KHAI TRIN TAYLOR

Cng thc khai trin Taylor vi phn d Lagrange

f c o hm cp n+1 trong (a, b) cha x0:

f x0
f x0
2
f ( x ) f x0
x x0
x x0
1!
2!
L

(n )

x0 x x n R

0
n

n!

f ( n 1) c
n 1
Rn
x x0 , c nm gia x v x0
(n 1)!
(khai trin Taylor n cp n trong ln cn x0)

Cng thc khai trin Taylor vi phn d Peano

f c o hm cp n ti x0:

f x0
f x0
2
f ( x ) f x0
x x0
x x0
1!
2!
L

(n )

x0 x x n o ( x x )n

0
0

n!

Phn d Peano.
x0 = 0: khai trin Maclaurin.

 ngha ca khai trin Taylor

f(x): biu thc phc tp
cn tm 1 hm s n gin hn v gn bng
f(x) thun tin trong tnh ton.
Hm n gin nht l a thc.

f(x) = sinx

f(x) = sinx

f ( x ) x o( x )

f(x) = sinx

f ( x ) x o( x )

x
3
f ( x ) x o( x )
3!

f(x) = sinx
4

2 n 1

x
7
f ( x ) (1)
o( x )
(2n 1)!
n 1

f ( x ) x o( x )

x
3
f ( x ) x o( x )
3!

V d 1.
Tm khai trin Taylor n cp 3 trong ln cn x = 1
cho
1
f (x)
x
(khai trin f thnh a thc theo ly tha ca (x 1)
n (x 1)3)
Vi phn d Peano, ch cn tnh n h cp 3.
Vi phn d Lagrange, phi tnh n h cp 4.

1
f ( x ) f (1) 1
x

1
f ( x ) 2 f (1) 1
x

2
f ( x ) 3 f (1) 2
x

(4)

24
(x) 5
x

6
f ( x ) 4 f (1) 6
x
f (1)
f (1)
2
f ( x ) f (1)
( x 1)
( x 1)
1!
2!
f (1)
3
3

( x 1) o ( x 1)
3!

f (1)
f (1)
f ( x ) f (1)
( x 1)
( x 1) 2
1!
2!
f (1)
3
3

( x 1) o ( x 1)
3!

1
2
2 6
3
3
f ( x ) 1 ( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 1) o ( x 1)
1!
2!
3!
2

1 ( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 1) o ( x 1)

Phn d Peano

Nu dng phn d Lagrange:

2

f ( x ) 1 ( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 1) R3
f

(4)

24
(x) 5
x

R3

( 4)

(c )
( x 1) 4
4!

1 24
( x 1)
4

(
x

1)

4! c 5
c5

V d 2
Vit khai trin Maclaurin n cp 3 cho f(x) = tan x

f ( x ) 1 tan 2 x

f ( x ) 2 tan x (1 tan x )

2
2
2

f ( x ) 2(1 tan x ) 6 tan x (1 tan x )

f (0)
f (0)
2
f ( x ) f (0)
( x 0)
( x 0)
1!
2!
f (0)

( x 0)3 o ( x 0)3
3!
x3
tan x x o ( x 3 )
3

V d 3
Bit f(x) l a thc bc 3, vi f(2) = 0, f(2) = -1,
f (2) = 4, f (2) = 12, tm f(1), f (1)
V f(x) l a thc bc 3 nn f(4)(x) = 0
Khai trin Taylor ca f n cp 3 khng c
phn d.

f (2)
f (2)
2 f (2)
3
f ( x ) f (2)
( x 2)
( x 2)
( x 2)
1!
2!
3!

f (2)
f (2)
2 f (2)
3
f ( x ) f (2)
( x 2)
( x 2)
( x 2)
1!
2!
3!
1
4
2 12
3
0 ( x 2) ( x 2) ( x 2)
1!
2!
3!
2

( x 2) 2( x 2) 2( x 2)

f ( x ) 1 4( x 2) 6( x 2) 2
Bitf (1)
f(x)l1,a
thc

f (1)
1bc 3, vi f(2) = 0, f(2) = -1,
f (2) = 4, f (2) = 12, tm f(1), f (1)

Khai trin Maclaurin cc hm c bn

(x0 = 0)

1. f ( x ) e

x
n

e f (0)
x

k 1

(k )

(x) e
n

(k )

(0)
k
n
( x 0) o ( x 0)
k!

(k )

(0) 1

1 k
n
e 1 x o(x )
k 1 k !
x

2. f ( x ) ln(1 x )
n

ln(1 x ) f (0)

(k )

k 1

(k )

(0) k
n
x o x
k!

k 1

(1) (k 1)!
(x)
k
(1 x )

(k )

(0) (1)
n

k 1

(k 1)!

ln(1 x ) (1)
k 1

k 1 x

o( x )

3. f ( x ) (1 x )
f

(k )

( x ) ( 1)L ( k 1)(1 x )

(k )

(0) ( 1)L ( k 1)
n

(1 x ) f (0)

k 1

(k )

(0) k
n
x o x
k!

( 1) 2
(1 x ) 1 x
x L
1!
2!
( 1)L ( n 1) n
n

x o( x )
n!

p dng cho = - 1.

( 1) 2
(1 x ) 1 x
x L
1!
2!
( 1)L ( n 1) n
n

x o( x )
n!

1
1 x x 2 x 3 L (1)n x n o ( x n )
1 x

3. f ( x ) sin x
f

(k )

(
k
)
( x ) sin x k f (0) sin k
2

k 2p f

(k )

(0) 0

k 2p 1 f

(2 p 1)

sin x f (0)
n

sin x (1)
k 1

(0) (1)

p 1

2 n 1 ( k )

k 0
k 1

(0) k
2 n 1
x o x
k!

2 k 1

x
2 n 1
o x
(2k 1)!

Lu cho hm sin x
2n

sin x f (0)

k 0

(k )

(0) k
2n
x o x
k!

f(2n)(0) = 0 h s ca x2n l 0.
n

sin x (1)
k 1

k 1

2 k 1

x
2n
o x
(2k 1)!

Bng cng thc kt Maclaurin c bn

2

x x
x
n
e 1
L
o( x )
1! 2!
n!
x

n
x 2 x3
x
n 1
n
ln(1 x ) x
L (1)
o( x )
2
3
n

( 1) 2
(1 x ) 1 x
x L
1!
2!
( 1)L ( n 1) n
n

x o( x )
n!

1
2
3
n n
n
1 x x x L (1) x o ( x )
1 x
2 n 1
x3 x5
x
n 1
2n 1
sin x x L (1)
o x
3! 5!
(2n 1)!

hay o x
2n

2n
x2 x4
x
n
2n
cos x 1

L (1)
o x
2! 4!
( 2n )!

hay o x
2 n 1

Khai trin Maclaurin ca arctan v hyperbolic

x3 x5
x 2n 1
sinh x x L
o x 2n 1
3! 5!
(2n 1)!

x2 x4
x 2n
2n
cosh x 1

L
o x
2! 4!
(2n )!

Ging sinx, cosx nhng khng an du

2 n 1
x3 x5
x
arctan x x L (1)n 1
o x 2n 1
3
5
2n 1

Ging sinx, nhng mu s khng c giai tha.

Lu v thay tng ng cho sinh, cosh

x3 x5
x 2n 1
2 n 1
sinh x x L
o x
3! 5!
(2n 1)!

bc cao hn x (khi x0)

sinh x : x , khi x 0

x2 x4
x 2n
cosh x 1 L
o x 2n
2! 4!
(2n )!

x2
cosh x 1 :
, khi x 0
2

V d p dng
1. Tm khai trin Taylor n cp 3 trong ln cn
x = 1 cho:
1
f (x)
x
x0 = 1 0, t bin ph : u = x x0 = x 1

1
2
3
3
f (x)
1 u u u o u
1 u
Tr v bin c:
2

f ( x ) 1 ( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 1) o ( x 1)

2. Tm khai trin Taylor n cp 3 trong ln cn

x = 1 cho:
f ( x ) ln( x 2)
u= x1

n
x 2 x3
x
n 1
n
ln(1 x ) x L (1)
o( x )
2 3
n

f ( x ) ln(3 u ) ln(1 2 u )
2

(2 u ) (2 u )
2u

o (2 u )3
2
3
Sai! (u + 2) 0 khi u = 0 (hay x = 1)

f ( x ) ln(3 u )

ln 3 1 ln 3 ln
3

2
u

u
3

ln 3

3
2

x1

1
3
u

3
3

u 3
o
3

1
1 2 1 3
3
ln 3 u u u o (u )
3
18
81
Nh tr v x

3. Tm khai trin Maclaurin n cp 3 cho:

x2
f (x) 2
x 3x 4

x2
1
6
f (x)

( x 1)( x 4) 5( x 1) 5( x 4)
1 1
6 1

5 x 1 20 1 x
4
Lu : khi khai trin cho f+g, mi hm phi khai
trin n bc c yu cu.

1 1
6 1
f (x)

5 x 1 20 1 x
4
1

1 x x 2 x 3 o( x 3 )
5
2
3
3

6
x
x
x
x

1 o
20
4
4
4
4

1 1
7 2 25 3
3
f (x) x x
x o( x )
2 8
32
128
1
2
3
n n
n
1 x x x L (1) x o ( x )
1 x

4. Tm khai trin Maclaurin n cp 3 cho:

f ( x ) e x .ln(1 x )

1. Khi tch cc khai trin, ch gi li tt c cc ly

tha t bc yu cu tr xung v xp th t
bc t thp n cao.
2. Tnh bc trong khai trin cp n cho tch f.g:
Bc thp nht trong khai trin ca f l k
g khai trin n bc (n k)
V ngc li.

ln(1 x )

x
x
1 x L
2! 6!

x
x x
x L
2
3
4

Bc thp nht trong khai trin ca ex l x0.

ln(1 + x) khai trin n x3
Bc thp nht trong khai trin ca ln(1+x) l x1
ex khai trin n x2

f ( x ) e ln(1 x )
(0)

khai trin cp 3

(1)

2
3
x

2
x
x
3
f (x) 1 x
o ( x ) x
o ( x )
2!
2
3

x
x
3
x
o( x )
2
3

5. Tm khai trin Maclaurin n cp 3, cp 4 cho:

f ( x ) sin x.ln(1 x )
1. Khai trin cp 4:
3
3
f ( x ) sin x.ln(1 x )
(1)
(1)

2
3
3
x3

x
x
3
f ( x ) x o ( x ) x
o ( x )
3!
2
3

3
4
x
x
2
3
x
o( x )
2
6

2. Khai trin cp 3:
2

f ( x ) sin x.ln(1 x )
(1)

f ( x ) x o( x )

(1)

x
2
o ( x )
x
2

3
x
2
3
x o( x )
2

7. Tm khai trin Maclaurin n cp 3 cho:

f (x) e

x x2

t u(x) = x x2 th u(0) = 0
khai trin Maclaurin ca f theo u.
Khi khai trin u theo x, gi li tt c nhng ly
tha t x3 tr xung

f (x) e
2

x x2

xx : x

xx

1 x x
2!
2 3
xx

2 3
o x x

2 2

3!

1 2
1 3
3
1 x x x x x o x3
2
6
2

1 2 5 3
3
1 x x x o x
2
6

tm bc khai trin ca f theo u phi xc nh

bc VCB ca u theo x.

6. Tm khai trin Maclaurin n cp 4 cho:

f ( x ) ln(cos x )
ln(cos x ) ln(1 cos x 1)
1 2
u cos x 1 : x
2
khai trin f n u2
Cn khai trin n x4

cos x 1

2
ln(1 cos x 1) cos x 1
o cos x 1
2

cos x 1

2
ln(1 cos x 1) cos x 1
o cos x 1
2

x x
1 o x4 1
2! 4!
2
2
4

1
x
x
4
4
1

o x 1 o x
2
2! 4!

x
x
4

o x
2 12

1
x
2
1
o x 1
2
2!

x4 trong s hng bnh

phng khng s dng
cos x ch cn khai
trin n x2

7. Tm khai trin Maclaurin n cp 3 cho:

x2
f (x) 2
x 3x 4
(Mu s v nghim)

1
f (x) 2 x
4

1
3 x x
1
4

1
2 x
4
2

2
2
3 x x 2

3
x

3
x

x
1

4
4
4

o x3

1
2 x
4

2
3 x x

3 x x
3 x x
3

o x

4
4

1
3 x 5 2 3 3

3
2 x 1

x
x o x
4
4 16
64

1 5
11 2 13 3
3
x
x
x o x
2 8
32
128

Cch 2: chia a thc (xp bc t thp n cao)

x2
f (x) 2
x 3x 4
2

4 3x x
2 x
1 5
11 2 13 3
5
1 2
x
x
x
x x
2 8
32
128
2
2
11 2 5 3
x x
8
8
13 3

x
32

7. Tm khai trin Maclaurin n cp 5 cho:

f ( x ) tan x
5

(1)

(0)

sin x
1
tan x
sin x
cos x
1 cos x 1

2
2

sin x 1 (cos x 1) (cos x 1) o (cos x 1)

x x
x
4
sin x 1 1 o( x ) 1 1 o( x 2 ) 1 o( x 4 )
2 24
2

x x
x
4
2
4
sin x 1 1 o( x ) 1 1 o( x ) 1 o( x )
2 24
2

x
x
1 1 x 2 5 x 4 o ( x 4 )
5
x
o ( x )

2
24
6 120

1 3 2 5
5
x x x o( x )
3
15

x
x
5
x
o( x )
sin x
6 120
tan x

cos x
x2 x4
1

o( x 5 )
2 24

Cch 2:

x
x
x
6 120
1 3 1 5
x x
3
30
2 5
x
15

x2 x4
1

2 24
1 3 2 5
x x x
3
15
1 3 2 5
tan x x x x o ( x 5 )
3
15

B sung: tm khai trin ca f(x) = cosh x

e x e x
cosh x
2
2
3
2 n 1
2n
x
x
x
x
1 x
L

o x 2n
2! 3!
(2n 1)! (2n )!

x 2 x3
x 2n 1
x 2n
2n
1 x
L

o x :2
2! 3!
(2n 1)! (2n )!

x2
x 2n
1
L
o x 2n
2!
(2n )!

B sung: tm khai trin ca f(x) = arctan x

f ( x ) arctan x

1
f ( x )
g (x)
2
1 x

Khai trin Maclaurin cho g(x) n x2n.

2

g ( x ) 1 x x x L (1) x

f (0) g (0) 0

2n

o( x )

f (0) g (0) 1 2!

f (0) 0
f (0) g (0) 1

2n

f
f

(2 k )

(0) g

(2 k 1)

(2 k 1)

(0) g

(2 k )

(0) 0
k

(0) ( 1) (2k )!

f (0)
f (0) 2 f (0) 3
f ( x ) f (0)
x
x
x
1!
2!
3!
f (2n ) (0) 2n f (2n ) (0) 2n 1
L
x
x
o x 2n 1
(2n )!
(2n )!

2 n 1
x3 x5
x
n 1
2 n 1
arctan x x L ( 1)
o x
3
5
2n 1

Cch vit khai trin cho arctan l cch vit khai

trin cho hm ngc ni chung.

Cc lu khi vit khai trin Taylor tai x0

1. Lun lun chuyn v khai trin Maclaurin
2. p dng cc cng thc c bn trn biu thc
u(x) vi iu kin u(x0) = 0.
3. Khai trin cho tng hiu: tng hm phi khai trin
n bc c yu cu.
4. Khai trin cho tch: ly bc yu cu tr ra bc
thp nht trong kt mi hm bit c bc kt
ca hm cn li.
5. Khai trin cho hm hp: tnh bc VCB cho u(x).

p dng trong tnh o hm.

Bi ton: tm o hm cp n ca f ti x0.
B1: Vit khai trin taylor theo (x-x0) n cp n
B2: Xc nh h s ca (x-x0)n trong khai trin.
B3: Gi s h s trong B2 l a
f(n)(x0) = a.n!

V d
1. Tm h cp 3 ti x = 0, vi f(x) = ex.sinx
Khai trin Maclaurin n cp 3 ca f l

3
x2
x
2
f (x) 1 x
o ( x ) x
o ( x )
2!
3!

3
3
x
x
Cc s hng cha x3 l:
3! 2!

H s ca x3 l:
1
f (0) 3! 2
3

1 1 1

3! 2! 3

2
2. Tm h cp 3 ti x = 0,f ( x ) ln(1 x x )

Khai trin Maclaurin n cp 3 ca f l

2 2
2 3
(
x

x
)
(
x

x
)
2
f (x) x x

o( x 3 )
2
3

Cc s hng cha x l:
3

H s ca x l:
3

2
f (0) 3! 4
3

1
1 3
3
2 x x
3
2

3. Tm h cp 12, 13 ti x = 0,

1
f (x)
2 x3

Khai trin Maclaurin n cp 13 ca f l

1
1
f (x)
3
2
x
1
2

1
1
2

3 2

x x

2 2
3 4

3 5

x
x

2 2
1
x12
13
1 L
0 o x
2
16

3 3

x

2
o

1
x12
13
f ( x ) 1 L
0 o x
2
16

2
H s ca x l:
3
12

H s ca x13 l:

(12)

1
(13)
(0) 12! , f (0) 0 13!

16

p dng khai trin Taylor trong tnh gii hn

1. Thng thng ch p dng kt Tayor tnh gh
nu cc pp khc (gh c bn, VCB, LHospital)
tnh qu di hoc khng tnh c.
2. a s cc bi dng Taylor ri vo trng hp
thay VCB hoc VCL qua tng, hiu gp trit
tiu.
Do cc biu thc c khai trin n khi
ht trit tiu phn a thc th dng, phn
VCB bc cao b i khi tnh lim

V d
1. Tm cc hng s a,p VCB (x) axp khi x 0.

a / ( x ) x sin x

x
3
x x
0( x )
3!

3
x

0( x 3 )
3!
3

x
:
3!

1
a ,p 3
6

b / (x ) 2x e x e x
2 x 2sinh x

x
3
3
2x 2 x
o ( x ) : 2 x
3!

c / ( x ) sin x x cos x
x
x
3
2
x
o( x ) x 1
o ( x )
6
2

3
x
x
3

o( x ) :
3
3

2. Tnh gii hn:

2

x
a / lim 5
x 0 1 5 x x 1
lim

x 0

lim

x 0

x2
1
1 1 1
2
2
1 .5 x

1
5
x

o
(
x
) x 1

5
2! 5 5
x2
2

x
o( x 2 )
2

x
1
lim

2
x 0 x
2
2

tan x

e e
b / lim 3
x 0 x 3 x 4
lim e
x 0

tan x

x tan x

x3

x tan x
lim 1
x 0
x3
x3
xx
o( x 3 )
1
3
lim

3
x 0
3
x