The biaxial tensile stresses (omy) and (oq) in thin-wall containers can be caleulated with the baste formulas shown in Table 2, where: ty = Ghickness of shell, in ry = mean radius of a cireumference of the shell, in, Tm = mean radius of the meridian of the shell, in. P internal pressure, psi 5. THICK-WALLED CONTAINERS, In thin-walled containers, the hoop stress is assumed Tonks, Bins and Hoppers / 6.5-7 to be uniformly distributed across the shell. thickness without serious error occurring, in stress calculations. However, in a thick-walled container generated by @ figure of revolution the decreasing variance of hoop stress from the inner surface to the outer surface of the shell wall must be considered Table 3 presents formulas for calculating the stresses in two common thick-walled cylinders. In the first condition, the intemal pressure parallel to the structural (longitudinal) axis is balanced by the ex- ternal force against the moving piston and by the re- sistance of the cytinder’s support, and the resultant Fongitudinal stress (ep) is zero, In the second con- dition, there is a longitudinal stress (rep) Unfired Pressure Vessels 6. ASME CODE—SECTION 8 Any pressure container of any importance undoubtedly ‘must conform to the minimum requirements of the ASME, so it would be well to use ASME Section 8 “Uniired Pressure Vessels” as a guide, In general this covers containers for pressures exceeding 15 psi up to a maximum of 3,000 psi, and having a diameter ex- ceeding 6". Table 4 presents the formulas for calculating the minimum required wall thickness of cylindrical shells and spherical shells, where: P = intemal pressure, psi allowable stress (See ASME Sec. 8, par USC- 23) joint efficiency (See ASME Seo. 8, par UW- 1) Table 5 presents the formulas for calculating the minimum required thickness of various types of heads. Turn to next page for Table 5, o E TABLE 4—Wall Thickness of Shells Subjected to internal Pressure (p), psi (ASME-8: Untired Pressure Vessels) CYLINDRICAL SHELS {UG.27¢ ond UA! Tie shell — when te < V2 ns ond p< 388 oy SPHERICAL SHELLS (UG.Z74 ond UAS! Thin shall — when 956 04 and o S655 on we ee a pn nE— ap ae Thee shal_— when te > ice ond p> 05 #4 Thee shell — when ty D356 11 ond p > 465 66 & nWVE— w= HT where Z = +e where Ye LEH ob Ze Bee65-8 / Miscellaneous Structure Design ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD (WG-32 and UA) TABLE 5—Thickness of Formed Heads Subjected to Internal Pressure (p) on Concave Side (ASME-8: Unfired Pressure Vessels) Stondard head ~ where b = di rinor exe Inside depth of eae minus si} ry pak Wee — Te it Gy] where TORISPHERICAL HEAD. 1UG-32e and UA) ons ! Stonderd hood — whore my = 08 1 Truckload) 285 pa hE 1p a= Heod_of other proportions nM wae Te wher HEMISPHERICAL HEAD 1UG-224 ond UA) ‘hin head — when ty < 386 nd p< AS 2 aie E+ ob 2at=e ‘nvagrel head roove weld the = twice raguired thickro of soharicl hall oF 125% and rot grecter hon