3 th T1 li c tn hiu iu khin v uT1>0 nn T1 li m, s lp li
trng thi lm vic nh t t = 1. Giai on t t = 0t = 1 cng ging nh giai
on t=2t=3 (do tnh cht lp i lp li trong s chnh lu).
Vi trng hp ny ta c th tm tt s hot ng ca s nh sau:
o t= 0 t = 1 v t= 2 t = 3 T2 dn dng: ud = u22
iT1 = 0; iT2=id=Id;
uT1= 2u21;
uT2 = 0;
o t= 1 t = 2 v t t = 3 ... T1dn dng: ud = u21
iT1=id=Id; iT2 = 0;
uT1= 0;
uT2 = 2u22;
Dng in cc cun dy th cp BA bng dng cc van:
i21 = iT1;
i22 = i22.
Dng in cun dys cp BA:

i1 = (i21- i22 )/ kba= (iT1- iT2)/ kba

th dng, p minh ho s lm vic ca s nh hnh 2.18.
Cc biu thc tnh ton c bn:
U d U do cos
U do (2 2 / ).U 2 0,9.U 2

Trong U2 gi tr hiu dng ca in p mt pha bn th cp BA.

ITtb I d / 2 ;

IT I d / 2

U Tth max U Tng max 2 2U 2

I 2 I d / 2 ; I1 I d / kba

b/- S chnh lu hnh tia 2 pha c D0

S (nh hnh 2.19 )
iT1
S ny ch khc vi s hnh 2.17
T1
i21
1
ch trong s hnh 2.19 c thm diode
BA w21
i1
iDo
khng D0.
*
u21
*
D0 u
d
Nguyn l lm vic
u1 w1
0
Ta ch xt trng hp vi cc gi thit:
* w22
Rd
Ld
Ed
id
Ld = v cng cho s lm vic vi
u22
T2
iT2
i22
2
mt gc iu khin l , s lm
vic xc lp trc thi im bt u xt
Hnh 2.19
(t=0), ti t=0 th u21=0 v bt u
chuyn sang dng:
Ta tm thi gi thit giai on t = 0t = 1 = th D0 ang dn dng nh
s... t cm trong Ld, v nh vy th uT1 = u21 v uT2 = u22 tc l uT1 > 0 cn uT2 < 0.
Ti t = 1 = ngi ta truyn tn hiu iu khin n T1, van T1 2 iu kin m
nn n s m.Van T1 m th in p trn T1 gim v bng khng, do vy ta c ud=u21
>0, dn n D0 b t in p ngc (uDo=-ud) v kho li, van T2 cn trng thi kho
nn trong s t thi im t=1 ch c mnh van T1 dn dng. Trong khong T1 dn
dng ta c:
ud=u21;
uT1=0;
uT2=u22 - u21 =2u22;
iT1=id=Id;
iT2=0;
iDo=0;

n t = th u21 = 0 v bt u chuyn sang m, cn u22 = 0 v bt u chuyn

sang dng. T thi im ny in p ngun tc ng ngc chiu dn dng ca T1 v
t in p thun ln T2 nhng T2 cha m v cha c tn hiu iu khin.Vi trng
hp s khng c D0 nh xt th giai on tip van T1 vn dn dng do tc dng
ca s... t cm sinh ra trong Ld v ud < 0, nhng trong s c D0 th uDo = -ud nn
ud < 0 th D0 s c t in p thun
ud (nt
u21
u22
u
m)
v D0 s m. Do gi thit b qua st
in p trn diode dn dng nn ngay
3
1=
2=
t
0
ti thi im uDo= 0 v c xu hng
=
2

chuyn sang dng th D0 m, tc l

D0 bt u m ti t = . Khi D0 m th

iT1
in p trn n gim v bng khng nn
2
1
Id
3
t
0
=
ud = -uDo = 0, do vy uT1 = u21 v bt u iT2
=
=
t
Id
chuyn sang m, T1 kho li m T2 vn 0
iDo
kho nn lc ny trong s ch c van
t
Id
0
D0 dn dng v ta c:
i1
t
Id/kba
0
ud=0; uT1=u21;
uT2=u22;
iT1=0; iT2=0;
iDo= id=Id;
uT1
uT1 (nt m)
2u21
Ti t=2= + th T2 c tn hiu
iu khin v do ang c in p thun
u21
nn T2 m.Van T2 m th st p trn n
3
1
2
t
gim v bng khng, do vy ud = u22 > 0 0
=
=
=

2
v uDo=-ud =-u22<0, tc l diode khng
b t in p ngc nn D0 kho li.
Trong giai on tip t t = 2 = +
th trong s ch c van T2 dn dng
Hnh 2.20 th in p, dng in
v ta c:
minh
ho nguyn l lm vic ca s
u =u ;
u = u - u =2u ;
d

22

T1

21

22

21

uT2=0;
iT1=0;
iT2= id=Id;
iDo=0
T t = 2 n t = 3 = 2 + cng tng t nh giai on t = n
t=2= +, van D0 lm vic di tc dng ca s... t cm sinh ra trong Ld, cc
biu thc cng ging nh nu.
Ti t=3=2 + van T1 li c tn hiu iu khin, T1 li m, s lp li trng
thi lm vic ging nh t t=1. Giai on t t=0 n t=1 c th suy ra t giai
on t t=2 n t=3=2 +, van D0 dn (hon ton ph hp vi gi thit ban u
).
th in p, dng in minh ho nguyn l lm vic ca s biu din trn
hnh 2.20.
Mt s biu thc:
U d U do (1 cos ) / 2 ;
UTth max 2.U 2 ;

UTng max 2. 2.U 2 ;

U Dong max 2.U 2 ;

ITtb I d ( ) / 2 ;

IT I d ( ) / 2 ;

I Dotb I d ( / 2) ;

I Do I d /

II.2.1.4 S chnh lu hnh tia 3 pha

a/- S khng c diode khng (D0)
BA
iA
ia T1
iT1
*
*
a
A
S nguyn l: (nh hnh 2.21)
i
T2
iT2
y l s nguyn l b chnh lu hnh B B *
* b ib
iC
iT3
tia 3 pha khng c diode khng. Trong s
* c ic
*
C
ny:
K
O
ud T3
- BA l my bin p 3 pha dng cung
cp cho s chnh lu.
Rd id
Ld
Ed
- Cc thyristor T1, T2, T3 dng bin in
Hnh 2.21 S chnh lu
p xoay chiu 3 pha bn th cp my bin
hnh tia 3 pha
p BA l ua, ub, uc thnh in p mt chiu
trn ti ud .
u (nt
- Rd, Ld, Ed l cc phn t ph ti ca b chnh
u

m)

u
u
u
u
lu.
- iA, iB, iC dng cc pha cun dy s cp ca
t

0
BA.

2
- ia, ib, ic dng cc pha cun dy th cp ca
BA
i =i

- iT1, iT2, iT3 dng cc van chnh lu.

0

i =i
2
- id dng in chnh lu.

I
0

Nguyn l lm vic:
2
i =i
t

0
y ta ch xt mt trng hp l khi gi thit

2
i
Ld =, cho s lm vic vi mt gc iu

2I / (3k )
t
0

2
khin bng v cng gi thit l s lm
i
vic xc lp trc thi im bt u xt

2
(t=0):
I / (3k )
i
Ta tm gi thit rng: trc thi im
t

t=1= th trong s van T3 ang dn dng

2
u
v cc van khc cn trng thi kho, khi
u
trn van T1 s c in p thun (v u T1=uau
uc=uac, v ti t=1= th uac>0 nn uT1>0). Ti

t=1= th T1 c tn hiu iu khin, T1 c

2
hai iu kin m nn T1 m v uT1 gim v
bng khng. Do uT1= 0 nn ud =ua, v t s
ta xc nh c in p trn T3 l uT3= ucua=uac, ti 1 th uca<0, tc l T3 b t in p
ngc nn kho li, van T2 th vn kho, do
Hnh 2.22 th in p, dng in
d

T1

T2

T3

ba

ba

T1

ac

ab

minh ho nguyn l lm vic ca s

vy trong khong tip sau 1 trong s ch c van T1 dn dng, khi T1 dn dng:

ud=ua;
iT1=id=Id;
iT2=0;
iT3=0;
uT1=0;
uT2=uba;
uT3=uca
n t=5/6 th ua = ub, y l thi im m t nhin i vi T2 nhng T2 cha
m v cha c tn hiu iu khin, do ua vn dng kt hp vi tc dng cng chiu
ca s... t cm trong Ld m T1 vn tip tc dn dng.
n t= th ua=0 v sau chuyn sang m nhng T2 cn cha m nn T1 vn
tip tc lm vic nh s... t cm ca Ld ( y >300).
Ti t=2=5/6 + th T2 c tn hiu iu khin v do ang c in p thun
nn T2 m, T2 m th uT2 gim v bng khng nn ud = ub v uT1 = ua-ub=uab m ti 2
th uab <0, tc l T1 b t in p ngc nn kho li. Do vy t 2 trong s ch c
van T2 dn dng, khi T2 m:
ud=ub;
iT1=0;
iT2= id=Id;
iT3=0;
uT1= uab;
uT2=0;
uT3= ucb
Suy lun tng t nh vy ta c t t=2 t=3 th T3 lm vic v:
ud=uc;
iT1=0;
iT2=0;
iT3= id=Id;
uT1= uac;
uT2= ubc;
uT3= 0
Ti t=4 th T1 li c tn hiu iu khin, T1 li m v s lp li trng thi
lm vic ging nh t t=1. T tnh cht lp i lp li trng thi lm vic ca s
chnh lu ta suy ra giai on t=0 t=1 cng tng t giai on t=2t=4, m
giai on t=2 t=4 li nm trong giai on t=3 t=4: van T3 dn dng, iu
ny hon ton ph hp vi gi thit ban u.
Do c im l dng bn th cp my bin p cung cp ch i theo mt chiu
bi tnh dn dng mt chiu ca cc van nn dng s cp BA ph thuc vo s ni
dy my bin p. Ta s tin hnh xc nh biu thc dng s cp BA trong 2 trng
hp:
Khi my bin p ni Y/Y0:
Ta c s ni ca my bin p trong
ia
iA
trng hp ny nh hnh 2.23.
*
* a
A
tm cc dng s cp iA, iB, iC theo
iB
ib
*
* b
dng th cp ia, ib, ic ta vit cc phng trnh B
i
i
* c c
kic hp 1 cho mch in i vi im trung C C *
BA
tnh cun dy s cp v cc phng trnh kic
Hnh 2.23
hp 2 cho 2 vng mch t nh trn hnh 2.23.
T s hnh 2.23 ta c:
ia=iT1;
ib=iT2;
ic=iT3.
o Khi van T1 dn dng: (ia=id; ib=ic=0): Ta c cc phng trnh khong ny
l:
iA +iB+ iC =0 (*)
w1.iA -w2.ia-w1.iB =0 (**)

w1.iB -w1.iC =0 (***)

Gii kt hp 3 phng trnh trn ta c:
iA = (2/3kba).ia; iB = - (1/3kba).ia; iC = - (1/3kba).ia
o Khi van T2 dn dng: (ia=0; ib=id; ic=0): Vit cc phng trnh tng t ta
tm c:
iA = - (1/3kba).ib; iB = (2/3kba).ib; iC = - (1/3kba).ib
o Khi van T3 dn dng: (ia=0; ib=0; ic= id): Ta cng tin hnh vit cc phng
trnh tng t v tm c:
iA = - (1/3kba).ic; iB = - (1/3kba).ic; iC = (2/3kba).ic
Vi: kba=w1/w2 l t s my bin p.
Trong c 3 khong tng ng vi 3 van lm vic ta u c sc t ng (s.t..)
tng hp trong li thp cc pha my bin p l:
FOA= FOB= FOC= (1/3)w2.id
Cc s.t.. ny hng cng mt chiu nn khng khp vng trong mch t ca
my bin p m khp vng qua mi trng chung quanh my bin p. Nu dng ti
khng c san phng (Ld) th s gy nn
BA
iA iAB
ia
cc tn tht ph trong phn v kim loi bao
*
*
A
a
quanh my bin p. Mt khc cc s.t.. mt
iB iBC
ib
*
*
b
chiu ny s gy nn hin tng bo ho t, nh B
iC
ic
*
*
hng n s lm vic ca my bin p. Do C
c
iCA
vy, trnh bo ho th li thp ca my bin
Hnh 2.24
p phi c kch thc ln hn so vi tnh ton.
Trng hp my bin p ni /Y0:
S ni dy my bin p trong trng hp ny nh hnh 2.24. Do cun dy my bin
p ni nn dng in trong tng pha cun s cp c lp nhau. Trong trng hp
ny ta da vo nguyn l hot ng ca my bin p ta c:
iAB = (ia - Id/3)/kba;
iBC = (ib - Id/3)/kba;
iCA = (ic - Id/3)/kba
Trong ia, ib, ic l dng in tng trong cc cun dyth cp my bin p; i AB,
iBC, iCA l dng in trong cc cun dy s cp my bin p; Id/3 l thnh phn mt
chiu ca dng in trong mi cun th cp. Cc dng in dy i A, iB, iC (dng in
li) c xc nh nh sau:
iA = iAB - iCA;
iB = iBC - iAB;
iA = iCA - iBC
Sc t ng tng hp trong li thp my bin p:
FOA= FOB= FOC= (1/3)w2.Id
Nh vy trong li thp my bin p trng hp ny cng xut hin thnh
phn s.t.. t ho cng bc (s.t.. mt chiu), iu ny cng gy kh khn cho s lm
vic ca mch t, d gy nn bo ho t. trnh s bo ho t khi b chnh lu lm
vic ta phi tng kch thc li thp so vi tnh ton. i vi trng hp cun dy s
cp BA ni th do s.t.. t ho cng bc khng p mch theo dng ti nn khng
gy nn cc tn tht ph (do dng xoy) khi dng ti khng c san phng nh
trng hp cun dy s cp ni hnh Y.

 Cc biu thc tnh ton c bn:

U d U do .cos ;
U do (3 6 / 2 ).U 2 1,17U 2 ; UTth max UTng max 6.U 2
ITtb I d / 3 ;

IT I d / 3

Dng hiu dng cun dy s v th cp my bin khi t ni dyY/Y0

I 2 IT I d / 3 ;

I1 I d /(kba . 3)

Xc nh cng sut tnh ton my bin p khi t ni dy l Y/Y0 v /Y0:

S1 3U1I1 2 .U d I d /(3. 3) ;
S2 3U 2 I 2 2. .U d .I d /(3. 2)
SttBA (S1 S2 ) / 2 /(3. 6)( 3 2).U d I d 1,355.U d .I d

b/- S chnh lu hnh tia 3 pha c diode khng D0

S nguyn l
ia
BA
iA
T1 iT1
*
*
a
Trong s ny (hnh 2.25) c thm A
iB
ib
diode khng D0, cn cc phn t khc
T2 iT2
*
*b
B
th hon ton tng t nh s hnh
i
iC
T3 iT3
*c c
*
C
2.21.
iDo
D0
Nguyn l lm vic
O
ud
K
Ta gi thit s c Ld=, s
u
lm vic xc lp trc thi im bt
Rd id
Ld
Ed
u xt. Vi s ny, tu thuc vo
Hnh 2.25
gi tr gc iu khin m c th xy
ra 2 trng hp:
Khi 300 00 th van D0 khng lm vic nn hot ng ca s hon ton
ging nh khi khng c D0, lc cc biu thc tnh ton ging nh khi khng
c D0: Ud = Udo.cos
Khi 1500 >300 lc ny D0 s lm vic, s lm vic ca s c tm tt
nh sau:
T t=0t=/3 van T3 dn dng, ta c:
ud=uc; iT1=0; iT2=0; iT3= id=Id; iDo=0; uT1=uac; uT2=ubc; uT3=0;
Cc khong: T t = /3 t = 1 = /6 + , t t = t = 2, t
t=5/3t=3, t t=7/3t =4 van D0 dn dng:
ud=0; iT1=0; iT2=0; iT3=0; iDo= id=Id; uT1=ua; uT2=ub; uT3=uc;
T t=1=/6+ t = van T1 dn dng:

ud=ua; iT1= id=Id; iT2=0;

iT3=0; iDo=0; uT1=0;
uT2=uba; uT3=uca;
T t=2t =5/3 van T2 dn
dng:
ud=ub; iT1=0; iT2= id=Id;
iT3=0; iDo=0; uT1= uab;
uT2=0; uT3 =ucb;
T t=3t =7/3 van T3 dn
dng:
ud=uc; iT1=0; iT2=0;
iT3= id=Id; iDo=0; uT1=uac;
uT2=ubc; uT3=0;
T t=4 th van T1 li dn
dng,s lp li trng thi
lm vic ging nh t t=1.
Mt s th minh ho nguyn
l hot ng ca s c biu din
nh hnh 2-26.
c/- Mt s biu thc tnh ton
U d U do [1 cos( 30o )]/ 3

ud (nt m)
u

1
1

0
iT3=ic

UTng max 6.U 2 ;

U Dong max 2U 2

0
iDo

Id

Id

2
2

4
2

iT2=ib

4 t

Id

ud

2 7/3

5/3

iT1=ia
0

uc

Id

4 t

2
4 t
2

uT1
uac

uab

ua
2

4 t
2

Hnh 2.26 th in p, dng in

minh ho nguyn l lm vic ca s

I Dotb I d .3.( / 6) / 2 ; I Do I d 3.( / 6) / 2

;

ub

1
/3

ITtb I d (5 / 6 ) / 2 ; IT I d (5 / 6 ) / 2

UTth max 2.U 2

ua

II.2.1.5 S chnh lu hnh tia 6 pha

A
AC

iA

iB
*

iC

O
id

BA
B
A

CB
a1
c2

b2

*
a1
ia1

*
b1
ib1

*
c1
ic1

Rd
ud

a2

b2

c2

ia2

ib2

ic2

Ld
c1

b1
a2

T1

T3

T5

iT1

iT3

iT5

T4
Ed
K

Hnh 2.27

T6
iT4

T2
iT6

iT2

a/- S chnh lu hnh

tia 6 pha khng c cun
khng cn bng
Cc s chnh lu hnh
tia 6 pha bnh thng hu
nh khng c s dng.
Ngi ta ch yu ch dng
s hnh tia 6 pha c
cun khng cn bng. Tuy
vy tin li cho vic
nghin cu s hnh tia
6 pha c cun khng cn
bng ta gii thiu qua v
s hnh tia 6 pha. S
nguyn l nh hnh

2.27a.
Trong s ny bao gm:
BA l my bin p cung cp cho s chnh lu, ngoi nhim v bnh
thng nh cc s khc th trong s ny BA cn c nhim v l to
ra h thng in p xoay chiu 6 pha khi ngun cung cp l h thng 3 pha.
thc hin c nhim v ny my bin p c cu to mi pha c 1 cun

s cp v 2 cun th cp u nh hnh v v pha th cp hnh thnh 2

nhm gm a1, b1, c1 v a2, b2, c2 m mi nhm l mt h thng in p xoay
chiu 3 pha, thm na do cch u dy m ua1 lch pha 1800 so vi ua2 nn
kt qu ta c h thng in p xoay chiu 6 pha nh minh ho bi th
vc t trn hnh 2.27a v 2.27c.
Cc thyristor t T1 n T6 lm nhim v bin i in p xoay chiu 6 pha
thnh in p mt chiu.
Ed, Rd, Ld l ph ti.
Nguyn l lm vic ca s nh trng hp tng qut nu. Trong trng hp ny
ta c:
U d U do .cos ;
U do (3. 2 / ).U 2
ITtb I d / 6 ;

IT I d / 6

Do mi thi im trong s ch c mt van dn dng nn trong mch t

my bin p cung cp BA cng xut hin thnh phn s.t.. t ho cng bc buc ta
phi tng kch thc li thp so vi tnh ton trnh bo ho t.
b/- S chnh lu hnh tia 6 pha c cun khng cn bng
S nguyn l b chnh lu nh hnh 2.28, khc vi s hnh 2.27 ch trong s
ny c thm cun khng cn bng CKB gm 2 na mc gia im trung tnh ca 2
nhm cun th cp my bin p. Nh c cun khng ny m s hot ng nh hai
b chnh lu hnh tia 3 pha c lp v chung ti, v vy trong s ny di dn
dng ca mi van khng phi l 1/6 chu k nh trng hp trc m trong mt chu k
ngun mi van s dn dng mt khong bng 1/3 chu k. c im va nu ca s
lm trit tiu c thnh phn s.t.. t ho cng bc m n xut hin trong s 6
pha bnh thng, v vy m mch t khng b bo ho, y l u im ni bt ca s
ny so vi s hnh 2.27. Trn cun khng cn bng CKB st mt in p bng
hiu gi tr tc thi ca in p ra 2 s chnh lu hnh tia 3 pha:
uk =ud1 - ud2
Trong : uk, ud1, ud l in p trn cun khng, in p chnh lu ca s
hnh tia 3 pha th nht gm T1, T3,
C
B
A
T5 v in p chnh lu ca s
iA
iB
iC
hnh tia 3 pha th hai gm T2, T4, T6
*
*
*
.
in p chnh lu tc thi
BA
trn ti c xc nh nh sau:
*
* CKB
O
*
*
*
ud1 -uk/2 = ud2 - uk/2 =
uk
(ud1 + ud2)/2
a1*
ia1

b1*
ib1

c1*
ic1

Rd
ud2

ud1
ud

Ta c:

T1
iT1

T3
iT3

T5
iT5

a2

b2

c2

ia2

ib2

ic2

T4
iT4

T6
iT6

T2
iT2

Ld
Ed
id

Hnh 2.28

U d U do .cos ;

U do 1,17.U 2 ;

ITtb I d / 6 ;

IT I d / 6

UTth max UTng max 6.U 2

II.2.2 Cc s chnh lu hnh cu

II.2.1.1 S chnh lu hnh cu mt pha
a/- S chnh lu cu 1 pha iu khin hon ton
S nguyn l
iT1
Gii thiu cc phn t trn s :
iT3
T1
T3
i1
BA
BA l my bin p cung cp, vi
i2
s cu 1 pha th c th dng
ud
u1
u2
hoc khng dng my bin p.
Cc van c iu khin T1 T4
iT4
iT2
dng bin in p xoay chiu
T4
T2
thnh mt chiu, 4 van ny c
phn lm hai nhm: nhm
Hnh 2.29
Cathode chung gm T1 v T3, nhm anode chung gm T2 v T4.
Ed, Rd, Ld l cc phn t ph ti.
u1, u2 l in p trn cun s cp (in p li) v in p cun th cp
i1, i2 l dng in cun s cp (dng in li) v dng in cun th cp.
Dng, p cc phn t khc tng t nh cc s khc.
Nguyn l lm vic
u2
-u2 ud(nt
u
ca s
m)
Ta xt nguyn l lm
vic ca s trong
3
1
2
0
trng hp gi thit ph a
=
=
=
ti c Ld=, v xem
2

rng s lm vic

xc lp trc thi im

iT1=
ta bt u xt. Vi
1
2
3
Id
biT2 0
th in p ngun v gi
=
=

2 =
iT3=
tr gc iu khin nh
i
1
Id
trn hnh 2.30a c
c T4 0

2
=
nguyn l lm vic ca
i1
s nh sau:
1 Id/kba
0
d
2

=
Gi thit l trong uT1=uT2
khong ln cn pha
trc
thi
im
t=1= th trong s
hai van T3 v T4 ang
dn dng.

1
=

Hn 2.30

3
=

Rd
Ld
Ed
id

t
t
t

Tm tt s lm vic ca s trong hn 1 chu k nh sau:

T t=0 t=1 v t t=2t=3 th 2 van T3 v T4 dn dng:
ud= -u2;
uT1= uT2= u2;
uT3=uT4=0;
iT1=iT2=0;
iT3=iT4= id=Id;
T t=1t=2 th 2 van T1 v T2 dn dng:
ud=u2;
uT1=uT2=0;
uT3=uT4=-u2;
iT1=iT2=id=Id;
iT3=iT4=0;
Dng in cun dy th cp v s cp c xc nh nh sau:
i2=iT1-iT4=iT2-iT3;
i1 = i2/ kba
th dng v p mt s phn t trong s c biu din trn hnh 2.30
Cc biu thc c bn
U d U do cos ,

U do (2 2 / ).U 2 0,9.U 2

Trong U2 gi tr hiu dng ca in p bn th cp BA.

UTth max UTng max 2.U 2
IT I d / 2 ;
ITtb I d / 2 ;
I2 Id ;

I1 I d / kba

b/- S chnh lu cu 1 pha c diode khng (D0)

S nguyn l nh hnh 2.31
iT1
S ny ch khc vi s hnh
iT3
i
T3
BA i2
T1
Rd
1
2.29 l trong s c thm van D0.
iDo ud
S ny trong thc t t c s
Ld
u1
u2
D0
dng v c cc s khc n gin
hn m c dng in p chnh lu
Ed
iT2
iT4
hon ton tng t. Nguyn l hot
T4
T2
id
ng ca s cng ging nh cc s
Hnh 2.31
c D0 ni chung, cn dng in p
chnh lu tc thi th ging nh s hnh tia 2 pha c D 0, dng dng qua thyristor v
diode khng cng tng t. Ta c cc biu thc tnh ton c bn cho trng hp ph
ti c Ld= nh sau:
UTng max 2.U 2 ;
U Dong max 2U 2
U d U do (1 cos ) / 2 ; UTth max 1/ 2.U 2 ;
ITtb I d ( ) / 2 ; IT I d ( ) / 2 ;

I Dotb I d ( / ) ;

I Do I d /

c/- Cc s chnh lu cu 1 pha dng 2 diode v 2 thyristor (2D-2T)

(Cc s bn iu khin)
Khi nghin cu cc s chnh lu cu 1 pha ngi ta thy c mt s s cho dng
in p ra nh s c diode khng nhng c kt cu gn hn, l cc s dng
2 van c iu khin (thyristor) v 2 van khng iu khin (diode).Tu thuc cch mc
cc van m c 2 kiu s khc nhau.

c.1/- S th nht
iT1
iD1
S nguyn l
T1
D1
i1
Rd
BA
i
2
Trong s hnh 2.32 hai van c iu
khin c mc hai nhm van khc
ud
Ld
u1
u
2
nhau v anode ca van nhm
Cathode chung ni vi Cathode ca
Ed
iD2
iT2
van nhm anode chung, hai van
T2
D2
id
khng iu khin cng mc tng t.
Nguyn l lm vic
Hnh 2.32
Cng nh cc s c diode khng,
s chnh lu dng hai diode v hai thyristor ch lm vic c hiu qu khi c in
cm ln trong mch ti.Do vy y ta xt mt trng hp khi ph ti c Ld=.
th biu din in p chnh lu,dng cc van, in p trn 2 van dng minh ho cho
s lm vic ca s c cho trn hnh
Ta gi thitrng t t=0 nt<1= th 2 van D1, D2 ang dn dng di tc
u (nt m)
u
-u
dng ca s... t cm sinh ra trong
u
Ld. Ti t=1= ta truyn tn hiu
iu khin n m van T1, lc ny T1 a

t
0
ang c in p thun (v khi D1 m

2
th uT1=u2 v ti 1= th u2>0) nn
2 iu kin m. Van T1m th in

i
t
I
p trn n gim v bng khng nn ta b
0
i
c uD1=-u2<0, tc l D1 b t in p
t
I
0
c
ngc v kho li,t thi im ny
i
trong s c 2 van l T1 v D2 dn d
t
0
I
i
dng, in p ngun xoay chiu u2 tc
t
I
ng thun chiu dn dng ca 2 van e
0
i
ny. Khi T1 v D2 cng dn dng ta
t
I /k
0
g
c:
ud = u2;
iT1 = id = I d;
u
iT2 = 0;
iD1 = 0;
iD2 = id = I d; uT1 = 0;
t
0
h
uT2 = -u2;
uD1 = -u2;
uD2 = 0;
u
n t= th u2 =0 v bt u
chuyn sang m, u2 bt u t in
t
0
p thun ln T2 v D1, do T2 cha c i
tn hiu iu khin nn cha m, cn
D1 l diode nn D1 s m. Van D1 m
th in p trn n gim xung bng
Hnh 2.33
khng, v ta c uT1 = u2, m ti t=
2

2=

1=

3=

T1

T2

D1

D2

T1

D1

ba

th u2 ang chuyn sang m nn T1 s b t in p ngc v s kho li.Vy t t=

trong s c 2 van l D1 v D2 cng dn dng. Khi 2 diode cng lm vic, ta c:
ud = 0;
iT1 = 0;
iT2 = 0;
iD1 = id = I d;
iD2 = id = I d;
uT1 = u2;
uT2 = -u2;
uD1 = 0;
uD2 = 0;
Ti t=2=+ th van T2 c tn hiu iu khin, lc T2 ang c in p
thun, T2 m. Van T2 m th uT2 gim v bng khng nn uD2= u2<0, tc l D2 b t
in p ngc v s kho li, do vy t t=2 trong s ch c 2 van l T2 v D1
cng dn dng. Khi 2 van T2 v D1 cng lm vic, ta c:
ud = -u2; iT1 = 0; iT2 = id = I d; iD1 = id = I d; iD2 = 0;
uT1 = u2; uT2 = 0; uD1 = 0; uD2 = u2;
n t=2 th u2 =0 v bt u chuyn sang dng, u2 bt u t in p thun
ln T1 v D2, do T1 cha c tn hiu iu khin nn cha m, cn D2 l diode nn D2
s m. Van D2 m th in p trn n gim xung bng khng, v ta c u T2=-u2, m ti
t=2 th u2 ang chuyn sang na chu k dng nn T2 s b t in p ngc v s
kho li. Vy t t=2 trong s c 2 van l D1 v D2 cng dn dng. Khi 2 diode
cng lm vic, ta li c:
ud = 0;
iT1 = 0;
iT2 = 0;
iD1 = id = I d;
iD2 = id = I d;
uT1 = u2;
uT2 = -u2;
uD1 = 0;
uD2 = 0;
Ti t=2=2+ th van T1 li
u (nt m)
u
-u
u
c tn hiu iu khin, lc T1 ang
c in p thun, T1 m. Van T1 m

t
0
th uT1 gim v bng khng nn u D1=- a
2

u2<0, tc l D1 b t in p ngc v
s kho li, do vy t t=3 trong s

i
ch c 2 van l T1 v D2 cng dn
t
I
dng, s lp li trng thi lm vic b i 0
iT1
iT2
i10
T1
Rtd
BA
i2
I T2
ging nh t t=1.
c
i
* *
Cc biu thc c bn
ud
Ltd
0
I
d u1
u
2
U d U do (1 cos ) / 2
2

2=

1=

3=

T1

T2

D1

I Ttb I d ( ) / 2

iD2

I T I d ( ) / 2

i1

Etd

iD2
D1

D2

id
t

Hnh 2.34 I /k
d

I D I d ( ) / 2

Id iD1

U Tth max 2.U 2 U Tng max 2U 2

I Dtb I d ( ) / 2

ba

uT1

;
h

U Dng max 2.U 2

uD1

c.2/- S th hai
S nguyn l

Hnh 2.35

Trong s ny 2 van c iu khin c b tr cng mt nhm van, nhm

cn li l 2 van khng iu khin (diode)
Nguyn l lm vic
Gi thit Ld=. Ta tm gi thit rng trc thi im t=1= th trong s ang c
hai van l T2 v D2 lm vic, lc ta c uT1=u2>0 nhng T1 cn cha m v cha c
tn hiu iu khin. Ti t=1= th T1 c tn hiu iu khin v c 2 iu kin
m. Khi T1 v D2 cng dn dng ta c:
ud = u2;
iT1 = id = I d;
iT2 = 0;
iD1 = 0;
iD2 = id = I d; uT1 = 0;
uT2 = -u2; uD1 = -u2; uD2 = 0;
n t= th u2=0 v bt u chuyn sang m, u2 bt u t in p thun ln
T2 v D1, do T2 cha c tn hiu iu khin nn cha m, cn D1 l diode nn D1 s
m. Van D1 m th in p trn n gim xung bng khng, v ta c u D2 = u2, m ti
t= th u2 ang chuyn sang m nn D2 s b t in p ngc v s kho li. Mt
khc do T2 cha m m in cm Ld c gi tr rt ln (ta ang gi thit Ld=) nn
s... t cm sinh ra trong Ld tip tc duy tr dng ti s lm cho T1 vn dn dng.
Vy t t= trong s c 2 van l T1 v D1 cng dn dng. Khi T1 v D1 cng lm
vic, ta c:
ud = 0;
iT1 = id = I d; iT2 = 0;
iD1 = id = I d; iD2 = 0;
uT1 = 0;
uT2 = -u2;
uD1 = 0;
uD2 = u2;
Ti t=2=+ th van T2 c tn hiu iu khin, lc T2 ang c in p
thun, T2 m. Van T2 m th uT2 gim v bng khng nn u T1= u2<0, tc l T1 b t
in p ngc v s kho li, do vy t t=2 trong s ch c 2 van l T2 v D1
cng dn dng. Khi 2 van T2 v D1 cng lm vic, ta c:
ud = -u2; iT1 = 0; iT2 = id = I d; iD1 = id = I d; iD2 = 0;
uT1 = u2; uT2 = 0; uD1 = 0; uD2 = u2;
n t=2 th u2 =0 v bt u chuyn sang dng, u2 bt u t in p thun
ln T1 v D2, do T1 cha c tn hiu iu khin nn cha m, cn D2 l diode nn D2
s m. Van D2 m th in p trn n gim xung bng khng, v ta c u D1=-u2, m ti
t=2 th u2 ang chuyn sang dng nn D1 s b t in p ngc v s kho li.
Mt khc do T1 cha m m in cm Ld c gi tr rt ln (ta ang gi thit Ld=) nn
s... t cm sinh ra trong Ld tip tc duy tr dng ti s lm cho T2 vn dn dng.
Vy t t = 2 trong s c 2 van l T2 v D2 cng dn dng. Khi T2v D2 cng lm
vic, ta c:
ud = 0; iT1 = 0; iT2 = id = I d; iD1 = 0; iD2 = id = I d;
uT1 = u2; uT2 = 0; uD1 = -u2; uD2 = 0;
Ti t=2=2+ th van T1 c tn hiu iu khin, lc T1 ang c in p
thun, T1 m. Van T1 m th uT1 gim v bng khng nn uT2=-u2<0, tc l T2 b t

in p ngc v s kho li, do vy t t=3 trong s ch c 2 van l T1 v D2

cng dn dng, s lp li trng thi lm vic ging nh t t=1 .
Giai on t t=0t=1 s hon ton tng t giai on t t=2 n t=3,
hai van T2 v D2 cng dn dng, iu ny hon ton trng vi gi thit ban u.
Dng qua cun dy th cp v s cp my bin p cung cp BA c xc nh
nh sau:
i2 = iT1 - iD1 = iD2 -iT2;
i1 = i2/kba
th biu din ng cong in p chnh lu, dng cc van, in p 2 van T1
v D1, dng in cun dy s cp BA nh hnh 2.35.
Cc biu thc c bn
U d U do (1 cos ) / 2 ; UTth max 2U 2 ; UTng max 2U 2 ; U Dng max 2U 2
ITtb I d / 2 ;

IT I d / 2 ;

I Dtb I d / 2 ;

I D Id / 2

Trong c hai s trn th gi tr hiu dng dng in cun dy th cp v s

cp ging nhau v c xc nh bi cc biu thc:
I 2 I d ( ) / ; I1 I 2 / k ba

II.2.2.2 S chnh lu hnh cu 3 pha

a/- S chnh lu hnh cu 3 pha 6
tiristo
S nguyn l
S chnh lu hnh cu 3 pha (hnh
2.36) gm c:
BA l my bin p cung cp cho s a
chnh lu, trong s chnh lu
cu 3 pha th cng c th khng cn
s dng BA nu ngun cung cp c
in p ph hp vi yu cu ca s
v khng yu cu cch ly v in
gia mch ng lc b chnh lu vi
b
ngun in xoay chiu.
Cc van chnh lu c iu khin t T1 c
T6 dng bin i in p xoay d
chiu 3 pha bn th cp BA l ua, ub, e
uc thnh in p mt chiu t ln ph
g
ti gm Rd, Ld, Ed. Ch s ca cc van
h
trong s c khc so vi trong s
tng qut nu: nhm van kat i
chung th k hiu nh s tng qut k

iT1
i
A

A
iB

iC

*
*

ic
* cK (nt

ua

m)
ub

iT4
0

ud

2 6

A (nt
m)

Id

0
iT3

0
iT4

0
iT5

0
iT6

t
t
t
t
t

0
iA

ud

T2
T6
T4
iT6
iT2 A

0
iB

uc

ud

iT1
0
iT2

id
R

hnh
2.36

1
0

K
T5

T3

ia

ib
*b

iT5

T1

B
A

iT3

Id/kba
t

0
iC

Hnh 2.37

cn nhm van anode chung th c s i v tr.

Cch k hiu nh trn s hnh 2.36 c mt ngha l ch s van trn s
nu ln th t lm vic ca cc van
Nguyn l lm vic
y ta xt mt trng hp vi gi thit in cm ph ti l v cng ln (Ld=).
Trong trng hp dng ti l lin tc th 2 nhm van trong s chnh lu cu
3 pha lm vic tng t nh hai s chnh lu hnh tia 3 pha tng ng. Dng qua
cc van,in p trncc van hon ton ging nh cc s tia 3 pha tng ng.
xc nh in p chnh lu tc thi ta c th da vo cc phng php khc nhau: v
d da vo th t lm vic ca cc van ta xc nh c trong tng khong thi gian 2
van no ca s dn dng ta s tm c ud bng hiu in p 2 pha mc vi 2 van
dn dng : hoc ta c th chn in th im trung tnh ngun lm mc (O=0) lc
ta c th tnh c in th 2 im K v A trn s hnh 2.36, ta c K bng in
p chnh lu ca s tia 3 pha cc van ni Cathode chung udtK, cn -A bng bng
in p chnh lu ca s tia 3 pha cc van ni anode chung udtA (K= udtK, A= udtA). Ta c th tm tt s hot ng ca s trong hn mt chu k nh sau:
- T t=0 t=0 v t t=5 t=6 hai van T4 v T5 cng dn dng:
ud = uc- ua= uca; iT1= 0;
iT2= 0; iT3= 0; iT4=id=Id; iT5= id=Id; iT6 = 0;
uT1= uac; uT2= uac; uT3= ubc; uT4= 0; uT5= 0; uT6 = uab;
- T t=0 t=1 v t t=6 t=7 hai van T5 v T6 cng dn dng:
ud = uc- ub= ucb; iT1= 0; iT2= 0; iT3= 0; iT4= 0; iT5= id=Id; iT6 = id=Id;
uT1= uac; uT2= ubc; uT3= ubc; uT4= uba; uT5= 0; uT6= 0;
- T t=1 t=2 v sau t=7 hai van T1 v T6 cng dn dng:
ud = ua- ub= uab; iT1= id=Id; iT2= 0; iT3= 0; iT4= 0; iT5= 0; iT6 = id=Id;
uT1= 0; uT2= ubc; uT3= uba; uT4= uba; uT5= uca; uT6 = 0;
- T t=2 t=3 hai van T1 v T2 cng dn dng:
ud = ua- uc= uac; iT1= id=Id; iT2= id=Id; iT3= 0; iT4= 0; iT5= 0; iT6 = 0;
uT1= 0; uT2= 0; uT3= uba; uT4= uca; uT5= uca; uT6 = ucb;
- T t=3 t=4 hai van T2 v T3 cng dn dng:
ud = ub- uc= ubc; iT1= 0; iT2= id=Id; iT3= id=Id; iT4= 0; iT5= 0; iT6 = 0;
uT1= uab; uT2= 0; uT3= 0; uT4= uca; uT5= ucb; uT6 = ucb;
- T t=4 t=5 hai van T3 v T4 cng dn dng:
ud = ub- ua= uba; iT1= 0; iT2= 0; iT3= id=Id; iT4= id=Id; iT5= 0; iT6 = 0;
uT1= uab; uT2= uac; uT3= 0; uT4= 0; uT5= ucb; uT6 = uab;
V t t=7 th s lp li trng thi lm vic ging nh t t=1.
th in p chnh lu, dng cc van, dng cc pha ngun xoay chiu khi my bin
p ni Y/Y nh trn hnh 2.37. in p trn van c dng ging nh s hnh tia 3
pha.
Mt s biu thc tnh ton

U d U do .cos ; U do (3 6 / ).U 2 2,34U 2 ; UTth max UTng max 6U 2

ITtb I d / 3 ; IT I d / 3

Dng hiu dng cun dy s v th cp my bin khi t ni dyY/Y

I 2 I T I d 2 / 3 ; I1 I d 2 / 3 / k ba

Xc nh cng sut tnh ton my bin p:

S2=3U2I2= Ud.Id.(/3)
S1=3U1I1= Ud.Id.(/3)
SttBA= (S1+S2)/2 = S1 = S2 = Ud.Id. (/3) 1,05.Ud.Id
b/- S chnh lu cu 3 pha bn iu khin (s dng 3 diode 3 thyristor)
S nguyn l (hnh 2.38)
Trong s ny ngi ta ch s dng
i
i
i
K
i
T
T
T
mt na s van l van c iu khin, cn
BA
i
i
a
R
*
li l cc van khng iu khin. y ta A i *
b i
u
*
*
L
b tr cc diode nhm van anode B i
c i
C
*
*
chung.
E
D
D
D
i
i
i
A
Nguyn l hot ng ca s
Hnh 2.38
Khi ph ti thun tr (Rd0, Ed=0,
Ld=0 )
Trn hnh 2.39 biu din K v A tng ng vi mt gi tr khc nhau ca gc
iu khin: =300; =600; =900. Nhn vo th ta nhn thy c th xy ra 2 ch
lm khc nhau tng ng vi 2 vng gi tr ca :
T1

T2

T3

D1

=30

=60

D3

=90
0

D2

Hnh 2.39
Ch
th nht:
Khi /3
th dng ti
lin tc. S chuyn mch dng in trong cc van nhm Cathode chung (c iu
khin) din ra thi im truyn xungiu khin n cc van. S chuyn mch dng
in trong nhm van anode chung (khng iu khin) din ra ti thi im chuyn
mch t nhin.Trong trng hp ny t th hnh 2.39 ta c:

1 cos
U U (3/ 2 ) 6U sin(t ).d (t ) U
2
d
d
d
0

Ch th hai: Khi 2/3 >/3, dng qua ti b gin on. Vic m cc van
trong c hai nhm van din ra tng cp ti cc thi im ta truyn xung iu khin n
cc van c iu khin. S chuyn mch dng in t van ny sang van khc lc ny

khng xy ra v dng ti cng nh dng qua cc van bng khng trc thi im ta
a xung iu khin n m van tip theo. T th hnh 2.39 ta c:

1 cos
U (3/ 2 ) 6U sin(t ).d (t ) U
2
d
d0
2

Nh vy khi ti thun tr th trong c hai ch dng ti lin tc v gin on

ta u c chung mt biu thc xc nh in p chnh lu trung bnh.
Khi in cm mch ti v cng ln (Ld=)
Nghin cu s trong trng hp ny thun tin nht l xem nh ni ni tip 2 s
chnh lu hnh tia 3 pha, mt s c iu khin gm cc van T1,T2, T3 ni Cathode
chung v mt s khng iu khin gm 3 diode D1, D2, D3, mc anode chung. Dng
ti lin tc v bng phng. Vi trng hp ny ta c th coi rng s cu 3 pha bn
iu khin b phn tch thnh 2 s hnh tia 3 pha lm vic c lp. in p chnh
lu u ra ca s cu bng tng in p chnh lu ca 2 s tia m mt c iu
khin v mt khng iu khin (ch rng in p chnh lu trung bnh khi =0 ca
s cu 3 pha gp i ca s tia 3 pha):
Ud = Ud0/2 + (Ud0/2).cos = Ud0. (1+cos)/2
So snh biu thc ny vi biu thc tnh Ud khi ti thun tr ta thy chng hon
ton ging nhau. Vy trong s chnh lu cu 3 pha bn iu khin th in p chnh
lu trung bnh khi ti in tr v khi dng ti lin tc l nh nhau vi cng mt gi tr
gc iu khin.
Nhn xt: Do s dng c cc van khng iu khin nn khi s chnh lu lm vic
th dng in li (ngun) ngoi cc sng hi bc l nh nu cn c c cc sng hi
bc chn.
II.3 Cc b chnh lu mc song song ngc o chiu in p cho ti
2.3.1 Khi nim chung
Trong nhiu trng hp ta cn phi thay i c chiu dng qua ph ti ca b chnh
lu, m do tnh dn dng mt chiu ca cc van nn ta phi o chiu bng cng tc t
hoc s dng cc s c bit s dng hai b chnh lu, m mi b chnh lu to ra
dng in theo mt hng. C hai loi s chnh lu iu khin c o chiu l s
u cho (ch thp) v s song song ngc. Trong phn ny ta ch xt mt
trng hp l s chnh lu cu ba pha song song ngc.
iu khin hai b chnh lu trong hp b c o chiu ngi ta c th s
dng mt s phng php khc nhau:
iu khin ring r (iu khin c lp) hai s chnh lu.
iu khin phi hp hai s chnh lu. Trong phng php ny li c chia
ra: iu khin phi hp tuyn tnh v iu khin phi hp phi tuyn.
Ph thuc vo phng php iu khin hai s chnh lu trong hp b bin
i m s mch ng lc b bin i cng c s khc nhau. Khi iu khin phi
hp cc s chnh lu th trong mch ng lc buc phi s dng cc cun khng
hn ch dng in cn bng, trn s k hiu l CB1CB4. Cn khi iu khin ring
hai s chnh lu th khng cn phi s dng cun khng cn bng. gim bt cc

s ta ch v mt s chung cho trng hp iu khin phi hp v khi xt trng

hp iu khin ring ta xem nh cc cun khng ny c ni tt. S b bin i
c o chiu s dng chnh lu cu ba pha nh hnh 2.40. Trong s ny: T1T6 to
thnh mt s chnh lu cu ba pha cho dng qua ti theo chiu thun, ta thng gi
l b chnh lu thun. Cc van cn li T7T12 to thnh mt s chnh lu cu ba
pha cho dng qua ti theo chiu ngc, ta thng gi l b chnh lu ngc. Ph ti
ca BB c ni gia cc im ni chung ca hai cp cun khng cn bng. in p
trn hai cp cun khng cn bng c gi l in p cn bng v ta k hiu l uCB1 v
uCB2 nh trn s . in p u ra ca s chnh lu thun l u d1 cn in p u ra
ca s chnh lu ngc k hiu l ud2. in p chnh lu tc thi trn ph ti ud s
c xc nh theo biu thc sau:
ud = ud1 - (uCB1/2) - (uCB2/2) = - ud2 + (uCB1/2) + (uCB2/2).
II.3.2 Cc phng php khng ch
II.3.2.1 iu khin BB o chiu theo phng php phi hp tuyn tnh.
y l mt trong cc phng php iu khin BB c o chiu, khi thc hin
phng php iu khin ny ngi ta thc
C
A
B
hin truyn tn hiu iu khin n c hai
s chnh lu vi quan h gia gc iu
iB
iC
iA
khin ca hai s chnh lu l:
*
*
*
1+ 2=1800.
Trong trng hp ny in p chnh
BA
lu trung bnh ca cc s chnh lu v
trn ph ti vi gi thit ch dng lin
tc v b qua tn tht l:
a*
b*
c*
Ud1=Ud0.cos1; Ud2= Ud0.cos2=
ia
ib
ic
iT1
iT4
Ud0.cos(1800-1)=-Ud0.cos1
T4
T1
Ud= Ud1=- Ud2=Ud0.cos1.
iT6
iT3
Nh vy ta thy rng thnh phn
mt chiu ca in p trn u ra ca hai
T3
T6
i
T5
iT2
s chnh lu l cn bng nhau nn
CB3
CB1
chng khng gy nn thnh phn dng
T5
T2
in khp vng qua cc van ca hai s
uCB1
uCB2
chnh lu. Tuy vy chng ta cng thy
rng khi c hai s chnh lu ng thi
T10
T7
CB2
CB4
lm vic (tuy gc iu khin khc nhau)
iT10
iT7
th gi tr tc thi ca in p trn u ra
T12
T9
ca hai s (ly trc cc cun khng
iT12
iT3
cn bng) thng khng bng nhau, iu
T
11
T8
ny to nn mt s chnh lch in th v
khi chng tc ng thun chiu dn dng
iT8
iT11
ud

id

Rd

Ld

Hnh 2.40

Ed

ca cc van trong hai s chnh lu s gy nn dng in khp vng qua cc van ny

v cc pha ngun cung cp xoay chiu m khng i qua ti ca BB, nc gi l
dng cn bng. Do tng tr ca ngun rt nh nn gi tr dng in ny c th rt ln
lm hng cc van v ph hu ch lm vic ca BB, v vy ta cn phi c cc bin
php hn ch dng in cn bng. Nh bit, thnh phn mt chiu ca dng cn
bng khng c, vy dng cn bng ch c thnh phn xoay chiu nn ta c th s dng
cc in cm hn ch (c im ca in cm l hn ch c dng in xoay chiu
nhng li cho thnh phn dng mt chiu qua n d dng v khng gy nn tn tht
cng sut tc dng). Trong s hnh 2.40 th hai cun CB1 v CB2 dng hn ch
dng cn ca nhm van Cathode chung b thun v nhm van anode chung b ngc,
cn CB3 v CB4 th hn ch dng cn bng qua hai nhm cn li.
Khi gi thit rng dng qua cc s chnh lu ch lin tc th ta c th
in p v dng in cn bng ca hai trng hp gc iu khin khc nhau nh hnh
2.41.
uCB

uCB1 (nt lin)

/3

1 = 600

2/3

iCB

uCB1

1 = 2 = 900

4/3

iCB1 (nt m)

iCB1
t

Hnh 2.41
Ta thy rng in p cn bng ph thuc rt nhiu vo gi tr gc iu khin
ca cc s chnh lu. Khi gc iu khin ca mt s thay i trong khong t 0 0
cho n 600 th in p cn bng p mch 3 ln trong mt chu k ngun, cn khi gc
iu khin ca mt s nm trong vng t >600 n 900 th in p cn bng p
mch 6 ln trong mt chu k ngun xoay chiu. Biu thc in p cn bng uCB1 c
xc nh nh sau:
Khi 600100 th uCB1=-Umd.sint
Khi 9001>600 th uCB1=-Umd.sint vi (2/3-1) t (-2/3+1)
v uCB1= -Umd.sin (t-/3) vi (2/3-1) <t v t < (-2/3+1)
Trong : Umd l bin in p dy
Ngi ta c th xc nh c gi tr trung bnh ca dng cn bng khi bit gc
iu khin v in cm ca mi cun khng cn bng LCB. th biu din gi tr
tng i ca thnh phn trung bnh dng cun khng cn bng so vi gi tr cc i

ca n c cho trn hnh 2.42b. Hnh 2.42a l ng cong biu din quan h Ud=f
() khi gi thit dng ti l lin tc.
Gi tr cc i ca dng cn bng:
ICBm=Umd/ (2LCB).
Gi tr trung bnh ca dng cn bng:
-Khi 600100 v khi 9001>600 v vi (2/3-1) t (-2/3+1):
ICBtb=[ (3Umd)/ (2LCB)]. (sin+cos)
-Khi 9001>600 v vi (2/3-1) <t v t < (-2/3+1):
I CBtb [(3U md ) /( 2LCB )].[(1 2 / 6) sin ( / 2 ) cos )]
a
Ud1=Ud
-

Ud

90

Ud2

ICBtb
*

1
1800
-

0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0

-0

30

60 90 120 150 1800

0

Hnh 2.42

Khi iu khin cc s chnh lu trong BB o chiu theo phng php

phi hp tuyn tnh, nu ch dng l lin tc th ta c: nu b chnh lu thun c
gc iu khin 1<900, n s lm vic trong ch chnh lu, th b chnh lu ngc
s c gc iu khin 2 =1800- 1>900, nh vy b chnh lu ngc s lm vic trong
ch nghch lu. Trong thc t th khi b chnh lu thun ang lm vic ch
chnh lu th b chnh lu ngc khng lm vic ch nghch lu v lc khng
c thnh phn dng in t ti qua b chnh lu ngc, lc ny qua b ngc ch c
dng cn bng xoay chiu mc d gc iu khin ca n nm trong vng nghch lu,
trng hp ny ngi ta ni rng b ngc lm vic ch ch nghch lu. Ngc
li khi b ngc ang lm vic ch nghch lu th lc theo iu kin nghch
lu ta c Ed>0 v |Ed|>|Ud| nn dng t ti khp qua b chnh lu ngc v ngun v
khng c dng t ngun qua b chnh lu thun sang ti (do gi tr s... ph ti ln
hn in p chnh lu trung bnh ca b thun m cc van th khng cho dng i
ngc chiu), nh vy khi qua b thun ch c dng cn bng xoay chiu m khng
c dng ti, tc l b chnh lu thun cha lm vic ch chnh luv ngi ta ni
b chnh lu thun lm vic ch ch chnh lu.
Khi s dng phng php iu khin phi hp tuyn tnh lm xut hin dng
in cn bng lm ta phi tng kch thc BB (do c cun khng cn bng), tng
cng sut tnh ton ca my bin p b tn tht do dng cn bng. Tuy vy phng

php iu khin ny cng hay c s dng v n c tc ng nhanh cao nht, quan

h gia gc iu khin v in p chnh lu trung bnh l n tr.
Gi tr in cm ca cun khng cn bng c chn sao cho trong trng hp
xu nht th gi tr trung bnh ca dng cn bng khng c vt qu 10% dng ti
nh mc theo tnh ton.
Vi mc ch m bo vic hn tt thnh phn dng cn bng xoay chiu m
khng cn tng in cm ca cun khng cn bng ngi ta s dng phng php iu
khin phi hp phi tuyn,trong trng hp ny ta c:
1+ 2=1800+2
Vi vic tng gi tr th gi tr trung bnh ca dng cn bng gim kh mnh,
tuy nhin phng php ny t c dng v n to nn mt khong cng mt gi tr
gc iu khin nhng in p trn ti c th c hai gi tr khc nhau, thi gian
ngng dng khi o chiu ln, lm xu cc ch tiu cht lng ng khi ti c s... v
ti c in cm ln.
II.3.2.2 BB o chiu iu khin ring
y cng l mt phng php iu khin cc BB c o chiu dng c s dng
kh ph bin trong thc t. Ni dung ca phng php iu khin ny l ta cho cc b
chnh lu thun v ngc lm vic ring r: Khi cn c dng qua ti theo chiu thun
ta cho b chnh lu thun lm vic bng cch truyn tn hiu iu khin n cc van
ca n, cn b chnh lu ngc th khng c cp xung iu khin v khng lm
vic. Khi cn dng in ti theo chiu ngc th ta li cp xung iu khin cho b
chnh lu ngc n lm vic v ct xung b chnh lu thun n khng lm vic.
Nh vy khi BB o chiu lm vic th ch c mt trong hai s chnh lu c
cp tn hiu iu khin v lm vic cn s kia th ngh hon ton nn khng c
dng cn bng qua hai b chnh lu, y l u im c bn nht ca phng php iu
khin ny, n cho php ta khng phi dng cc cun khng cn bng. Nhng cng do
khng xut hin dng cn bng m ta phi m bo iu kin l b chnh lu lm
vic giai on trc kho mt cch chc chn mi c php truyn xung iu
khin n b chnh lu khc khi cn o dng ti. iu ny xut hin khong ngng
dng khi o chiu m thi gian ngng ngn nht cng phi c vi ms, n hn ch
tc ng nhanh ca BB.
BB o chiu iu khin ring c c tnh ngoi tng t nh ca BB
khng o chiu, n c c trng bi vng dng gin on ln hn nhiu so vi
vic iu khin phi hp tuyn tnh. Cc BB o chiu iu khin ring c th c
s dng tt trong cc hp b c b iu chnh c bit, n iu chnh c s thay i
cc tham s ca BB v ng dng cc thit b chuyn mch nhanh v chnh xc
gim thi gian ngng dng khi o chiu. Hin nay ngi ta thng s dng cc thit
b chuyn mch bng cc dng c lgic bn dn v vi in t c chnh xc cao kt
hp vi cc thit b o lng vi nhy cao nn thi gian ngng dng khi o c
c gim n mc nh nht.
II.4. Cc phng php to xung iu khin

II.4.1 Tng quan v mch to xung iu khin

Phn trc chng ta nghin cu s hot ng s mch ng lc b chnh lu c
iu khin. Nh bit, cc van ca b chnh lu c th m ti cc thi im mong
mun th ngoi iu kin ti thi im trn van phi c in p thun th trn in
cc iu khin v Cathode ca van phi c mt in p iu khin (m ta thng gi
l tn hiu iu khin). c h thng cc tn hiu iu khin xut hin ng theo yu
cu m van nu ngi ta phi s dng mt mch in to ra cc tn hiu . Mch
in dng to ra cc tn hiu iu khin c gi l mch iu khin hay cn gi l
h thng iu khin b chnh lu. in p iu khin cc thyristor phi p ng c
cc yu cu cn thit v cng sut, bin cng nh thi gian tn ti. Cc thng s
cn thit ca tn hiu iu khin c cho sn trong cc ti liu tra cu v van. Do c
im ca thyristor l khi van m th vic cn tn hiu iu khin na hay khng
khng nh hng n dng qua van, v vy hn ch cng sut ca mch pht tn
hiu iu khin v gim tn tht trn vng in cc iu khin ngi thng to ra cc
tn hiu iu khin thyristor c dng cc xung, do mch iu khin cn c gi l
mch pht xung iu khin. Cc xung iu khin c tnh ton v di xung sao
cho thi gian cn thit (vi mt d tr nht nh) m van vi mi loi ph ti
c th c khi s lm vic. Thng thng di xung nm trong gii hn t 200 s
n 600 s.
Cc h thng pht xung iu khin b chnh lu hin nay ang s dng c th
phn lm 2 nhm:
Nhm cc h thng iu khin ng b: y l nhm cc h thng iu khin
m cc xung iu khin xut hin trn in cc iu khin cc thyristor ng thi
im cn m van v lp i lp mang tnh chu k vi chu k thng l bng chu k
ngun xoay chiu cung cp cho s chnh lu (trong mt vi trng hp chu k ca
xung c th bng 1/2 chu k in p ngun). Nhm h thng iu khin ny ang
c s dng ph bin nht hin nay. Trong chng trnh mn hc ny ta ch i vo
nghin cu cc h thng iu khin thuc nhm ny.
Nhm cc h thng iu khin khng ng b: Cc h thng iu khin thuc
nhm ny to ra cc xung iu khin khng tun theo gi tr gc iu khin nh nu
phn trc. Cc h thng iu khin ny pht ra chui xung iu khin vi tn s
thng cao hn rt nhiu tn s ngun xoay chiu cung cp cho s chnh lu v
trong qu trnh lm vic tn s xung c t ng thay i m bo cho mt i
lng u ra no , v d nh Ud hay Id ... khng thay i. t c iu ny th
ngi ta thc hin khng ch tn s xung iu khin theo sai lch gia tn hiu t v
tn hiu ra thc t ca i lng cn n nh. Nh vy cc h thng pht xung loi ny
buc phi thc hin dng h thng c phn hi, tc l h thng kn. Cc h thng
iu khin ny tng i phc tp v y ta s khng xt.
Cc h thng iu khin ng b thng s dng hin nay bao gm:
H thng iu khin chnh lu theo nguyn tc khng ch pha ng.
H thng iu khin chnh lu theo nguyn tc khng ch pha ngang.

 H thng iu khin chnh lu dng diode hai cc gc (transitor mt tip gip).

II.4.2 Mch to xung theo pha ng
II.4.2.1 S khi h thng iu khin theo pha ng
Khi nghin cu cc mch pht xung theo nguyn tc pha ng ngi ta thy rng c
th phn chia cc mch in h thng ra lm 3 khi c chc nng khc nhau nh s
hnh 2-43. Trong gm:
Khi 1

ul

urc

BH
FSRC

Khi 2

SS

Khi 3
ukT

TX

uk

Hnh 2.43
Khi 1: Khi ng b ho v pht in p rng ca (BH-FSRC).
Khi 2: Khi so snh (SS).
Khi 3: Khi to xung (TX).
Trong :
ul: l in p li (ngun) xoay chiu cung cp cho s chnh lu.
urc: in p ta thng c dng hnh rng ca ly t u ra khi BHFSRC.
uk: in p iu khin, y l in p mt chiu c a t ngoi vo
dng iu khin gi tr gc .
ukT: in p iu khin thyristor, l chui cc xung iu khin ly t u ra
h thng iu khin (cng l u ra ca khi TX) v c truyn n in
cc iu khin (G) v Cathode (K) ca cc thyristor.
Nguyn l c bn ca h thng iu khin theo nguyn tc pha ng c th tm
tt nh sau:
Tn hiu in p cung cp cho mch ng lc b chnh lu c a n mch
ng b ho ca khi 1 v trn u ra ca mch ng b ta c cc in p thng c
dng hnh sin vi tn s bng tn s in p ngun cung cp cho s chnh lu v
trng pha hoc lch 1 gc pha xc nh so vi in p ngun. in p ny c gi l
in p ng b v k hiu l ub. Cc in p ng b c a vo mch pht in
p rng ca khng ch s lm vic ca mch in ny, kt qu l trn u ra mch
pht in p rng ca ta c mt h thng cc in p dng hnh rng ca ng b v
tn s v gc pha vi cc in ng b. Cc in ny c gi l in p rng ca urc.
Cc in p rng ca c a vo u vo khi SS v cn c mt tn hiu khc
na l in p iu khin mt chiu iu chnh c v c a t ngoi vo, hai tn
hiu ny c mc vi cc tnh sao cho tc ng ca chng ln mch vo khi SS l
ngc chiu nhau. Khi SS lm nhim v so snh hai tn hiu ny v ti nhng thi
im hai tn hiu ny c gi tr tuyt i bng nhau th u ra khi SS s thay i trng
thi. Nh vy khi SS l mt mch in hot ng theo nguyn tc bin i tng t-

s. Do tn hiu ra ca mch SS l dng tn hiu s nn ch c hai gi tr c hoc khng.

Tn hiu trn u ra khi SS l cc xung xut hin vi chu k bng chu k ca u rc, nu
thi im bt u xut hin ca mt xung nm trong vng sn xung no ca urc th
sn xung y ca urc c gi l sn s dng. iu ny c ngha rng: Ti thi im
|urc| = |uk| phn sn s dng trong 1 chu k ca in p rng ca th trn u ra
khi SS s bt u xut hin mt xung in p. T ta thy: c th thay i thi
im xut hin ca xung u ra khi SS bng cch thay i gi tr ca u k khi gi
nguyn dng urc. Trong mt s trng hp th xung ra t khi SS c a n in
cc iu khin ca thyristor, nhng trong a s cc trng hp th tn hiu ra khi so
snh cha cc yu cu cn thit i vi tn hiu iu khin thyristor. c tn hiu
yu cu ngi ta thc hin vic khuch i, thay i li hnh dng ca xung, v.v,...
Cc nhim v ny c thc hin bi mt mch in gi l mch to xung (TX), cui
cng trn u ra khi TX ta c chui xung iu khin (ukT) c cc thng s yu
cu v cng sut, di, dc mt u ca xung, v.v,... nhng thi im bt u
xut hin ca cc xung th hon ton trng vi thi im xut hin xung trn u ra
khi SS. Vy thi im xut hin ca tn hiu iu khin trn in cc iu khin v
Cathode ca thyristor chnh cng l thi im xut hin xung u ra khi so snh, tc
l khi SS ng vai tr xc nh gi tri gc iu khin . Nh nu trn, ta c th
thay i thi im xut hin xung ra khi SS bng cch thay i gi tr u k. Vy iu
khin gi tr in p iu khin uk ta iu khin c gi tr gc iu khin .
Trong s chnh lu cu hoc s tia nhiu pha ta c nhiu thyristor. to
ra nhiu tn hiu iu khin cho nhiu van trong h thng iu khin ny c 2 phng
php:
S dng nhiu mch pht xung ging ht nhau, trong mi mch u c cc khi
ging nhau v chng ch khc nhau tn hiu in p li (khc pha) t vo
mch ng b. Mi mch pht xung c dmg to xung iu khin cho mt
van hoc mt s van mc ni tip hoc song song. Mch iu khin loi ny
c gi l mch (h thng) nhiu knh (mi mch pht xung cho mt van
c gi l mt knh iu khin).
Ngi ta s dng chung mt mch ng b, mt mch to in p rng ca,
mt khi so snh, nh vy xung u ra khi SS thng c tn s gp n ln tn
s ngun (n bng q). Lc c n (hay q) knh xung khc nhau c tn s
bng tn s ngun th trong khi TX phi c thm mt mch in lm nhim v
phn chia xung. Mch iu khin loi ny c gi l mch iu khin mt
knh (ch c mt khi so snh). Loi mch iu khin ny tuy phc tp hn
nhiu so vi loi nhiu knh nhng xung iu khin cc van c i xng
cao hn nhiu nn cng thng c s dng, nht l khi c yu cu cao v
cht lng i vi b chnh lu.
Sau y ta s xt chi tit cc phn mch in ca h thng iu khin. Ta gi
thit l h thng iu khin nhiu knh v ch cn xt mt knh, cc knh cn li
tng t.
II.4.2.2 Khi ng b ho v pht sng rng ca

 to ra mt h thng cc xung xut hin lp i lp li vi chu k bng chu k ngun

xoay chiu cung cp cho s chnh lu v iu khin c thi im xut hin ca
chng trong mi chu k th cc nghin cu ch ra rng: tt nht l s dng cc mch
pht xung m mt trong cc tn hiu iu khin n l tn hiu cng bin i mt cch
chu k vi chu k nh ca tn hiu ra v dng tt nht l hnh rng ca. V vy m
chng ta cn phi c mch in to ra cc in p rng ca v c gi l mch
pht sng rng ca (FSRC). Mt khc, k thut in-in t cng ch ra rng c
in p dng rng ca c tn s v thi im u
R1
ca mi xung rng ca ph hp vi tn s v gc
pha ca ngun xoay chiu cung cp cho s
R2
ub
chnh lu th tt nht l s dng cc s to ul
in p rng ca c iu khin bi in p
bin thin cng tn s. Dng ca in p iu
Hnh 2.44
khin mch to in p rng ca c th bt k.
c cc in p ny ngi ta s dng mt mch in c gi l mch ng b ho
(gi tt l mch ng b) v in p ra ca mch ng b gi l in p ng b, k
hiu l ub.
a/- Mch ng b ho
to ra in p ng b m bo yu cu t ra ngi ta thng s dng hai kiu
mch n gin:
Mch phn p bng cc in tr hoc bng in tr kt hp in dung hay in
cm: Trong mch ng b ny in p u vo l in p li in xoay chiu cung
cp cho s chnh lu, in p ra cng l in p xoay chiu hnh sin cng tn s
trng hoc lch mt gc pha xc nh.
Kiu mch ng b ny t c s dng v c s lin h trc tip v in gia
mch ng lc v mch iu khin b chnh lu.
A
ul

**
ub

B
C

BA

*
BA

uba
ubb
ubc
0

Hnh 2.45
Mch ng
b dng my bin p: Trong trng hp ny ngi ta s dng mt my bin p cng
sut nh thng l my bin p h p to ra in p ng b. in p li u l c
t vo cun s cp cn bn th cp ta ly ra in p ng b u b. My bin p to
ra in p ng b c gi l my bin p ng b v k hiu l BA, n c th l
loi mt pha hoc nhiu pha tu theo s chnh lu c th.
b/- Mch pht sng rng ca
S mch pht sng rng ca dng diode, in tr, t in (mch D-R-C)
Gii thiu s :

S mch pht sng rng ca trn

Mch ng
D
hnh 2.46 bao gm:
b
**
BA l my bin p ng b
urc
u
l
ub
uc
C R
ho, y l phn mch ng b.
diode D,in tr R,t in C l
BA
cc phn t c bn ca mch to
in p rng ca.
Hnh 2.46
Cc in p ul,ub,uc,urc ln lt
l in p ngun xoay chiu cung cp cho s chnh lu,in p ng b
ho,in p trn t in C v
ub
in rng ca u ra ca s u
Urcmax
.
urc
Nguyn l lm vic:
1
3

Ta gi thit rng: ti t=0 th

2 2
3 t

ub=0 v bt u chuyn sang na chu

k dng, in p trn t ang bng
khng (uc=0).
Hnh 2.47
Nh vy th sau thi im
t=0 th ub>0 nn diode D c t in p thun v D m, t in C s c np
in bi ngun in p ng b qua diode D ang m. in p trn t C tng dn theo
thi gian v khi t=1 th uc = ub, lc ny in p ng b giai on gim ca
na chu k dng nn sau thi im t=1 th D b t in p ngc v D kho li.
diode D kho th s np in ca t cng kt thc, t bt u phng in qua in tr
R. Qu trnh phng in lm cho in p trn t gim dn v n t=2 th in p trn
t li bng in p ng b ang giai on tng trong na chu k dng ca chu k
tip theo, D li c phn cc thun v li m, t li c np. Qu trnh cc chu k
sau din ra lp li tng t. in p u ra ca s bng in p trn t C (u rc = uc).
Ngi ta tnh chn gi tr in tr R v t in C sao cho 22 nhng 2>2. Vi
mch to in p rng ca ny ngi ta chn sn s dng l phn sn sau.
Nu ta gi bin in p rng ca (in p trn C) l Urcmax th biu thc in
p trn t trong giai on phng in l:
ucp = Urcmax.e- (t -2/ )/ RC
S ny c u im l rt n gin, nhng li c cc nhc im l dng in
p trn u ra khc nhiu so vi dng ng in p rng ca l tng v bin in
p rng ca ph thuc nhiu vo bin in p ng b nn t c dng.
S mch pht sng rng ca dng mch D-R-C np in cho t bng ngun
mt chiu n nh
Gii thiu s :
+ Un Trong s ny gm c:
R
Mch ng
a R1
b * *
ul
ub
BA

D2

D1 uc

Hnh 2.48

urc

 BA l my bin p ng b thuc phn mch ng b ho.

D1,D2,C,R,R1 cc phn t ca mch to in p rng ca.
Cc in p trong s cng tng t nh s hnh 2.46, ch khc l trong s
ny c thm ngun in p mt chiu n nh Un dng np cho t in C.
Nguyn l lm vic
Ta gi thit rng: ti t=0 th ub=0 v bt u chuyn sang na chu k dng, ti
t=0 in p trn t C ang bng khng (uc=0).
Vy sau thi im t=0 th ub>0 nn trn D1 v D2 u c in p ngc, c 2
diode u kho. Cc diode D1, D2 kho, dn n t C c in np t ngun mt
chiu n nh Un. in p trn t tng dn theo biu thc sau:
uc = Un. (1-e-t/) vi =R.C l hng s thi gian mch np ca t.
n t=1 th in p trn t bng gi tr tc thi ca in p ng b m t
thi im in p ng b ang gim (na sau ca na chu k dng u b), do vy
m sau t=1 van D2 c phn cc thun, dn n D2 m. Van D2 m th t ngng
np v bt u phng in qua cun th cp my bin p ng b v diode D 2. n
t=1' th in p trn t gim n bng khng v D1 m nn in p trn t gi
nguyn gi tr bng khng cho n thi im t=2. Ti t=2 th ub=0 v li bt u
chuyn sang dng, cc diode b t in p ngc nn kho li do vy t C li c
np tng t nh t t=1 v s
ub
lm vic ca s lp li nh chu u
Urcmax
k va xt. in p rng ca u ra
urc
cng chnh l in p trn t C v
1
1 '
2
t
dng in p ra urc cng c cho

2
3
trn hnh 2.49.
Vi s ny th bin
in p rng ca cng ph thuc
Hnh 2.49
vo bin in p ng b nhng
dng in p ra gn vi hnh rng ca hn s trc. tng tuyn tnh phn
sn s dng ca in p rng ca (trong s ny ta s dng phn sn trc) th
ngi ta tng hng s thi gian mch np bng cch tng gi tr R hoc C, thng tng
R. Mt khc do =R.C tng th bin urc c xu hng gim i, v vy mun c bin
khng i khi tng =R.C ta phi tng gi tr ca ngun np Un theo. Thng
thng vi s ny th Un c chn ln hn bin in p rng ca Urcmax t 5
n 7 ln. Loi s ny hin nay cng t c s dng v cht lng in p ra km,
di sn s dng ca in p rng ca nh hn 1800 in.
S mch pht sng rng ca dng D-R-C v transitor
Gii thiu s
Trong s ny (hnh 2.50) c:

 BA l my bin p ng b
+Ucc
to ra tn hiu ng b
WR
R1
ho.
R3
Mch ng b
diode D, transitor Tr, cc
D
o
Tr
*
in tr R1, R2, R3, R4 v
uc
ul
C urc
ub
R2
bin tr WR, t in C l cc
R4
*
1
phn t ca mch pht in
a
BA
p rng ca.
Hnh 2.50
in p ngun xoay chiu
cp cho s chnh lu u l, in p ng b ub, in p mt chiu cung cp cho
s to sng rng ca U cc, in p u ra ca s urc c k hiu nh hnh
v.
Nguyn l lm vic:
Ta gi thit rng: ti t=0 th ub=0 v bt u chuyn sang na chu k dng, ti
t=0 in p trn t C ang bng khng (uc=0).
Vy sau thi im t=0 th ub>0 (im a dng hn im o) nn trn D c
t in p thun, D s m dn n s c dng in t cun th cp BA i qua R2 v
diode D, nu b qua st in p rt nh trn cun dy my bin p ng b ho v trn
diode D th trn R2 c t in p bng ton b s... th cp BA, tc l ub. in
st trn R2 lc ny c th dng t vo cc pht Tr,cn th m t vo cc gc Tr, do
vy mch gc-pht transitor ca Tr b t in p ngc v Tr kho (khng c dng
cc gp). Tr kho th t C c np t ngun mt chiu cung cp cho s c gi tr
n nh l Ucc qua in tr R3 v bin tr WR. in p trn t tng dn theo biu thc
sau:
uc=Ucc. (1-e-t/) vi = (R3+WR).C l hng s thi gian mch np ca t.
n t= th in p ng
ub
b ub = 0 v bt u chuyn sang u
Urcmax
na chu k m (im a tr nn m
urc
hn im o). Van D b t in p
t
ngc v kho li do vy in p
1
2
3
ng b khng cn tc ng n
mch gc-pht ca Tr na, lc ny
di tc ng ca ngun cung cp
Hnh 2.51
mt chiu qua in tr nh thin
R1 trong mch nh thin theo kiu phn p gm R1 v R2 m Tr m. Tr m th t C
ngng np v bt u phng in qua mch gp-pht ca transitor Tr v in tr bo
v transitor l R4, ngi ta tnh chn cc in tr R1, R2 v Tr sao cho Tr m bo ho
vi in tr tng mch cc gp l R3+WR. Vy t C s ngng phng khi in p trn
t gim xung bng st in p bo ho ca Tr cng vi st p trn R4 gy nn bi
dng m bo ho ca Tr: uR4Ucc.R4/ (R3+WR). St in p bo ho trn mt transitor
m rt nh nn ta c th b qua, mt khc do R4<< (WR+R3) nn cng c th b qua

st p trn R4 (tc l uR4=0). Nh vy th t C s phng n in p bng khng (ti

t=1) v do Tr vn m nn in p trn t gi nguyn gi tr bng khng cho n thi
im t=2. Ti t=2 th ub=0 v li bt u chuyn sang dng, diode D li c
t in p thun nn li m v Tr li kho, do vy t C li c np tng t nh t
t=0 v s lm vic ca s lp li nh chu k va xt. in p rng ca u ra
cng chnh l in p trn t C v dng in p ra urc c cho trn hnh2.51. Vi s
ny th bin in p rng ca khng ph thuc vo bin in p ng b,
dng in p ra gn vi hnh rng ca v di sn trc (giai on np t) t
n 1800 in. Trong s ny ta s dng phn sn trc. sn s dng c dng
ng thng (tuyn tnh) ta np t bi ngun dng khng i nh s sau (hnh
2.52). Trong s trn th R4 l hn ch bin dng phng ca t qua Tr m
bo v Tr, cn bin tr WR dng chnh nh bin in p rng ca cho ph hp
yu cu.
S mch pht sng rng ca dng D-R-C v transitor,
np t bi dng khng i
Gii thiu s
Trn s ny (hnh 2.52) gm c:
BA l my bin p ng
WR
+Ucc
b to ra tn hiu ng b
ie2
Dz
U0
e2
ho.
b2
R1
Tr2
i
c1
Cc phn t cn li l mch
Mch ng b
D
ic2 c2
o
to in p rng ca, trong
Tr
1
*
u
ul
C
urc
ub
R4 c
mch in gm Tr2, Dz,
R2
R3
*
1
R4, WR l mch n nh
a
BA
dng np t.
Hnh 2.52
ul l in p ngun xoay
chiu cp cho s chnh lu; ub in p ng b; Ucc in p mt chiu cung
cp cho s to sng rng ca; urc in p rng ca u ra ca s ; U0 l
in p n nh trn diode n p Dz; ic1, ic2 v ie2 l dng cc gp Tr1, Tr2 v
dng cc pht ca Tr2.
Nguyn l lm vic:
Trc tin ta gii thiu s lc nguyn l ca mch to ra dng in khng i
(n dng): Ta c in p gia cc pht v gc Tr2 l:
ueb2 = U0 - ie2.RWR
Vi RWR l tr s in tr ca bin tr WR. Do st in p gia cc pht v cc
gc ca mt transitor hu nh khng thay i khi dng cc gc thay i nn ta xem
ueb2 =A=const. Vy ta c: ie2 = (U0 - ueb2)/RWR=I= const, mt khc ta li c
ic2ie2=I=const. Tc l dng in qua cc gp Tr2 c gi tr khng i.
Ta gi thit rng: ti t=0 th ub=0 v bt u chuyn sang na chu k dng,
ti t=0 in p trn t C ang bng khng (u c=0).

Vy sau thi im t=0 th ub>0 (im a dng hn im o) nn trn D c

t in p thun, D s m dn n s c dng in t cun th cp BA i qua R2 v
diode D, nu b qua st in p rt nh trn cun dy my bin p ng b ho v trn
diode D th trn R2 c t in p bng ton b s... th cp BA, tc l ub. in
st trn R2 lc ny c th dng t vo cc pht Tr1, cn th m t vo cc gc Tr1,
do vy mch gc-pht transitor Tr1 b t in p ngc v Tr1 kho (khng c dng
cc gp). Transitor Tr1 kho th t C c np in bi dng cc gp Tr2 c gi tr n
nh I. in p trn t tng dn theo qui lut:
uc = I.t /C y l qui lut tuyn tnh.
n t= th in p ng b ub = 0 v bt u chuyn sang na chu k m
(im a tr nn m hn im O). Van D b t in p ngc v kho li do vy in
p ng b khng cn tc ng n mch gc-pht ca Tr1 na, lc ny di tc ng
ca ngun cung cp mt chiu qua in tr nh thin R1 trong mch nh thin theo
kiu phn p gm R1 v R2 m Tr1 m. Khi Tr1 m th t ngng np v bt u phng
in qua mch gp-pht ca transitor Tr1 v in tr bo v transitor l R3,ngi ta
tnh chn cc in tr R1, R2 v Tr1 sao cho Tr1 m bo ho vi dng in cc gp l
I.
Vy t C s ngng phng khi in p trn t gim xung bng st in p bo
ho ca Tr1 cng vi st p trn R3 gy nn bi dng m bo ho ca Tr1: uR3= I.R3.
St in p bo ho trn mt transitor m rt nh nn ta c th b qua, mt khc do R 3
rt nh v I cng c gi tr rt nh (c 1 5 mA) nn cng c th b qua st p trn R3
(uR3=0). Nh vy th t C s phng n in p bng khng (ti t=1) v do Tr1 vn
m nn in p trn t gi nguyn gi tr bng khng cho n thi im t=2.
Ti t=2 th ub=0 v li bt u chuyn sang dng, diode D li c t
in p thun nn li m v Tr1 li kho, do vy t C li c np tng t nh t
t=0 v s lm vic ca s lp li nh chu k va xt. in p rng ca u ra
cng chnh l in p trn t C v dng in p ra urc c cho trn hnh 2.53. Vi s
ny th bin in p rng ca khng ph thuc vo bin in p ng b,
dng in p ra gn vi hnh
ub
rng ca v di sn trc (giai u
Urcmax
on np t) cng t n 1800
in. Trong s ny ta s dng
urc
1
t
phn sn trc.Trong s trn

2
3
th R3 l hn ch bin dng
phng ca t qua Tr1 m bo v
Tr1,cn bin tr WR dng chnh
nh bin in p rng ca cho
Hnh 2.53
ph hp yu cu.
S mch pht sng rng ca dng vi mch khuch i thut ton (KTT)
Gii thiu s (hnh 2.54)
S cng gm c my bin p ng b ho BA to ra in p ng b ub.

Phn mch to in p rng ca cng s dng diode,transitor,cc in tr,t

in v y to ra dng np t n nh ta ng dng tnh cht c bit ca cc b
khuch i thut ton vi in t KTT.
Nguyn l lm vic
Trong s ny ta s dng khuch i thut ton KTT ghp vi t C thnh mt
mch tch phn. Nguyn l hot ng ca khu ny nh sau: Gi thit Tr kho th t C
c np bi dng u ra ca KTT, dng np t c xc nh i c = -i1 + iv-. Nu
KTT l l tng th in tr vo ca n bng v cng, dn n dng vo i v- v iv+
bng khng, do vy: ic=-i1, mt khc i1=-Ucc/ (WR+R)=I=const. iu ny c ngha
rng khi Tr kho th t C c np bi dng khng i c gi tr I.
Vy ta c: T t=0 th ub=0 v bt u chuyn sang na chu k dng,dn n D m
nn mch pht gc Tr b t in p
+Ucc
ngc, Tr kho, t C c np in
R1
u
bi dng khng i. in p trn t
ic1 c
Mch ng
D
o
b
tng dn theo qui lut tuyn tnh.
Tr
*
C
ul
ub
R2
n t= v bt u chuyn sang
i1 iv*
1
a
BA
m, D kho, Tr m nn t C phng
u
KTT
v i
R3
v+
urc
+
-Ucc
in nhanh qua Tr n in p bng
WR
1
khng v gi nguyn gi tr bng
Hnh 2.54
khng cho n t=2. Ti t=2,
in p ng b bng khng v bt u chuyn sang dng, D li m, Tr li kho, t C
li c np in nh t t=0.
Vi gi thit KTT l l tng th h s khuch l v cng ln, vy nu KTT
ang ch khuch i tuyn tnh th in gia hai u vo c xem l bng khng
(uv=0). T s ta c: urc=uc+uv=uc. Tc l in p rng ca u ra ca s bng
in p trn t C. th in p rng ca c biu din trn hnh 2.55.
Do in p rng ca l in p ra ca KTT nn c ni tr rt nh, v vy dng
in p ra hu nh khng ph thuc vo ti mc u ra mch pht sng rng ca.
Vi s ny dung lng t C ch
ub
cn rt nh (thng chn khong u
Urcmax
220nF), v vy chn t d dng,
urc
mt khc t phng rt nhanh nn rt
1
t
an ton cho transitor Tr v in p

2
3
ra rt gn vi dng rng ca l
tng.
II.4.2.3 Khu so snh
Hnh 2.55
to ra mt h thng cc xung
xut hin mt cch chu k vi chu k bng chu k in p rng ca (cng l chu k
ngun xoay chiu cung cp cho b chnh lu) v iu khin c thi im xut hin
ca mi xung ta s dng cc mch so snh. C th thc hin khu so snh theo nhiu
mch khc nhau nhng ph bin nht hin nay l cc s so snh dng transitor v

dng b khuch i thut ton bng vi in t. Trong cc s mch so snh th ta

thng c hai tn hiu vo l in p rng ca ly t u ra khu BH-FSRC (urc ) v
in p iu khin mt chiu (uk ). Hai in p ny c mc sao cho tc dng ca
chng i vi u vo khu so snh l ngc chiu nhau. C hai cch ni cc in p
ny trn u vo mch so snh:
Ni ni tip urc v uk: Tng hp ni tip.
Ni song song qua cc in tr tng hp: Tng hp song song.
a/- Cc s mch so snh thng s dng
Cc s khu so snh thng s dng hin nay c cho trn hnh 2-56. Hnh 2.56a
l s dng transitor tng hp ni tip, hnh2.56b l s dng transitor tng hp
song
song,
+Ucc
+Ucc
hnh2.56c l
Rk
Rk
s dng IC
khuch
i
urc
Tr
Tr
R1
R2
thut ton (A)
u
ra
uBE
uBE
ura
uk
tng hp ni
urc
uk
tip, hnh2.56d
l s dng
a
b
IC khuch i
+Ucc
+Ucc
thut ton (A)
R
tng hp song
R
urc
R1
R2
A
A
song. Trong s
+
+
ura
ura
hnh 2.56c uk
D
D
uk
urc
-Ucc
v d c thm
-Ucc
mch
gm
c
d
in tr R v
Hnh 2.56
diode D l
cho in p ra ging nh cc s hnh 2.56a v b, trong nhiu trng hp thng
khng cn. Nguyn l lm vic ca c 4 s trn tng t nhau, vy ta ch cn xt
nguyn l lm vic ca mt s .
Nguyn l lm vic s (hnh 2.56a)
Gi s in p rng ca v in p iu khin c dng nh hnh 2.575a.
Mt khc t s hnh2-57a ta c: nu uk >0 th n s c xu hng t in p
thun ln mch gc-pht Tr, tc l lm m Tr, cn in p iu khin th ngc li,
nu urc>0 th n c xu hng t in p ngc ln tip gip gc-pht Tr v lm kho
Tr. in p t ln tip gip gc-pht ca transitor Tr l uBE=uk-urc, v trong trng
hp ny th urc, uk u dng nn ta c:
urc
Trong
giai
on
u
uk
t=0t<1 th |urc|<|uk|
1
2

do vy uBE>0 nn Tr m,
t

0
2
3
gi thit rng Tr m bo ura
Ucc
0

1 '

2 '

2
2

Hnh 2.57

ho v b qua st p trn Tr khi m bo ho ta c ura=0.

T t=1 t=1' th |urc||uk|, dn n 0uEB, tc l mch gc-pht Tr b t
in p ngc, Tr kho li, b qua st p trn in tr mch cc gp R k bi
dng r ca Tr v dng qua ti ca khu so snh (trong s khng biu din)
th in ra bng in p trn Tr v bng in p ngun: ura=Ucc.
Trong giai on t>1' t<2 th |urc| < |uk| do vy uBE>0 nn li Tr m v ta
cng gi thit rng Tr m bo ho, b qua st p trn Tr khi m bo ho: u ra=0.
T t=2 th |urc||uk|, dn n 0uEB, tc l mch gc-pht Tr li b t in p
ngc, Tr li kho v ura=Ucc .
S lm vic ca s trong cc giai on tip theo din ra tng t v lp i
lp li vi chu k bng chu k in p rng ca. Nu ta gi thit rng thi im m t
nhin ca thyristor c iu khin bi mch pht xung dng khu so snh ny l cc
thi im t=0; t=2; t=4; ... th gc iu khin c xc nh nh trn th
hnh 2.57. T ta nhn thy: thay i gi tr gc iu khin khi dng in p
rng ca khng i ta thay i gi tr in p iu khin u k, vi s ny th khi uk
tng ln gi tr s tng ln.
II.4.2.4 Khu to xung
m bo cc yu cu v chnh xc ca thi im xut hin xung, s i xng
ca xung cc knh khc nhau, v.v... m ngi ta thng thit k cho khu so snh
lm vic vi cng sut xung ra nh, do xung ra ca khu so snh thng cha
cc thng s yu cu ca in cc iu khin thyristor. c xung c cc thng s
yu cu cn thit ta phi thc hin vic khuch i xung, thay i li di xung,
trong mt s trng hp cn phi phn chia cc xung, v cui cng l truyn xung t
u ra ca mch pht xung n in cc iu khin v Cathode ca thyristor. V vy
m ta phi s dng mt s mch in thc hin cc cng vic nu, cc mch
in ny thng gm: Mch khuch i xung; Mch sa xung; Mch phn chia xung;
Mch truyn xung n thyristor (thng c gi l thit b u ra), ton b cc mch
ny c ghp chung vo mt khu l khu to xung. Tu trng hp c th m c th
c y cc phn mch ring bit thc hin y tt c cc nhim v nu, c
trng hp ch c mt hoc mt s mch nht nh no .
a/- Mch truyn xung ra n thyristor (thit b u ra)
Thng thng ngi ta s dng hai cch truyn xung t u ra h thng iu khin
n mch G-K ca thyristor, l truyn xung trc tip v truyn xung qua my bin
p xung.
Truyn xung trc tip: y l bin php truyn xung n gin nht: dng dy
dn in ni t u ra mch pht xung (thng l trn in tr cc gp ca
transitor khuch i cng sut xung) n cc in cc G v K ca thyristor.
Bin php ny rt t c s dng v n c mt s nhc im nh sau:
C s lin h trc tip v in gia mch ng lc v mch iu khin
b chnh lu.

 Kh thc hin truyn xung ng thi n mt s thyristor mc ni tip

hoc song song.
Kh phi hp tt gia ngun mt chiu cung cp cho mch khuch i
xung vi bin xung cn thit trn thyristor.
Truyn xung qua my bin p xung: y l bin php truyn xung c s
dng nhiu nht hin nay v n khc phc tt cc nhc im ca truyn xung
trc tip. Ni dung ca cch truyn xung ny l s dng mt my bin p xung
ghp gia u ra tng khuch i cng sut xung vi in cc iu khin G v
Cathode K ca thyristor. Bin php truyn xung ny c cc u im:
m bo s cch ly tt v in gia mch ng lc v mch iu khin
b chnh lu.
D dng thc hin vic truyn ng thi cc xung n cc thyristor mc
ni tip hoc song song bng cch dng my bin p xung c nhiu cun
th cp.
D dng phi hp gia in p ngun cung cp cho tng khuch i
cng sut xung v bin xung cn thit trn in cc iu khin ca
thyristor nh vic chn t s my bin p xung ph hp.
My bin p xung v c bn c kt cu nh mt my bin p bnh thng cng
sut nh, ch khc nhau trong phn tnh ton mch t v s vng dy. Khi hot ng
th tng t nh my bin p lm vic vi dng khng sin hoc c th xt nh l cc
cun dy c lin h h cm vi nhau, nhng phi ch rng h s h cm l phi tuyn
v s bng khng khi t trng li thp my bin p xung t gi tr bo ho. phn
bit vi cc my bin p lm nhim v khc trong s , ta k hiu my bin p xung
l BAX.
b/- Mch khuych i xung
khuch i cng sut xung hin nay ph bin nht l cc s khuch i xung
bng transitor v thyristor.
Cc s khuch i xung dng thyristor c s dng khi c yu cu cng
sut xung iu khin ln v di xung ln, v d nh trong mt s b chnh lu dng
cc ln cung cp cho h thng m in hoc in phn.Trong kiu s ny ngi ta
s dng cc thyristor cng sut nh c iu khin bi xung ra ca khu so snh
hoc qua mt tng khuch i bng transitor, mch anode-Cathode ca van ni vi
cun s cp BAX. Trong chng trnh ny ta khng i su nghin cu mch pht xung
ny.
Cc s khuch i xung dng
D3
G
BAX
transitor c s dng ph bin hn. Trong
* *
cc s khuch i ny ngi ta thng +Ucc
ukT
D1
D2
s dng s cc pht chung v c t 1
W1
W2
n 2 tng khuch i. Trong nhiu trng
Tr1
K
hp, n gin cho kt cu mch m vn
uv
m bo cht lng ngi ta thng s
Tr2
Hnh 2.58

dng 2 transitor ghp kiu Darlingtn (mc ni tip hai transitor) v mc thnh mt
tng khuch i. Hnh 2.58 l mt s khuch i xung mc theo kiu nu v u
ra dng my bin p xung BAX. Hai transitor Tr1 v Tr2 ghp ni tip nh vy tng
ng vi mt transitor c h s khuch i dng in theo s pht chung () bng
tch h s khuch i dng ca hai transitor thnh phn: = 1.2, vi 1, 2 l h s
khuch i dng in theo s cc pht chung ca Tr1 v Tr2.
Cc in p uv v ukT l in p vo tng khuch i (l in p ra ca mch
sa xung hoc mch phn chia xung hoc c trng hp l in p ra ca khu so
snh) v in p iu khin thyristor (G,K l cc iu khin v Cathode ca thyristor).
Nguyn l hot ng ca s :
uv
0 t1

uv
t1
'txv

t2

t2'

t2

t2' t

txv

ukT
0 t1

t1'

0 t1
ukT

t1
't

xr

t2

t2'

tbh

Hnh 2.59a: th in p khi tbhtxv

0 t1

t1

t2

t2'

'txr= tbh
Hnh 2.59b: th in p khi

Nu
ta gi
tbh<txv
thi gian tn ti ca mt xung in p vo l txv, thi gian tn ti ca mt xung in p
ra l txr, thi gian tnh t lc ng mt ngun in p mt chiu khng i c gi tr
bng Ucc cho n lc t thng li thp my bin p xung t gi tr t thng bo ho
(vi gi thit l khng hn ch v thi gian ng ngun v pha cun th cp BAX vn
mc vi in cc iu khin thyristor nh trong s hnh 2.58) l t bh. Vi s
khuch i xung ny c th xy ra hai .trng hp khc nhau:
Trng hp th nht: Khi tbhtxv
T t=0t<t1 th cha c xung vo nn 2 transitor cha lm vic, khng c dng in
no chy trong cun s cp BAX nn khng c xung in p trn cun th cp, tc l
ukT=0 (cha c tn hiu iu khin thyristor). Ti t=t1 xut hin mt xung in p vo
dng, dn n Tr1 v Tr2 u m, gi thit l m bo ho, trn cun dy s cp BAX
t ngt c t in p bng U cc, xut hin dng in qua cun s cp W1 ca my
bin p xung tng dn (dng qua W1 i t pha cc tnh c du (*) sang pha khng c
du (*)) dn n trn cun th cp xut hin mt xung in p c cc tnh dng
pha c du (*). Xung trn cun th cp t thun ln D3 v truyn qua D3 n in
cc iu khin v Cathode ca thyristor. n t=t1'=t1+txv th mt xung vo, hai
transitor Tr1 v Tr2 cng kho li dng qua cun s cp s gim v bng khng, do s
gim ca dng cun s cp BAX nn t thng trong li thp BAX bin thin theo
hng ngc li lc Tr1 v Tr2 m dn n trong cc cun dy BAX xut hin xung
in p vi cc tnh ngc li. Xung trn cun th cp lm kho D 3 nn khng cn
xung trn in cc iu khin ca thyristor, tc l ukT=0, ta gi thit l khng c D2
nn cun th cp coi nh h mch. Lc ny nu trn cun s cp ta khng mc diode
D1 th dng qua cun s cp s gim t ngt gy nn s t bin t thng BAX v

lm cho bin xung in p trn cc cun dy rt ln. V l thuyt th di/dt nn

d/dt v in p cm ng trn cc cun dy cng tin n v cng ln. Nhng
trong thc t do in dung k sinh gia cc vng dy m di/dt khng nn s...
cm ng trn cc cun dy cng c gi tr hu hn, tuy vy n cng t gi tr rt ln
(c t 5 n 20 ln gi tr U cc), xung in p lc ny trn cun s cp cng tc dng
vi in p Ucc t ton b ln cc transitor d lm hng cc transitor v chc thng
cch in cc vng dy ca BAX. m bo an ton cho cc transitor v BAX ngi
ta mc song song vi cun s cp BAX mt diode (D1) nh trn s .
Tc dng ca D1 nh sau: Khi mt xung vo, cc transitor kho li v gy nn
s gim ca dng cun W1 lm xut hin cc xung in p trn cc cun dy c cc
tnh ngc vi khi m cc transitor (c gi l cc xung m) th xung trn cun s
cp t thun ln D1 lm D1 m. Do vy m dng qua cun s cp BAX khng gim
t ngt m vn c duy tr qua D1 nn xung in p xut hin trn cc cun dy
cng c gi tr nh. Trong trng hp ny th in p tng trn W 1 bng st in p
trn mt diode m v s... cm ng trn W1 bng st in p trn D1 cng vi st p
trn in tr cun s cp cng c gi tr rt nh. V vy m xung trn cun th cp
cng c gi tr khng ng k. in p trn cc transitor ti thi im kho bng U cc
cng vi in p trn cun s cp bng st p trn mt diode m nn n c gi tr
Ucc nn rt an ton cho cc transitor.
Tc dng ca D2 cng tng t nh ca D1: Gi s khng c D1 m trong s
li c D2. Ti thi im mt xung vo,cc transitor kho li, xut hin cc xung in
p m trn cc cun dy BAX. Nh vy cun s cp h mch nn dng qua cun s
cp gim t ngt v bng khng, tuy vy do xung trn cun th cp li t thun ln
D2 nn s c dng khp kn qua D2 v cun th cp ca BAX, ta thy rng vi chiu
dng qua cun W2 m thun chiu qua D2 th t trng do cun W2 gy ra lc ny
cng chiu vi t trng do W1 to ra khi cc transitor ang m. Kt qu l t trng
li thp BAX gim chm nn xung in p cm ng trn cc cun dy cng c gi tr
nh, m bo an ton cho cc transitor v my bin p xung.
Trng hp th hai: Khi tbh<txv
T t=0t<t1 th cha c xung vo nn 2 transitor cha lm vic, khng c dng in
no chy trong cun s cp BAX nn khng c xung in p trn cun th cp, tc l
ukT=0 (cha c tn hiu iu khin thyristor). Ti t=t1 xut hin mt xung in p vo
dng, dn n Tr1 v Tr2 u m, gi thit l m bo ho, trn cun dy s cp BAX
t ngt c t in p bng U cc, xut hin dng in qua cun s cp W1 ca my
bin p xung tng dn (dng qua W1 i t pha cc tnh c du (*) sang pha khng c
du (*)) dn n trn cun th cp xut hin mt xung in p c cc tnh dng
pha c du (*). Xung trn cun th cp t thun ln D3 v truyn qua D3 n in
cc iu khin v Cathode ca thyristor. n t= t1+tbh th mch t BAX b bo ho,
dn n t thng li thp BAX khng bin thin na nn xung in p cm ng trn
cc cun dy mt, xung ra cng mt (ukT=0). n t=t1'=t1+txv th mt xung vo, hai
transitor Tr1 v Tr2 cng kho li dng qua cun s cp s gim v bng khng, do s

gim ca dng cun s cp BAX nn t thng trong li thp BAX bin thin theo
hng ngc li lc Tr1 v Tr2 m dn n trong cc cun dy BAX xut hin xung
in p vi cc tnh ngc li. Cc xung in p m cng c kh nh D1 hoc D2
tng t nh trng hp trc. Nh vy trong trng hp ny th di xung ra
bng thi gian bo ho ca BAX: txr = tbh .
**Ch : Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta cn ly xung iu khin thyristor xut
hin ti thi im kho cc transitor (tc l ti cc thi im mt xung vo dng hoc
xut hin xung vo m khi s dng transitor khuch i loi N-P-N nh trn hnh
2.58), lc ta phi o li cc tnh ca cun s hoc cun th cp BAX v khng
c dng D1 kh xung m. Lc nu cn kh xung in p m (xung m l cc
xung xut hin trn cc cun dy BAX m lc xung trn cun th cp t ngc
ln D3 v in cc iu khin ca thyristor) th ta dng diode D2 (ch rng trong
trng hp nu khng c D2 th bin ti a xung trn cun s cp bng U cc, cn
trn cun th cp bng Ucc/n, vi n l t s bin p ca BAX (n=W1/W2)).
c/- Mch sa xung
T nguyn l hot ng ca khu so snh v mch khuch i xung ca khu to xung
ta thy rng khi thay i gi tr uk thay i gi tr gc iu khin th di xung
u ra khu so snh s thay i. Nh vy s xut hin tnh trng l c mt s trng
hp di xung qu ngn khng m thyristor v ngc li c mt s trng hp
di xung li qu ln lm cho cc transitor khuch i xung lm vic ch dng
cc gp ln khi in p cc gp cao (khi my bin p xung bo ho), gy nn tn
tht ln trong mch pht xung v lm tng kch thc mch pht xung. khc phc
chng ta a vo h thng iu khin mt mch in c tc dng thay i li di
xung cho ph hp vi yu cu v c gi l mch sa xung. Cc mch sa xung hot
ng theo nguyn tc: Khi c cc xung vo vi di khc nhau mch vn cho cc
xung ra c di ging nhau theo yu cu v gi nguyn thi im bt u xut hin
ca mi xung. Ph thuc vo tng trng hp c th m mch sa xung c th c kt
cu tng i phc tp hoc rt n gin, v d c trng hp mch sa xung ch l
mt mch R-C ghp gia khu so snh v mch khuch i xung. Sau y ta s xt
mt s sa xung dng cc transitor kt hp vi mch R-C, s ny c th thc
hin sa xung theo hai hng (tng di khi di xung vo nh v ngc li gim
di khi di xung vo ln).
S nguyn l
Trong s ny c: T C v in tr R l
+Ucc
Rk1
R
Rk2
hai phn t quyt nh di xung ra. T
uc
+
Tr1
C1
C1 l t ghp tng, dng truyn xung n
Tr2
C
u vo mch sa xung, C1 c chn vi
u
u
be1
be2
ura
dung lng nh, ch cn kch m uv uc1 - Rb
R0
Eb
Tr1 ti thi im c xung vo. Eb, Rb l
+
ngun thin p ngc v in tr cc gc
dng kho Tr1 mt cch chc chn. R0 l
Hnh 2.60

in tr ca mch phn hi dng, c dng duy tr trng thi m ca Tr 1 khi in

p ra bng Ucc. Ngoi ra trong s cn c mt s cc phn t khc nh Tr1, Tr2, Rk1,
Rk2. Ton b s c cung cp bi ngun in p mt chiu n nh U cc.
Nguyn l hot ng ca s
Trong s ny vic tnh chn cc gi tr ca Eb, Rb, R0, Ucc sao cho:
Tr1 s kho khi khng c xung vo hoc c xung vo nhng t C 1 np y
n gi tr uc1uv m khi ura0.
Tr1 s m bo ho khi khng c xung vo hoc c xung vo nhng t C 1 np
y n gi tr uc1uv nhng nu uraUcc .
Tr1 s m bo ho khi c xung vo m in p trn t C1 ang 0 bt k lc
ura c gi tr bng bao nhiu.
Xut pht t ta c nguyn l hot ng ca s nh sau:
T cc ch nu, vi gi thit in p vo nh th hnh 1-56a, ta c:
T t=0 t<t1 cha c xung
t
u
in p vo, nh in tr nh thin R
m Tr2 m bo ho nn st p trn Tr2 a 0
t
t'
t
t'
t
t'
t
u
rt nh v c th b qua (gn ng ta
t
t
t
t
xem l bng khng), do vy in p ra b 0
u
bng in p trn Tr2 v bng khng
U
(ura=0). Do ura=0, cha c tn hiu vo
t '' t
t
t
t ''
t
t ''
0
c
u
nn trn mch gc-pht ca Tr1 c
u
t
t
in p ngc gy nn bi ngun d 0
t
t
thin p ngc Eb v Tr1 kho, t C s
u
u
t
c np in bi ngun cung cp e 0
t
t
t
mt chiu Ucc qua in tr Rk1 v
u
U
mch gc-pht ca Tr2 n in p
t
t'
t
t'
t'
t
gn bng ngun cung cp. Trong g 0
t
trng hp ny ta gi thit st in p
Hnh 2.61
mch gc-pht ca cc transitor khi
m l ube v c gi tr gn nh khng i. Vy trong giai on ny ube2=ube>0, cn
ube1<0. Ti t=t1 xut hin mt xung in p vo dng, t C1 c np bi xung vo v
mt trong 2 thnh phn dng np t l xung dng qua cc gc Tr 1 v Tr1 chuyn sang
m bo ho. Transitor Tr1 chuyn sang m bo ho th st trn n rt nh, t C s
phng in qua mch gp-pht ca Tr1-qua ngun cung cp mt chiu U cc - qua in
tr R. Do st p trn Tr1 rt nh cho nn gn nh ton b in p ca t C c t ln
mch gc-pht ca Tr2. Vi cc tnh in trn t C lc ny nh biu din trn s v
th m ube2<0, Tr2 kho. Do Tr2 kho, b qua st p trn Rk2 bi dng mch ti ca
mch sa xung thng c gi tr rt nh nn uraUcc, xut hin xung in p trn u
ra. Mc d t C1 c gi tr rt nh nn ch mt thi gian rt ngn sau thi im xut
hin xung vo th t C1 c np y v dng qua t C1 s bng khng v t C1
khng cn tc dng n u vo Tr1 na nhng Tr1 vn c duy tr m bo ho nh
xv

c1

cc

be1

be

be2

be

ra

cc

xr

in p u ra lc ny l uraUcc c a tr li cc gc Tr1 qua R0. Khi in p trn

t C gim v bng khng th trn cc gc Tr2 li xut hin in p thun bng ube do
ngun cung cp truyn n qua R nn Tr2 li m. Transitor Tr2 m th ura gim v gn
bng khng, mt khc lc ny tn hiu vo cn hay khng cng khng cn tc dng
n cc gc Tr1 na (nh nu trn) do vy transitor Tr1 s kho li. Do Tr1 kho
li nn t C li c np li t ngun qua Rk1, qua mch gc pht Tr2 v s np n gi
tr bng Ucc chun b cho ln lm vic tip theo. Ti thi im t=t1+txv th mt xung
vo, t C1 s phng in qua mch tn hiu vo, Eb v in tr Rb n in p gn bng
khng (coi l bng khng). Nh vy thi gian tn ti ca mt xung in p ra (t xr)
bng khong thi gian phng ca t C qua Tr1 m bo ho, qua ngun Ucc, qua in
tr R t gi tr gn bng U cc n in p bng khng.
Ta c biu thc in p trn t C giai on phng in l:
uc= -Ucc+2.Ucc.e- (t-t1)/ , vi =R.C.
T biu thc ny khi thay t=t1+txr v cho uc=0 ta rt ra: txr=C.R.ln2 .
Nh vy ta thy rng di mt xung ra ch ph thuc vo gi tr ca R v C
m hon ton khng ph thuc vo di xung vo.
S ny c u im l c th gi nguyn di xung ra khi di xung vo
c th ln hn hoc nh hn txr. Tuy vy vic phi s dng thm ngun thin p ngc
Eb lm cho kt cu mch in phc tp ln.
Trong a s cc s khi xung vo thng c di ln hn di xung ra
ngi ta s dng cc mch n gin hn.
d/- Mch phn chia xung
Trong mt s h thng iu khin b chnh lu m bo s i xng ca tn hiu
iu khin trn cc van ca s chnh lu ngi ta s dng mt mch BH-FSRC
v mt khu so snh chung, xung ra ca khu so snh c tn s ln hn n ln tn s
ngun xoay chiu (n l s van chnh lu cn c cp tn hiu iu khin bi h thng
pht xung ny). lm mch phn chia xung ngi ta c th s dng nhiu linh kin
bn dn v vi in t khc nhau, v d c th dng cc s trig, cc mch a hi c
i, cc mch lgic dng mch v, mch hoc, v.v..... Sau y ta s xt mt mch phn
chia xung n gin dng cho mch pht xung iu khin cho cc van trong s
chnh lu cu 1 pha hoc s hnh tia 2 pha. S mch in hnh 2.62 gm c c
mch ng b ho v mch sa xung v chng s dng mt linh kin nhiu phn t
chung v l IC lgic 4 mch v-khng (loi K511A1 hay K511A5 hoc IC loi
4011).
Gii thiu s :
Trong s c: BA l my bin p ng b dng to ra in p ng b u b. Cc
transitor Tr1, Tr2, Tr3, Tr4,Tr5; cc in tr R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8,WR; IC2; cc
mch &2, &3 ca IC1, t C l cc phn t ca mch to in p rng ca. Cc mch &1,
&4 ca IC1, cc transitor Tr6, Tr7, cc in tr R9, R10, R11, R12 l cc phn t c bn
ca mch phn chia xung (thc t th cc in p uk1 v uk2 cng ng thi l tn hiu
iu khin mch phn chia xung nn cng c th ni: cc phn t Tr1, Tr2, Tr3, Tr4, R1,

R2, R3, R4, R5 cng nm trong mch phn chia xung). IC1 c cung cp bi ngun
+Ucc, cn IC2 c cung cp bi ngun mt chiu i xng Ucc.
+Ucc
R1

R2

R4

R5

Tr1

Tr3 uk3

R11
&1

Tr6

**
ul

IC1

&2

ub
Tr4

BA

uk4

Tr2
R3

R10
R12

&4

ub1
R13

R6

R7
uxv

Tr7

&3

-Ucc

Xung t u ra
khu so snh
hoc mch sa
xung n

R9

Tr5 C

WR

IC2

R8

urc

Nguyn
l
hot
Hnh
2.62
ng
ca mch
phn chia xung:
T th trn hnh 2.63 ta thy rng tn s xung u ra khu so snh truyn n u
vo mch phn chia xung (u xv) gp i tn s in p ngun cung cp cho b bin i.
Mch chia xung c nhim v phn chia xung vo ra lm 2 ng ring bit vi tn s
xung ra bng tn s ngun iu khin 2 thyristor ca s hnh tia 2 pha (hoc iu
khin 2 cp thyristor trong s chnh
ub
lu cu mt pha) l T1 v T2.
Gi thit thi im t=0 l thi
im m t nhin i vi T1, trong
khong t t=0t<1 th khu so snh
cha cho xung ra, tc l u xv=0. Do uxv=0
nn trn mt trong hai u vo ca &1 v
&4 u c mc lgic 0 nn trn u ra
ca chng c mc lgic 1, do vy c 2
transitor Tr6 v Tr7 u m bo ho nn
ura1 v ura2 u gn bng khng, vy c
T1 v T2 u cha c tn hiu iu khin.
Ti t=1 xut hin mt xung vo mch
chia xung (c xung ra ca khu so snh),
trn cc chn ca &1 v &4 ni vo in
p uxv c mc lgic 1. Chn cn li ca

ube

ube
uk3

uk4

ub1

urc
uxv
ura1
ura2

1 '

2 '

1 '

2
3
2
3
2

3 '

3 '

t
t

2 '
2

Hnh 2.63

&1 c t in p uk3 lc ny cng c mc lgic 1 nn trn u ra &1 s c mc

lgic 0 v Tr6 kho li, dn n xut hin xung trn u ra 1 (ura1 Ucc). Xung ra ura1 s
c truyn qua cc mch pha sau ca khu to xung, v d: mch khuch i xung,
v cui cng c a n in cc iu khin ca T1 khng ch m T1. Chn cn
li ca &4 c t in p uk4 lc ny cng c mc lgic 0 nn trn u ra &4 vn c
mc lgic 1 v Tr7 vn m bo ho, dn n trn u ra 2 vn cha xut hin xung ra
(ura2 0). n t=1' th mt xung vo (uxv=0) th trn u ra &1 li c mc lgic 1 v
Tr6 li m bo ho nn ura10, s quay li trng thi ging nh lc cha xut hin
xung vo. T t=1' t<2 khng c xung vo, in p trn hai u ra u bng
khng. Ti t=2 xut hin xung vo th hai, lc in p uk3=0, cn uk4>0. Do vy
trn u ra &1 vn gi mc lgic 1, cn trn u ra &4 c mc lgic 0 v c hai u
vo ca n u c mc lgic 1 dn n Tr7 kho li, xut hin in p ra trn u ra 2
(ura2 Ucc). Kt qu l trn in cc iu khin T2 c tn hiu iu khin v T2 s m v
ang c in p thun. S lm vic ca s cc giai on tip theo din ra tng
t. th in p minh ho s lm vic ca s biu din trn hnh 2.63.
II.4.2.5 Mt s mch pht xung iu khin theo pha ng
Ta s xt mt s h thng pht xung iu khin cho b chnh lu hnh tia 2 pha (c
th dng iu khin s chnh lu cu mt pha bng cch s dng my bin p xung
c 2 cun dy th cp) nh s hnh 2.64.
Trong s ny c:
Khu BH-FSRC gm cc phn t:
Bin p ng b ho BA dng to tn hiu ng b chung ub.
Mch to in p rng ca gm cc transitor t Tr1 n Tr5; cc phn t &2,
&3 ca vi mch lgic IC1; vi mch khuch i thut ton IC2; cc in tr t
R1 n R8 v WR (WR c dng hiu chnh bin in p rng ca
u ra IC2); tin C1.
+Ucc

R2

R4

Tr1

Tr3

R1

uk3

R5 IC
1

R14

R16
Tr7

&1

Wl1

&2

**
ul

Tr4

uk4

&3

BA

Tr10
Tr8

&4
Tr2
-Ucc

Tr9

D1,2

ub

ub1

R13 R12

C1

R17
R6

D7

C2
Tr6

uC2
D5

Tr5

R11

R7
R10
IC3
+

R9
D3,4

urc

BAX1
BAX2
ukT2

uk mang gi tr m
uk

IC2
+

Khu so
snh

R8

WR

Hnh 2.64

D8
ukT1

R15

ux1

R3

**

D6

D9
**

 Khu so snh dng vi mch khuch i thut ton IC3 v mt s phn t diode,
in tr lin quan, tn hiu ra ca khu ny c truyn qua mch sa xung ri
mi c a n mch chia xung ca khu to xung.
Khu to xung bao gm:
Mch sa xung gm t C2; transitor Tr6 v cc in tr R11, R12, R13.
Mch chia xung thc bng hai phn t NOT-AND l &1 v &4 ca IC1, tn
hiu khng ch mch ny gm c xung ra ca mch sa xung v cc tn hiu
ng b c bin i uk1, uk2 tng t mch chia xung xt hnh 160.
Mch khuch i cng sut xung gm hai knh ging nhau v mi knh
gm 2 tng khuch i bng cc transitor (gm t Tr7 n Tr10).
Mch truyn xung ra s dng my bin p xung BAX1 v BAX2 truyn
cc tn hiu iu khin ukT1, ukT2 n cc thyristor T1 v T2 ca s chnh
lu hnh tia 2 pha.
II.4.3 Mch to xung theo pha ngang
II.4.3.1 Ni dung phng php
to xung iu khin cho cc van chnh lu trc tin ngi ta to ra cc tn hiu
iu khin hnh sin c tn s bng tn s xung iu khin cc thyristor, tc l bng tn
s ngun cung cp xoay chiu v c bin khng i. Cc xung iu khin cc van
s c to ra ti cc thi im bng khng v bt u chuyn sang dng ca cc
in p iu khin hnh sin va nu. Vic thay i gi tr gc iu khin c thc
hin bng cch thay i gc pha ca cc in p iu khin hnh sin.
Nh vy i vi h thng iu khin ny th vic trc tin l phi to ra c
h thng in p iu khin dng hnh sin vi bin khng i v gc pha iu khin
c. thc hin nhim v ny hin nay ngi ta s dng cc s cu dch pha
dng in tr, t in (cu R-C) hoc in tr, in cm (cu R-L). Khi c cc in
p iu khin dng hnh sin nh nu th vic to ra xung iu khin cho cc
thyristor ti nhng thi im bng khng v bt u chuyn sang dng ca cc in
p hnh sin c th thc hin bng nhiu s khc nhau, n gin nht l dng cc
diode, ngoi ra ta c th s dng cc
i
4
D
D
R
mch bin i tng t-s bng vi mch.
w
*
a
u
u
L
Sau khi c cc xung xut hin ng
T
T
thi im cn thit th tu thuc vo
E
K
K
G
BA
G
5
dng v cng sut xung c v xung
i
w
2
w *
yu cu cn c m ta c th s dng cc u
*
u
C
R
u
R
D
D
mch sa xung, khuch i xung,...,
i
0
1
*
tng t nh cc mch nu trong h
u
i
R
thng iu khin theo pha ng.
w
3
1
u
.
.
Xt mt s c th
d

21

4-5

22

G1

1-0

G2

G1

G2

3-0

23

UR

b
.
U4-5

Hnh 2.65

.
U0-1
.
U3-0

UC

.
U2-0

 lm r nguyn tc pht xung ny ta xt mt s pht xung iu khin cho 2

thyristor trong s chnh lu hnh cu mt pha dng 2 diode v 2 thyristor nh
hnh2.65.
Trong s hnh 2.65 c:
BA l my bin p va lm nhim c cung cp cho b chnh lu va cp in
p cho cu dch pha loi R-C. in p cung cp cho s chnh lu cu mt
pha 2 diode, 2 thyristor c ly trn cun th cp w21 (gia hai u 4 v 5) l
u4-5 ng pha vi in p u2-0 v ngc pha vi u3-0. Do 2 cun th cp cn li
l w22 v w23 c s vng bng nhau nn ta c: u2-0 = -u3-0.
Mch ng lc b chnh lu gm cc van T1, T2, D1, D2; ph ti c Rd, Ld, Ed.
Cu dch pha to ra cc in p iu khin hnh sin nh nu c thc
hin bng cc phn t: hai cun th cp w 22, w23 trn ly ra u2-0 v u3-0; hai
nhnh cn li l in tr iu chnh c R v t in C.
Mch in dng to xung iu khin ti thi im cn thit s dng cc
diode DG1 v DG2.
*Nguyn l lm vic ca s :
T s ta c: uC + uR = u2-0 - u3-0, mt khc ta li c iC+iG =iR. Ngi ta thng tnh
chn cc thng s ca s sao cho i C>>iG v iR>>iG nn ta c th b qua iG trong
biu thc trn v nh vy ta c iC=iR. iu ny c ngha rng dng qua t C v in
tr R bng nhau, dn n in p trn R s vt pha in p trn t C mt gc bng
900. Thm vo u2-0-u3-0=u2-3 l in p gia hai im 2 v 3 bn th cp BA nn nu
in p ngun l khng i th u2-3 cng khng i, vy tng hai in p uR v uC l
mt in p khng i. Cc phn t ca s l tuyn tnh nn khi in p ngun u 1 l
hnh sin th cc in p trn R v C cng hnh sin cng tn s. Biu din phng trnh
in p trn dng th vc t (hnh 2.65b) ta c: vc t in p trn R vung gc
vi vc t in p trn t C v tng hai vc t ny lun bng mt vc t khng i l
vc t in p gia hai im 2 v 3. T ta c nhn xt l khi thay i gi tr R hoc
C hoc c hai trong phm vi vn b qua c nh hng ca i G th im mt ca vc
t in p trn R (im 1) s dch chuyn trn mt na ng trn ng knh l vc
t in p u2-3, do vy m vc t in p u0-1 s l vc t c m un khng thay i
(bng bn knh ng trn). T ta suy ra l in p u0-1 (v c u1-0) l in p hnh
sin tn s bng tn s ngun cung cp cho b chnh lu v c bin khng thay i.
y l cc in p iu khin m ta cn to ra. in p iu khin knh pht xung cho
T1 l u0-1 cn ca knh cho T2 l u1-0. Vic hnh thnh cc xung iu khin cc van
nhng thi im bng khng v chuyn sang dng ca cc in p trn c thc
hin bi cc diode DG1 v DG2.
Nguyn l: Ta gi thit ti t0 th u4-5 =0 v bt u chuyn sang dng, T1 bt
u c t in p thun nhng do u0-1 chm pha so vi u4-5 mt gc bng (trn
th vc t hnh 2.62b) nn u0-1 ang m (im 0 m hn im 1), v do vy c dng
in i t im 1 qua RG2- G2-K2-DG1-0. Do DG1 m nn st p trn n bng khng v
in p trn in cc iu khin T1 cng cha c, van T1 cha m. Ti t1=t0+ th

u0-1=0 v bt u chuyn sang dng, bt u xut hin xung dng qua in cc iu

khin ca T1 theo ng t im 0-RG1-G1-K1-DG2-1 v van T1 c 2 iu kin
m, dn n T1 m ti t1=t0+. n thi im t0'=t0+ th u4-5=0 v bt u
chuyn sang m, n t in p thun ln T2 nhng lc ny u1-0 ang m, tc l u0-1
ang dng nn DG2 vn dn dng nn cha c xung iu khin cho T2 v van T2 cha
m. n t2 =t0'+=t1+=t0++ th u1-0=0 v bt u chuyn sang dng, dn
n xut hin xung dng iu khin T2 theo ng: im1-RG2-G2-K2-DG1-im 0, T2
m. Cc chu k sau s lm vic ca s din ra tng t. T hot ng ca s
nh nu ta rt ra kt lun:
Cc van chnh lu trong s m chm so vi thi im m t nhin mt gc
in bng gc chm pha ca u0-1 so vi u2-0 (hoc so vi u4-5), vy gi tr
gc chm pha ny ca u0-1 l gi tr gc iu khin b chnh lu (=).
T s v nguyn l hot ng ta thy rng mun thay i gi tr gc iu
khin th ta thay i tng quan gia u R v uC, iu ny c th thc hin bng
cch thay i hoc R hoc C hoc c R v C. Trong thc t, khi cn phm vi
thay i ca hp th ta gi C=const v thay i trn gi tr R nh dng bin
tr iu chnh trn; khi cn phm vi iu khin rng th ta thc hin thay i C
theo mt s cp v vi mi cp ca C ta iu chnh trn R.
H thng iu khin ny c mt s nhc im nh: phm vi thay i ca
khng rng; rt nhy vi s thay i dng ca in p ngun; kh tng hp
nhiu tn hiu iu khin;..., nn rt t c s dng.
II.4.4 Mach to xung dng dng diode 2 cc gc
II.4.4.1 Gii thiu s lc diode hai cc gc (cn gi l transitor mt tip gip)
Trn hnh 2.66a l s cu trc diode cng cch u cc in p vo diode xy
dng c tnh V-A v khi lm vic. diode c cu to bi mt tip gip bn dn P-N.
T mt phin bn dn si lic ban u loi N ngi ta a tp cht vo mt phn ca n
v hnh thnh mt vng bn dn loi P v ta c tip gip P-N. Vng chuyn tip P-N
chia khi bn dn N lm hai phn khng u nhau. Hai u ca phin bn dn N ngi
ta ly ra 2 in cc l 2 cc gc B1 v B2. T vng bn dn loi P va hnh thnh
ngi ta ly ra in cc th 3 l cc pht E. Hnh1-64b l k hiu qui c diode 2 cc
gc trn s nguyn l mch in. Hnh2.63c l c tnh V-A ca diode hai cc gc.
Khi ta t ln 2 cc gc mt in p U BB c cc tnh nh hnh2.66a (UBB c gi l
in p thin p) th qua phin bn dn N c mt dng in rt nh i t B 2 sang B1 v
dng in ny c gi l dng nh thin. Do r1 cng c gi tr nh nn st p trn n
gy nn bi dng nh thin c th b qua. Khi ngun uE (c gi ngun in p
pht) bng khng th qua cc pht E c mt dng in ngc c gi tr bng IE0 rt nh
(lc uEB1=uE-ur2=uE=0). Khi cho mt gi tr uE>0 nhng nh th dng ngc cc
pht gim, tng uE th dng ngc tip tc gim v khi uE t gi tr UE0 th iE=0. Nu
tip tc tng uE th xut hin dng thun qua cc pht, chng no m u E cn nh hn
UEmax (tc l uEB1 cng nh hn UEmax v ta ang b qua st p trn r1 ang rt nh) th
dng cc pht vn c gi tr rt nh. Khi tng uE t n gi tr UEmax th trong diode

xy ra qu trnh t bin: dng qua diode tng cn in p gia E v B 1 gim, diode

chuyn sang lm vic trn on c tnh DT vi in p u EB1 nh cn dng qua cc
pht v cc gc B1 ln. Khi diode lm vic trn on c tnh ny th gn nh ton b
in p uE t ln r1, lc ny ta ni diode ang trng thi m. Cn khi diode lm
vic trn on c tnh A-B-C th dng qua cc pht v cc gc B1 khng ng k, ta
c th b qua v xem nh bng khng v trng thi lm vic ny c gi l trng thi
kho (cha m) ca diode 2 cc gc. Khi diode ang lm vic trn on c tnh DT,
nu ta gim in p ngun pht u E th dng iE v in p uEB1 cng u gim, song in
gim rt t, khi im lm vic tin gn n im D th dng qua cc pht v cc gc B1
gim xung rt nh, lc ny st in p trn r1 gn bng khng v ta b qua, vy trong
trng hp th uEB1 li bng uE. Khi gim uE xung bng UEmin th im lm vic
ca diode l im D, nu tip tc gim uE th im lm vic ca diode s chuyn sang
on
c
iE
T uBB=0 (nt t)
+
r2
tnh
B2
AB v
uBB>0 (nt
B2
lin)
diode
E
E
chuy
P N
UBB
iE
IEmin
U
Emin
D
n t
uEB1
C
0
m
B1
uE uEB1
B1
A
sang
UE0 B UEmax
b
r1
-IE0
kho.

a
Hnh 2.66

**Kt lun:
Khi diode 2 cc gc ang kho, mun m diode ta tng in p u E n gi tr
UEmax.
Khi diode 2 cc gc m, mun chuyn diode sang trng thi kho th ta
gim in p uE xung UEmin .
Theo cc ti liu th:
UEmax=.UBB+U, vi l h s cu to ca diode, =0,450,9; U l
st in p trn mt tip gip P-N ca bn dn si-lic c 0,50,7V.

UEmin c 1,5 n 2 V, nhng khi xt nguyn l hot ng th cho n

gin trong nhiu trng hp ta gi thit xem U Emin=0.
Khi khng t in p thin p hoc U BB=0 th c tnh V-A ca diode 2 cc
gc ging nh ca diode thng (ng nt t trn hnh 2.66c). Thng thng vi
cc diode 2 cc gc hin nay th ngun UBB nm trong khong t 15V n 30V .
II.4.4.2 Mch pht xung dng diode 2 cc gc
S mt mch pht xung n gin dng diode 2 cc gc nh hnh2.67a v th
minh ho s lm vic ca s cho trn hnh2.67b.
Ta c nguyn l lm vic ca s nh sau:
Gi thit ti t=0 bt u ng ngun U cc (trc th uc=0) th diode 2 cc gc
c cp in p nh thin, ng thi t C cng c np in bi U cc qua in tr R.
in p trn t C tng dn theo biu thc: uc= (1-e-t/R.C).Ucc, m in p trn C t vo
cc pht v gc B1 qua R1, nh vy uc ng vai tr ngun uE, nn khi uc t n gi tr
UEmax th D (diode 2 cc gc) m v t C s phng in qua mch cc pht E v cc
gc B1,qua R1. Do D ang m nn in p uEB1 rt nh, lc trn R1 ta c mt xung
in p ra ura=uc-uEB1uc. Khi in p trn t gim xung bng u Emin th D kho li, mt
in p ra (ura=0) v t C li c np. Qu trnh c din ra lp i lp li nh vy
mang tnh cht chu k vi thi gian mt chu k:
Tck R.C.ln[1/ (1-)].
s c th t do dao ng th phi m bo iu kin:
Rmin < R < Rmax
Trong :
Rmin= (Ucc-UEmin)/IEmin v Rmax= (Ucc-UEmax)/IE1, vi IE1 l gi tr dng
cc pht tng ng vi im C trn c tnh V-A ca diode, thng t 0,5 n
20 A.
u
+
R2

uc
R1

uc

0
ura

Ucc

UEmax
UEmin

ura

t1

t2

t2 '

t3

Tck
t

0
t1

t1 '

t2

t1 '

t2 '

t3

Nhn xt: Mch pht

Hnh 2.67
xung ny tng i
n gin, xung ra trong mt s trng hp m cc thyristor cng sut nh. Tuy
vy vi s nh va xt th cha th p dng iu khin b chnh lu v tn s
xung ph thuc vo thng s cc linh kin trong s , thi im xut hin xung u
tin ph thuc vo thi im ng ngun cung cp cho mch pht xung. Cng t nhn
xt ny ta thy rng nu cung cp cho s bi mt ngun in p dng xung m tt
nht l xung ngun hnh ch nht vi tn s bng tn s ngun cung cp cho b chnh
lu v thi im u ca mi xung ngun trng hoc lch mt gc xc nh so vi thi

im m t nhin ca van c iu khin t mch pht xung ny th thi im xut

hin xung ra u tin trong mi chu k xung ngun (cng l chu k ngun cung cp
cho b chnh lu) cng s lch mt gc xc nh so vi thi im m t nhin i vi
van chnh lu v c th thay i c gc lch ny bng cch thay i thng s s
hoc dng np t. Trong thc t to ra cc xung ngun dng ch nht nh nu
tng i phc tp, nhng ngi ta c th to ra cc xung ngun gn dng hnh thang
mt cch d dng (s sau), v dng ngun ny cng c th s dng c.
II.4.4.3 Mch pht xung iu khin thyristor trong s chnh lu
dng diode 2 cc gc
* *
u1

R1

D2
u2

uD D
2
1

-u

+
k

uD2
R2

Tr

R3
UJT
BAX

BA
uc

C D
3

D4
uk

* *

Hnh 2.68
Gii thiu s
:
BA l my bin p dng cp ngun cho mch pht xung v ng thi m
nhn chc nng ng b ho (tc l to ra ngun dng xung vi tn s bng tn s lm
vic ca van chnh lu v trng hoc lch mt gc xc nh so vi thi im m t
nhin i vi van). in p u1 t vo cun s cp BA l in p ngun cung cp cho
b chnh lu, y in p cun th cp u2 s trng pha vi u1 .
D1 l diode chnh lu bin in p xoay chiu hnh sin u2 thnh in p mt
chiu dng na sng hnh sin.
in tr hn ch R1 kt hp vi diode n p D2 l mt mch n nh in p.
Do in p vo mch n p c dng nhng na sng hnh sin phn dng nn: giai
on u v cui ca xung in p u D1 khi uD1<U0 (U0 l gi tr n p ca diode n p
D2) th D2 cha lm vic, b qua st p trn R1 gy nn bi dng cp cho mch pht
xung trong cc khong ny c gi tr rt nh th in p u ra mch n p u D2=uD1.
Trong nhng khong m u D1U0 th D2 lm vic v in p trn n khng i v bng
gi tr n nh uD2=U0. Vy dng in cung cp cho mch pht xung (=uD2) l dng
xung hnh thang v nu gi thit l thi im t nhin i vi van c iu khin bi
mch pht xung ny l cc thi im bng khng v bt u chuyn sang dng ca u2
th thi im u mi xung ngun trng vi cc thi im ny
np in cho t C ta thay bin tr R trong s trc bng mch to dng
np n nh v iu khin c bi in p iu khin uk, mch ny gm: transitor Tr,
bin tr hiu chnh R2, ngun in p iu khin uk .
Mch ly xung ra ta thay bng my bin p xung BAX. Diode 2 cc gc
trn s k hiu l UJT.
Nguyn l hot ng ca s nh sau:

u
Ti t=0 th u2=0, bt u chuyn
sang dng nn D1 m v c in p
uD1
cung cp cho mch pht xung. T C
U0
uD2
bt u c np bi dng in c gi
tr n nh nn in p trn t tng
t
0
theo qui lut tuyn tnh. Khi uc=UEmax
th UJT m, t C phng in qua UJT
u
uD2
v cun s cp BAX lm xut hin U0
xung bn th cp BAX v n c UEmax
uc
UEmin
t
a qua D4 n in cc iu khin
0
ca thyristor. Khi uc gim xung bng
ukT
t
UEmin th UJT kho li, t C ngng
0
phng in v li c np, cn diode

D3 dng kh xung in p m khi

Hnh 2.69
UJT kho. Tu thuc gi tr dng np
t m trong thi gian mt xung in p ngun (mt na chu k in p xoay chiu) c
th xut hin mt hoc mt s xung u ra. Gc iu khin c xc nh bi thi
im xut hin xung iu khin u tin (nh hnh2.69).
Vi mch pht xung trn y th phm vi thay i ca gc iu khin <180 0 v
xung ra ch c cht lng khi n nm trong vng in p u D2 U0 .
II.4.4.4 Mch in thay th diode 2 cc gc bng transitor
Trong mt s trng hp m bo khc phc s c,
+
a b chnh lu vo lm vic. Lc nu mch pht
R
R2
xung hng UJT khng c linh kin thay th ta c th
Tr1
Ucc
dng hai transitor khc loi u theo s hnh 2.70.
R3
Tr2
Lc cn phi tnh chn cc in tr m
C
bo c s tng ng mc nht nh.
ura
R1
Trong s ny Tr1 l loi transitor P-N-P
Hnh 2.70
(thun), cn Tr2 l
+Ucc
R3
transitor loi
uk1
R6
R19
Tr1
U0
Tr2
N-P-N (ngc).
R1
R2
Tr4
**
U0
II.4.5 Mch iu
uA
uba
uba C1
khin BB o
1
Tr3 R7
R4
BAa
chiu
ub3
urc
R5
C2
uC
II.4.5.1 Mch iu
Knh pht xung cho T4 v
2
T10
khin BB o
-Ucc
chiu iu khin
R11
phi hp tuyn tnh
R12
+
R20

R13

R10
uk

R8
R9

IC1
+

IC2
-

ukth
R14
R15
ukn
g

R16
R17
R18

Hnh 2.71

IC3
+

D1

ura1

D2

ura2

R21

 iu khin cc BB o chiu theo phng php iu khin ny ngi ta ch yu

ch s dng nguyn tc khng ch pha ng. Mch iu khin BB ny v c bn c
cc khi hon ton tng t nh mch iu khin BB khng o chiu nghin
cu. im khc duy nht ca n cng l im c bit ca h thng iu khin ny l
mch phi pht xung iu cho c hai s chnh lu v m bo sao cho tng gc
iu khin hai s chnh lu lun bng 1800. Cc phn mch khc ca h thng iu
khin BB o chiu iu khin phi hp tuyn tnh cng tng t nh ca h thng
iu khin BB khng o chiu. m bo cho 1+ 2=1800 th ngi thc hin
ngay trong hai khi u ca h thng iu khin v cng c th thc hin bi vic gia
cng in p iu khin uk. Sau y ta s nghin cu mt v d v knh pht xung
iu khin cho hai van T1 v T7 trong BB o chiu theo s hnh 2.40.
S mch iu khin biu din trn hnh 2.71, y ta ch biu din phn
ng b ho-to in p rng ca v khi so snh, cn cc phn mch cn li th c th
s dng cc mch tng t nh mch iu khin BB khng o chiu. Trong s
ny ta s dng mch dch pha R-C bng R1, R2, C1 dch in p ly bn cun dy
th cp my bin p ng b BAa i mt gc 300 v nh vy in p uba1 s c thi
im bng khng v bt u chuyn sang na chu k dng trng vi thi im m t
nhin i vi T1 v T7 trong s mch ng lc (hnh 2.40). Nguyn l hot ng
ca s ny nh sau:

Ta gi thiy l ti t=0 th uba1=0 v bt u chuyn sang dng, ch sau thi

im ny mt khong thi gian rt ngn th u ba1 t gi tr bng st p trn tip gip
gc-pht khi m ca transitor Tr1 v lc Tr1 s m bo ho. Tr1 m th tr2 kho nn
Tr3 cng kho v t C2 s c np bi dng cc gp ca Tr4. Do cch mc Tr4 nh s
ta c dng cc gp Tr4 khng i (ik4Ucc/R6=const), v vy in p trn C2 tng
theo qui lut tuyn tnh. n t th uba1 khng lm m Tr1 nn Tr1 kha li, dn
n Tr2 m lm cho Tr3 m v t C2 s phng in qua Tr3 n in p bng khng v
s duy tr gi tr bng khng cho n u na chu k dng tip theo ca u ba1 th Tr1
li m v t li c np. Trong s ny thng th ngi ta hiu chnh gi tr R 6
cho bin in p trn C2 bng Ucc. in p rng ca l in p gia cc gp Tr4 so
vi im chung (mt) v n bng: urc=-Ucc+uC2. in p rng ca ny s dng chung
cho c hai knh pht xung cho T1 v T7 trong BB o chiu, n c a vo c hai
mch so snh bng IC2 (cho T1) v IC3 (cho T2). Trn u vo cc mch so snh cn
c t mt in p n nh U0 ly t mch phn p bng R19 v cc in p iu
khin, gi tr U0 c iu chnh bng mt na bin in p rng ca cho ng
cong in p tng hp trn u vo
mch so snh khi in p iu khin uba
bng khng ct trc honh ti t=/2, 1
ub
5/2,.... in p iu khin cc knh
t
0
e
pht xung cho b chnh lu thun

2
ub
c ly bng in p iu khin
e
chung (ukth=uk), cn in p iu
ik
khin cc knh pht xung cho b 1 0

t
2

chnh lu ngc c ly t u ra b ub3

t
0
khuch i o vi h s khuch i
uC2 /2
bng 1, m tn hiu vo l in p
UC2max=Uc

iu khin chung, vy ukng=-uk. S

0
t
c
2
lm vic ca mch so snh c th ur

hin trn th hnh 1-70. T th ta c 0

t
thy rng:
Nu uk>0 (tc l -ukth=- Uccu
-ukng
urc+U0
uk<0) th 1=/2- </2, cn

0
t
2=/2+>/2
Nu uk<0 (tc l -ukth=ukt
uk>0) th 1=/2+ >/2, ura
h
1
3

1
cn 2=/2-</2
1
2
t
Nhng ta lun lun c ura2

2

2
1+2=, c ngha rng tn hiu iu
t
2
khin van ca hai b chnh lu thun
Hnh 2.72
v ngc tun theo ng qui lut ca

phng php iu khin phi hp tuyn tnh BB o chiu. i vi cc cp van khc

ta cng c cc mch tng t, chng khc nhau ch l pha ca in p ng b.
II.4.5.2 Mch iu khin BB o chiu ng dng phng php iu khin ring
Khi iu khin cc BB o chiu theo phng php iu khin ring th mch pht
xung cho cc b chnh lu hon ton tng t nh mch pht xung iu khin BB
khng o chiu. Tuy nhin m bo s o chiu din ra nhanh nht v an ton th
ngi ta thng s s dng mt mch lgic thc hin khng ch qu trnh o
chiu. Trong phn ny ta ch gii thiu v mch lgic khng ch qu trnh o chiu.
Mch lgic ny hot ng trn nguyn tc:
Khi mt b chnh lu (v d b thun ) ang lm vic, cn o chiu dng ti ta
phi ct b chnh lu ang lm vic (thun ) v pht xung cho b chnh lu kia (b
ngc) a n vo lm vic. thc hin qu trnh ta ch cn pht lnh o
chiu (v d khi cho b thun lm vic ta t in p ch o dng, khi cn o chiu
dng ti ta chuyn in p ch o sang m v ngc li), mch lgic s t ng thc
hin cc cng vic cn thit m bo qu trnh din ra nhanh nht nhng m bo
an ton. m bo c iu th mch lgic phi thc hin mt s cng vic c
bn nh sau: Khi nhn c lnh o chiu th u tin mch lgc phi pht ra tn
hiu ct xung iu khin ca b ang lm vic chuyn n sang ch ngh, da vo
tn hiu kim tra trng thi dn dng ca cc van nhn bit c thi im tt c
cc van ngng dn dng v mch s t ng duy tr mt khong thi gian ngng dng
(thi gian tr) m bo cc van phc hi tnh cht iu khin ri mi pht tn
hiu khng ch cho php mch pht xung cho b chnh lu khc lm vic v phi duy
tr ch lm vic ca b chnh lu cho n khi c lnh o chiu hoc dng.
Mch in kim tra trng thi dn ca cac van thng s dng cc dng c quangbn dn v n m bo s cch ly tt v in gia mch ng lc v mch iu khin
b chnh lu, cc dng c thng s dng l photo-transitor hoc TO (photo-triac).
Mt s s chuyn mch lgc c gii thiu trong phn ph lc.
II.4.5.3 Hm truyn b chnh lu
Khi nghin cu s lm vic ca s chnh lu ngi ta thy rng: Khi ta tc ng
n tn hiu iu khin iu chnh in p u ra th thng thng tn hiu ra thay
i chm hn tn hiu vo mt thi gian no (xem hnh 2.73).
T th ta thy r rng: Sau khi ta thay i gi tr tn hiu iu khin u
vo khu so snh (gi thit l nghin cu vi trng hp iu khin b chnh lu theo
nguyn tc pha ng) c mt khong thi gian bng hay qui ra gc in bng
th h thng mi bt u pht xung vi gi tr gc iu khin mi (2). iu ny c
ngha rng tn hiu u ra (in p chnh lu) thay i chm hn tn hiu vo (in p
iu khin mch pht xung) mt thi gian bng . Vy theo l thuyt iu khin t
ng ta c hm truyn b chnh lu c
Thi im thay
iu khin WT (p) l:
i gi tr uk
urc
u
-.P
Uk1
WT (p)=KT.e KT/ (1+.p) .
uk
Uk2

t
0

Thi im gc iu
khin thay i

Hnh 2.73

Gi tr ca ph thuc vo gi tr tnh hiu iu khin trc khi thay i (U k1),

hng thay i (tng hay gim) v gi tr tn hiu iu khin mi (U k2). Gi tr ca
c th tin n 0 v cng c th tin n T/q (T l thi gian mt chu k in p ngun
xoay chiu cung cp cho s chnh lu). Trong tnh ton ngi ta thng chn gi tr
ca bng trung bnh cng gia gi tr max v gi tr min, vy thng ly =T/ (2.q).
KT l h s khuch i ca b chnh lu, n l mt i lng phi tuyn. Trong tnh
ton gn ng ta xem K T l hng s v tm bng cch tuyn tnh ho c tuyn U d=f
(uk).
II.5 Tnh cht iu khin ca b chnh lu (tham Kho ti liu)
II.6 Bo v b chnh lu
II.6.1 Khi nim chung
S chnh lu c iu khin cng l mt thit b in cho nn khi s hot ng
cng c th pht sinh cc trng hp s c v i hi phi c cc trang thit b bo v.
Ngoi ra do nhng c trng ring ca cc phn t s dng trong b chnh lu, nht l
cc van chnh lu c iu khin m cn thit phi trang b thm mt s loi bo ring
cho b chnh lu. Khi s chnh lu lm vic, cc tc nhn c th gy hng van v
nh hng n s lm vic bnh thng ca s l:
Nhit cc van qu gi tr cho php.
Qu gi tr dng in qua van do qu ti hay ngn mch hoc qu tc tng
ca dng qua van.
Qu in p trn van v gi tr hoc tc tng.
cho cc s chnh lu lm vic an ton v m bo tui th cc van ta
phi trang b cc thit b bo v cho b bin i .
II.6.2 Bo v qu nhit v qu dng
II.6.2.1 Bo v qu nhit
Khi cc van chnh lu lm vic th thc t l trn van c mt st in p nn s
c mt tn tht cng sut. Ton b tn tht cng sut trn van c bin thnh nhit v
nung nng cu trc bn dn ca van lm tng nhit ca n. cho cc van khng
b pht nng qu nhit cho php ta s dng cc bin php truyn nhit sinh ra trong
cu trc ca van khi lm vic ra mi trng xung quanh (thng gi l tn nhit hay
lm mt) bng mt s bin php sau:
Dng cnh tn nhit bng nhm hoc bng ng (thng dng nhm v r v
nh) i vi cc trng hp dng nh.
Dng cnh tn nhit bng nhm hoc ng kt hp qut gi lm mt cho cc
trng hp dng nh v trung bnh.
Dng cnh tn nhit bng nhm hoc ng kt hp bm cht lng lm mt cho
cc trng hp dng trung bnh v ln, cht lng c s dng c th l nc ct khi
in p lm vic thp hoc l du cch in khi in p lm vic cao.
II.6.2.2 Bo v qu dng
a/- Bo v qu ti

 bo v qu ti cho b chnh lu ta cng s dng r le nhit hoc p-t-mt c c

cu ct theo nhit nh cc thit b in khc.
b/- Bo v ngn mch
bo v ngn mch cho b chnh lu ta s dng cu ch tc ng nhanh (ct nhanh)
hoc p-t-mt c c cu ct nhanh (in t) .
c/- Bo v qu tc tng ca dng qua van diT/dt
Trong trng hp xy ra qu diT/dt i vi van th ta ni tip vi cc van cc in cm
thng c gi tr nh. Thc t th cc in cm ny thng c mc ni tip trong
mch ngun xoay chiu. Khi s chnh lu c s dng bin p cung cp th ch cn
chn my bin p c in p ngn mch phn trm ln (t 7% n 10%) l bo
v qu diT/dt cho cc van.
II.6.3 Bo v qu in p cho cc van b bin i
II.6.3.1 Cc nguyn nhn gy nn qu p cho cc van
a/- Cc qu in p pht sinh t bn ngoi b bin i (BB)
y l cc qu in p pht sinh do tc ng ca cc thit b ng ct v bo v li
in v cc hin tng mi trng (st). Cc nghin cu cho thy rng trong cc
li in 220-380V c th pht sinh qu p n 45 ln in p li, cn cc li
in c in p cao hn c th xut hin qu p n 3 ln in p li.
b/- Cc qu in p bn trong c c trng khng lp li
y l cc qu in p xut hin lin quan n s lm vic ca s BB nhng
khng lp i lp li. Cc qu in p ny thng do mt s nguyn nhn sau:
Do ng my bin p cung cp cho b bin i vo li in xoay chiu trong
trng hp in p s cp ln hn nhiu so vi in p ra bn th cp.
Khi ni BB vi ngun xoay chiu (do tc tng ca in p v cc dao ng
k sinh gy nn).
Ct my bin p cung cp cho BB ch khng ti hoc ti nh (do s bin
i t ngt ca t trng khi mt dng t ho t ngt).
Tc ng ca cc thit b bo v dng khi qu ti hoc ngn mch.
c/- Cc qu in p bn trong c c trng lp li
y cng l cc qu in p xut hin lin quan n s lm vic ca BB nhng
lp i lp li mang tnh chu k, n thng do:
Qu p do cng hng: Khi trong s BB c mt mch vng no c tn
s cng hng ring trng vi tn s mt sng hi no ca dng ti hoc ngun s
xut hin hin tng cng hng v gy qu p cho cc van.
Qu p do qu trnh chuyn mch dng in cc van: Qu in p dng ny c
th xut hin c khi m v kho van v mang tnh chu k. y l dng qu p pht
sinh trong tt c mi s v mi ch lm vic v c th gy qu p c v gi tr
cng nh tc thay i duT/dt.
II.6.3.2 Tc ng ca qu in p i vi cc van chnh lu

i vi cc van bn dn, c bit l cc van c iu khin (thyristor) th s vt qu

gi tr cho php c v tr s v tc thay i duT/dt u c th gy nn hng van,
ngay c khi thi gian qu p l rt ngn (c s). Do vy trong s BB buc phi c
cc thit b bo v trnh cho cc van khng b qu in p.
II.6.3.3 Cc phng php mc thit b bo v qu p v tnh ton
a
A

MC1
*

B
C

MC

B
A

T1

T3

T6

Rd
Ld

T2

Ed

c
a

R1

R1

C1

T5
ud

T4
a

id

T*
R2
C2

C R
c
d
b
Trn hnh 2.74 biu
din mch ng lc
Hnh 2.74
ca mt s chnh
lu cu ba pha v cc phng php ni cc thit b bo v qu p. bo v qu in
p cho cc van trong s BB ngi ta s dng cc mch R-C mc theo mt s s
khc nhau. tnh ton gi tr ca R v C ngi s
K
dng s thay th hnh 2.75. Cc gi tr R v C tnh
2
K R
K
3
c tng ng vi trng hp mch bo v R-C mc E
1
C
theo s hnh2.74e (mc song song vi mi van). Khi
L
2
s dng s khc th ta tnh ton li cc gi tr R1,C1
Hnh 2.75
v R2, C2 theo cc cng thc sau:
R1=R/2;
C1=2C
R2=3R/2;
C2=2C/3
Trong s thay th hnh 2.74 th E l ngun s.. s dng tnh ton v
trong mt s trng hp th E l qu p pht sinh bn ngoi truyn vo BB; L l tng
in cm trong mch vng gy nn qu p, L thay i tu tng trng hp qu p; cc
cng tc K1, K2, K3 l cc kho ng hoc ct phc v cho tnh ton trong tng
trng hp c th, v d tnh ton vi trng hp qu p do thit b bo v ngn
mch tc ng th ta thc hin cho K2 kn, K3 h, ng K1 dng trong mch (qua
K1) tng ln, khi dng t gi tr tc ng ca thit b bo v dng ngn mch th ng
thi ct K1, K2 v ng K3 v bt u tnh ton vi mc thi gian t=0 t thi im ny.
in p gia 2 im 1 v 2 l in p t ln van.

Cc gi tr R v C c th tm trong cc ti liu tham kho khc nhau. Trong mt

s trng hp ngi ta c th p dng cc cng thc kinh nghim, tuy kt qu khng
chnh xc lm nhng cng c th chp nhn c m qu trnh tnh ton li n gin.
**Ch : -Tr hai trng hp qu p do ni BB vi li dng xoay chiu v do qu
1
trnh chuyn mch th tt c cc qu in p do cc nguyn nhn khc c th s dng
mt trong 3 s mc mch bo v l hnh 2.74b, d hoc e.
Qu p do ni BB vi li
Ua/Up
10
dng xoay chiu th phi s dng cc 8
6
H
mch R-C mc theo s hnh 2.74c 4
(mc hnh sao c trung tnh ni t).
2
Qu p do qu trnh chuyn 1
08
mch th phi s dng cc mch R-C 0,6
mc song song vi mi van 0,4
G
(hnh2.74e). Cc thng s R v C vi 0,2
F
trng hp ny c ti u ho, 0,1
0,1
0,2
0,4 0,6 0,8 1
2
4 6 8 10
bng my tnh in t ngi ta lp
Hnh 2.76
ra mt s quan h cho php xc nh
gi tr ti u ca R v C (hnh2.76).
Ta c cc quan h: Ua/Up; G=b/ 0; H= 0Uk ph thuc vo F,
Trong F= (I. L/C )/Uk; b=R/ (2L) biu din bi cc ng cong hnh 2.76.
Trong Uk < Up l in p chuyn mch, cn I l gi tr dng qua ti ti thi im
din ra chuyn mch, Ua bin qu p, Up bin in p ngun.
T gi tr qu p cho php lp li Un ta chn Ua/Up,theo hnh 1-69 ta tm c F
v t gi tr ca F tm c G,H .
Cui cng xc nh c:
C=L (I/UpF)2; R=2G L/C ; 0=1/ LC ; duT/dt = H.Up. 0

CHNG 3
B BIN I IN P XOAY CHIU THNH XOAY CHIU
(B bin i in p pha)
III.1. Khi nim chung
Trong k thut in c nhiu trng hp cn phi bin i mt in p xoay chiu gi
tr khng i thnh in p xoay chiu c gi tr iu chnh c. bin i mt in
p xoay chiu thnh in p xoay chiu cng tn s nhng c gi tr khc th ph bin
nht l dng my bin p. My bin p c u im l kt cu gn, lm vic tin cy,
bn cao v nu in ngun c dng hnh sin th in p ra cng c dng hnh sin. Tuy
vy my bin p cng c nhc im l kh thc hin thay i trn in p ra, nht l
trong trng hp cng sut trung bnh v ln, iu ny cng hn ch kh nng s dng
my bin p trong mt s trng hp. Khi yu cu iu chnh trn in p ra trong
phm vi rng, c bit l khi cng sut trung bnh v ln th ngi ta s dng mt
BB khc c gi l BB xoay chiu-xoay chiu hay BB in p pha. BB xoay
chiu-xoay chiu l thit b bin i in nng s dng cc dng c bn dn c iu
khin. Nguyn tc hot ng ca BB l s dng tnh cht c iu khin ca cc dng
c bn dn ct i mt phn trong mi na chu k ca in p ngun xoay chiu
hnh sin lm cho in p ra c gi tr hiu dng nh hn in p ngun. BB ny c
u im l kt cu cng gn nh, hiu sut cao, lm vic tin cy, c kh nng iu
chnh trn in p ra trong phm vi rng vi mi cp cng sut. Nhng BB ny cng
c mt s nhc im l tin cy khng bng my bin p, thit b iu khin tng
i phc tp, b hn ch v cng sut do kh nng chu dng v p ca cc dng c
bn dn b gii hn, v c bit l khi in p ngun hnh sin th in p ra khng cn
dng hnh sin na.
Cc BB xoay chiu-xoay chiu c ng dng trong mt s trng hp nh
sau:
iu khin tc ca cc ng c xoay chiu khng ng b cng sut nh
bng phng php thay i in p ngun cung cp cho mch stato ca ng c.
Khi ng cc ng c xoay chiu khng ng b r to lng xc cng sut
trung bnh v ln.
Cung cp cho cun s cp ca my bin p tng p khi c yu cu iu chnh
trn in p ra, v d my bin p cung cp cho b nn in cao p cp cho l tn s
dng n pht in t loi 3 cc.
III.2. B bin i in p xoay chiu thnh xoay chiu mt pha
III.2.1 Cc s BB in p xoay chiu thnh in p
xoay chiu mt pha (BB in p pha mt pha)
Trn cc hnh 3.1 l cc s mch ng lc BB in p pha mt pha. Hnh 3.1a l
s dng 2 Thyristor mc song song ngc. Hnh 3.1b l s dng 2 diode v 2
Thyristor vi mc ch l cho katt 2 Thyristor ni chung. Hnh 3.1c l s dng

triac, triac l dng c bn dn cho dng in qua c hai chiu nhng iu khin c,
v phn ng lc th n tng ng nh 2 Thyristor mc song song ngc nhng ch
c mt in cc iu khin nn kt cu gn hn dng 2 Thyristor mc song song
ngc c v mch lc cng nh mch to tn hiu iu khin. Hnh 3.1e l s BB
xoay chiu-xoay chiu 1 pha khng i xng, trong s ny ta s dng mt diode v
mt Thyristor nn khi s lm vic trong ng cong in p trn ti c thnh phn
mt chiu, v vy s ny ch s dng cung cp cho loi ph ti s dng c c
in p mt chiu v in p xoay chiu v d nh l dy in tr ca l in tr.
T1

T1

T2

D2

D1

it

it

ung

T2

ut

Zt

ung

ut

Zt

it

ung

D
ut

Zt

d
T

ung

it
ut

Zt

it

ung

ut

Zt

Hnh 3.1
hiu
r nguyn l
lm vic ca BB ta xt nguyn l hot ng ca mt s (v d: s hnh 3.1a)
trong trng hp n gin nht l khi ti thun tr.
Gi thit in p ngun nh th hnh 3.2a, th tn hiu iu khin ca T1
v T2 nh hnh 3.2b v hnh 3.2c.
th in p ngun ung; in p iu khin cc van ukT1, ukT2; in p v dng
trn ti ut, it c biu din trn cc th hnh 3.1. in p trn ph ti l in p
xoay chiu khng hnh sin c gi tr hiu dng nh hn in p ngun v gi tr hiu
dng in p trn ti s cng nh khi gc cng tng. Sng hi bc nht in p ti c
tn s bng tn s ngun cung cp .
Gc trong BB ny c gi l gc iu chnh hay iu khin.
III.2.2 Dng in v in p trn ph ti ca BB xoay chiu-xoay chiu 1 pha

III.2.2.1 Biu thc dng ti tng qut

nghin cu dng v p trn ti ta sdng s
dng 2 Thyristor mc song song ngc nh hnh 3.3.
Do tnh i xng ca s nn ta ch cn xt
trong thi gian mt na chu k v suy ra na chu k
kia. Ta gi thit cho s lm vic vi mt gc iu
chnh , chn mc thi gian xt t=0 l thi im
truyn xung iu khin n m mt van ca s , v
d l m T1. Lc do T1 m nn uT1=0 v ta c
phng trnh vi phn:

T1
A

B
it
T2

ung

ut

Zt

Hnh 3.3

Rt.it + Lt.dit/dt = Um.sin(t+)

(3-1)

gii phng trnh vi phn (3-1) ta t:

i*=it/Im=it/(Um/Rt)=Rt.it/Um;

=Lt/Rt

(3-2)

Trong i : l gi tr tng i dng ph ti; Im l gi tr cc i dng ti khi

Lt=0, n c chn lm i lng c bn; l hng s thi gian mch ti. Th (3-2)
vo (3-1) ta c phng trnh:
i* + .di*/dt = sin(t+)

(3-3)

T nguyn l s b ca BB nu trong mc trc ta c nhn xt rng: Nu

dng qua ti l lin tc th hai van trong s phi lun phin thay nhau lm vic, lc
nu ta b qua st p rt nh trn Thyristor dn dng th in p gia 2 im A v B
trn s hnh 3.3 lun lun bng khng (v lun c mt trong hai van dn dng), do
vy in p trn ti lun lun bng in p ngun. Mun c in p trn ti khc in
p ngun th phi ct i mt phn trong mi na chu k in p ngun, iu ny c
ngha l dng qua ti phi gin on. Nh vy loi tr trng hp in p ra trng vi
in p ngun th ch lm vic ca BB in p pha l ch dng gin on, tc
l ti thi im bt u m van th dng qua ti ang bng khng. Gii phng trnh
(3-3) vi iu kin u i*0=i*|( t=0)=0 ta c:
i* (1/ 1 ( )2 ).[sin(t arctg ) sin( arctg ).et / ]

(3-4)

Ta t = arctg l gc lch pha ca sng hi bc nht dng v p trn ti.

Chuyn v n v tuyt i ta c:
it [U m /( Rt . 1 ( )2 )].[sin(t ) sin( ).et / ]

(3-5)

y l biu thc tng qut dng qua ph ti ca BB in p xoay chiu-xoay

chiu mt pha. Sau y ta s tm biu thc dng ti trong mt s trng hp c bit.

III.2.2.2 Dng qua ti khi ti thun tr

Khi ph ti thun tr hoc khi Rt>>Lt th 0 v 0, do vy biu thc dng ti

c dng n gin nh sau:
it =(Um/Rt).sin(t+)
III.2.2.3 Dng qua ti khi ti thun cm
Trong trng hp ph ti thun cm
Rt=0 hoc khi Rt<<Lt, lc ta c
/2 v v do vy e-t/1. T
ta tm c biu thc dng ti ca
trng
hp
ny
l:
it=(Um/Lt).[sin(t+-/2)-sin(/2)]=(Um/Lt).[cos-cos(t+)]
(3-7)

(3-6)

ut(nt m)
mnh)

ut
it

a
>0

ut
it

it(nt

t
2

t
2' 2

'

Ta c th ut v it trong 3 trng b

1
>
hp ph ti l thun tr (a), in tr in

cm (b) v khi ph ti thun cm (c)

ut
c biu din trn cc th hnh 3.4.
it

Nu gi khong thi gian dn dng ca

c
2
1
1 '
mt van trong mt chu k in p ngun

>/2
qui ra gc in l gc dn ca van v
k hiu l th c biu din nh

trn th. Khi ti thun tr =-, khi

Hnh 3.4
ti thun cm th =2(-), cn trng
hp ti in tr-in cm (Rt-Lt) th gc
nm trong khong gii hn bi hai trng hp c bit trn.

2 '

t
2

**Nhn xt:
Khi ph ti ca BB c tnh cht in tr-in cm (Rt-Lt) th ti thi im bng
khng v bt u i du ca in p ngun ung th van lm vic giai on trc
cha kho li m vn tip tc dn dng nh s... t cm trong in cm ph ti Lt, do
vy m gc dn ca van trong trng hp ny ln hn khi ti thun tr nu cng lm
vic vi mt gc iu khin nh nhau. Nu ta k hiu khong thi gian ko di s
dn dng ca van do s... t cm sinh ra trong Lt qui ra gc in l, th gc c
xc nh nh trn th. Do c im ny m khi c tnh ti ca BB thay i th gi
tr hiu dng ca in p ra cng thay i theo mc d ta vn gi nguyn gi tr gc
iu khin .
Gc s tng dn khi gim gc iu khin v khi th t gi tr cc
i v bng . Khi = th gc dn ca van =max=, c ngha rng mi van s dn
dng mt na chu k trong mt chu k in p ngun v nh nu th trong trng
hp ny in p ra trn ti lun lun bng in p ngun. Nu di ca xung iu
khin ln () th khi pht tn hiu iu khin m van vi cc gc iu khin nm
trong khong: 0 th gc dn ca mi van vn l: = max= . in p v dng

in trn ti c dng hnh sin, cc van ca BB lc ny ng vai tr nh mt cng tc

khng tip im m khng cn tc dng iu chnh in p trn ti. Vy vi BB ny
th khi 0 ta khng iu chnh c in p ra trn ti. iu khin c in
p trn ti th gc iu khin ca BB phi tho mn iu kin: 1800 > > .
III.2.2.4 in p trn ph ti BB xoay chiu-xoay chiu
Gi tr tc thi ca in p trn ti c xc nh nh sau: khi c mt van no
trong hai van dn dng th ut=ung, khi c hai van u kho th ut=0. Vy
trong thi gian mt chu k ngun cung cp (bt u tnh t lc m T 1) ta c:
-T t=0t=:

T1 m nn ut=ung.

-T t=t=:

T1 v T2 u kho nn ut=0.

-T t=t=+:

T2 m nn ut=ung.

-T t=+t=2: T1 v T2 u kho nn ut=0.

Gi tr hiu dng ca in p trn ti, k hiu l Ut, c xc nh theo biu
thc:

U t (1/ ) U m2 sin 2 (t )d (t )

(3-8)

Trong :

Ut *

Um l bin in p ngun cung cp cho

BB. Tu thuc vo c tnh cng nh gi tr ph ti
v gi tr ta s xc nh c gi tr gc v thay
vo (2-8) ta s tm c gi tr hiu dng in p trn
ti. Gi tr tng i Ut*=Ut/Ung theo gc iu khin
biu din bng th hnh 3.5.
ng 1 l khi ti thun tr; ng 2 l khi ti
in tr-in cm c gi tr Lt v Rt sao cho
arctg(Lt/Rt) = , cn ng 3 l trng hp ti thun
cm.

1,00
3

0,75
1

0,50

0,25

0,00
0

/4

/2

3/4

Hnh 3.5

III.2.3 Tnh chn van cho BB xoay chiu-xoay chiu

Vic chn v kim tra cc Thyristor cho BB xoay chiu-xoay chiu cng tng t
nh i vi BB xoay chiu-mt chiu (chnh lu) nghin cu trong chng trc.
i vi cc van trong BB ny ta c:
Gi tr trung bnh dng qua van:

ITtb (1/ 2 ) it (t )d (t )

(2-9)

Gi tr hiu dng dng qua van

IT (1/ 2 ) it (t )d (t )
0

(3-10)

Khi tnh chn van ta phi ly gi tr dng qua van ch nng n nht, tc
tng ng khi gc dn ca van l cc i ( = max = ), lc gi tr trung bnh v
hiu dng cc i ca dng cc van l:
ITtbmax=( 2 /).Imax; ITmax=Imax/ 2
Trong : Imax l gi tr hiu dng cc i ca dng ti khi qu ti cho php vi
gi thit Ut*=1 v vi mt ti c th cho.
in p ngc ln nht trn van bng bin in p ngun xoay chiu :
UTthmax = UTngmax=Um=

2 .Ung .

Cc iu kin chn v kim tra cng tng t nh nu trong chng mt.

III.2.4 Bo v BB xoay chiu-xoay chiu
Cc BB xoay chiu-xoay chiu khi lm vic
cng c th xy ra qu dng v p nh cc BB
xoay chiu-mt chiu, v vy ta cng phi trang b
cc bo v nh i vi BB xoay chiu-mt chiu
xt. Trong BB ny bo v qu p cho 2 van
mc song song ngc ta dng mt mch R-C mc
song song vi chng (hnh 3.6), ngoi ra trong mt
s trng hp c th dng thm mch R-C mc
song song vi ngun cung cp.

T1
R

C1 B

ung

R2
C2

it
T2

ut

Zt

Hnh 3.6

III.3. B bin i in p xoay chiu 3 pha

Cc BB in p xoay chiu-xoay chiu 3 pha tu thuc vo ph ti v dng c s
dng m c mt s dng khc nhau nh trn cc s hnh 3.7. S hnh 3.7a v
hnh 3.7b l s dng 3 cp Thyristor mc song song ngc c dy trung tnh v
khng c dy trung tnh (cng c th ni ph ti dng tam gic). Hnh 3.7c v d l cc
s dng triac c v khng c dy trung tnh. Hnh3.7e,g l mt s s BB
khng i xng, cc s ny ch dng iu chnh in p cung cp cho cc ph
ti va c th dng ngun xoay chiu ng thi cng c s dng ngun cung cp mt
chiu (v d ti in tr).

Nguyn l hot
ng ca s BB 3
pha xoay chiu-xoay
chiu c dy trung tnh
hon ton ging nh
nguyn l hot ng ca
3 BB xoay chiu-xoay
chiu mt pha lm vic
c lp vi ph ti tng
pha. Cn nguyn l hot
ng ca s khng c
trung tnh hoc trng
hp ph ti ni dng tam
gic th c phc tp hn.
Trong gii hn chng
trnh ta khng xt chi tit
hot ng ca cc s
ny. Nguyn l hot ng
cc s trn c th xem
trong cc ti liu tham
kho.

A
T1

T2 T3

( S2)

C
T4

T5

O
T6

( S3)

a
ZB

ZA

A
T1

T2 T3

(S1)

( S2)

C
T4

T5

( S3)

B1
ZA

ZC

A1

T1

T2

T3

A1

ZB

B1

ZC

C1

C1
ZC

ZB

T6

ZA

T1

T2

T
3

ZA

c
A

ZB

ZC

(S1)

D2 T3
(S2)

D3

ZB

ZA

d
C

D1 T

T1

T1

(S3)

ZC
C

T3
(S3)

(S1)
T2

III.4. Mch to xung

iu khin

(S1)

ZA

ZB

ZC

ZA

T4
ZB

Hnh 3.7

Khi nim chung:

Cng nh BB xoay chiu-mt chiu, trong BB xoay chiu-xoay chiu ta cng s
dng cc van bn dn c iu khin. V vy cho BB c th lm vic theo yu cu
th cng phi s dng mch pht tn hiu iu khin cho cc van. D l s dng 2
Thyristor mc song song ngc hay s dng triac th trong mt chu k ngun ta
cng phi to ra hai tn hiu iu khin lch nhau mt gc in l 180 0 tng t
nh tn hiu iu khin cc van trong s chnh lu hnh tia 2 pha. Do vy v l
thuyt th c th s dng tt c cc mch pht xung iu cho b chnh lu hnh tia 2
pha pht xung iu khin cho BB xoay chiu-xoay chiu mt pha,v mch iu
khin cho s chnh lu cu 3 pha c th dng pht xung iu khin cho BB
xoay chiu-xoay chiu 3 pha.Tuy nhin cng cn lu mt c tnh quan trng l:
i vi s chnh lu th s i xng ca xung iu khin cc van cng quan
trng nhng khng yu cu kht khe lm. Nhng i vi BB xoay chiu-xoay chiu
th xung iu khin cc van, c bit l ca hai van song song ngc trong cng mt
pha nht l khi ph ti ca BB l thit b ch lm vic c vi ngun cung cp xoay
chiu, v d nh cc ng c in xoay chiu hoc cc my bin p,..., i hi c

ZC

i xng rt cao. l v khi gc iu khin ca 2 van trong cng mt pha khng

hon ton ging nhau th trong ng cong in p trn ti s xut hin thnh phn
mt chiu. Mt khc tng tr ph ti i vi thnh phn in p mt chiu l rt nh
do vy thnh phn dng mt chiu qua ti s rt ln. iu nh hng n s lm
vic ca ph ti v BB, tng tn tht ph v khi s khng i xng ca tn hiu iu
khin vt qu mt gi tr nht nh no (ph thuc trng hp c th) th BB s
khng lm vic c na.
Nh vy ta c th ng dng cc s h thng iu khin BBxoay chiu-mt
chiu pht xung iu khin cho BB xoay chiu-xoay chiu, ch cn lu n vn
i xng ca xung iu khin cc van, do vy y ta s khng xt cc mch iu
khin loi na. Trong mt s trng hp khi khng i hi cht lng cao ca tn
hiu iu khin v phm vi iu khin khng yu cu rng th ta c th s dng cc
mch iu khin n gin gim gi thnh v kch thc BB.
III.4.1 Cc mch iu khin n gin
III.4.1.1 Mch iu khin dng diode-bin tr (D-R).
Ta xt mt s b bin i in p pha mt pha c mch iu khin dng diode-bin
tr nh hnh 3.8. Trong s ny th
ung
R2
T1,T2 l 2 Thyristor ng lc, mch
it
uR2
iu khin cc van ca BB gm cc
D2
ukT2
diode D1, D2, D3.
u
T1

D1

WR

D3

T2

Zt

Nguyn l hot ng ca s
ukT1
uR1
T c tnh V-A ca Thyristor ta thy
D4
R1
rng: Khi gia ant v katt ca
Thyristor ang c t mt in p
Hnh 3.8
thun no , nu ta t vo in cc
iu khin v katt ca n mt in p
iu khin c gi tr t mt tr s nht nh no tr ln th Thyristor s chuyn t
kho sang m. Gi tr in p iu khin nh nht c th lm m Thyristor khi c mt
tr s in p thun c gi l in p iu khin yu cu i vi tr s in p thun
v ta k hiu l ukTyc. Vy khi trn van c mt in p thun no th nu c in
p iu khin uk ukTyc i tr s in p thun th van s m, cn nu c in p
iu khin nhng uk< ukTyc th van khng m. in p thun trn van thay i th gi
tr ukTyc cng thay i theo: in p thun trn van tng th gi tr in p iu khin
yu cu gim,nu in p thun trn van c dng na hnh sin th th u kTyc c dng
nh trn hnh 3.9a. n gin cho vic xt nguyn l lm vic ca s ta tm gi
thit l in p iu khin yu cu khng ph thuc vo tr s in p thun trn van
(nh hnh3.9b). Gi thit nh vy tuy khng ph hp vi thc t nhng khng nh
hng n nguyn l lm vic ca s nn c th chp nhn c trong trng hp
ny. Ta chn mc xt t=0 l thi im ung=0 v bt u chuyn sang dng, gi thit
ti thun tr. Vy ti t=0 th dng ti cng bng khng, lc van T2 va kho v T1
bt u c in p thun, nu T1 cha m th qua D2-WR-R1-Rt ( gi thit Zt=Rt) s

c mt dng in do ngun cung cp to nn v dng in ny gy nn trn R1 mt st

in p m in p ny s c a
u
qua D1 n in cc iu khin ca
a
T1. Vy nu b qua st p trn D1
m th ta c ukT1=uR1. Ta c:
ukTyc
T th ta thy khi > t
t
0: ukT1 < ukTyc v T1 cha m, ti
t= th ukT1= ukTyc, van T1 bt
u
b
u m v s dn dng cho n
t=. Ti t= th ung=0 v bt u
i du nnT1 kho li ,van T2 bt
ukTyc
u c t in p thun,nu T2

cha m th lc ny qua ti (Rt)-D4t

WR-R2 s c dng in do ngun
ut(nt
ung (ng hnh sin )
u
m)
cung cp to nn. St in p trn
R2 bi dng in ny s c
truyn qua D3 n in cc iu
2
t
khin T2 v nu b qua in p trn
c
1

2
D3 m th :
ukT1=uR1=ung.R1/(R1+WR+R
ung.R1/(R1+WR) v
t)
Rt<<WR v Rt<<R1.
ukT2=uR2
=ung.R2/(R2+WR+Rt)
ung.R2/(R2+WR) v Rt<<WR v
ut<<R2.
Mt khc do R1=R2 nn
ukT2 -ung.R1/(R1+WR).

ukT1
d
ukT2

ukTyc
t
1

ukTyc

Hnh 3.9

V vy m trong khong +>t th ukT2< ukTyc nn T2 vn cha m,cho

n t=+ th ukT2= ukTyc v T2 bt u m v dn dng cho n t=2. Trong cc
chu k tip theo s lm vic tng t. C 2 van trong s u m vi mt gi tr
gc iu khin l nh nhau. T nguyn l hot ng nu kt hp vi th hnh
3.9 ta thy rng c th thay i gc iu khin bng cch thay i bin ca in
p tnh theo biu thc: ung.R1/(R1+WR). thc hin ngi ta thng thay i gi tr
bin tr WR. Vi mch iu khin ny th gc iu khin ti a max=/2. Nh vy
mch iu khin nay khng dng c cho trng hp BB lm vic vi ph ti
thun cm (ngay c nhng trng hp in cm ln th cng khng nn s dng v lc
phm vi thay i ca gc iu khin rt hp.

III.4.1.2 Mch iu khin D-R-C

Trong s ny ngi ta thay vo v
tr 2 in tr R1 v R2 ca s trc
bng hai t C1,C2. Nguyn l lm vic
ca s c minh ho trn th
hnh 3.11. T th ta thy rng nh
s dng cc t m gc iu khin cc
i c th t gi tr tng i ln.

ung

C2

T1

D1

uc2

D2

WR

D3

ukT1

it
ukT2
ut

T2 Zt

uc1

D4

C1

Hnh 3.10
u

ukT

ut (nt
m)

ung

ukTyc

b
ukT2

ukTyc

III.4.1.3 Mch iu khin bin tr-diode cho BB 3 pha khng i xng

(s 3 diode, 3 Thyristor)
A
B
C
Nguyn l hot ng ca mch iu
D
D
khin trn hnh 3.12 (phn nt mnh)
D
(S )
T D
(S )
T D
(S )
cng gn tng t vi mch iu khin
bin tr-diode ca BB mt pha xt.
Z
Z
Z
Ch khc l BB trong s ny ch c
3 Thyristor nn kt cu mch gn hn.
Hnh 3.12
Ch l s BB ny ch dng cho
ph ti dng in tr thun, khng c
dng cung cp cho ng c hoc my bin p.
G1

G2

R
DG3
T3

CHNG IV
B BIN I XUNG IN P
(B bin i in p mt chiu thnh mt chiu)
IV.1 Nguyn l bin i v cc phng phng php bin i in p
trung bnh ca b bin i t ln ti
Trong k thut in cng c nhiu trng hp phi thc hin qu trnh bin i mt
in p mt chiu khng i thnh mt in p mt chiu khc c gi tr iu chnh
c trong phm vi rng. thc hin qu trnh bin i ny ngi ta tng s
dng nhiu phng php khc nhau. Phng php bin i cho hiu sut cao, dng
c trong gii cng sut t nh n ln v thc hin iu chnh in p ra mt cch
thun tin nht l s dng cc BB in p mt chiu thnh in p mt chiu, thng
gi tt l BB mt chiu-mt chiu v cng cn c gi l xung in p hoc trong
mt s ti liu khc ngi ta gi l b bm in p. BB mt chiu-mt chiu l thit
b bin i in nng ng dng cc dng c bn dn c iu khin. Nguyn tc hot
ng ca BB c minh ho bng s nguyn tc hnh 4.1.
Trong s ny kho ng ct K c trng cho BB mt chiu-mt chiu; ph
ti gm cc phn t: s.. ph ti Et (cn c gi l sc phn in ng), in tr ti
Rt v in cm ph ti Lt (thng gm t cm ca ti, v d nh in cm cun dy
phn ng ng c mt chiu, v in cm ca cun khng a thm vo mch san
bng dng ti); diode ngc D0 (cn gi l diode khng). in p Ud l in p mt
chiu thng c gi tr khng i dng cung cp cho BB. Dng qua kho ng
ct K ng thi l dng ngun k hiu l id. Dng qua it ngc k hiu l i Do. dng
v p trn ti k hiu l it v ut. in p trn D0 l uDo = -ut ging nh diode khng
trong s chnh lu.
+

ut(nt lin) it(nt t)

Rt
ut

D0

it

Ud

iDo
Ud

ut

it

id

Lt
0
Et

t1
tc

Tck

t2

t3

t4

t5

t6 t7

Tck
b

Hnh 4.1
Nguyn tc hot ng ca BB nh sau: Ngi ta iu khin ng-ct kho K
theo mt chu k no . V d trong khong t t=0 n t=t 1 th ng K, trn ti s
c t in p bng Ud v c dng t ngun qua kho K kn v qua ti. Phng
trnh vi phn xc nh dng qua ti trong giai on ny l:
Rt.it+Lt.dit/dt+Et=Ud
(41)

Dng qua ti s tng t gi tr Imin n bng Imax ti t=t1. Trn D0 c in p

ngc v D0 khng lm vic. Ti thi im t=t 1 ngi ta thc hin ct kho K, in p
ngun mt chiu Ud c tch khi mch ti, s... t cm xut hin trong in cm
ph ti Lt s lm m van D0 v dng ti s c duy tr qua D0. Ph thuc vo ch
lm vic cng nh thng s cc phn t ph ti m c th xy ra 2 ch lm vic
tng t nh vi s chnh lu. Nu gi tr Lt ln, gi tr dng ti khng qu nh
th nng lng tch lu trong Lt giai on K ng duy tr dng ti n thi
im ng li kho K (t=t2), ta c ch dng in ti lin tc (dng dng ti trng
hp ny biu din trn th hnh 4.1b), v dng ti giai on ny s gim dn t Imax
xung bng Imin ti t=t2. Trng hp do Lt qu nh, hoc do dng ti qu nh (ti nh
hoc khng ti) th nng lng tch lu trong Lt khng duy tr dng ti n thi
im ng li kho K, ta c ch dng in ti gin on, khi s lm vic ch
dng ti gin on th dng ti khi ct K s gim dn n bng khng ti mt thi
im t1' no (t1'<t2). Trong giai on t=t1t=t1' th D0 dn dng, b qua st p trn
diode m ta c ut = -uDo= 0. T t=t1' n t=t2 th dng ti bng khng, van D0 kho,
in p trn ti giai on ny l: ut=Et. Phng trnh vi phn tm dng ti khi van
D0 dn dng l:
Rt.it+Lt.dit/dt+Et=0

(4-2)

Thng thng i vi b bin i ny th ngi ta phi tnh ton sao cho khi
BB lm vic bnh thng (dng ti t 0,2 dng ti nh mc tr ln) th BB lm
vic ch dng lin tc. Do vy ta ch yu nghin cu s lm vic ca BB ch
dng ti lin tc.
Ti t=t2 ngi ta li ng kho K nn trn ti li c t in p bng Ud v li
c dng t ngun Ud i vo ti, dng ti li tng, van D0 li b t in p ngc v
kho li. Cc chu k tip theo s hot ng ca s tng t nh xt.
T th in p trn ti ch dng in ti lin tc ta c gi tr trung bnh
ca in p trn ti c xc nh bng biu thc:
td

U tb (1/ Tck ) ut dt
0

U d td
Tck

(4-3)

Trong : t l thi gian mt ln ng kho K, tc l thi gian mt ln ct ca

kho K, Tck l thi gian mt chu k ng ct ca kho K. Nu ta t = t/Tck c
gi l rng xung; f=1/Tck l tn s xung th biu thc in p trung bnh trn ti c
th vit:
Utb = .Ud = Ud.t.f

(4-3a)

Xut pht t cc biu thc (4-3) v (4-3a) ta thy rng c th iu chnh gi tr

trung bnh in p trn ti bng mt s phng php sau:
Gi nguyn thi gian mt chu k ng ct Tck=t+tc v thay i thi gian ng
t, tc l thay i rng xung : c gi l phng php iu chnh xung
rng.

 Gi nguyn thi gian ng t, thay i thi gian chu k Tck, tc l thay i tn

s ng ct f: c gi l phng php iu chnh xung tn.
Thay i c thi ng t v tn s ng ct f: c gi l phng php iu
chnh xung rng-tn.
thc hin chc nng kho ng ct K ta c th s dng cc dng c bn dn
c iu khin, cc dng c c s dng ch yu l Transitor v Thyristor.
Cc kho bng Transitor c kt cu gn hn do c tnh lm vic ca Transitor
l: m khi c tn hiu iu khin yu cu v kho khi mt tn hiu iu khin hoc
c mt tn hiu ngc chiu nh cc gc (c xem nh l cc iu khin). Cc
kho loi ny c u im l d khng ch nhng cng c nhc im l cng sut cn
b hn ch.
Cc kho ng ct bng Thyristor c nhc im l kt cu phc tp hn do
ch Thyristor m khi c tn hiu iu khin nhng li khng kho c bng tn hiu
iu khin ngc chiu (hin nay cng c mt s Thyristor kho c bng tn hiu
iu khin ngc chiu nhng thng l cng sut nh v cha thng dng) m ngun
cung cp cho BB l ngun mt chiu. V vy, i vi kho ng ct bng Thyristor
th cn phi c thm mt s thit b ph chuyn mch Thyristor m ta thng gi l
thit b chuyn mch hay chuyn i.
IV.1.1 Dng v p trn ph ti ca B bin i mt chiu-mtchiu
IV.1.1.1 Biu thc dng ti tng qut dng ti trong ch xc lp
a/- Giai on kho K ng
T phng trnh (4-1) chuyn sang dng ton t Laplace ta c:
p.I(p) - i(0) + a.I(p) = (Ud -Et)/p

(4-4)

Trong : a=Rt/Lt; p l ton t Laplace; I(p) l nh Laplace ca dng ti trong giai

on K ng it; i(0) l gi tr dng ti ti thi im u ca mi ln ng kho K
(chn mc t=0 ti thi im ng K), khi BB lm vic ch xc lp th gi tr ti
thi im u ca khong K ng bng gi tr dng ti ti thi im cui ca khong
K ct v ta k hiu l Imin, tc l:
i(0) = Imin .
Gii (4-4) ta c :
I(p)=(Ud-Et)/[pLt(p+a)]+Imin/(p+a) =a(Ud-Et)/[pRt(p+a)]+Imin/(p+a)
Chuyn sang hm gc ta tm c biu thc dng ti giai on kho K ng l:
it=[(Ud-Et)/Rt].(1-e-at) + Imine-at

(4-5)

b/- Giai on kho K ct

Trong giai on K ct th D0 dn dng, ta c phng trnh xc nh dng ti l
phng trnh (4-2). Chuyn phng trnh (4-2) sang dng ton t Laplace vi mc thi
gian xt t=0 l thi im bt u ct kho K:
p.Ic(p) - ic(0) + a.Ic(p) = -Et/p

(4-6)

Trong : a=Rt/Lt; p l ton t Laplace; Ic(p) l nh Laplace ca dng ti trong

giai on K ct itc; ic(0) l gi tr dng ti ti thi im u ca mi ln ct kho K, khi

BB lm vic ch xc lp th gi tr ti thi im u ca khong K ct bng gi

tr dng ti ti thi im cui ca khong K ng v ta k hiu l I max: ic(0)=Imax.
Gii (4-6) ta c :
Ic(p)= -Et/[pLt(p+a)]+Imax/(p+a) =-a.Et/[pRt(p+a)]+Imax/(p+a)
Chuyn sang hm gc ta tm c biu thc dng ti giai on kho K ct l:
itc=-( Et/Rt).(1-e-at) + Imaxe-at

(4-7)

IV.1.2 Biu thc dng ti ton chu k ng ct

Cc biu thc (4-5) v (4-7) l biu thc dng ti trong 2 giai on ca mt chu k
ng ct kho K, trong cc biu thc ny cn c Imin v Imax l cc gi tr cha bit.
Vy c th tm c gi tr dng ti ta xc nh cc gi tr Imin v Imax .
Nh nu, trong ch xc lp, nu dng ti l lin tc th ta c: Imin bng gi
tr dng ti ti thi im cui khong ct ca K, tc l khi cho t=t c i vi biu thc
(4-7); cn Imax l gi tr dng ti cui khong ng ca K, tng ng l gi tr biu
thc (4-5) khi cho t=t. Vy ta c:
Imax =[(Ud-Et)/Rt].(1-e-at ) + Imin e-at
Imin = -(Et/Rt).(1-e
Ta t:

-atc

) + Imax e

-atc

(4-8a)
(4-8b)

A=[(Ud-Et)/Rt].(1-e-at );B=-(Et/Rt).(1-e-atc ) ;C = e-at ;D = e-atc (4-9)

T (4-8a),(4-8b) v (4-9) ta c:
Imax -C.Imin =A
Imin -D.Imax =B

(4-10a)
(4-10b)

Gii (3-10) ta tm c:
Imax=A+C(AD+B)/(1-DC); Imin = (AD+B)/(1-DC)

(4-

11)
Vy tp hp cc biu thc (4-5), (4-7) v (4-11) ta c biu thc tng qut dng
ti trong mt chu k ng ct kho K:
it = [(Ud-Et)/Rt].(1-e-at) + Imine-at
itc = -( Et/Rt).(1-e-at) + Imaxe-at
Imax=A+C(AD+B)/(1-DC)
Imin = (AD+B)/(1-DC)
**Trng hp dng ti gin on ta c Imin=0,vy nn:
it = [(Ud-Et)/Rt].(1-e-at)

Imax=[(Ud-Et)/Rt].(1-e

-at

-at

(4-12)

v do vy: itc=-(Et/Rt).(1-e )+[(Ud-Et)/Rt].(1-e-at).e-at

(4-13)

Cc biu thc (4-12),(4-13) l biu thc dng ti ch dng in ti gin

on. Nu gi thi gian van D0 dn dng trong mt chu k ng ct kho K l t0 th t0
c th tm bng cch thay t=t0 vo biu thc (4-13) cho v tri biu thc bng khng
(t0<tc).

IV.1.3 in p trn ti
IV.1.3.1Ch dng ti lin tc
Nh nu khi dng ti lin tc th in p tc thi trn ti s l:
ut=Ud khi K ng v ut=0 khi K ct v khi D0 lm vic.
in p trung bnh (thnh phn mt chiu) trn ph ti :
Utb = .Ud = Ud.t.f
IV.1.3.2 Ch dng ti gin on
Trong trng hp dng ti gin on th giai on kho K ng in p ti vn khng
c g thay i so vi ch dng ti lin tc, tc l khi K ng th u t=Ud. Giai on
kho K ct c phn lm hai gian on nh: t lc bt u ct K cho n khi dng ti
va gim xung bng khng (t=0t=t0) lc ny van D0 lm vic, ta c: ut=0; giai on
nh tip theo l t lc D0 kho (t=t0) cho n thi im ng li kho K chu k ng
ct tip theo (trong khong t=t0t=tc): ut=Et.
Vy ta c th xc nh biu thc tnh in p trung bnh trn ti trong ch
dng in ti gin on nh sau:
T
t
tc t0
1
1 ck
1 d
u
dt

U
.
dt

Et .dt
td .U d L2(tc tD0 ).2 Et

t
d

TckT10
Tck 0
Tck

it
iT1
it
T1
+
ic
ic
iT1
iDo
iDo
C
T2 iT2
Rt
T2 iT2
ut
ut
D0
Ud
D0
Lt

U tb
+
C
Ud

L1

Et

iT1

it
iT2
T2

L
C

Et

D
Ud

Lt

D2

+ T1

Rt

ic

iDo
D0
ut

T1

+
T2

Rt
Lt

iT1

Ud

T5 C

T3
ic

iDo
D0

T4

Rt
Lt

ut

Et

it

Et

Hnh 4.2
IV.2.
Mt s s ca b bin i bng Thyristor
IV.2.1 Mt s s mch ng lc
Trn hnh 4.2 l cc s BB mt chiu-mt chiu s dng kho ng ct bng cc
Thyristor. Trong tt c cc s th: T1 l Thyristor chnh, n ng vai tr kho ng
ct K: khi T1 m tng ng vi kho K kn mch (K ng), cn khi T 1 kho tng

ng vi kho K h mch (K ct): ph ti ca BB gm Et,Rt,Lt; D0 l diode ngc;

cc phn t cn li trong cc s l cc phn t chuyn mch (chuyn i), n c
s dng kho van T1 ti nhng thi im cn thit. Cc phn t chuyn mch ca
s 1 (hnh 4.2a) v s 3 (hnh 4.2c) l t in C, in cm L, diode D v
Thyristor ph T2. Cc phn t chuyn mch ca s 2 (hnh 4.2b) gm t in C, cc
in cm L1, L2, cc diode D1, D2 v Thyristor ph T2. Cc phn t chuyn mch ca
s 4 (hnh 4.2d) gm t in C v cc Thyristor ph T2, T3, T4, T5 .
IV.2.1.1 Nguyn l lm vic ca BB mt chiu-mt chiu s dng
kho ng ct bng Thyristor
IV.2.1.2 Nguyn l lm vic s 1
Ta biu din li s 1 trn hnh 4.3,
trong s ta k hiu dng v p trn +
mt s phn t ca s : uC ,iC l
in p v dng in trn t in
chuyn mch C; uT1, iT1 l in p v U
d
dng in mch ant-katt Thyristor
chnh T1; ut, it, iDo l in p trn ti,
dng qua ti v diode ngc D0 .

uT1
T1
uC

iT1

it

iC
C

T2

iDo

iT2
D0

iL
L

ut

Rt
Lt
Et

Mun cho s khi ng v Hnh 4.3

lm vic bnh thng th iu bt buc
trc tin l phi np in cho t C trc khi khi ng. Gi tr in p np t l
Ud, cn cc tnh in p np ban u cho t c th bt k. np in cho t C ta c
th s dng ngay in p Ud cung cp cho BB hoc c th s dng mt ngun in
khc bt k c gi tr ph hp, thng th ta s dng ngay in p Ud np t.
Vic np in cho t C bng ngun Ud thng c thit k mt cch t ng
nh sau:
Khi thit k lp t BB ngi ta ni thng mch in cc iu khin ca T 2
n u ra mch pht xung m cho T2. in cc iu khin ca T1 th ni n u ra
mch pht xung m cho T1 qua tip im thng m ca r le khi ng BB. Khi
ng ngun cung cp cho mch ng lc th ng thi mch pht xung iu khin
cng s c cp ngun v lm vic. Nu ta gi thit in p trn t ang bng khng,
ti mt thi im no (v d l ti t=0) ta ng ngun cung cp cho BB chun
b lm vic th ti thi im mch iu khin ca BB (trong phn ny ta cha
nghin cu n phn mch iu khin v ta tm gi thit l mch iu khin BB lm
vic bnh thng ng theo yu cu t ra) cng c cp ngun v lm vic, do vy
ti mt thi im no ln cn ngay sau t=0 trn T2 s xut hin tn hiu iu khin
th nht ca n. Lc ny in p trn T2 ang thun v uC = 0 nn khi c tn hiu iu
khin T2 s m v xut hin dng np cho t theo ng (+Ud) - C -T2 - ph ti - (-Ud)
v in p t s tng dn ln. Khi in p t t gi tr Ud vi cc tnh dng bn
cc pha trn (tc l uC=Ud) th dng np t bng khng, c ngha rng dng qua T2
cng bng khng v T2 t kho li. Do cha khi ng BB nn mch in cc iu

khin T1 cha kn, van T1 cha c cp xung iu khin v cha lm vic, cn T2 nu

c tip cc xung iu khin th vn kho do t C np y dn n khng c in p
thun trn T2, v vy in p t C s c gi nguyn gi tr v cc tnh nh vy
chun b qu trnh kho T1 khi ta cho s lm vic.
Khi ng v a BB vo lm vic:
Ti t=t0 ta n nt iu khin khi ng BB, lc r le khi ng s tc ng
v lm kn mch in cc iu khin T1 vi mch pht xung. Ti mt thi im no
sau t0 (t=t0) th trn in cc iu khin T1 xut hin xung iu khin u tin, do
ang c in p thun nn T1 s m v xut hin dng in t cc dng ngun qua
van T1 qua ph ti v cc m ngun. Van T1 m, b qua st p trn n ta c ut=Ud,
mt khc T1 m s to ng phng in cho t C v t s phng in theo ng C T1 - D - L - C. Nu ta b qua st p trn T1 v D ang dn dng th mch vng phng
in ca t l mt mch vng dao ng cng hng khng c tn tht. Nh r
trong l thuyt mch in, ta c:
Vi s phng in ca t trong vng dao ng cng hng th ban u dng
phng ca t tng dn ng thi in p trn t gim dn, khi in p trn t gim
xung bng khng th dng qua t v in cm t gi tr ln nht. Sau t s c
np theo chiu ngc li, gi tr in p trn t tng dn th dng qua t v in cm
cng gim dn. Khi in p trn t t gi tr bng trc lc bt u phng v cc tnh
ngc li (tc l uC=-Ud) th dng qua t bng khng v c xu hng i chiu (t c
xu hng phng in ngc li), nhng do tnh dn dng mt chiu ca diode D m s
phng in theo chiu ngc li khng xy ra v in p trn t s c gi nguyn
gi tr v cc tnh nh vy (=-Ud) cho n thi im m T2. n thi im t1=t0+t ta
cn kha van T1 (ct kho K), ta truyn tn hiu iu khin n T2 (do mch pht xung
iu khin thc hin), T2 s m v t C phng in qua T2 m - qua ph ti - ngun
cung cp. B qua st p trn T2 m th ton b in p trn t C s t ln T1vy ta c
uT1=uC tc l ti thi im T2 m (t=t1) th T1 b t in p ngc v kho li. Khi
in p trn t vn m th uT1 vn m v T1 phc hi tnh cht iu khin. Qu trnh
phng in lm cho gi tr in p trn t gim dn v khi u C = 0 th t s c np
theo chiu ngc li bi ngun cung cp Ud ca BB v in p trn t li tng dn
theo chiu ngc li. Khi gi tr in p trn t t n U d th in p trn ti bng
khng v s... t cm sinh ra trong Lt s lm m D0 v dng ti s c duy tr qua
diode ngc, b qua st p trn D0 m th ut=0 v in p t cn bng vi in p
ngun (t np y) v dng qua t s gim v bng khng nn dng T2 cng bng
khng v van T2 t kho li, in p trn t c gi nguyn gi tr v cc tnh nh
vy cho n lc T1 m. Ti t=t2=t1+tc van T1 li c tn hiu iu khin, T1 li m,
ut=Ud v D0 b t in p ngc kho li. T 1 m th qua T1 li c dng ti v dng
phng ca t. S lm vic ca s trong cc giai on tip sau din ra tng t nh
chu k va xt. Nh vy bng cch truyn tn hiu iu khin n T 1 v T2 theo qui
lut nht nh m ta khng ch c qu trnh m - kho ca T1 ng theo qui lut
cn thit. Chu k lm vic ca 2 van T1 v T2 bng nhau v ng bng chu k ca in
p trn ti. Thi gian mt ln ng ca kho K bng thi gian mt khong m ca T 1,

n bng khong thi gian t thi im xut hin mt xung iu khin trn T 1 n thi
im xut hin xung iu khin trn T2 gn nht v tip sau xung xut hin trn T1.
IV.2.1.3 Nguyn l lm vic ca cc s khc
a/- S 2 (hnh 4.2b)
T s hnh 4.2b ta thy rng n ch khc s hnh 4.2a l tn ti thm mt mch
vng phng in th hai, c tc dng gim nh hng ca dng ti n thi gian
phng in ca t. Cc iu kin cng nh bin php np in ban u cho t cng
tng t nh s 1.
b/- S 3 (hnh 4.2c)
Vi s ny th khng cn phi np in ban u cho t. y l u im ca s
ny so vi cc s khc.
V d ti t=0 ta bt u khi ng s , gi thit trc in p trn t ang
bng khng. thi im t=t0 s xut hin xung iu khin u tin trn T1 v van T1 s
m v ang c in p thun do ngun cung cp mt chiu Ud gy nn. Van T1 m th
st p trn n bng khng v trn ti c t in p ngun cung cp (tc l lc ny
ta c: ut=Ud), ng thi s xut hin dng np cho t C theo mch vng: (+Ud) -T1 - D
- L - C- (-Ud). Nu b qua st p trn T1v D ang dn dng th y l mt mch vng
cng hng khng tn tht, theo l thuyt mch in th t C s np in vi qui lut
thay i ca in p dng hm sin, cn dng qua t thay i theo qui lut hm cosin
(ta t t=t-t0 th thi im t bt u np - tc l bt u m T1: t'=0). Biu thc dng
v p t C s l:
uC=2.Ud.sin0t; iC=Im.cos0t;
Vi 0 1/ LC l tn s gc cng hng, Im=2.Ud/ 0.L l bin dng qua t
in C v cun khng L khi t C np in. Nh vy khi 0t=/2 th uC=2Ud, cn dng
qua t th bng khng v bt u c xu hng i chiu, do tnh dn dng mt chiu
ca D, mt khc T2 cn kho nn qu trnh i chiu dng qua t cha xy ra. in p
trn t lc c gi tr bng 2Ud v cc tnh dng bn cc pha trn trong s
hnh 4.2c v s c gi nguyn nh vy cho ti lc m T2. Ti t=t1=t0+t th ta cn
kho van T1, ta a tn hiu iu khin n m T2, van T2 s m do in p trn n
ang thun, t C s phng in qua T2 - qua ph ti. S phng in ca t C qua T2
gy nn trn T1 mt in p ngc (khi T2 m th uT1=Ud-uC), do vy m T1 kho li.
Khi t phng n in p bng khng th D0 s m v dn dng nh s... t cm sinh
ra trong Lt, nn dng t s gim v bng khng, dn n dng T2 cng bng khng, T2
t kho li. n t=t2=t1+tc=t0+Tck th ta li truyn xung iu khin n m T1 v s
lm vic ca s s din ra tng t nh chu k va xt.
c/- S 4 (hnh 4.2d)

Vi s ny cng phi np in trc cho t C, ta gi thit l np in trc cho

t vi cc tnh dng bn cc pha trn. Cho s bt u lm vic, gi thit cc
tnh in p ban u trn t nh nu, ti t=t0 xut hin xung iu khin th nht trn
T1, van ny m v qua n s c dng in ti do ngun cung cp to nn, ut=Ud. Ti t=
t1=t0+t ta cn kho T1, lc ta truyn xung iu khin n T3 v T5, hai van ny m,
t in C s phng in qua chng-qua ph ti v ngun cung cp gy nn trn T1 mt
in p ngc lm cho T1 kho li. Sau khi phng n in p bng khng th C s
c np theo chiu ngc li v khi in p trn C t gi tr bng U d vi cc tnh
ngc li (dng bn cc pha di) th D0 m v dng np t s bng khng, nn
T3 v T5 kho li. Ti t2=t1+tc th ta li truyn xung iu khin th hai n m T1, van
T1 li m. n t3=t2+t ta li cn kho T1, lc ny ta truyn xung iu khin n hai
van T2 v T4, hai van ny s m do ang c in p thun, t C s phng in qua hai
van ny v gy nn trn T1 mt in p ngc, T1 kho li. T in C sau khi phng
n in p bng khng th li c np theo chiu ngc li bi ngun cung cp U d
qua T2 ,T4 cho n khi gi tr in p
trn t bng Ud v cc tnh nh trc uUT1d iT1
khi khi ng s (dng bn cc
pha trn) th D0 m, T2,T4 kho li.
t
0
t4
t5
Ti t=t4=t3+tc ta li m T1 v ti
t2
t3
t1
t5=t4+t th li cn kho T1, ta li
truyn tn hiu iu khin n hai van -Ud
uC iC
l T3 v T5, hai van ny li m, t C Ud
phng in qua chng v gy nn in
p ngc trn T1 lm cho T1 kho li.
t
0
t
t
t
t
t1
4
5
Qu trnh tip theo trong s din ra
2
3
tng t, chu k xut hin ca tn hiu
iu khin trn cc Thyristor ph bng -Ud
ut
hai ln chu k lm vic ca van T1.
2Ud
IV.2.2.Qu trnh chuyn i ca b
bin i
in p v dng in cc phn
t BB mt chiu-mt chiu
trong mt chu k in p ra

Ud

0
t1

t2

t3

t4

t5

Mt chu k lm vic ca BB c th
Hnh 4.4
chia lm 4 giai on. Ta chn mc bt
u xt (t=0) l thi im truyn xung iu khin n m T2 kho T1 v gi thit
rng trc s lm vic ch xc lp. Ta c cc biu thc dng v p cc
phn t ca s trong cc giai on lm vic nh sau:
Giai on 1:
T t=0t=t1 (t1 l thi im kt thc s phng v np ngc li ca t C qua mch
vng C-T2-ti-Ud-C)

Trc thi im ny T1 ang dn dng v ph ti ang c t in p bng

Ud, t C np n in p bng -Ud. Ti thi im xt ta truyn xung iu khin n
T2 v T2 m, T1 b t in p ngc kho li, t C phng in qua T 2, qua ti v
ngun cung cp, dng phng ca t bng dng ti, n gin cho vic nghin cu ta
gi thit rng trong giai on phng v np li ca t C th dng ti khng thay i
(thc t th gi thit ny hon ton c th chp nhn c v thi gian phng v np li
ca t C rt ngn so vi thi gian mt chu k ca in p ra v nu ti c in cm kh
ln th trong thi gian dng ti thay i khng ng k) v bng Imax. Vy ta c:
iT1= 0; uT1=uC; iC=it=Imax; uC= -Ud+Imax.t/C
Nh vy trong ti gian ny in p trn C thay i theo qui lut tuyn tnh, n
t=t1/2 th uC=0 v bt u i chiu, khi uC = Ud th T2 kho li v kt thc giai on
th nht.
Giai on 2:
T t= t1t=t2 (t2 l thi im kt thc mt khong ct ca K), lc ny t in ngng
np T2 kho,van D0 m v dng ti c duy tr qua D0,ta c:
iT1= 0; uT1=Ud; iC= 0; uC= Ud; iT2= 0; ut= 0; iDo= it .
Giai on 3:
T t= t2t=t3 (t3 l thi im kt thc s phng v np ngc li ca C qua mch vng
dao ng cng hng). Trong giai on ny t in phng in qua T 1 m - qua D qua in cm L v sau c np theo chiu ngc li nh tnh cht dao ng cng
hng ca mch vng phng in, van D0 b t in p ngc kho li, qua T1 c 2
thnh phn dng in l dng ti v dng phng np ca t, vy ta c:
iT1 = it-iC; uT1 = 0; iC I m .sin[0 (t t 2 )] U d . C / L.sin[0 (t t 2 )] ;
uC = Ud.cos[ 0(t-t2)]; iT2 = 0; ut = Ud; iDo = 0; iL = -iC .
Giai on 4:
T t= t3t=t4 (t4 l thi im kt thc s dn dng ca van T1 (ti thi im ny cn ct
K, ta truyn tn hiu iu nT2, van T2 li m, t C li phng in qua mch qua T2 qua ti - qua ngun cung cp sau c np theo chiu ngc li bi ngun Ud).
Trong giai on ny dng in trong s ch i t ngun qua T1, qua ti, van D0 vn
b t in p ngc v kho, ta c:
iT1 = it; uT1 = 0; iC = 0; uC = -Ud; iT2 = 0; ut = Ud iDo = 0; iL = 0
Khong thi gian t t=0 n t=t4 ng bng mt chu k lm vic ca BB, cc
chu k tip theo s lm vic tng t. th dng in v in p trn T 1, t in
C v th in p trn ti nh hnh 4.4.
Tnh chn cc phn t ca BB mt chiu-mt chiu
Chn cc van
Vic tnh chn cc van trong BB ny cng trong t nh vic tnh chn cc van trong
cc BB khc, gi tr tnh ton v p v dng i vi T1 v T2 trong s 1 c xc
nh theo th hnh 4.4. in p ngc ln nht trn cc van l:

UT1ngmax = UT2ngmax = Ud.

Dng trung bnh cc van c xc nh theo th hnh 4.4 trong ch nng
n nht, i vi T1l khi t =Tck v dng qua ti ly gi tr ln nht cho php l Itmax,
vy ta c:
IT1tbmax = Itmax;
Trong mt chu k T2 dn dng mt khong thi gian bng khong thi gian
t phng v np li bi dng ti t gi tr uC = -Ud n uC = Ud (bng t1), ta c: t1=
2.Ud.C/Itmax, vy dng trung bnh ln nht qua T2: IT2tbmax =Itmax.t1/Tck =2.Ud.C/Tck .
Cc biu thc tnh chn: [ITtb] KiT.ITtbmax; [UTng] KuT.UTngmax. Cc h s d
tr v dng v p c th ly nh vi s chnh lu.
Diode chuyn mch c s liu chn tng t nh i vi T 2; thng s tnh chn D0
tng t nh T1.
Chn C v L
a/- Chn t in chuyn mch (C)
T in C c tnh chn v in dung m bo thi gian phc hi tnh cht
iu khin ca T1. T th in p trn T1 v trn t C hnh 3-4 ta thy rng:
khong thi gian cho T1 phc hi tnh cht iu khin bng thi gian t C phng
t gi tr =-Ud n bng khng, tc l bng t1/2 = Ud.C/Itmax. Vy gi tr nh nht ca
t in chuyn mch m bo T1 phc hi c tnh cht iu khin l:
Cmin = Itmax.tk/Ud ,
Trong tk l thi gian phc hi tnh cht iu khin ca T1 ly theo ti liu tra
cu Thyristor.
Thng thng, m bo s chuyn mch an ton trong mi trng hp,
ngi ta chn gi tr in dung ca t bng hai ln gi tr nh nht (min):
Ctt = 2.Cmin =2.Itmax.tk / Ud
in p trn t khi lm vic thng l Ud, m bo bn ta thng chn
in p tnh ton ca t 1,5.Ud
b/- Chn in cm chuyn mch (L)
Gi tr ca in cm chuyn mch nh hng n bin dng phng ca t qua T 1,
theo quan im hn ch bin xung dng qua T1 th L cng ln cng tt. Nhng gi
tr L cng nh hng n chu k cng hng ring ca vng L-C, m thi gian t
phng v np li n in p bng gi tr ban u trc khi phng t nht phi bng
mt na chu k cng hng, vy yu cu thi gian ng nh nht phi ln hn mt
na chu k dao ng cng hng ca vng L-C, tc l: tmin > L.C / .
Thm vo , gi tr L cng nh th bin dng phng np ca t qua L s
cng ln. Xut pht t nhng c im trn, cho s hot ng bnh thng trong
phm vi iu chnh yu cu v m bo van T1 khng b hng bi bin cng nh
tc tng ca dng khi m van m gi tr L c la chn :
Lmin < L < Lmax

Trong :

Lmin = C.Ud2/ ([ITmax] -It0)2 ;

Lmax = tmin2. 2/C ;

Vi [ITmax] l gi tr bin cc i cho php ca dng qua T1, It0 l gi tr dng

ti ti thi im m T1, C in dung ca t c chn theo mc trc.
IV.3 Mch to xung iu khin
IV.3.1 Khi nim chung
Cng nh cc BB khc, trong BB mt chiu- mt chiu ta cng s dng cc dng
c bn dn c iu khin, v vy BB c th lm vic ng theo yu th ta phi to
ra cc tn hiu iu khin khng ch cc van. Mch in to ra cc tn hiu iu
khin ny c gi l mch iu khin ca BB mt chiu-mt chiu. T nguyn l
hot ng ca mch ng lc nh nu ta thy rng, tn s lm vic ca BB ph
thuc vo tn s tn hiu iu khin trn in cc iu khin cc van. iu ny hon
ton khc so vi cc BB xt trc y, v d tn hiu iu khin cc van chnh lu
xut hin vi tn s bng tn s ngun cung cp cho BB. Nh vy trong mch iu
khin BB ny cn phi c mch pht sng chun, n quyt nh tn s xung iu
khin cc van, tc l quyt nh tn s in p ra. Ngoi ra ph thuc vo phng
php iu chnh in p ra m cn phi c cc mch in khc thc hin cc nhim
v cn thit m bo c qui lut iu chnh nht nh. Mt khc ph thuc vo
loi dng c bn dn c s dng, kiu s m tn hiu iu khin cng c nhng
yu cu c th khc nhau. Trong chng trnh mn hc ta ch nghin cu trng hp
dng c c s dng l Thyristor, phng php iu chnh in p ra l phng php
iu chnh rng xung.
IV.3.2 Mch iu khin BB mt chiu- mt chiu ng dng cho trng hp iu
chnh rng xung
IV.3.2.1 S khi mch iu khin

in p iu khin
uk
FSC

FSR
C

SS

TXT2

ukT2
(ukT1)

TXT1

ukT1

(ukT2)
Hnh 4.5
Hnh 4.5 l s
khi mch pht
xung iu khin cho BB mt chiu - mt chiu s dng kho ng ct bng
Thyristor, iu chnh in p ra theo phng php xung rng. Trong :
FSC: L khi pht sng ch o, c nhim v to ra h thng xung in p
thng c dng hnh ch nht vi tn s thng l bng tn s ca xung in p

u ra BB. Khi ny c thc hin bng nhiu s khc nhau nh cc mch a

hi, cc mch t dao ng,v.v. .
FSRC: L mch to ra chui cc in p hnh rng ca tn s bng tn s tn hiu
ra mch FSC.
SS: mch so snh, n lm nhim v chuyn dch thi im pht xung n cc
Thyristor ph (trong trng hp cc s 1,2,3 l van T2) so vi cc thi im
mc (thng l thi im xut hin xung trn T1).
TXT2: Khi to xung cho cc Thyristor ph (T2), n bao gm mch sa xung,
khuch i xung v trong trng hp s dng nhiu Thyristor ph nh s 4
(hnh4.2d) th khi ny cn c nhim v phn chia xung cho cc Thyristor ph, v
phn t cui cng ca khi l mch truyn xung (trong trng hp ny thng s
dng my bin p xung).
TXT1: Khi to xung cho Thyristor chnh T1, n bao gm mch sa xung, khuch
i xung v mch truyn xung (trong trng hp ny cng thng s dng my bin
p xung).
Cc phn t trong mch pht xung c cung cp (nui) bng cc ngun in
p mt chiu. in p iu khin dng iu chnh in p u ra BB l u k, y l
in p mt chiu. Cc xung iu khin cc van k hiu l u kT1 v ukT2 .
*Ch : Trong mt s trng hp ta c th chuyn i knh pht xung cho Thyristor
chnh T1 pht xung iu khin cho Thyristor ph v ngc li, lc ch cn quan
tm n qui lut thay i ca in p ra theo in p iu khin l c.
IV.3.2.2 Cc mch pht sng ch o
Nh nu, y l mch in quyt nh chu k tn hiu iu khin, tc l quyt nh
chu k lm vic ca BB. Mch ny c nhim v pht ra mt dy xung vi chu k xc
nh, xung ra c th l xung vung hoc dng khc. C rt nhiu s pht xung khc
nhau c th s dng cho mc ch ny, sau y ta s gii thiu mt s mch pht xung
ng dng cc IC thng dng.
a/- Mch pht sng ch o dng vi mch khuch i thut ton
ura

R
+
C

Vsat

A
ura

R1

-Vsat

R2

b
Hnh4.6

S mch pht xung nh hnh 4.6a, trong mch in gm vi mch khuch

i thut ton A v 2 in tr R1, R2 to thnh mt triger smit, khi thm t in C v
in tr R mc nh trong s ta c mch t dao ng, dng in p ra ca s
c biu din trn hnh 3-6b. in p u ra ca s l cc xung 2 cc tnh (in p
xoay chiu) vi chu k lp li l T c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
T = 2.R.C.ln[1+(2.R2 / R1)]
Nu ta chn R2 0,86.R1 th biu thc loga 1 v ta c: T = 2.R.C.
Bin cc xung bng gi tr ra bo ho ca KTT v c k hiu l V sat.
b/- Mch pht sng ch o dng vi mch s 555
+Ucc =5-15 V
8

R1

7
R2

ura

ura

6 555
5
2
1

TL

TH
T

C1
Hnh 4.7

S mch to xung dng chp 555 nh hnh 4.7a. y l mt s a hi phim

nh, ngun cung cp cho s l +U cc c th nm trong khong t 5 15V mt
chiu. in tr iu chnh R1 trong s c dng iu chnh chu k xut hin
ca xung in p ra, gi tr ca R1 c th thay i t 10 1000 k. Gi tr t in C
phi t 0,1F tr ln. Dng in p ra l cc xung vung mt cc tnh c biu din
trn hnh 4.7b. Chu k ca xung ra c xc nh nh sau:
T = TH + T L .
Trong TH c gi l thi gian mc cao v TH=0,693(R1+R2)C; cn TL c
gi l thi gian mc thp v T L= 0,693R2C .
c/- Mch pht xung ch o dng IC s 4044
+Ucc

2
R
C

5 6 14
10
11

4044

13
8 9 12

Q
Q
DSC

Hnh 4.8

f1
f1
f2

Trong trng hp cn cc xung iu khin vi chu k khc nhau, v d khi s dng s

4, ta c th s dng mch pht xung ch o nh hnh3-8. Trong s ny c 3
u ra, hai u Q v ta c cc xung cng tn s l f1 vi cc tnh ngc nhau, cc xung
ny c th dng khng ch mch pht xung cho cc Thyristor ph. u ra th ba
(DSC) c cc xung vi tn s f2 gp i tn s hai knh kia (f2=2f1), xung u ra ny
c th dng khng ch knh pht xung cho Thyristor chnh T1. Ta c:
f1 = 1/(4,4.R.C) v f2 = 1/(2,2.R.C).
Ngoi cc s trn ta c th s dng rt nhiu s pht xung khc m trong
gii hn ca chng trnh mn hc ta cha xt n.
IV.3.2.3 Mch to in p rng ca
Ta c th s dng mt s s to in p rng ca bng Transitor, bng cc vi mch
khuch i thut ton, v.v... Sau y ta s nghin cu mt trong cc s :
a/- S nguyn l

+Ucc

Trn s hnh 4.9 ta s dng mch to

in p rng ca bng vi mch khuch
i thut ton A. Tn hiu khng ch s
lm vic ca s l xung in p u ra
ca mch pht sng ch o, n c
a qua mch vi phn bng C1 ri n
cc gc Transitor Tr. Cc diode D1, D2
dng bo v u vo khuch i thut
ton. Cc phn t cn li tng t nh
cc mch to in p rng ca xt.

C1

C2

Tr

uC1
uv

R1
D1,2

-Ucc

uC2

urc

R2

Hinh 4.9

uv

b/- Nguyn l hot ng ca s

t1

t2

t3

t4

Do c t C1 vi in dung rt nh
Tck
u
C1
mc trong mch cc gc Tr nn
t2
t1
t3
t4
t
Transitor Tr hu nh ch lm vic 0
trong khong sn tng ca xung urc
t2
t4
vo, sau do t C1 c np y 0
t
nn Tr kho li. n thi im
Hnh 4.10
mt xung vo th t C1 s phng
in qua in tr R1 n bng khng chun b cho s m ln tip theo ca Tr khi
xut hin xung vo tip theo. Ta chn mc xt (t= 0) l thi im bt u xut hin
mt xung vo, ti thi im ny Tr s m trong mt khong thi gian rt ngn nhng
t in C2 phng ht in tch np giai on trc v uC2=0. Sau khong
thi gian m rt ngn ca Tr th do t C1 np y bi xung vo nn Tr kho li, t
C2 c np in. Nh bit nu xem rng dng vo ca A bng khng th dng np
C2 c gi tr bng dng qua in tr R2 v bng I=Ucc/R2=const, v vy in p trn t
tng dn theo qui lut tuyn tnh: uC2=I.t/C2 =Ucc.t/(R2.C2). n thi im t=t1 (thng
thng th t1=Tck/2, vi Tck l thi gian mt chu k ca xung vo) th mt xung vo, t

C1 s phng in qua R1 n in p bng khng. n thi im t2=Tck th li xut

hin xung vo v t C1 li c np, Tr li m nn t C2 phng nhanh qua Tr n in
p bng khng, sau Tr kho li t C2 li c np. Cc chu k tip theo s lm vic
ca s din ra tng t. in p rng ca u ra ca s bng in p trn t C 2.
th minh ho s lm vic ca s nh hnh 4.10
IV.3.2.4 Cc mch khc
c mt mch pht xung iu khin y th ngoi cc mch pht sng ch o,
mch to in p rng ca nh nu ta cn phi c mt s mch in khc nh:
Mch so snh; Mch sa xung; Mch khuch i xung; Thit b truyn xung ra. Cc
phn mch ny c nguyn l hon ton tng t nh cc mch s dng trong h thng
iu khin BB xoay chiu-mt chiu v BB xoay chiu-xoay chiu. V vy y ta
khng nghin cu cc mch ny.
IV.3.2.5 Mt h thng iu khin BB mt chiu-mt chiu ng dng phng
php iu chnh xung rng
a/- S nguyn l (hnh4.11)
Trong s ny mch pht sng ch o dng IC 555. Tn hiu ra ca mch pht sng
ch o c chia lm 2 ng: ng th nht a n u vo mch sa v khuch
i xung c xung iu khin cho T1 (ukT1); ng th hai a n mch to in p
rng ca gm khuch i thut ton A1, Transitor Tr4 v cc phn t th ng khc
nh: C3, C4, R9, R10, c dng pht xung iu khin cho T2 (ukT1). Knh pht
xung cho T1 gm mch sa xung dng Tr2, t C5, R5 v R6, mch khuch i xung
bng Transitor Tr3 v Tr4 ,u ra l my bin p xung BAX1. Knh pht xung cho T2
ngoi mch to in p rng ca nghin cu th trong s cn c: mch so snh
bng khuch i thut ton A2, mch sa xung dng mch R13-C6 kt hp vi
Transitor Tr5 ca mch khuch i xung, tng khuch i cng sut xung cui dng
Tr6 v mch ra s dng my bin p xung BAX2.

+Ucc1
R1
R2

8
7

C3

4
3

6 555
5

2
C1

R3

Tr4

R14

R12

R9

1
D1,2

C2

+Ucc2 in p iu khin c gi tr
m
C4
uk

A1

Tr5

R11

R13 C6

A2

R10

R15

D6

R16

R4

-Ucc2
R5

R6
C5

R7

D5
* *

R8

RL

ukT1

D4

BAX

D3

Tr1

Tr2 Tr3

D8

GT1

GT2

* *

ukT2
D7

KT1

BAX
Tr6

KT2

Hnh 4.11
b/- Nguyn l lm vic
Nguyn l lm vic ca mch iu khin ny c th minh ho bi cc th hnh 4.12.
Nguyn l chi tit tng
mch ta c th tham kho
ux
1
cc s xt trc y.
t1
t4
t2
t3
t
0
a
u
rc
T th ta xc nh c
urc
-uk
uk
thi gian mt chu k ng
t4
t2
t
0
ct Tck, thi gian mt ln b
uk
Tck
ng t v thi gian mt
T2
t
t4
t2
t
ln ct tc. Cng t th ta c 0
t1'
t3 '
ukT
thy rng chu k ng ct
tc
1
t
l khng i cn thi gian d 0
mt ln ng c th thay
Hnh 4.12
ddi bng vic thay i gi
tr in p iu khin uk. Trn th hnh 4.12 th ux1 l xung ra ca mch pht sng
ch o, urc l in p rng ca u ra ca mch to in p rng ca, ukT1 v ukT2
l xung iu khin cp cho T1 v T2 khi cho BB lm vic.
IV.4. B bin i dng Tranzitor cng sut (tham kho ti liu)
IV.5. Mt s ng dng BB xung p
IV.5.1.To b ngun in p cho ti
BB mt chiu-mt chiu c th dng iu khin tc ng c mt chiu bng 2
phng php: iu chnh in p cung cp cho mch phn ng ng c (c dng cho
mi loi ng c mt chiu) v iu chnh t thng ca ng c. Phng php iu

chnh in p mch phn ng c ng dng ph bin hn c nn trong phn ny ta

ch gii hn nghin cu phng php ny. Khi s dng BB mt chiu-mt chiu
trong mch phn ng ng c mt chiu th m bo cho ng c lm vic trong
cc trng thi khc nhau th s ni BB trong mch phn ng ng c cng phi
thay i cho ph hp t c hiu qu cao nht v cc mt.
IV.5.1.1 S trong trng thi ng c
Trong s ny (hnh 4.13) ta s
T1 iT1
iD
dng ng c mt chiu kch t ni +
iC
tip, n c u im l c cun dy
iDo
uC
C T
2
kch t c in cm ln mc ni tip
CK
T
trong mch phn ng, iu ny s cho Ud
D0
iL
php ta gim gi tr in cm a vo
uD

L
mch ti BB (gim c khi lng
D
v gi thnh) v trong mt s trng
Hnh 4.13
hp c th khng phi dng thm in cm. Hot ng ca BB trong trng
hp ny hon ton nh khi lm vic vi ph ti tng qut chung m ta xt. Nh
iu chnh c gi tr trung bnh ca in p trn phn ng ng c m ta iu chnh
c tc ng c.
*Ch : Ngoi trng hp s dng ng c kch t ni tip nu th ta c th s
dng cc loi ng c mt chiu khc.
IV.5.1.2 S trong trng thi hm ti sinh
Nguyn l lm vic ca s : Trong
iD
+
trng hp ny s... ng c l yu
uC
D1 iD1
t to nn dng in trong s . Ta
CK
gi thit t t=0 n t=t1 th Thyristor
uD
iC
T
C
T1 m, s... ng c c ni ngn Ud
L
T1
T2

mch qua T1(trong mch cn c in

iT1
D
cm ca cun kch t ng c CKT v
iT2
trong cc trng hp khc cn c th Hnh 4.14
c thm in cm c a vo san
bng dng phn ng ng c) nn
dng in qua phn ng ng c v T1 s tng dn, in cm trong mch phn ng
ng c s tch lu thm mt nng lng. Trong khong thi gian th t C cng
c np n in p: u C=-Ud. Ti t=t1 ta truyn xung iu khin n T2 m T2 v
kho T1. Van T2 m nn t C phng in qua T2 v qua phn ng ng c gy nn trn
T1 mt in p ngc lm T1 kho li. T C sau khi phng n in p bng khng th
s c np ngc li nh s... ng c v s... t cm trong in cm mc mch
phn ng ng c. V vy m khi in p trn t t gi tr s... ng c (thng
thng ED<Ud) n tip tc c np thm. Ti t=t1' th uC = Ud, lc ny diode D1 bt
u m v s... ng c cng tc dng vi s... t cm sinh ra trong in cm trong

mch phn ng ng c to nn dng qua D1 v ngun mt chiu Ud. Vi chiu dng

ngun nh vy th ngun Ud thu cng sut tc dng cn ng c lm vic nh mt
my pht in to ra cng sut in chuyn cho ngun. Khi D 1 dn dng th in p
trn ng c bng Ud v lc ny t C s ngng np, van T2 kho li. Trong giai on
D1 dn dng th do tc dng ngc chiu ca Ud m dng qua phn ng ng c s
gim dn. n t=t2 th ta li a tn hiu iu khin n m T1, van T1 li m nn phn
ng ng c c ni ngn mch v u D=0, dn n D1 b t in p ngc kho li.
Van T1 m th t C s phng in qua T1 - qua D - qua L v s c np theo chiu
ngc li n uC =-Ud. Qu trnh trong s c din ra lp i lp li mang tnh cht
chu k. Trong mt chu k lm vic ca BB qu trnh bin i nng lng trong
mch din ra qua 2 giai on:
- Trong giai on T1 m th ng c pht ra in nng v in nng ny c np vo
in cm trong mch phn ng ng c.
- Trong giai on T1 kho v
D1 m th ng c cng pht
ra in nng, ng thi nng
lng tch lu trong in cm
mch phn ng ng c
cng c gii phng v ton
b nng lng c chuyn
vo ngun in p mt chiu
Ud (gi thit l b qua cc tn
tht).

uD
iD

uD

T2

iD
t

0
t1

t1 '

T1

t3

t2

D1

t3 '

iD1

Nh vy, trong trng

t1 '
t3 '
t2
hp ny thng qua s lm vic
Hnh 4.15
ca BB mt chiu-mt chiu
m ng c thc hin qu trnh bin c nng trn trc ng c (thng l th nng
ca ph ti c hoc ng nng tch lu c trong h thng truyn ng) thnh in
nngchuyn vo ngun cung cp mt chiu. iu ny c ngha rng ng c mt chiu
ang lm vic trong trng thi hm ti sinh.
T hot ng ca s ta thy rng: nh c BB mt chiu-mt chiu m ta
thc hin c qu trnh hm ti sinh ng c mt chiu kch t ni tip l loi ng
c khng c ch lm vic ny nu ni theo s thng thng.
*Ch : Do dng phn ng ng c trong ch hm ngc chiu vi ch ng c
nn khi s dng ng c mt chiu kch t ni tip th trong cc ch hm ta phi
thay i cc tnh cun kch thch ph hp m bo cho chiu s... ng c c
gi nguyn.
IV.5.1.3 S trong ch hm
ng nng
iRh
tng hiu qu hm ng nng
ng c mt chiu ngi ta ng Rh

uC
iC
T1
iT1

iD

C
T2

uD

CKT

iT2

Hnh 4.16

dng BB mt chiu-mt chiu v mc theo s nh hnh 4.16.

IV.5.2 Bin i xung in tr

IV.5.2.1 S nguyn l
S ni ng c v BB nh hnh 4.17. Trong s ny:
o -K l ng c xoay chiu
khng ng b ba pha r to dy
qun.

o -CL l cu chnh lu ba pha

khng iu khin dng bin
s... xoay chiu mch r to
ng c thnh in p mt
chiu t ln BB mt chiumt chiu.

CL

o -CK l cun khng dng san CK

bng (lc) dng chnh lu.
o -Rf l in tr ph.
o -Cc phn t BB mt chiumt chiu gm T1, T2, C, L, D
v mch np ph cho t C gm
ngun mt chiu ph Up, in
tr Rp v diode Dp

uC

iRT

Rf

iRf

B
T1

iT1

T2

iT2

iC
C
iL

Up
+

Rp

Dp

Hnh 4.17
IV.5.2.2 Nguyn l iu chnh tc ng c K
S hot ng ca BB mt chiu-mt chiu trong s ny cng hon ton tng t
nh cc s xt. Ch phi lu mt vn l in p np cho t C trong trng
hp chung l ngun cung cp cho BB v y l in p u ra ca cu chnh lu
khng iu khin. V vy khi tc ca ng c cao (gn bng tc ng b ) th
s... mch r to rt nh nn in p chnh lu cng rt nh khng iu kin T 1
phc hi tnh cht iu khin. m bo cho s lm vic bnh thng th trong s
ny ta b tr thm mt mch np ph cho t C.
Nguyn l iu chnh tc ng c nh sau:
Nu ta gi in tr gia 2 im A v B l R AB th ta c: Trong khong thi gian
T1 m (tng ng kho K ng) th R AB=0, cn trong khong thi gian T1 kho (tng

ng kho K ct) th R AB=Rf . Vy gi tr trung bnh ca in tr gia 2 im A v B l:

RABtb =Rf.tc/Tck=Rf.(Tck-t)/Tck=Rf.(1-)
Nh vy in tr tng ng trong mi pha mch r to ng c s l:
RfR=ks.RABtb= ks.Rf.(1-)
Trong ks l h s ph thuc s chnh lu.T ta thy rng khi thay i
ch lm vic ca BB, tc l thay i th ta s iu chnh c gi tr in tr
tng ng trong mi pha mch r to v nh vy s iu chnh c tc ng c
K.

CHNG V:
B BIN I MT CHIU -XOAY CHIU (NGHCH LU)
V.1 Tng quan v nghch lu
Trong lnh vc bin i nng lng in rt nhiu trng hp phi thc hin qu trnh
bin i mt ngun in mt chiu thnh in p hoc dng in xoay chiu c th
iu chnh c gi tr v tn s ca dng hoc p xoay chiu u ra. C mt s thit
b bin i thc hin c nhim v ny, nhng ph bin nht l cc BB mt chiuxoay chiu s dng cc dng c bn dn c iu khin m ngi thng gi theo mt
tn khc l s nghch lu.
Phn loi:
C rt nhiu kiu s nghch lu khc nhau, phn loi ngi ta cng s dng
nhiu cch khc nhau nh: Da vo tnh cht ngun cung cp, da vo s pha ca i
lng ra, da vo c trng ca thit b chuyn mch, da vo c tnh ca ph ti,
da vo kiu s , da vo dng c s dng trong s BB, hoc kt hp mt s
c trng trn, v.v...
y ta nghin cu s phn loi BB da vo c tnh ca ngun cung cp v
c tnh ph ti, vi cch phn loi ny th BB mt chiu-xoay chiu c chia ra
lm 3 loi :
BB in p (nghch lu in p): L BB mt chiu-xoay chiu m ngun
cung cp l ngun in p v ph ti khng c tnh cht dao ng cng hng
hoc nu c tnh cht dao ng cng hng th tn s cng hng f 0 nh hn
tn s in p ra ca BB f (f cng l tn s lm vic ca BB). Ngi ta
thng mc song song vi 2 cc ngun mt t C0 c gi tr ln ( ngha ca
t ln l tu thuc vo ch v tn s lm vic, chnh xc yu cu m
la chn gi tr cn thit ca C0). T C0 c tc dng duy tr cho in p trn 2
cc ngun khng thay i khi BB lm vic, ng thi m bo tnh dn dng
2 chiu ca ngun.
BB dng in (nghch lu dng in): L BB mt chiu-xoay chiu m
ngun cung cp l ngun dng in v ph ti khng c tnh cht dao ng
cng hng hoc nu c tnh cht dao ng cng hng th tn s cng hng
f0 nh hn tn s dng in ra ca BB f (f cng l tn s lm vic ca BB).
Ngi ta thng mc ni tip vi ngun mt in cm L0 c gi tr ln (
ngha ca t ln l tu thuc vo ch v tn s lm vic, chnh xc yu
cu m la chn gi tr cn thit ca L0). in cm L0 c tc dng duy tr cho
dng in ngun khng thay i khi BB lm vic, ng thi m bo tng tr
ln ca ngun.
BB cng hng (nghch lu cng hng): L BB mt chiu-xoay chiu m
ngun cung cp c th l ngun in p hoc ngun dng in nhng ph ti
phi c tnh cht dao ng cng hng vi tn s cng hng f 0 ln hn tn s
in p hoc dng in ra ca BB f (f cng l tn s lm vic ca BB).
Trong thc t th c tnh cht dao ng cng hng mch ti phi c cc

phn t in cm v in dung, ngoi ra c trng cho s tiu th cng sut

tc dng ca ti th ti phi c mt gi tr in tr tng ng no . T ta
thy rng qu trnh dao ng cng trong mch ti ca BB ny l mt qu trnh
tt dn. Ph thuc vo cch ni cc phn t mch ti m loi BB ny c th
c chia ra cc loi khc nhau.
ng dng ca BB mt chiu-xoay chiu
Cc BB mt chiu-xoay chiu c ng dng nhiu thit b in khc nhau trong
cng nghip v trong i sng hng ngy, sau y ta s gii thiu mt s ng dng
ch yu ca loi BB ny:
iu khin tc cc ng c in xoay chiu ng b v khng ng b bng
phng php thay i tn s ngun cung cp cho mch stator ca ng c. y
l ng dng quan trng nht ca BB ny trong cng nghip. Bng phng
php iu chnh tc ny ta c th t c phm vi iu chnh rng vi
cng c tnh c kh cao, n c th thay th cho nhiu h thng truyn ng
in m trc y phi s dng ng c in mt chiu l loi ng c c kch
thc ln, gi thnh cao v tui th thp hn cc ng c in xoay chiu.
Cung cp ngun xoay chiu cho cc l tn s. y cng l mt ng dng kh
quan trng ca BB mt chiu-xoay chiu, n thay th cho cc n pht in t
c hiu sut thp.
S khi cc BB tn s c khu trung gian mt chiu
Cc thit b bin i tn s c s dng rt nhiu trong cng nghip. Thng thng
th cc thit b bin tn c chia ra lm 2 loi chnh:
Cc thit b bin tn trc tip: y l thit b bin i trc tip mt in p
xoay chiu (thng l in p ca li in cng nghip) thnh mt in p
xoay chiu khc c tn s iu chnh c trong phm vi nht nh. Thit b
bin tn ny thc cht l cc s chnh lu mc song song ngc. Nhc
im ca thit b bin tn ny l phm vi thay i tn s hp, cht lng in p
ra xu.

I
f1,U1

II
+

II
L0

C0

Ud

I
f1,U1

Ud

Hnh 5.1

f2,U2

I
Id

f2,I2

 Cc thit b bin tn gin tip: y l cc thit b bin i tn s thng qua mt

s khu trung gian, n c nhc im l cng knh, hiu sut thp hn bin tn
trc tip nhng li khc phc c cc nhc im ca bin tn trc tip. Ta c
s khi ca bin tn ngun p l hnh 5.1a v ca bin tn ngun dng l
hnh 5.1b. Trong :
o Khu I: l b chnh lu, n lm nhim v bin in p xoay chiu li
in c tn s c nh f1 v in p khng i U1 thnh in p mt
chiu Ud.
o Khu II: l khu lc, n c tc dng to ra ngun cung cp cho BB mt
chiu c tnh cht ngun p Ud=const hoc tnh cht ngun dng
Id=const.
o Khu III: l BB mt chiu-xoay chiu, trn u ra ca n ta thu c
in p hoc dng in xoay chiu c gi tr v tn s iu chnh c.
Cc s BB mt chiu-xoay chiu c th s dng cc dng c bn dn l
tiristor hoc transitor. Trong phn ny ta ch nghin cu cc s nghch lu dng
tiristor.
V.2 Nghch lu mt pha
V.2.1 Nghch lu in p mt pha
+
V.2.1.1 Nguyn tc khng ch
D1
D3
T1
T3
Nghch lu in p mt pha c th thc
ut
1
3
it
A
B
C
U
0
d
hin bng nhiu s khc nhau. xt
Z
nguyn tc to ra in p xoay chiu trn
T4
T2
D4
D2
t
ti khi ngun cung cp cho BB l mt
4
2
chiu ta s dng s ph bin nht l Hnh 5.2
s nghch lu cu mt pha. Trn hnh
5.2 l s mch lc (ng lc) ca nghch lu in p mt pha mc theo kiu cu
(cn thiu mch chuyn i).
Trong s ny:
o Ud l ngun in p mt chiu cung cp cho s BB, trong cng nghip th
thng l in p ra ca s chnh lu.
o T C0 l t lc, n gp phn to cho ngun cung cp c tnh cht ngun in p.
T C0 m bo cho in p trn 2 cc ngun khng i v m bo tnh dn
dng hai chiu ca ngun.
o Cc tiristor T1, T2, T3, T4 l cc tiristor chnh dng bin in p mt chiu
thnh in p xoay chiu.
o Cc diode D11, D22, D33, D44 mc thnh mt s cu v c gi l cu diode
ngc, n cho php ph ti c tnh cm khng tr li nng lng phn khng
cho ngun.
o Zt l ph ti xoay chiu ca BB, trong trng hp tng qut th Zt c th c
y cc phn t nh: in tr Rt; in cm Lt; in dung Ct v sc phn in
ng Et. Thng thng ta xt loi ph ti in tr-in cm (Rt-Lt), y l loi

ti xoay chiu hay gp nht, v ngay c ng c xoay chiu khng ng b cng

c th thay th tng ng bng dng ti ny.
Nguyn tc khng ch:
to ra in p xoay chiu trn ti Zt ngi ta khng cc tiristor chnh ca BB lm
vic theo qui lut nh sau:
- Khi cn c na chu k dng ca in p trn ti ngi ta khng ch m hai van
T1, T2 v kho hai van T3, T4. Lc in p trn ti (cng l in p gia 2 im A
v B) s l: ut=Ud .
- Khi cn c na chu k m ca in p trn ti ngi ta khng ch m hai van T 3,
T4 v kho hai van T1, T2. Lc in p trn ti s l: ut=-Ud .
Nh vic khng ch cc van lm vic theo qui lut nh trn v lp i lp li vi
chu k bng chu k in p ra yu
cu ta c in p trn ti l in p ut
xoay chiu c dng hnh ch nht Ud
T1,T2 m
T1,T2 m
(cn gi l dng sin ch nht).

0
3
2

th in p trn ti khi cho cc van

t
T3,T4 m
T3,T4 m
-U
lm vic theo qui lut trn c
d
minh ho trn hnh 5.3.
Hnh 5.3
V.2.1.2 Nguyn l lm vic ca s
khi c xt n cc diode ngc,
ti Rt-Lt, Dng qua ti
a/- Nguyn l lm vic ca s khi c xt n cc diode ngc, ti Rt-Lt
Ta gi thit l s lm vic ch xc lp trc thi im ta bt u xt t=0
(thi im mc bt u xt t=0 l thi im ta truyn xung iu khin n m 2 van
T1 v T2). Nh vy ln cn trc t=0 th trong s ang c 2 van l T3 v T4 ang
dn dng, dng in trong s lc khp kn theo mch: (+U d) - T3 - Zt -T4 - (-Ud),
in p trn ti ut=-Ud cn dng ti c gi tr m. Ti t=0 ta khng ch kho 2 van T3,
T4 (nh mch chuyn i tng t nh BB mt chiu-mt chiu) v truyn tn hiu
iu khin n m T1 v T2. Hai van T3, T4 kho li nhng do ti c in cm Lt nn
dng qua ti khng th i chiu ngay, tc l dng ti cha khp qua T1, T2. Lc hai
van T3, T4 kho li lm cho dng ti gim v c xu hng i chiu, trong Lt xut hin
s... t cm chng li qu trnh ny v tip tc duy tr dng ti theo chiu c mt
khong thi gian na v lc ny dng ti c khp kn theo mch: Zt - D11 - Ud - D22
-Zt. Nh vy tuy dng ti cha i chiu nhng in p trn ti i chiu (u t=Ud),
cn dng qua ngun lc ny ngc chiu vi in p ngun, tc l trong giai on ny
ngun mt chiu thu cng sut. V mt nng lng th giai on ny nng lng tch
lu trong in cm ph ti Lt giai on T3 v T4 dn dng (cng c gi l nng
lng phn khng) c gii phng ra v chuyn tr cho ngun cung cp mt chiu.
Khi ton b nng lng tch lu trong Lt c gii phng ht th dng ti bng khng
v bt u i chiu (ti t=t1) v s khp qua T1 v T2. Vy giai on t
t=t1t= th T1 v T2 lm vic, dng ti khp kn theo mch: (+Ud) - T1 - Zt - T2 -

(-Ud), ut=Ud. Ti t= ta khng ch kho T1, T2 v m T3, T4. Cng tng t nh ti

t=0, lc ny s... t cm sinh ra trong Lt s lm cho dng ti tip tc c duy tr
theo chiu c (tc l it vn dng) v n c khp kn theo mch: Z t - D33 - Ud - D44 Zt, v in p ti th i chiu: ut=-Ud. n t=t2=t1+ th dng ti bng khng v
i chiu, n s khp kn theo mch: (+Ud) - T3 - Zt - T4 - (-Ud) cho n t=2, trong
giai on ny ut=-Ud. Trong cc chu k tip theo s hot ng ca s tng t nh
chu k va xt.
b/- Dng qua ti Rt-Lt
T nguyn l hot ng va nu ta thy rng trong na chu k t t=0 n t= th
in p trn ti ut=Ud, cn na chu k sau th ngc li ut=-Ud. Do tnh cht i xng
ca 2 na chu k nn ta ch cn xc nh biu thc dng ti ca mt na chu k l .
Ta xt cho giai on t=0 n t=, trong giai on ny ta c phng trnh vi phn
sau:
Rt.it + Lt.dit/dt =Ud
(5-1)
Chuyn sang dng ton t Laplace ta c:
Rt.I(p) + p.Lt.I(p)-Lt.i(0) =Ud/p
(5-2)
Trong : I(p) l nh Laplace ca it, cn i(0) l gi tr dng ti ti thi im
t=0, khi s BB lm vic ch xc lp v vi tnh i xng ca 2 na chu
k in p v dng in trn ti ta suy ra i(0) cng bng gi tr i t ti t=2 v bng
nhng ngc du vi dng ti ti t=, ta k hiu gi tr dng ti ti t= l Im th
trong trng hp ny ta c: i(0)=-Im. Ta t Rt/Lt =a, gii phng trnh (5-2) ta c:
I(p) = Ud.a / [Rt.p.(a+p)] - Im/(a+p)
(5-3)
Chuyn v dng hm gc ta c:
it = (Ud/Rt).(1-e-at) - Im.e-at
(5-4)
Ta c th tm c gi tr ca Im khi cho t=T/2=/, vi T l chu k in p ra :
Im=(Ud/Rt).(1-e-aT/2) - Im.e-aT/2
(5-5)
-aT/2
-aT/2
Rt ra : Im=(Ud/Rt).(1-e )/(1+ e )
(5-6)
Thay (5-6) vo biu thc (5-4) v bin i, cui cng ta c :
it = (Ud/Rt).(1+e-aT/2 -2e-at)/(1+e-aT/2)
(5-7)
th dng p trn ti nh hnh 5.4
ut it
Ud
Im
-Im
-Ud

ut
it
t1

t2

t4

t3

Hnh 5.4
Gi tr t1 c th xc nh bng cch thay t=t1 vo biu thc dng it v cho v tri
bng khng, cui cng ta rt ra :

t1 = (Lt/Rt).ln[(Ud+Rt.Im)/Ud]
(5-8)
Cng t cc kt qu trn ta c: Cc tiristor trong thi gian mt chu T dn dng
mt khong bng T-t1, cn cc diode ngc th dn dng mt khong ng bng t 1.
Xut pht t nhn xt ny ta c th tm c gi tr trung bnh ca dng qua cc van
nh sau:
Dng trung bnh qua diode ngc:
t
t1

at

at

dt
I
(1/ T ). it .dt (1/ T ) (U / Rt ).(1 e
) I m .e
Dtb
d

0
0

(5-9)

Dng trung bnh qua tiristor:

T /2

T /2

at

at

dt
I
(1/ T ). it .dt (1/ T ) (U / Rt ).(1 e
) I m .e
Dtb
d
t

t
1
1

(5-10)

V.2.1.3 Mt s s nghch lu in p mt pha c c mch chuyn i

a/- S 1
S nguyn l ca BB nh hnh 5.5, trong s ny ngoi cc phn t ging nh
s hnh 5.2 cn c thm cc phn t mch chuyn i (mch kho cc tiristor
chnh), trong : L1, L4, C1, C4 l cc phn t chuyn mch ca 2 van T1 v T4; cn L2,
L3, C2, C3l cc phn t chuyn mch ca 2 van T2 v T3. Cc in cm chuyn mch
c gi tr nh v bng nhau, mt khc tng cp L1 v L4, L2 v L3 c lin h h cm vi
nhau (ghp kiu bin p) vi h s lin h bng 1.
Nguyn l hot ng ca s
xt nguyn l chuyn mch ca s ta ch cn xt qu trnh kho mt van ca s
ri suy ra cho trng hp kho cc van cn li. Ta s xt qu trnh kho T 1. Ta gi
thit rng s ang lm vic bnh thng, hai van T1 v T2 ang dn dng st in
p bi dng ti trn L1 v L2 b qua v khng ng k, uT1 = uT2 = 0, v do vy m cc
t C3 v C4 s np n gi tr bng Ud vi cc tnh nh ghi trn s hnh 4-5, cn
in p trn C1 v C2 bng khng. Ti thi im t=t0 ta cn kho T1, T2 v m T3, T4,
ta truyn xung iu khin n hai van T3, T4 v qu trnh kho T1, T2 s din ra. Ta ch
xt qu trnh kho T1, cn qu trnh kho T2 din ra tng t. Khi T4 c tn hiu iu
khin th T4 m v trn n ang c t in p thun bng in p trn t C4 v lc
t C4 s phng in qua in cm L4 v van T4, do st in p trn T4 m b qua
(uT4=0) nn trn L4 c t in p bng in p trn C4, tc l: uL4=uC4. Mt khc do
s lin h kiu bin p ca L1 v L4 m trn L1 cng s cm ng mt in p bng in
p trn L4: uL1=uL4. Vi cc tnh cc cun dy nh trn s ta c : Ti thi im T4
m th trn L1 v L4 xut hin in p bng 2Ud vi cc tnh dng t vo Cathode T1
v m t vo ant T4 v trn van T1 s c in p ngc:

+
T1
D11

C0

Ud

*
C1
C4

L1
+

D44

L4

T3
ut

L3
it

Zt

L2

D33

* +

- C3
*

C2
D22

T4

T2

Hnh 5.5
uT1 = Ud - 2Ud = -Ud
v T1 s kho li, khi in p trn t C4 gim v bng khng th do diode D44 mc song
song vi C4 m qu trnh np ngc li ca C4 khng xy ra, lc ny t C1 cng c
np n in p bng Ud, vi ph ti c c tnh in tr-in cm th dng ti cha
i chiu m n c khp qua D44 v D33 v ngun cung cp, van T4 tm thi kho
li. Khi nng lng tch lu trong Lt c gii phng ht th dng ti bng khng v c
xu hng i chiu, lc ny nu trn T4 v T3 vn cn tn hiu iu khin th 2 van ny
li m v dng ti i chiu. Qu trnh kho cc van T3 v T4 s din ra tng t khi ta
truyn tn hiu iu khin n m 2 van T1, T2.
Tnh ton cc phn t chuyn mch

Ti

L1

C1

Lt

I
+

L4

Ti
Rt

Lt

Rt

Ud
C4

D44

C4

I
T4

I+i

L4
i
T4

Hnh 5.6
Ta gi thit l ph ti in tr-in cm vi in cm Lt ca ph ti ln hn rt
nhiu so vi in cm chuyn mch L (L1=L2= L3=L4=L<<Lt), b qua cc tn tht
trong s , v trong thi gian chuyn mch th xem rng dng qua ti khng thay i
v bng dng ti ti thi im bt u chuyn mch (=I). Trc thi im chuyn
mch th dng qua L1 bng I, cn dng qua L4 bng khng nn nng lng tch lu
tng trong L1 v L2 bng L.I2/2. Ngay sau khi T4 bt u dn in th phn b dng
in c biu din trn hnh 4-6a, do s lin tc ca nng lng t trng trong cc
in cm L1 v L4 nn khi dng qua L1 bng khng th dng qua L4 phi bng I m
bo nng lng t trng trong chng vn l LI2/2. Trong s lc ny hnh thnh
mch vng dao ng gm C1, C4 v L4 mc song song nn tn s gc cng hng:

0 = 1/ 2 LC
(5-11)
Dng tng ca C1 v C4 phi bng 2I v gm dng phng qua ti v qua L4. Khi in
p trn t C4 hoc trn L4 gim xung cn mt na gi tr ban u th in p trn T1
bng khng v bt u chuyn sang dng. Khong thi gian t C 4 phng t Ud xung
cn Ud/2 l thi gian phc hi tnh cht iu khin ca T1. Sau khi in p trn t C4
gim xung bng khng th D44 m v dng in ca L4 s khp qua diode ny, tn
tht thc t trn T4, D44 v L4 s tiu tn ht nng lng d trong L4 v dng qua T4,
L4 s trit tiu. Giai on tiu tn nng lng d trong L4 c biu din trn hnh 46b. Theo cc phn tch trn ta c dng qua L4 trong khong thi gian u ca qu trnh
chuyn mch l:
i=(Imax+I).sin( 0t+) - I
(5-12)
Vi Imax l gi tr dng cc i qua L4 v T4 khi chuyn mch, trnh cc tn
hao qu ln khi chuyn mch ta thng chn Imax=1,5I. Gc c xc nh t iu
kin: ti t=0 th i bng I. Vy:
=arcsin[2I/(Imax+I)]
(5-13)
cho in p trn L4 gim xung bng mt na gi tr ban u cng c ngha
l di/dt cng gim xung cn mt na gi tr ban u, khong thi gian ny (ta k hiu
l t1) ti thiu phi bng thi gian kho ca tiristor tk. Tm ly t1=tk, ta c:
0tk = arccos(cos /2) -
(5-14)
T (5-14) ta tm c 0, gi thit ta t 0=A. Dng in qua ngun mt chiu
id=(1/2).(Imax+I)sin( 0t+). Khi (0t+)=/2 th in p trn t C4 bng khng v dng
qua cun dy L4 t gi tr cc i bng Imax. Nng lng ly t ngun trong khong t
0t=0 n (0t+)=/2 l:
Wd

0t / 2

U d .(1/ 2).( I max I )sin(0 t )d (0 t )

(5-15)

0t 0

in p trn ti khi ng thi din ra qu trnh kho T1 v T2 c th xc nh

theo mch vng qua ngun, hai van T3 v T4 cng hai in cm chuyn mch:
ut=2L.di/dt - Ud
Vy nng lng ngun chuyn cho ti trong giai on ny l :
Wd

0t / 2

2L( I max I )0 sin(0t ) U d I .d (0t )

(5-16)

(5-17)

0t 0

Nng lng mt i trong C4 c chuyn vo C1. Nng lng tch lu thm ca

L4 trong khong thi gian chuyn mch t thi im u cho n thi im in p
trn C4 bng khng l:
WL =L(Imax2 - I2)
(5-18)
Cn bng nng lng trong giai on ny ta c :
Wd = W t + W L
(5-19)

S dng cc biu thc (5-15) - (5-19) ta s xc nh c gi tr cn thit ca L,

sau da vo biu thc (5-11) ta s xc nh c gi tr ca C (C1= C2= C3= C4=
C). Tr s chn ca C thng ly bng 2 ln tnh ton.
b/- S 2
Trong s hnh 5.7 th mch chuyn +
T1
T3
i kho cc tiristor chnh gm c
C1 L1
D11
D33
C1, L1 dng kho nhm van ant
+ ut
D1
D3
it
chung T1, T3, cn C2, L2 dng kho Ud
C0
nhm van Cathode chung T2, T4.
Zt
D4
D2
+ Trong s cn c thm cc diode D1
D44
D22
T
T
C
L
2
4
2
2
D4 c gi l cc diode ct (ngn
cch).
Hnh 5.7
Nguyn l qu trnh kho mt
tiristor chnh, v d l T1, din ra nh sau:
Ta cng gi thit l 2 van T1 v T2 ang lm vic, cc t C1 v C2 c np in
n gi tr bng Ud vi cc tnh nh hnh v. Ti t=t0 no ta cn kho T1 v T2,
ng thi m T3 v T4, ta truyn tn hiu iu khin n T3 v T4. Khi T3 v T4 c tn
hiu iu khin th 2 van ny s m, cc t C1 v C2 s phng in qua cc van ny. T
C1 phng in qua D1 - qua D11 - qua T3 - qua L1 - v C1 to nn trn T1 mt in p
ngc nh ( bng hai ln st in p trn mt diode m) v T1 kho li. i vi T2 qu
trnh kho cng tng t : t C2 phng in qua T4 - qua D22 - qua D2 - qua L2 - v C2
to nn trn T2 mt in p ngc nh v T2 kho li. Ngoi cc ng phng trn th
cc t cn phng qua mch ti v trong giai on u 2 diode D3 v D4 cn b t in
p ngc nn cha dn dng. Sau khi nng lng tch lu trong Lt c gii phng ht
th dng ti i chiu v khp vng qua T3, D3, D4, T4. Cc t C1 v C2 sau khi phng
ht s c np theo chiu ngc li chun b cho qu trnh kho T3 v T4 khi m
T1 v T2 .
c/- S 3
Trong s hnh 5.8 th mch chuyn i kho cc tiristor chnh gm c C1, L1 v
cc tiristor ph T5, T8 dng kho 2 van T1, T4, cn C2, L2 v cc tiristor ph T6, T7
dng kho 2 van T2, T3.
+
D11

T5
Ud

C1

C0
-

L1

T1
ut

it

+
T8

Nguyn l lm vic

C2
-

Zt
D44

D33 T7

T3

T4

Hnh 5.8

T2

L2

+
D22

T6

Ta gi thit ti c in cm kh ln nn trong khong chuyn mch dng ti coi nh

khng thay i v bng I. Ta s nghin cu qu trnh kho T 1. Gi thit BB ang lm
vic bnh thng, 2 van T1 v T2 ang
it
dn dng, t in C1 v C2 c
I
t
np y vi cc tnh nh trn s
0
hnh 4-8.
ukT5
t
t0
Ti thi im t=t0 ta cn kho
0
cc van T1, T2. kho T1 ta truyn
uC1
tn hiu iu khin n van T5 lm cho
t3
t2
t
0
T5 m. Van T5 m th t in C1 bt
t0
t1
u phng in. Trong giai on u
dng phng ca t i qua ti, nh
gi thit l dng qua ti trong khong iT5=iC
chuyn mch khng thay i v bng 1
t
I
0
I nn dng phng ca t tng th dng
iT1
qua T1 gim v n t=t1 th iC1=I, van
t
I
0
T1 kho li (v dng qua n bng
iD11
khng v c xu hng i chiu).
t
Dng ca t tip tc tng v mt phn
0
c khp qua D11 (hnh 5.9). Khi iD44
in p trn t i chiu th dng qua
I t
0
t C1 v van T5 s gim dn. Ti t=t2
uT1
uT1
tkh
th iC1=I v sau s nh hn dn n
Ud t
0
D44 m v mt phn dng ti i qua
uD1
D44, by gi mch C1-L1 c ni trc
tip vo ngun in mt chiu v dn
Hnh 5.9
n in p trn C1 s vt qu gi tr
Ud. S chuyn mch s kt thc khi dng qua t C1 v T5 gim v bng khng v c xu
hng i chiu, tiristor ph T5 s kho li (thi im t=t3), dng ti s khp hon ton
qua diode D44 di tc dng ca s... t cm sinh ra trong in cm ph ti Lt cho
n khi nng lng tch lu trong Lt c gii phng ht. Qu trnh chuyn mch cc
van khc trong s cng tng t nh i vi van T1.
V.2.2 Nghch lu dng in mt pha
V.2.2.1 Nguyn tc khng ch

+ L0

Id
T1
A

Ud

T3

Ti
Rt

it

Lt

ut

T4

T2

Hnh 5.10
S BB cha c thit b chuyn mch nh hnh 5.10. Trong s ny th cc
tiristor chnh T1T4 lm nhim v bin i dng mt chiu Id thnh dng xoay chiu it,
to ra ngun c c trng ngun dng in ta mc ni tip vi mch ngun mt
in cm ln L0, ti ca BB c th l thun tr hoc in tr in cm hoc c thm
in dung, y ta nghin cu vi loi ph ti ph bin nht l ti in tr in cm
(Rt-Lt).
Nguyn tc khng ch
to ra dng in xoay chiu trn ph ti ngi ta khng ch 2 cp van T1, T2 v T3,
T4 lm vic lch nhau mt na chu k (tc l lch nhau 1800 in). V d t
t=0t=T/2 (t=0t=) ta khng ch m T1, T2 v kho T3, T4, do vy trong mch s
c dng in i theo ng (+Ud) - L0 - T1 - ti - T2 - (-Ud), ta c : it=Id; t t=T/2t=T
(t=t=2) th ta khng ch kho T1, T2 v m T3, T4, nn trong mch s c dng
in i theo ng (+Ud) - L0 - T3 - ti - T4 - (-Ud) v trong khong ny ta c: it = -Id.
Cc chu k tip theo s lm vic tng t. Ta c th dng ti nh hnh 5.11.
it
0
0

Id

T/2
()

Id (2)

2T

T
(3)

(4)

t
(t)

Hnh 5.11
T th dng ti ta thy rng dng ti l dng xoay chiu khng hnh sin, vi sng
hi bc nht dng in c tn s bng tn s khng ch BB (tn s khng ch cc
van) v cc thnh phn sng hi bc cao. Vic xc nh in p trn ti c th ng
dng nguyn l xp chng : ut = u1+un , trong u1 l thnh phn sng hi bc nht
ca in p trn ti, un l thnh phn sng hi bc n (n>1 v nguyn) ca in p trn
ti.
**Ch : Do ngun cung cp l ngun dng in mt chiu nn dng mch ngun
khng i chiu, v vy nghch lu dng thng khng s dng cc diode ngc.
Mt s s nghch lu dng mt pha c cc phn t chuyn mch (c
mch chuyn i).
a/- S dng my bin p c im khng (c trung tnh)

it

Rt

Lt
ut

L0

Id

W2

*
*

W11

O
(+) (-)
- +
C

Ud

T1

BA
*
W12
B
T2

Hnh 5.12
S BB nh hnh 5.12. Trong s ch s dng 2 tiristor T1 v T2. Mch chuyn
i s dng t in C mc song song vi cc cun s cp my bin p ra BA, cng c
th mc t chuyn mch song song vi cun th cp BA. My bin p ra BA ca BB
c 2 cun s cp c s vng ging nhau v c u nh trn s . Nh s dng my
bin p c im khng m ta gim c s van c iu khin ca BB.
Nguyn l chuyn mch ca BB i nh sau:
Ta gi thit l van T1 ang lm vic, xut hin dng in i theo vng (+Ud) - 0 - W11 A - T1 - (-Ud). Trn mch ti s c na chu k dng ca dng ti. ng thi vi vic
T1 dn dng s c s np in cho t C bi tng in p trn 2 cun s cp, trn C s
c in p vi cc tnh nh ghi trn s ngoi du ngoc. Ti thi im t=t0 no
ta cn kho T1 v m T2 to ra na chu k m ca dng ti, ta truyn xung iu
khin n T2, van T2 s m v t C phng in qua T2 v t ton b in p trn n
ln T1 vi cc tnh dng t vo katt, tc l T1 b t in p ngc nn kho li.
T C sau khi phng n in p bng khng s c np theo chiu ngc li
chun b cho qu trnh kho T2 khi ta m T1 (ti t=t0+T/2).
b/- S s dng cc tiristor ph (hnh 5.12)
L0

Id

+
T5

T1
C1

Ud

it

Rt

Lt

C2

- +
T8

T7

T3

Ti

- +
T4

ut

T2

T6

Hnh 5.13
Trong s ny ta s dng 4 tiristor ph t T5 n T8 kt hp vi 2 t C1 v C2
m bo qu trnh chuyn mch dng in ca cc tiristor chnh T1T4 .
Nguyn l chuyn mch

Ta xt qu trnh kho T1 v T2. Gi thit T1 v T2 ang dn dng v do s chuyn

mch giai on trc m cc t C1 v C2 c np in vi cc tnh nh hnh v.
Ti t=t0 ta cn kho T1, T2 v m T3, T4 ta truyn xung iu khin n m T3, T4, T5,
T6. Hai van T5, T6 m v cc t C1, C2 s phng in qua 2 van ny - qua ph ti - qua
ngun cung cp gy nn in p ngc trn T1 v T2, nn T1, T2 kho li. Khi dng ti
gim v c xu hng i chiu th T3 v T4 cng dn dng, cc t sau khi phng n
in p bng khng s c np theo chiu ngc li n in p bng bin in p
trn ti th dng cc t v cc tiristor ph bng khng v c xu hng i chiu, cc
tiristor ph T5, T6 kho li, in p trn t c gi nguyn (cc tnh ngc vi ghi
trn s ) chun b cho qu trnh kho T3 v T4 khi ta m T7, T8.
V.3 Nghch lu 3 pha
V.3.1 Nghch lu p ba pha
V.3.1.1 Mch ng lc v qu trnh khng ch
to ra in p xoay chiu ba pha t mt ngun cung cp mt chiu ta c th s
dng
Ba BB in p mt pha lm vic th t lch nhau 1/3 chu k.
BB in p ba pha.
Trng hp u th nguyn tc khng ch v nguyn l hot ng ca BB
hon ton tng t nh s nghch lu in p mt pha nghin cu, ch cn ch
n vic m bo cho ba s nghch lu in p mt pha lm vic vi chu k bng
nhau v th t lm vic lch nhau ng 1/3 chu k. Phn ny ta ch nghin cu nguyn
tc to ra in p xoay chiu ba pha i vi s nghch lu in p ba pha.
C rt nhiu kiu s nghch lu in p ba pha v nguyn l hot ng ca
cc s cng khc nhau t nhiu. y ta s nghin cu nguyn tc hot ng ca
mt s nghch lu in p ba pha c trng nht v c s dng kh ph bin,
l s nghch lu in p ba pha mc theo kiu s cu cn c gi l s
Larinp (ta gi tt l nghch lu in p cu ba pha). S mch lc b nghch lu
ny (cn thiu mch chuyn i) c biu din trn hnh 5.14. Trong s ny th
cc tiristor T1T6 l cc tiristor chnh, chng lm nhim v bin i in p ngun mt
chiu Ud thnh in p xoay chiu ba pha uA, uB, uC t ln ph ti xoay chiu ba pha
ZA, ZB, ZC. Cc van ny hnh thnh hai nhm van: Nhm van Cathode chung (nhm c
ch s chn) gm T2, T4, T6; nhm van ant chung (nhm c ch s l) gm T1, T3, T5.
Ph ti ba pha trong trng hp ny ni hnh sao (Y), cng c th ni ph ti dng tam
gic (). Trong s ny cng s dng mt cu diode ngc gm cc van D 11D66
chuyn tr nng lng phn khng t ti v ngun. T C 0 l khu lc, n c tc dng
to cho ngun Ud c c trng gn vi ngun in p l tng cung cp cho BB.

+
D11

D44

T4

D55

T5

D33

C0

Ud

T3

T1

T6

T2

D66

D22

uA

ZA

uB

ZB uC

ZC

Hnh 5.14
Nguyn tc khng ch
to ra in p xoay chiu ba pha trn ph ti ba pha ZA, ZB, ZC ta thc hin khng
ch cc tiristor chnh T1 T6 lm vic theo qui lut nh sau :
Cc van trong cng mt pha (pha A l T1, T4; pha B l T3, T6; pha C l T2, T5 )
lm vic lch nhau mt na chu k, tc l lch nhau 1800 in.
Cc van trong cng mt nhm lm vic th t lch nhau 1/3 chu k, tc l 120 0
in.
T cc nguyn tc nu trn, nu gi thit chu k lm vic ca BB l T v thi
im t=0 l thi im pht xung iu khin m van T 1 th qui lut xut hin tn hiu
iu khin trn cc tiristor th t theo biu trn hnh 5.15.
ukT1
t1

t2

t3

t4

t5

t6

t7

t8

t9

t10

ukT2
t
ukT3
ukT4
ukT5
ukT6

T/6

T/6
T/6

T/6
T/6

t
t
t

T/6
t

Hnh 5.15
in p trn ph ti ca nghch lu in p ba pha
xc nh in p trn ph ti nghch lu in p ba pha ngi ta c th s dng cc
phng php khc nhau. Chnh xc hn c l da vo khong dn dng ca mi van
trong mt chu k lm vic ca BB kt hp vi qui lut lm vic ca cc van nh
nu phn nguyn tc khng ch. Cng nh cc BB khc, ngi ta gi khong thi
gian dn dng ca mi van trong mt chu k lm vic ca BB l gc dn ca van, k

hiu l . Trong phm vi thi gian dn dng ca mi van trong mt chu kT/3 (tc l
1200) th ta c th p dng cc biu thc c xy dng sau y.
Ta gi in p gia cc im A,B,C so vi im cc m ca ngun cung cp
mt chiu l uA0 ,uB0 ,uC0 v in p trn cc ph ti ZA, ZB, ZC l uA, uB, uC; in p
dy ph ti l uAB, uBC, uCA. Cc in p uA0, uB0 ,uC0 c xc nh nh sau:
-uA0 =Ud khi T1 m, uA0 =0 khi T4 m, uA0 =Ud/2 khi T1, T4 cng kho
-uB0 =Ud khi T3 m, uB0 =0 khi T6 m, uB0 =Ud/2 khi T3, T6 cng kho
-uC0 =Ud khi T5 m, uC0 =0 khi T2 m, uC0 =Ud/2 khi T5, T2 cng kho
Ta c cc phng trnh:
uA+ uB + uC = 0
(5-20)
uAB = uA0 - uB0
(5-21a)
uBC = uB0 - uC0
(5-21b)
uCA = uC0 - uA0
(5-21c)
uAB = uA - uB
(5-22a)
uBC = uB - uC
(5-22b)
uCA = uC - uA
(5-22c)
Gii h cc phng trnh ny ta c :
uA = (2uA0 - uB0 - uC0)/3
(5-23a)
uB = (2uB0 - uA0 - uC0)/3
(5-23b)
uC = (2uC0 - uB0 - uA0)/3
(5-23c)
Cc biu thc (5-23) cho php ta xc nh in p trn ph ti ca s nghch
lu in p ba pha khi bit gc dn ca van. i vi nghch lu in p th gc dn
ca van c th thay i trong phm vi rng, gi tr gc dn cc i khi khng xt n
thi gian chuyn mch l: max=
V.3.1.2 Mch chuyn i v kho st qu trnh chuyn i
a/- Cc s nghch lu in p ba c c mch chuyn i
Cc s nghch lu p ba pha vi y mch chuyn i rt a dng, cc kiu
mch chuyn i nghch lu in p mt pha cng hon ton c th s dng cho
nghch lu in p ba pha. Sau y ta s gii thiu mt trong cc s thng dng.
l s vi mch chuyn i dng cc tiristor ph:
S nguyn l nh hnh 5.16, trong s ny ngoi cc phn t nh trong s
hnh 5.14 gii thiu, cn c thm cc phn t chuyn mch gm: Cc tiristor ph
T7T12 v cc mch L1-C1, L2-C2, L3-C3. Nguyn l hot ng kho mt van no
trong s hon ton tng t nh trong s mt pha gii thiu.

+
T7 T9

T11

D11
L1
L2
L3

C1
C2
C3

C0
Ud
T10 T12

D33

T3

T5

D55

B
C

D44

T8

T1
A

T6

T4

D66

ZA
uA

ZB
uC

uB

T2

D22

ZC

Hnh 5.16
b/- Kho st qu trnh chuyn i (tham kho ti liu)
V.3.2 Nghch lu dng ba pha
V.3.2.1 Mch ng lc v nguyn tc khng ch
Cng tng t nh vi nghch lu in p l ta c th to ra h thng dng in xoay
chiu ba pha t ngun cung cp l ngun dng mt chiu bng cch s dng ba BB
mt pha lm vic cng tn s v th t lch nhau 1/3 chu k hoc dng mt BB ba
pha. y ta cng s dng s nghch lu mc theo s cu ba pha xt nguyn
tc to ra h thng dng xoay chiu ba pha. S BB cha c cc phn t chuyn
mch nh hnh 5.17. Trong s cng s dng 6 tiristor phn lm 2 nhm van nh
nghch lu p, cho ngun cung cp c c trng ngun dng ta mc ni tip vi
ngun in cm ln L0, trong s ny ta mc ti dng hnh sao (Y).
L0
Id
+
T5

T3

T1
A

Ud
T4

B
iB T2

i A T6

iC

uA

ZA

uB

Hnh 5.17

ZB u C

ZC

iA
t

Id

0
/3

2/3

4/3

5/3

7/3

iB
t

0
2/3

Id

4/3

5/3

7/3

iA
t

Id

0
/3

2/3

4/3

5/3

7/3

Hnh 5.18
Nguyn tc khng ch:
Hon ton tng t trng hp nghch lu in p ba pha, th xung iu khin cc
van cng tun theo qui lut nh hnh 5.15.
Do c im l dng ngun lin tc v khng i, lin h vi s hot ng ca
s chnh lu cu ba pha khi dng mch mt chiu (ti) l lin tc th mi van trong
mt chu k ch dn dng mt khong thi gian bng 1/3 chu k ta suy ra : Trong s
nghch lu dng cu ba pha th mi van trong s ch dn dng mt khong thi gian
bng 1/3 chu k ca dng in ra trn ti, tc l gc dn ca mi van l : =2/3
T ta c th dng ti ca b bin i nh hnh 5.18. Dng qua ti l dng
in xoay chiu khng hnh sin v c ph sng hi ging nh trng hp dng in
qua li in khi s chnh lu cu ba pha lm vic vi ti c Ld.
V.3.2.2 Mch chuyn i v kho st qu trnh chuyn i
a/- Mt s s nghch lu dng ba pha c cc phn t chuyn mch
(c mch chuyn i)
Cng nh nghch lu p ba pha, nghch lu dng ba pha c rt nhiu dng mch
chuyn i khc nhau. Sau y ta s xt vi s trong s .
a/- S chuyn mch bng t c s dng cc it ngn cch
S BB nh hnh
L0
Id
5.19, trong +
T1
T3
T5
chuyn mch dng
+ + nhm van ant chung
C13 C1
C35
uA
iA
ta s dng cc t C13,
+5 ZA
D1
D5
D3
C15, C35, cn
uB
iB
A
chuyn mch cc van Ud
ZB
B
C
nhm Cathode chung
uC
iC
D
D
D
4
6
2
ta s dng cc t C24,
ZC
C26, C46. Cc it D1
C46 C
C26
24
D6 c tc dng ngn
T4

T6

Hnh 5.19

T2

cch dng phng ca t vi ti gim nh nh hng ca ti ti thi gian phc hi

tnh cht iu khin ca cc tiristor t T1 T6 .
Nguyn l chuyn mch
Ta gi thit rng van T1 v T2 ang lm vic, thi im t=t0 ta cn kho T1 v m T3.
Khi T1 dn dng th t C13, C35 v C15 c np in vi cc tnh in p trn cc t
nh ghi trn s . Ti t=t0 ta truyn xung iu khin n T3 v qu trnh chuyn mch
dng in t T1 sang T3 din ra qua cc giai on nh sau:
Giai on 1:
Cc t C13, C15, C35 phng v np theo mch vng nh hnh 5.20, lc ny t C15 c
xem nh mc ni tip vi t C35 v chng li mc song song vi t C13, ton b c
xem nh l mt t tng ng c in dung bng 2/3 in dung mi t [C t=(2/3)C].
T tng ng phng in theo mch vng Ct - D1 - ZA - ZC - D2 - T2 - Ud - L0 - T3 Ct. S phng in ca cc t qua T3 to nn in p ngc trn tiristor T1 lm cho
T1 kho li. S tng ng ca giai on ny c th biu din li nh trn hnh
5.21. Trong giai on ny dng ti +
L0
Id
pha A vn tip tc c duy tr,
T3
T1
+ + in p trn cc t ang to nn
C13
C35
+ in p ngc trn D3 v D3 cha
uA
C15
iA
D1
lm vic, do vy cha c dng qua Ud
ZA
A
ti pha B.
uC
i
C C
ZC
Giai on 2:
D2
Lc ny in p cc t thay i nh
T2
hn in p pha A nn D3 bt u Hnh 5.20
c phn cc thun v dn dng,
mt khc dng qua D1 v ZA vn cn, s tng ng ca giai on ny nh trn
hnh 5.22. Trong giai on ny cc t tip tc phng v sau c np ngc li cho
n y, khi dng ti pha A gim v bng khng th qu trnh chuyn mch dng t
pha A sang pha B kt thc. Qu trnh kho cc van khc din ra tng t.
b/uA
D1 i
L0
Id T3
A
+ S +
Ct
Ud
uC
D2 iC
T2
ch uy
Hnh 5.21
n
mch nhm
S BB nh hnh 5.23, ngoi cc
phn t nh nu trong s cn c
2 tiristor ph T7, T8 v t in Ccm l
cc phn t chuyn mch.
Nguyn l chuyn mch :

L0

Id T3

Ct

ZA

uA

D3

uB

Ud
D2

T2
ZC

D1 iA

ZA

iB

ZB
uC

iC

ZC

Hnh 5.22

L0

Id

Ud

T5

T3

T1

Cc

+
T4

iA T6

iB T2

ZA uB

ZB uC

iC

uA

Hnh 5.23

ZC

T7
T8

Gi thit trong s ang c 2 van no lm vic, v d T 1 v T2, t chuyn mch

Ccm c np in nh trn hnh v vi in p ln hn in p mt pha ph ti.
Ti thi im cn kho T1 ta truyn xung iu khin n T7 dn n T7 m. Van T7 th
m t Ccm phng in qua ZC - T2 - ngun - L0 - T7 v quay v Ccm, do uCcm>uA nn T1
b t in p ngc v kho li. Sau khi phng n in p bng khng th t C cm s
c np ngc li chun b cho vic kho T2 khi ta m T8. Qu trnh cc khong
tip sau din ra tng t.
V.3.2.3 Mch iu khin nghch lu 3 pha (tham kho ti liu)
V.4 Mt s phng php nng cao cht lng in p ra ca nghch lu p
V.4.1 iu chnh in p ra nghch lu
Cc ph ti ca nghch lu, nht l cc ng c xoay chiu khng ng b thng c
s i hi phi thay i gi tr in p theo tn s vi mt s qui lut nht nh no
th mi m bo cht lng. Do vy mt vn t ra l ta phi iu chnh c in
p ra ca nghch lu. Cc nghin cu a ra nhiu bin php khc nhau, ph bin
nht l iu chnh in p vo nghch lu, iu chnh gc dn ca van v iu ch
xung tng nc.
a/- Thay i in p cung cp cho nghch lu
y l mt bin php tng i n gin nhng cho kt qu kh tt. iu chnh gi
tr in p trn ti ta cho cc van lm vic vi gc dn ln nht =max= v iu
chnh gi tr in p cung cp Ud nh vic s dng s chnh lu c iu khin
to in p ngun cho BB mt chiu-xoay chiu. Do gc dn ca van vn bng 1800
nn thnh phn sng hi in p vn khng thay i.
b/- Thay i gc dn ca van
Trong trng hp ny thay i in p ra nghch lu ta khng thay i gi
=max=

<max=

Hnh 5.24
tr in p ngun m iu chnh gc dn ca van, th hnh 5.24 minh ho trng
hp va nu.
c/- iu chnh xung tng nc
Trong trng hp ny thay i in p ra nghch lu ngi ta khng ch cho mi
van m kho nhiu ln trong mi chu k va iu chnh in p ra ng thi khi
kt hp vi vic iu ch rng xung ta ci thin c cht lng in p trn ti.
th hnh 4-14 minh ho phng php iu chnh ny

Hnh 5.25
V.4.2 Nng cao cht lng in p ra
Nu ng cong in p trn ti l cc xung hnh ch nht c di ging nhau trong
mi na chu k th cc sng hi bc cao trong ng cong in p s c bin ng
k so vi thnh phn sng hi bc nht. iu ny s nh hng rt nhiu n s lm
vic ca ph ti BB. ci thin cht lng in p ra ta phi tm cch gim nh cc
sng hi bc cao hoc tt nht l lm trit tiu c cc sng hi tn s thp trong cc
sng hi bc cao. Ngi ta tm ra nhiu phng php nng cao cht lng in
p ra nghch lu. Sau y ta xt mt s phng php .
a/- iu ch rng xung
Ni dung ca phng php ny l: Trong mt na chu k ngi ta khng ch cho mi
van lm vic nhiu ln c nhiu xung in p trn ti v ngi ta iu ch sao cho
di cc xung thay i theo mt qui lut nh trc no , thng l qui lut hm
sin. Vi trng hp nay th di cc xung u v cui mi na chu k l nh nht
v n tng dn khi cng tin n gia na chu k (nh ca hnh sin). th hnh 5.26
minh ho ni dung phng php ny.
u
t
T/2
T
Hnh 5.26
b/- Dng phng php cng in p ca nhiu s nghch lu cng tn s v c
gc dn khc nhau
+

T3a D3a D1b T1b

D1a T1a

T3b D3b D1c T1c

BA1

BA2

ur1

ur2

T3c D3c

BA3

C0
Ud

D4a T4a

T2a D2a D4b T4b

ur3
T2b D2b D4c T4c

ura

T2c D2c

Hnh 5.27
ur1
t

/3 2/3
2/3

ur2

4/3

5/3

2 7/3

/6
/3

ur3

c
t
ura
t

Hnh 5.28
Trong s hnh 2.27ta s dng 3 s nghch lu in p mt pha, ph ti ghp vi
BB qua cc my bin p BA1, BA2, BA3. Cc s nghch lu c khng ch lm
vic cng tn s nhng gc dn khc nhau v thi im m ca cc van tng ng
cng lch nhau mt gc tu thuc gc dn. th hnh 5.28 nu ln trng hp:
Gc dn BB1 l 1= , gc dn BB2 l 2= 2/3, gc dn BB2 l 3= /3.
Van T1b m chm hn T1a mt gc bng /6, van T1c m chm hn T1b mt gc
bng /6.
Kt qu l ta c in p trn ti ut =u1 + u2 +u3 c dng nh th hnh 5.28d,
ng cong ny c t l bin cc sng hi bc cao so vi sng hi bc nht gim i
rt nhiu so vi dng in p hnh ch nht.
V.5. Nghch lu
Ct
cng hng
Ct Lt
Rt
B
A
A
B
V.5.1. Khi nim
a
b
Lt
Rt
chung
Ct
Nh nu trong
Ct2
Ct1
A
B
Lt
phn th nht ca A
B
c
d
Lt
Rt
chng ny, nghch
Rt
lu cng hng l
Ct2
mt
BB
mt
A

Ct1

Lt

Rt

Hnh 5.29

chiu-xoay chiu ngun c c trng bt k nhng ti phi dao ng cng hng vi

tn s ln hn tn s lm vic ca BB. Khi ngun cung cp l dng ngun p ngi
gi l nghch lu cng hng c u vo h, cn khi ngun cung cp l dng ngun
dng ngi gi l nghch lu cng hng c u vo kn. Chnh s dao ng cng
hng ca ph ti lm ngt dng qua van lm cho van kho nn trong cc s BB
ny khng phi s dng cc phn t chuyn mch nh nghch lu p hoc dng
nghin cu. mch ti c tnh cht dao ng cng hng ngi ta c th s dng
cc phn t R-L-C mc theo cc s khc nhau v BB thng c phn loi theo
cch mc mch ti:
Nghch lu cng hng ni tip : c cc phn t ph ti mc ni tip theo s
hnh 5.29a.
Nghch lu cng hng song song: c cc phn t ph ti mc song song theo
s hnh 5.29b v 5.29c.
Nghch lu cng hng ni tip-song song: c cc phn t ph ti mc theo s
hnh 5.29d v 5.29e.
V.5.2 Nghch lu cng hng ngun p
a/- S nguyn l
Hnh 5.30

+
D11
Ud

C0

T1
A

Ct

it

Ti
Rt

D33

T3
Lt

uCt

D44

T4

ut

T2

D22

S mt BB
biu din trn hnh 4-30, trong s ny ta c:
Cc tiristor T1T4 dng bin i nng lng in mt chiu ca ngun thnh
nng lng in xoay chiu trn ph ti gm 3 phn t l Rt, Lt v Ct, gi tr ca cc
phn t ph ti c la chn sao cho chng c tnh cht dao ng cng hng vi tn
s cng hng f0>f l tn s lm vic ca BB. Ta c f0= 0/2 v f=/2 (hay
=2f), v gi tr 0 c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
0 *2 b2 vi * 1/ Lt .Ct v b=Rt/(2Lt)

Trong s cn s dng cc diode ngc D11D44 tr nng lng phn

khng t ti v ngun.
b/- Nguyn l lm vic
i vi BB ny th tu theo quan h gia f v f0 m c th xy ra 2 ch khc nhau
ca dng ti: Ch dng ti gin on v ch dng ti lin tc.
Ch dng ti gin on:

Ch lm vic ny ca BB xy ra khi f0>2f. Nguyn l lm vic ca s trong

trng hp ny nh sau: Gi thit rng ti t=0 ta truyn xung iu khin n m T1
v T2, hai van ny m v bt u dn dng v bt u xut hin qu trnh dao ng
trong mch. Dng qua ti tng t khng (do ch dng ti l gin on nn ti thi
im m mt cp van c iu khin th dng ti ang bng khng) n gi tr cc i
ri gim v bng khng ti t=t1=1 (ta c 0t1= ) v bt u i chiu. Do cc van
khng cho dng i ngc chiu nn T1 v T2 t kho li, dng ti s khp kn qua cc
diode ngc D11, D22 v qua ngun cung cp. n t=t2 =2 =2t1 (ta c 0t2=2 )
th dng ti li bng khng v c xu hng i chiu nn D11, D22 kho li.

ukT
1

ukT

6 t

2 2

3 t

it

it
2

6 t

3 t

4
iT1

iT2
2

0
iD1

iD2

t 0
iD1

0
uT1 uT2

iD2
T

t 0
uT1 uT2
t 0

Ud

Ud

uC

uC
t 0

Hnh 5.31
Mt khc cc tiristor T1, T2 kho t trc nn dng ti s gi bng khng. Ti thi
im t= th ta truyn xung iu khin n m T3 v T4, hai van ny s m v qu
trnh dao ng ca dng mch ti li bt u. Trn hnh 5.31a biu din mt s th
minh ho nguyn l hot ng ca s trong ch dng ti gin on.

Gc dn ca cc diode bng gc dn ca cc tiristor (k hiu l ). Gc kho van

trong trng hp ny l: = hay thi gian kho ca tiristor l tk=/ =/ 0 .
Ch dng in ti lin tc:
Khi BB lm vic vi tn s cng hng f0 tho mn :f<f0<2f th dng qua ti l lin
tc. Nguyn l hot ng ca s nh sau:
Gi thit ti t=0 ta truyn xung iu khin n m T1 v T2, hai van ny m
v bt u dn dng v bt u xut hin qu trnh dao ng trong mch. Dng qua ti
tng t I0 (do ch dng ti l lin tc nn ti thi im m mt cp van c iu
khin th dng ti ang c mt gi tr no m ta k hiu l I0) n gi tr cc i ri
gim v bng khng ti t=t1=1 v bt u i chiu. Do cc van khng cho dng i
ngc chiu nn T1 v T2 t kho li, dng ti s khp kn qua cc diode ngc D11,
D22 v qua ngun cung cp. n thi im t= th dng ti bng -I0, ta truyn xung
iu khin n m T3 v T4, hai van ny s m, dng ti s chuyn vo cc tiristor T3,
T4 v qu trnh dao ng ca dng mch ti li bt u. Trn hnh 5.31b biu din mt
s th minh ho nguyn l hot ng ca s trong ch dng ti gin on.
Trong trng hp ny in p trn t Ct c dng hnh sin, gc dn ca cc tiristor khc
gc dn ca diode (T D). Gc kho van trong trng hp ny l: =D. Trong
trng hp ny ta thy rng tc tng ca dng qua tiristor khi m l rt ln.
Cc s nghch lu cng hng ngun cung cp l ngun p v c diode
ngc c th mc mch ti theo tt c cc kiu (ni tip; song song; ni tip-song
song). u im ca s ny l in p ngc trn cc tiristor nh. Nhng c nhc
im l tc tng ca dng qua tiristor trong ch dng lin tc rt ln.
V.5.3 Nghch lu cng hng ngun dng.
V.5.3.1 S nguyn l (hnh 5.32)
L0

Id
Lt

T1
Ud

T3

Rt

it

Ct

T4

B
T2

uCt

Hnh 5.32
Trn s hnh 5.32 l mt b nghch lu cng hng song song ngun cung cp
dng ngun dng. in cm L0 trong trng hp ny nh hn rt nhiu so vi nghch
lu dng in. Tn s cng hng ca mch c xc nh theo biu thc sau:
0=

L0+Lt

1
-

L0.Lt.Ct

4.Rt2.Ct2

V.5.3.2 Nguyn l lm vic

a
it

t 2
0

-ng nt t l
sng hi bc nht
dng ti

t 4

t 1

it

uCt=ut

t 4

0
t 1

uT1=uT2

='
0

t 1

t 4
2

uT1

1 2

Ud

uL0

0
t 1

t 4
2

Hnh 5.33
Gi thit ti t=0 ta truyn xung iu khin m 2 van T1 v T2 (trc dng tng
mch ti it=0 (xem s v th). Hai van T 1, T2 m v trong s xy ra dao ng
cng hng. Dng qua cc tiristor thay i theo biu thc :
iT1=iT2=Im.sin 0t.

n t=t1=1 (tng ng ta c t1=/ 0) th dng cc van bng khng v c xu

hng i chiu nn cc tiristor kho li, it=0, cc van T1, T2 c t in p ngc
bi in p trn t v phc hi tnh cht iu khin. in p trnT1, T2 lc ny bng:
uT1= uT2 = (Ud-ut)/2 = (Ud-uCt)/2. Trong giai on cc tiristor u kho (t t=t1=1
n t=t3=) th t Ct vn tip tc phng in qua Lt v Rt nn in p trn n gim
dn, do vy in p ngc trn T1, T2 cng gim dn. Ph thuc vo thng s ph ti
m c th xy ra:
in p trn Ct gim chm, hoc giai on t1t3 ngn nn uT1=uT2 vn mang
gi tr m trc khi m T3, T4 (hnh 5.33a).
in p trn Ct gim nhanh, hoc giai on t1t3 di nn uT1=uT2 s chuyn
sang dng trc khi m T3, T4 (hnh 5.33b).
Ti t=t3= ta truyn xung iu khin n m T3, T4, hai van ny m, xut
hin dng ti tng theo chiu ngc li. Qu trnh dao ng trong mch giai on
ny cng tng t nh na chu k trc. Khi hai van T3 v T4 m th in p trn T1
v T2 s l : uT1= uT2 =-ut =-uCt. phn tch mt cch tng i chnh xc s lm vic
ca BB ny l tng i phc tp, mt mc nht nh ta gi thit in p trn t
Ct, tc l in p trn ti bin thin theo qui lut hnh sin (tc l ch tnh n sng hi
bc nht ca in p trn ti) th ta c th minh ho nguyn l lm vic ca s
nh hnh 5.33.
Gc dn ca mi tiristor: =(/0).
Gc kho ca mi tiristor:
Trng hp tng ng vi hnh 5.33a: =1+2=1+(-)/2
Trng hp tng ng vi hnh 5.33a: ='=1+(-)/2-arsin(Ud/Utmax).
Trong : 1 l gc lch pha ca sng hi bc nht dng v p trn ti; U tmax l
bin in p trn ti; Ut l gi tr hiu dng in p trn ti.
Gi tr ln nht ca in p trn cc tiristor theo chiu thun v ngc l:
UTthmax=

2 .Ut

UTngmax=

2 .Ut.sin2.

Ph lc
P1.-Mt s mch lgic o chiu khi iu khin ring r BB xoay chiu-mt
chiu (chnh lu) c o dng
P1.1- Mch th nht
P1.1.1-S
Tn hiu khng ch chiu
dng ukc

UIn

NOT
2

OR
1
R1

NOT
1

R3

R5

C1
Tr1
D1

UIt

NOT
2

OR
2

R2
HnhP1

R4

R6

C2
Tr2
D2

Trong s hnh-P1 ta s dng mt s phn t lgic bn dn v cc transitor

khng ch t ng qu trnh pht xung iu khin cho hai b chnh lu khi ngng
cng nh khi o chiu. Cc tn hiu vo gm c tn hiu bo trng thi dn dng ca
hai s chnh lu l U It v UIn cho bit c s no ang lm vic hay khng. V d
: Khi b chnh lu thun ang lm vic th cc van b thun ang c dng in, lc
UIt c mc lgic 1; cn khi b thun khng lm vic th U It s c mc lgic khng (0).
Vi tn hiu bo trng thi b chnh lu ngc l U In cng tng t nh vy. Tn hiu
khng ch chiu dng trn ti ukc l tn hiu quyt nh cho php pht xung iu khin
cho b chnh lu ngc hay thun. y ta t: Khi ukc c mc 1 (dng) th cho php
pht xung cho b chnh lu thun, cn khi ukc c mc lgic 0 (tc l ukc 0, k c m )
th cho php pht xung cho b chnh lu ngc. Tn hiu ra ca mch l P v Q. Nu P
c mc 1 th b thun c xung iu khin, lc Q phi c mc 0 v b ngc khng
c xung iu khin. Cn nu Q c mc 1 th b ngc c xung iu khin v P bt
buc phi c mc lgic 0 v b thun khng c xung iu khin.
P1.1.2-Nguyn l hot ng

Xt mt trng hp c th nh sau: Gi s b chnh lu thun ang lm vic (u kc>0),

P ang c mc lgic 1. Ti t=t0 ta pht tn hiu o chiu dng, tc l chuyn ukc v
mc lgic 0, iu s lm cho tn hiu u ra 1 chuyn v mc lgic 0. Mt khc
do c s lin quan cht ch gia ukc v in p iu khin mch pht xung nn lc ny
xung iu khin ca b chnh lu thun s mt trong hai trng hp: hoc mt xung
hoc c xung iu khin vi gc iu khin gc iu khin gii hn ca ch
chnh lu nn sau mt thi gian qu dng in chnh lu b thun s gim v bng
khng. Khi dng b thun vn cn th u ra NOT3 vn c mc 0 v do vy u ra 2
vn mc 0 nn Q vn gi mc 0 v U In ang mc 0 v cha pht xung cho b
ngc. Khi dng b chnh lu thun gim v bng khng th U It c mc 0, dn n u
ra OR1 s chuyn v mc 0 v P s c mc 0, ct xung b thun, mt khc lc u
ra NOT3 s c mc 1, dn n u ra OR2 s chuyn sang mc1. Khi u ra OR2
chuyn sang mc 1 th mt u vo ca 3 c mc 1, u vo cn li ni vi cc gp
Tr2 m ban u Tr2 ang m nn n ang c mc 0 do vy Q vn c mc 0. Khi t C 2
np y th mt dng cc gc Tr2 nn transitor ny kho li v trn cc gp ca n c
mc 1 lc ny Q mi chuyn sang mc 1 v mi cho php pht xung iu khin n
cc van ca b chnh lu ngc. Khong thi gian t lc u ra OR2 c mc 1 cho
n lc u ra 4 chuyn sang mc 1 l thi gian tr cn thit cc van b chnh lu
thun phc hi tnh cht iu khin, m bo s lm vic an ton cho BB. Cc diode
D1 v D2 dng to ng phng in cho cc t khi cn.
P1.2- Mch th hai
P1.2.1-S
Hnh-P2 l s mt mch lgic o chiu cho trng hp BB s dng s chnh
lu tia hoc cu 3 pha (cng c th dng cho cc s chnh lu khc, lc cc tn
hiu o in p trn van s khc i). Trong s ny ta c cc phn mch in m
nhn cc chc nng khc nhau nh sau:
Cc photo-triac (TO1, TO2, TO3), cc transitor Tr1 v Tr2, cc cu chnh lu mt
pha khng iu khin CL1,CL2,CL3 v cc in tr Ra, Rb, Rc, R2, R3, R4 l cc
phn t kim tra trng thi ca cc van trong hai s chnh lu ca BB o
chiu. Ch khi cc van khng dn dng th Tr1 v Tr2 mi kho v trn cc gp
ca chng mi c th c mc lgic 1. ngoi ra trong phn ny cn c thm mt
s phn t khc nh t C1,C2, cc diode D1,D2 m chng ng vai tr nh mch
tr c tnh chn lc m khng ch qu trnh o chiu mt cc an ton nht.
Khuych i thut ton IC1 m bo cho mc tn hiu trn u ra ca n c
mc lgic 1 vi mi gi tr ca ca tn hiu vo ukc m (ukc<0).
Vi mch lgic IC2 gm 4 mch v o 2 u vo mc nh mt trig D, n kt
hp vi IC3 v IC4 thnh mch khng ch o chiu dng ti BB. Cc tn hiu
u vo gm c:

Tn hiu bo cn
xung ly t u ra
mch so snh hoc
sa xung ux1

HnhP2

NO
T

IC3

IC2
Tn hiu khng
ch chiu dng
ti ukc

R1

IC1

-Ucc

+Ucc

A Ra CL1
CL2
B Rb

IC4

10

11

12

TO1

R2
TO2

Tr1 Tr2

R4
D1
D2

C Rc CL3

R3

Tn hiu khng
ch ct cc xung
tr-c khi o chiu

C1 C2

TO3

u ni chung ca mt nhm
van
(Mt u ca in p chnh
Tn hiu
l-u)khng ch chiu dng BB l ukc, khi ukc <0 th yu cu cho php pht
xung cho b chnh lu thun, cn ngc li khi ukc0 th bo cho php pht
xung cho b chnh lu ngc.
Tn hiu bo c xung u ra mch sa xung ux1, khi c xung th ux1 c mc 1
v dn n u ra mch o NOT c mc 0 v cha cho php cc u ra ca
trig D(IC2) chuyn trng thi, tc l cha cho php o chiu.
Tn hiu bo trng thi kho ca cc van ly t cc gp cc transitor, tn hiu
ny c hai mc : Tn hiu bo trng thi kho ca tt c cc van vi thi gian
tr nh (gn nh khng tr) mc song song vi tn hiu bo mt xung( tn hiu
u ra mch o NOT),tn hiu ny c s dng cc xung c hai b chnh
lu( c th ct ngun cung cp hoc kho mch so snh hay sa xung); tn hiu
bo trng thi kho ca tt c cc van vi thi gian tr ln cc tiristor
phc hi tnh cht iu khin mt cch chc chn, tn hiu ny mc song song
vi tn hiu bo ct xung qua diode D2, ch khi c 2 tn hiu ny mi c
th cho php o chiu.
Tn hiu bo ct xung tt c cc van ly t u ra ca mch v-o 12 ca
IC4.

Cc tn hiu ra ca mch lgic gm hai tn hiu chnh l P v Q v hai tn hiu

ph l tn hiu lnh ct xung u ra khi so snh ca tt c cc knh pht xung, n
c ly t u ra 10 ca IC4 v tn hiu thng bo ct xung ly t u ra 12 ca
IC4 nh nu. Cc tn hiu chn P v Q dng khng ch chiu dng ti ca BB.
Khi P c mc 0 th mch pht xung cho b chnh lu thun lm vic (tt nhin lc
Q s phi c mc 1), cn khi Q c mc 0 th mch pht xung cho b chnh lu ngc
lm vic (tt nhin lc P s phi c mc 1). Trong qu trnh qu khi chuyn s
lm vic t b chnh lu ny sang b khc th c mt khong thi gian ngn c P v Q
u c mc 1 v l lc mch pht lnh ngng pht xung cho c hai b chnh lu.
P1.2.2-Nguyn l mt qu trnh khng ch o chiu
Gi s BB ang lm vic vi dng ti thun (b chnh lu thun ang c cp xung
iu khin v lm vic), lc ukc<0. Trong trng hp u ra IC1 c mc 0, u
ra cc mch 3 v 7 c mc lgic1, cn u ra cc mch 4 v 8 u c mc lgic
0 nn trn u ra P (u ra 9) c mc lgic 0, tc l cho php pht xung cho b chnh
lu thun; cn u ra Q (u ra 11) c mc lgic 1 nn mch pht xung cho b chnh
lu thun cha hot ng.
Ti mt thi im no ta cn o chiu dng ti, ta o chiu tn hiu iu khin
dn 2 cn mc 0 th cc u ra ca 3 v 4 cha thay i trng thi nn n ukc s
i du (ukc >0 ). Lc tn hiu u ra IC1 s chuyn sang mc 0, tn hiu ny c
a vo mt u 1 ca trig D, lc u ra ca n ang c mc 1 nn trn mt u
vo 2 ang c mc 1. Khi trn u cn li ca u P vn c mc 0. Do s thay i
du ca tn hiu iu khin nn gc iu khin ca b chnh lu thun tng ln rt ln
lm cho dng ti gim v bng khng (do gc iu khin vt qu gi tr gc iu
khin gii hn ca ch chnh lu hoc do s... ph ti ln hn in p chnh lu
trung bnh), tc l dng qua cc van b chnh lu thun gim v khng v cc van ny
bt u kho li, n n cc transitor Tr1 v Tr2 kho li, trong khong thi gian gia
2 xung lin nhau u ra cc mch sa xung th ux1=0 nn in p u ra mch o c
mc 1. Khi u ra mch o NOT c mc 1 v Tr1,Tr2 kho th trncc u vo ni
chung ca 1 v 2 s c mc lgic 1 dn n u ra 2 chuyn sang mc 0, iu
n n u ra 4 c mc 1 cn u ra 3 chuyn v mc 0. Do u ra 3 chuyn v
mc 0 nn u ra P s chuyn sang mc 1, cho lnh ct xung b chnh lu thun. Khi
thi gian cn nh hn thi gian tr cn thit th tn hiu im ni chung ant hai
diode D1 v D2 cn mc 0 v Q vn mc 1. Trong khong thi gian u ra 10
c mc 0, a tn hiu ct xung n mch sa xung, cn u ra 12 c mc 1 cho tn
hiu bo ct xung v t C2 c np dn. Khi in p trn C2 t gi tr mc 1 ca cc
mch lgic th u ra Q bt u chuyn v 0 v pht lnh cp xung cho b chnh lu
ngc (tn hiu mc 0 ca Q cho php dng ngun nui cho mch khuch i xung b
ngc). Mch s t duy tr trng thi lm vic nh vy cho n khi ta pht lnh dng
hoc o chiu.

P2.-Tm tt mt s c tnh ch yu ca cc s chnh lu

ST
T

Tn s chnh lu

Cc biu thc ch yu

Ghi ch

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

S chnh lu hnh
tia mt pha c diode
khng

Udo=( 2 /).U2 ; Ud=Udo.(1+cos)/2

ITtb=Id.(-)/2; ITtbmax= Id/2
IDotb=Id.(+)/2; IDotbmax = Id
UTthmax= 2 .U2 ; UTngmax= 2 .U2
UDongmax= 2 .U2

S chnh lu hnh
tia hai pha

Udo=(2 2 /).U2; Ud=Udo. cos

ITtb=Id/2; ITtbmax= Id/2
UTthmax=2 2 .U2; UTngmax=2 2 .U2

S chnh lu hnh
tia hai pha c diode
khng

Udo=(2 2 /).U2; Ud=Udo.(1+cos)/2

ITtb=Id.(-)/2; ITtbmax= Id/2
IDotb=Id.(+)/2; IDotbmax = Id
UTthmax= 2 .U2; UTngmax=2 2 .U2
UDongmax= 2 .U2

S chnh lu hnh
tia ba pha

Udo=(3 6 /2).U2 ; Ud=Udo.cos

ITtb=Id/3; ITtbmax= Id/3
UTthmax= 6 .U2 ; UTngmax= 6 .U2
SttBA =(/3. 6 ).( 3 + 2 )Ud.Id

S chnh lu hnh
tia ba pha c diode
khng

Udo=(3 6 /2).U2;
Ud=Udo.[1+cos(+300)]/ 3
ITtb=Id.(5/6-)/2; ITtbmax= Id/3
IDotb=Id.3.( -/6)/2; IDotbmax = Id
UTthmax= 2 .U2; UTngmax= 6 U2
UDongmax= 2 .U2

S chnh lu hnh
tia 6 pha

Udo=(3 2 /).U2 ; Ud=Udo. cos

ITtb=Id/6; ITtbmax= Id/6

S chnh lu hnh
tia 6 pha c cun
khng cn bng

Udo=(3 6 /2).U2; Ud=Udo.cos

ITtb=Id/6; ITtbmax= Id/6
UTthmax= 6 .U2; UTngmax= 6 U2

(A)
8

(C)
S chnh lu hnh
cu mt pha

Udo=(2 2 /).U2; Ud=Udo.cos

ITtb=Id /2; ITtbmax= Id/2
UTthmax= 2 .U2; UTngmax= 2 .U2

S chnh lu hnh
cu 1 pha c diode
khng

Udo=(2 2 /).U2; Ud=Udo.(1+cos)/2

ITtb=Id.(-)/2; ITtbmax= Id/2
IDotb=Id.(+)/2; IDotbmax = Id
UTthmax= 2 .U2; UTngmax= 2 .U2
UDongmax= 2 .U2

S chnh lu hnh
cu 1 pha 2 diode, 2
tiristor, 2 diode 2
nhm van

Udo=(2 2 /).U2; Ud=Udo.(1+cos)/2

ITtb=Id.(-)/2; ITtbmax= Id/2
IDtb=Id.(+)/2; IDotbmax = Id

11

S chnh lu hnh
cu 1 pha 2 diode, 2
tiristor, 2 diode
cng nhm van

Udo=(2 2 /).U2; Ud=Udo.(1+cos)/2

ITtb=Id /2 ; ITtbmax= Id/2
IDtb=Id/2 ; IDtbmax = Id/2
UTthmax= 2 .U2; UTngmax= 2 .U2
UDngmax= 2 .U2

12

S chnh lu hnh
cu ba pha

Udo=(3 6 /).U2 ; Ud=Udo.cos

ITtb=Id/3; ITtbmax= Id/3

10

UTthmax= 2 .U2; UTngmax= 2 .U2

UDngmax= 2 .U2

UTthmax= 6 .U2 ; UTngmax= 6 .U2

SttBA =(/3).Ud.Id 1,05.Pd
13

S chnh lu hnh
cu ba pha dng 3
diode v 3 tiristor

Udo=(3 6 /).U2; Ud=Udo.(1+cos)/2

UTthmax= 6 .U2 ; UTngmax= 6 .U2
UDngmax= 6 .U2
SttBA =(/3).Ud.Id 1,05.Pd

(D)