Nghien Cuu Thiet Ke Bo Nap Acquy Ung Dung Vi Dieu Khien

Thit k b np acqui, ng dng vi iu khin
I HC NNG
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA
KHOA IN
B MN T NG-O LNG
CNG HO X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

C LP - T DO - HNH PHC
........ .......
.......
NHIM V
THIT K N TT NGHIP
Gio vin hng dn: PGS.TS. ON QUANG VINH
Sinh vin thc hin : NGUYN VN THIN
TRN C VIT
NGUYN VN DANH
Lp
: 01T
Ngnh
: T NG O LNG
I. ti thit k:
Nghin cu, thit k b np Acquy ng dng vi iu khin
II. S liu ban u:
Ly t cc thng s ca cc b np hin c cc trm.
Hai bnh acquy: in p mi bnh
: U = 12V.
Dung lng mi bnh : I=5Ah

III. Ni dung phn thuyt minh v tnh ton :
Chng I : Tng quan v h thng t ng sc acquy trong in lc.
Chng II : Gii thiu mt s t np.
Chng III : Thit k b np.
Phn 1 : Thit k phn chnh lu.
Phn 2 : Thit k mch vi iu khin.
Phn 3 : Gii thiu cc b bin i DAC, ADC.
Phn 4 : S mch ghp ni gia AT89C51vi cc b DAC, ADC.
IV.Trnh chiu Powerpoint:
Gm c 4 bn.
V. Ngy giao nhim v : Ngy 13 thng 02 nm 2006
VI. Ngy hon thnh
SVTH: Trn c vit
Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
: Ngy 28 thng 5 nm 2006

Trang 1
GIO VIN HNG DN
GIO VIN DUYT
(K v ghi r h tn)
(K v ghi r h tn)
PGS.TS.on Quang Vinh

TRNG B MN
SINH VIN THC HIN
(K v ghi r h tn)
(K v ghi r h tn)
Th.s Lm Tng c
nng, ngy........thng.......nm 2006
CH TCH HI NG
(K v ghi r h tn)
SVTH: Trn c vit

Nguyn vn thin
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Trang 2
Nhn xt ca gio vin hng dn:

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Nhn xt ca gio vin duyt:
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SVTH: Trn c vit
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Trang 3
LI CM N
Trong 5 nm hc ti Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng, chng em nhn
c s gip dy d tn tnh t cc Thy c trong ton th nh trng ni
chung v cc thy c gio trong Khoa in ni ring.
Trong sut thi gian nghin cu v thc hin ti, c th thc hin tt v
hon thnh tt ti khng ch c nhn ti m c s gip ca qu thy c v
bn b
n by gi, kho hc sp hon thnh em xin c gi li cm n chn thnh
n:
Thy c Khoa in, cc thy c trong ngnh t ng o lng dy d
chng em trong sut 5 nm hc.
Cc thy c gio trong ton th nh trng i Hc Bch Khoa
c bit em gi li cm n su sc ti thy gio on Quang Vinh
gip em hon thnh n ny.
Mc d rt c gng hon thnh mt cch tt nht, tuy nhin vn khng
th trnh khi nhng sai st mong qu thy c thng cm v gp thm
Em xin chn thnh cm n!
nng, ngy 28 thng 5 nm 2006

Sinh vin thc hin
NGUYN VN THIN
TRN C VIT
NGUYN VN DANH
SVTH: Trn c vit

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Nguyn vn danh
Trang 4
MC LC
Li ni u.................................................................................................0
Chng 1 TNG QUAN V H THNG T NG SC ACQUI TRONG
IN LC....................................................................................1
I. Gii thiu v ngun thao tc....................................................................1
II. Ngun thao tc mt chiu........................................................................1
1. Acqui, cng dng v phn loi...............................................................1
2. Acqui axit...............................................................................................2
3. Acqui kim.............................................................................................6
III. Cc ch np in..................................................................................8
1. Gii thiu cc ch np.......................................................................8
2. Cc ch np: .....................................................................................8
2.1 Np in u........................................................................................8
2.2 Np in thng..................................................................................11
2.3 Np in cn bng...............................................................................11
2.4 Ch ph np....................................................................................12
Chng 2 GII THIU MT S T NP C TRNG.....................14
I. Gii thiu chung..........................................................................................14
II. T np CDN-HPT 50 220 XE (truyn ti hu)..........................................14
1. S nguyn l......................................................................................14
2. Nguyn tc hot ng.............................................................................16
III. T np 3PH DC 110 50 ca Hyundai-Vinashin........................................21
1. S nguyn l.......................................................................................21
2. c tnh chung.........................................................................................24
3. c tnh k thut......................................................................................25
IV. T np CHLORIDE 3CBC 220 50 (cng ty Vit ).................................27
1. S nguyn l........................................................................................27
2. Cc thng s b np..................................................................................27
3. Chc nng ca b np...............................................................................28
4. Nguyn tc chung.....................................................................................28
5. M t tm tt v b np............................................................................28
6. c tnh k thut chung............................................................................29
7. Cc ch hot ng................................................................................30
8. M t tm tt mch iu khin 3CBC-4...................................................30
Chng 3 THIT K B NP.....................................................................33
I. Gii thiu cng ngh......................................................................................33
II. Phn thit k.................................................................................................34
Phn 1:Thit k phn chnh lu ...................................................................34
1. Tnh ton b ngun v mch chnh lu......................................................34
SVTH: Trn c vit
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Trang 5

2. Tnh ton cc thng s v chn cc linh kin ca mch iu khin...........40
Phn 2: Thit k mch vi iu khin..............................................................44
1. Gii thiu v h vi iu khin....................................................................44
2. Cu trc phn cng ca 8051.....................................................................47
3. Gii thiu cc ch a ch ca 8051.......................................................58
4. Hot ng ca b nh thi timer...............................................................59
5. Hot ng ca cng ni tip.......................................................................61
6. H thng ngt..............................................................................................65
Phn 3: Gii thiu cc b bin i DAC, ADC..............................................69
1. B bin i tng t DAC.............................................................................69
1.1 Gii thiu chung.........................................................................................69
1.2 Ghp ni DAC0808 (MC1408) vi 8051...................................................71
2. B bin i tng t s ADC........................................................................72
Gii thiu chung.........................................................................................72
Ghp ni ADC0804 vi 8051.....................................................................72
Phn 4: Chng trnh......................................................................................77
1. S mch ghp ni gia AT89C51 vi cc b DAC, ADC......................77
2. Vit chng trnh..........................................................................................78
Ti liu tham kho.............................................................................................81
SVTH: Trn c vit

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Trang 6
LI NI U
Ngy nay, cuc cch mng khoa hc k thut trn pht trin. c trng l
k thut my tnh, cng ngh thng tin v t ng ho. iu mang li li
ch to ln v nhiu mt nh m bo v nng cao cht lng sn phm, tit kim
nguyn vt liu, nng cao nng sut v hiu qu sn xut..
Cng trong xu th , nm 1972 hng Intel a ra gii thiu b vi iu
khin (microcontroller), mt chip tng t nh b vi x l l mt trong nhng
b v ang c nhng ng dng ngy cng rng ri v thm nhp ngy cng
nhiu trong cc lnh vc k thut v i sng x hi. Hu ht cc thit b k
thut t phc tp n n gin nh thit b iu khin t ng, thit b vn
phng cho n cc thit b trong gia nh u c dung cc b vi iu khin.
Da trn nhng kin thc hc, em s dng b vi iu khin 8051 thit
k b sc acqui in lc. y l dp chng em cng c li kin thc hc,
tng bc nm bt kin thc thc t khi ra trng ho nhp vo trong x hi.
ti ca em gm c 3 chng c bn:
Chng1 TNG QUAN V H THNG T NG SC ACQUI
TRONG IN LC
Ni dung ca chng ny l gii thiu tng quan v h thng t ng sc
acqui in lc, ngun thao tc mt chiu, cc ngun thao tc mt chiu v cc
ch np ca acqui.
Chng2 GII THIU MT S T NP C TRNG
Ni dung c bn ca chng ny l a ra mt s t np in lc c trng
ng dng vi diu khin gm cc t np: T np CDN-HPT 220 50 XE (ca
truyn ti hu), t np 3PH DC 110 50 (ca cng ty TNHH Hyundai_Vinashin),
v t np CHLORIDE 3CBC 220 50 (ca cng ty Vit )
Chng 3 THIT K B NP
Ni dung ca chng ny l phn thit k chnh. Gii thiu cng ngh chnh.
Phn chnh lu, tnh ton phn chnh lu. Phn iu khin, tnh ton mch iu
khin. Phn vi iu khin, phn ghp ni vi thit b tng t DAC ADC. S
thut ton v vit chng trnh.
Vi iu kin thi gian cng nh kin thc c hn nn chc chn n khng
th trnh khi cc thiu st. Do vy em rt mong c s ch bo ca cc Thy
C.
SVTH: Trn c vit

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Trang 7

Em xin chn thnh cm n s gip tn tnh ca thy on Quang VinhGio vin hng dn, cng vi s gip ca cc thy c gio trong khoa
in, c bit l qu thy c trong b mn T ng - o lng to mi iu
kin em c th hon thnh tt n ca mnh.
Nng, Ngy 28 thng 5 nm 2006
Sinh vin thc hin
NGUYN VN DANH
TRN C VIT
NGUYN VN THIN
SVTH: Trn c vit

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Trang 8
CHNG 1
TNG QUAN V H THNG T NG SC ACQUI
TRONG IN LC
I. Gii thiu v ngun thao tc :
Trong nh my in v trm bin p, ngun in thao tc lm nhim v cung
cp in cho cc thit b bo v, t ng ha, iu khin, tn hiu, chiu sng s
c, cc c cu t dng quan trngNgun in thao tc cn c tin cy cao,
c lp vi li in chnh hay s c, c cng sut ln m bo s lm
vic chc ca cc thit b trong ch nng n nht, in p trn thanh gp cn
c tin cy cao. Mun vy cc ngun thao tc v li phn phi cn c d
tr ln, m bo an ton, d s dng v mt yu cu chung na l kinh t.
Ngun thao tc c th l mt chiu hoc xoay chiu. Song c tin cy
cung cp in cao v cu to ca cc thit b n gin, gn nh, trong cc nh
my in v cc trm bin p ln ngi ta thng dung ngun thao tc mt
chiu, mc d gi thnh ca chng t v vn hnh kh phc tp. Ngun thao tc
mt chiu thng l acqui v cc thit b chnh lu c cng sut ln, nhng trong
mt s trng hp ngi ta dung b nghch lu to in p xoay chiu an ton
cung cp in cho cc my tnh v cc phng tin bo v in t trong cc
nh my in v trm bin p c h thng th cp hin i.
in p ca ngun thao tc mt chiu thng l 220KV v 110KV i vi
cc li cung cp cho rle v thit b iu khin; 60V, 48V v 24V i vi cc
mch tn hiu, thng tin
Ngun thao tc xoay chiu do c nhiu nhc im quan trng, nn ch
c dng trong cc trm bin p nh.
II.Ngun thao tc mt chiu:
Acqui c xem l ngun thao tc mt chiu tin cy nht v s lm vic ca
chng khng ph thuc vo li in xoay chiu v m bo cho cc thit b th
cp lm vic tt ngay c khi mt ton b ngun in chnh ca nh my hoc ca
trm. Mt u im khng nh ca acqui l kh nng cho php qu ti ngn hn
SVTH: Trn c vit
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kh ln, iu ny c bit cn thit khi dung in mt chiu ng ct trc tip
cc my ct cng sut ln v khi s c s nhy vt v dng in.
1. Acqui, cng dng v phn loi:
Acqui l ngun in ha hc, cung cp dng in mt chiu cho ti, c c
tnh c bn l c th lm vic ch phng (ngun in) v ch np (ph
ti). Khi lm vic ch np, acqui tip nhn nng lng ca ngun np, tch
ly li di dng ha nng. Khi lm vic ch phng, ha nng c bin
thnh in nng cung cp cho ti. Do , c th coi acqui l mt bnh tch tr
in nng dng khi cn thit, v acqui c th xem l bnh in.
Do tnh cht c bn l tch ly c in nng, nn acqui ch yu c dng
lm ngun lm ngun in d tr, m bo sn sng cung cp in lin tc
trong cc trng hp cn thit. cc nh my in v trm bin p, acqui c
dng lm ngun d tr c bn ca h thng in mt chiu, cp cho cc mch
iu khin, tn hiu, bo v rle, t ng, v ngun chiu sng s c khi mt
ngun in xoay chiu. Acqui cn c dng trn t, tu thy, my bay lm
ngun in m my ng c, lm ngun in ca cc thit b thng tin, lin lc
v nhiu mc ch khc.
Acqui dng lm ngun in thao tc c u im c bn l m bo chc
chn tin cy cao, t ph thuc vo ngun xoay chiu. Ngoi ra, acquy c dung
lng ln, in p t bin thin, c kh nng cp dng in ln khi ng my ct,
t lm nh hng n s lm vic ca bo v Rle, h thng iu khin, tn hiu
v t ng ca nh my in v trm bin p. Chnh v th ngun thao thc bng
in mt chiu c h thng acqui hin nay c dng hu ht cc nh my
in v trm bin p cng sut trung bnh tr ln.
Tuy nhin, acqui lm phc tp ha s t dng ca cc nh my, quy trnh
vn hnh v bo qun phin phc, tng gi thnh xy dng, nn nhng trm
khng ln lm, ngi ta c xu hng dung ngun in thao thc xoay chiu thay
cho acqui .
Cn c theo cu to, acqui c hai loi ph bin l acqui axit (hay acqui ch)
v acqui kim. Acqui kim c 3 kiu cu to bn cc l acqui cadmi-kn acqui
st -kn v acqui bc-km .
SVTH: Trn c vit

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Trang 10

Cn c theo iu kin s dng, ngi ta chia acqui tnh ti, l acqui t c
nh trong cc phng ring (phng acqui) v acqui di ng trn t, tu thy, tu
ha, my bay
2. Acqui axit:
2.1 Cu to ca acqui axit:
Acqui axit tnh ti gm c v v cc tm cc ch. V lm bng g trong
c lt l ch. Ni chung hin nay acqui t cc nh my in hoc trm bin p
u c v bng thy tinh hoc nha tng hp. Tm cc l khung lm bng hp
kim ch antimoan, c nht y cht hot tnh l bt ch v ch xit hoc hn hp
ch xit v antimoan. Sau khi np y, cc tm cc s c phn cc. Cht
hot tnh cc dng s l ch ixit cn cc m l ch xp mu nh thp.
Cc tm cc cng cc tnh c ni vi nhau thnh cc tm cc v c mt
u ra chung. Nh vy cc tm cc s ni song song vi nhau. Cc tm cc
dng v m c t xen k vi nhau, sao cho chng gn vi nhau (song
song vi nhau), nhng khng c chm nhau. trnh cht hot tnh bong ra,
gy chm chp, ngi ta lt gia cc tm cch. Tm cch lm bng g dn hoc
cc tm li mt nh bng ebonite. Gia cc tm cc, cn c a ngn cch
bng g hoc thy tinh, trnh bn cc b cong s chp vo nhau.
Acqui axit di ng (acqui t, tu thy .). Khi tm cc ca acqui gm c
khi dng v khi m, gia chng c tm ngn cch. Cc tm cc dng c
mu a vo g tm cc, cn tm cc m th ta vo cch in. Cc
tm cc t trong v bng nha tng hp, trn l np c ba l, l gia b sung
dung dch cn hai l bn thng kh. L b sung dung dch c nt nhm thot
kh t trong acqui ra, ng thi ngn dung dch chy ra ngoi khi acqui b song
snh trong qu trnh di chuyn acqui.
Cc tm cc ca acqui axit c t trong dung dch in phn l axit
sunfuric. T trng
dung dch khi mi
vo acqui l
1,18 v sau khi
np y l 1.201,21.
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Hnh 1-1. Cu trc ca acqui axit
2.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca acqui axit :

Sau khi lp acqui, cn tin hnh np phn cc tnh acqui. Khi cha np,
c cc m v cc dng u c cht hot tnh l ch xit PbO. Khi ngp trong
dung dch, ch xit tc dng vi axit bin thnh ch sunfat :
PbO + H2SO4 = PbSO4 + H2O
Nh vy c hai cc u c cng cc tnh l PbSO 4, nn acqui cha phn cc v
cha th phng in c
Ti
In
If
(a)
If
In
SO4--
SO4--
PbSO4
PbSO4
H+
PbO2
Pb
(b)
Hnh 1-2. S np (a) v phng (b) ca acqui axit.

Mun np in, ta ni cc dng ca acqui vo cc dng ngun np, cc m
acqui vo cc m ngun np (hnh a). Trong dung dch, dng in s i t cc
dng v cc m. Do , cc ion dng H i v cc m v cc ion m SO--i
v cc dng.
Ti cc dng, anion SO4 s xi ha th sunfat theo phn ng:
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SO4-- + PbSO4 + 2H2O = PbO2 + 2H2SO4
Cn cc m, cation H+ s kh, ch sunfat theo phn ng:
2H+ + PbSO4 = Pb + H2SO4
Kt hp c hai phn ng cc dng v m, ta c phng trnh phn ng tng
hp khi np in:
PbSO4 + 2H2O + PbSO4 = PbO2 + 2H2SO4 + Pb
(+)
(-)
(+)
(-)
Qua phng trnh ny, ta c cc nhn xt sau:

Trong qu trnh np in :
+Cht hot tnh cc dng bin dn thnh ch ixit PbO 2, cn cht hat
tnh cc m bin dn thnh ch xp. Kt qu l acqui c phn cc;
+Axit sunfuric c gii phng, cn nc b phn tch, do , nng nhit
tng ln, sc in ng ca acqui tng theo, in tr trong gim xung .
Qa trnh np coi nh kt thc, khi tt c cht hot tnh bin ha ht v do
, nng dung dch khng tng na. Sc in ng ca acqui khi np y
khong 2,05V .
Khi acqui phng in (nh hinh v) dng in qua dung dich i t cc m v
cc dng. Do , cation H+ i theo chiu dng in s v cc dng cn anion
SO4 i v cc m.
Ti cc dng, cation H+ s kh ch ixit gii phng ch sunfat :
2H + H2SO4 + PbO2 = PbSO4 + 2H2O
Cn cc m anion SO4-- s xi ha ch, bin thnh ch Sunfat :
SO4 + Pb = PbSO4
Phng trnh phn ng khi phng in l :
PbO2 + 2H2SO4 + Pb = PbSO4 + 2H2O + PbSO4
(+)
(-)
(+)
(-)
Qua phng trnh ny ta c nhn xt sau:

Trong qu trnh phng in:
+ Cht hot tnh cc dng (PbO 2) v cc m (Pb) b tiu hao dn, bin
thnh ch sunfat (PbSO4) v do , s phn cc ca acqui gim dn;
SVTH: Trn c vit
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Trang 13

+ Axit sunfuric b phn tch, nc c to thm, nn nng gim dn.
Kt qu l sc in ng ca acqui gim dn, cn in tr trong tng ln.
V l thuyt, c th cho acqui phng ht hon ton dung lng, tc l tt c
cc cht hot tnh bin thnh ch sunfat, sc in ng ca acqui bng khng.
Thc ra, khi phng gn ht dung lng, in tr trong tng ln nhanh chng,
in p trn cc acqui gim nhanh v khi sc in ng gim nhiu, acqui rt
kh phc hi dung lng. V th, ngi ta qui nh l ch c phng n in
p 1,7-1,8V th phi ngng phng v tin hnh np li acqui.
2.3. Cc thng s ca acqui:
Sc in ng: Sc in ng ca acqui l in p khng ti trn cc acqui.
Sc in ng ca acqui ch ch yu ph thuc vo nng nhit v c th xc
nh gn ng theo cng thc thc nghim sau:
E0 = 0,84 +
y, l t trng dung dch.
Theo cng thc ny, sc in ca acqui khi np y ( =1,21) s l: E0 =
0,84 + 1,21= 2,05V cn khi phng ht ( = 1,15), E0 = 1,99V. V th, c th
coi sc in ng ca acqui axit l 2V .
Dng in phng : IF v dng in np In l cc i lng nh hng rt ln
lm vic ca acqui. Nu phng vi dng in ln, phn ng xy ra mnh, cht
hot tnh b bin i nhanh, s to thnh mt lp ch sunfat bao bc bn ngoi v
do , s cn tr lp hot tnh bn trong tip xc vi dung dch. Kt qu l mt
s cht hot tnh khng tham gia phng in v do , dung lng phng ca
acqui s gim i. Ngc li, nu phng vi dng in nh, phn ng xy ra t
t, lm cho cht hot tnh c th tham gia ton b vo qu trnh phng in v
dung lng phng s tng ln .
Gi thi gian phng t lc bt u phng n lc phng ht l t f tng ng
dng in phng If, ta c dung lng phng tng ng l Qf :
Qf = If . tf
Ngi ta ly dung lng phng tng ng vi ch 10h l dung lng nh
mc ca acqui -Qdm . l dung lng ln nht ca acqui khi phng vi dng
in ln hn dng in phng 10h, dung lng phng s nh hn Qm .
in p ngng phng: Unf l in p cc khi acqui phng ht dung
lng quy nh. i vi acqui axit, Unf =1,7-1,8 V.
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in p np y Un : L in p trn cc khi acqui np y dung lng
quy nh. i vi acqui axit Un = 2,5-2,7 V .
d. c tnh ca mt s acqui axit:
cc nh my in v trm bin p c t acqui lm ngun in thao tc mt
chiu, thng thng dng loi acqui m hiu C v C K do Lin X sn xut, cc
bnh acqui kiu CK khc nhng bnh kiu C ch thanh ni gia cc bnh c
tng b dy. Km theo k hiu C v C K c mt con s ch ln ca acqui. S
hiu cng cao, acqui c dung lng cng ln, v do khi lng v th tch
cng ln theo
3. Acqui kim:
Acqui kim c in cc dng l cc tm xp hp cht niken, cc m l cc
tm xp cami, cht in phn l dung dch kim KOH. Acqui c dng nhiu
trong cc nh my in v trm bin p nh v trung bnh, c s hn ch v
khng gian. Cc loi thng c s dng l:
T/TP
- c cc bn cc dng kiu nh ;
TS/TSP - acqui khi ng c cc dng kiu nh.
Hnh 1-3. Cu trc ca acqui kim

So vi acqui axit acqui kim c nhng u nhc im sau:
u im:
-
bn c ln hn, tui th cao;

D bo dng ;
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Trang 15

-
Th tch v trng lng nh hn ng k ;
t nh hng n mi trng ;
Nhc im:
-
in p mi ngn nh hn (1.2V/ngn so vi 2V/ngn ca acqui
axit);
-
Khi np thm tng 50% ;
Khi phng in p gim 20%;
Hiu sut ch bng 75% theo dung lng Ah v 50-60% theo

nng lng Wh, do vy, dng in tiu th ln hn rt nhiu
mt ln;
Tiu th nc ct nhiu hn, phi thay nc in phn hai nm
Nhy vi nhit , do vy, nu dng nhng ni c kh hu

nng cn phi k n nhit mi trng khi thit k ;
-
Cc c tnh phng in dc hn;
C gii hn thay i in p khi phng in nh ;
Bi s qu ti cho php ngn hn v dng in nh hn nhiu

so vi acqui axit.
T cc so snh trn, d dng thy c v sao trc y ngi ta hay s
dng acqui axit trong cc nh my in v trm bin p, mt d phi cn n
phng t acqui c bit trnh c hi v ngn nga tc ng n mn ca hi
axit.
4. Ch np in:
4.1 Cc ch np in:
Qu trnh np in c nh hng quyt nh n cht lng ca acqui. Ty
theo mc ch v yu cu np in, ngi ta chia ra lm nhiu ch np khc
nhau:
+ Np in ln u: Ch tin hnh vi acqui axit, phn cc acqui v np
dung lng u tin cho acqui. Ta bit, khi mi lp, c hai tm cc dng v cc
m u cng cha cng mt cht hot tnh l ch-sunfat. Np in u s phn
cc cc tm cc to ra ch ixit cc dng v ch xp cc m.
SVTH: Trn c vit

Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 16

+ Np in thng: phc hi dung lng cho acqui sau khi phng ht
dung lng. Np in thng tin hnh c cho acqui axit v acqui kim
+ Np in cn bng: nhm mc ch kh sunfat cho acqui axit. Hin tng
sunfat ha hay xut hin acqui axit l mt trong cc nguyn nhn lm gim
dung lng ca acqui. l hin tng ch sunfat hnh thnh tm cc khng
tham gia phn ng trong qu trnh np in thng, v do , cht hot tnh
khng c gii phng y . Nu hin tng sunfat ha xy ra nhiu v tn ti
lu di, ch sunfat s kt cng thnh chai tm cc s mt dn kh nng tham gia
phn ng phng np. V th, np in cn bng nhm kh kp thi hin tng
ny.
+ Ph np thng xuyn: Nhm mc ch b sung kp thi dung lng
acqui b gim do phng in hay hin tng t phng. Nh vy, acqui c ph
np s thng xuyn y dung lng. Acqui cc nh my in, trm bin p,
trn tni chung u c ph np.
+ Np phc hi : phc hi tm cc b sunfat ha nng. Np phc hi ch
tin hnh sa cha acqui.
+ Np b sung: nhm np y acqui sau mt thi gian phng in. Np
b sung ch tin hnh vi cc acqui khng lm vic ch ph np.
Sau y, ta xt mt s ch np acqui thng gp trong vic vn hnh acqui.
4.2 Np in u:
Np in u, cn gi l np hnh thnh tin hnh i vi acqui axit va lp
xong, trc khi a vo vn hnh, hoc i vi cc acqui sau sa cha ln c
th thay th tm np. Np hnh thnh nhm mc ch bin i ch sunfat thnh
ch ioxit cc dng v ch xp cc m. Thi gian v phm cht ca acqui
sau ny s ph thuc vo cht lng np hnh thnh.
Np in u cn truyn cho acqui mt dung lng gp 10 ln dung lng
nh mc ca acqui, vi dng in np cho bng sau i vi cc acqui OT
hoc TT, thi gian khong 65-75h.
Dung dch in phn rt vo bnh phi c t trng 1,1S, nhit khng qu
30 C. Sau khi rt vo bnh, t trng cht in phn s gim xung trong mt vi
gi u, hin tng l bnh thng, khng cn phi iu chnh.Acqui rt
cht in phn cn yn trong 2-4h cho dung dch thm u vo cc tm cc.
i vi cc acqui OT v TT, t trng dung dch rt vo bnh l 1,26.
o
SVTH: Trn c vit

Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 17

Bng 1.4. c tnh k thut ca acqui st kim
Dung lng
Dng
in 4,5 ln dung Dung lng Np
hnh
np
nh hnh thnh nh
mc thnh [Ah]
mc[Ah]
[A]
[Ah]
36
162
360
72
11
325
720
108
21
485
1080
110
28
650
1110
166
35
820
1300
216
30
975
2100
288
40
1300
2880
10
566
50
1620
3600
12
132
60
1960
4320
11
504
70
2270
5010
16
576
80
2590
5760
18
648
90
2920
6180
20
720
100
3210
7200
21
861
108
3380
8610
23
1008
126
4510
10080
32
1152
141
5185
11520
36
1296
162
5830
12960
40
1140
180
6480
14100
41
1584
198
7110
15840
48
1728
216
7780
17280
Ngun in np cn m bo cung cp lin tc dng in nh cho trong bng

v phi c kh nng iu chnh c dng in ( thay i in p trn cc
acqui). Cc dng ngun phi u ng vi cc dng acqui .
Trnh t np in u nh sau :
SVTH: Trn c vit

Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 18

+ Np in lin tc vi dng in nh trong bng trn, sao cho dung lng
np t 4,5 ln dung lng nh mc, in p trn cc acqui t ti gi tr khng
di 2,4V .
+ Sau cho ngng 1 gi kim tra acqui, pht hin cc sai st, b sung
thm dung dch .
+ Tip tc np vi dng in np u, truyn cho acqui mt dung lng bng
nh mc. Sau li ngng mt gi, ri li np mt dung lng nh mc. C
nh th tip tc cho n khi t tng dung lng np 10 ln dung lng nh
mc.
Qu trnh np in kt thc khi t c cc yu cu sau:
- in p trn mi bnh t tr s 2,5-2,75V
- T trng dung dch in phn t 1,2-1,21 v khng i trong thi gian 2-3
gi lin (i vi acqui OT, t trng ny l 1,26 ).
- C hin tng si cht in phn cc tm cc tt c cc bnh.
Cn ch l khi tin hnh np u truyn 4,5 ln dung lng u tin, cn
ht sc trnh ngng np acqui. Nu nhit dung dch vt qu 40 oC, khi cn
p dng cc bin php qut gi, ch khng nn gim dng in np. Tr s dng
in np u ghi bng l tr s ti a. Thc t c th np vi dng in nh
hn, nhng thi gian phi ko di m bo dung lng np.
Sau khi kt thc np in u, cn phi tin hnh ba ln phng in tp dt,
phng ht dung lng v np in thng cho ti y. Dng in phng thc
hin theo ch 3 gi hoc 10 gi, qua in tr trc. Dung lng phng tnh
theo cng thc:
Qf = If.cb . Tf
y, If.cb l dng in phng trung bnh. Dung lng thc t cn quy i v
nhit dung dch 25oC theo cng thc sau:
Q25 =
Qt
1 0,008(t 25)
y, Q25 v Qt l dung lng 25oC v toC, cui cng, acqui c tin hnh
np in thng kt thc qu trnh np in u.
c. Np in thng:
SVTH: Trn c vit
Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 19

Np in thng nhm mc ch phc hi dung lng cho acqui, sau khi
acqui phng ht dung lng quy nh, thng thng l 75% dung lng nh
mc, khi acqui phng in ch lu di, tng ng vi sc in ng mi
bnh khng di 1,9V, t trng dung dch in phn 1,155-1,17 i vi acqui
axit kiu CK, hoc 1,13 i vi acqui OT.
Trc khi np, cn kin tra sc in ng, t trng v mc dung dch trong
mi bnh. Nu t trng v mc dung dch khng th cn phi b sung .
Dng in np ti a cho php i vi acqui ch c p dng trong trng
hp khn cp, khi acqui tri qua 10-12 ln phng np bnh thng, cn ni
chung, ch c np acqui bng dng in khng qu 75% dng in np ti a,
tc l bng dng in np ghi trong bng s liu acqui. i vi acqui kim, dng
in np thng l dng in ch np 7 gi.
Khi in p trn mi bnh t ti 2,3-2,4V, acqui bt u hin tng si, cn
gim dng in np, n tr s bng 40% dng in np ti a.
Trong sut qu trnh np, nhit dung dch khng vt qu 40%. Khi nhit
vt qu tr s ny, cn gim dng in np.
Khi np acqui, cn m qut thng gi phng acqui hi axit bc ra d dng
phng ra ngoi. Nu khng c phng tin thng gi, cn t acqui np ch
thong gi.
Acqui np u c xc nh bi cc iu kin sau:
+ Khi dng in np gim 40% dng in np ti a, m in p trn mi
bnh
t ti 2,5-2,7V v gi khng i trong 1h, i vi acqui kim, in p ny l
1,8V.
+ T trng dung dch t tr s 1,2-1,21 v gi khng i trong 1h; i vi
acqui OT,t trng l 1,26.
+ C hin tng si mnh tt c cc tm cc;
+ truyn cho acqui dung lng cn np; dung lng ny bng 1,181,2 ln dung lng acqui phng ra trc khi np.
d. Np in cn bng:
SVTH: Trn c vit
Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 20

Np in cn bng nhm kh sunfat trn mt tm cc, v do , duy tr c
dung lng ca acqui. Theo qui nh, acqui nh my in v trm bin p c 3
thng phi np cn bng 1 ln. Ngoi ra, cc trng hp sau y cng cn phi
tin hnh np cn bng :
-
Acqui phng in ht qu 1 ngy m cha np in tr li.
T trng dung dch in phn b gim xung di mc qui nh.
Acqui nhiu ln khng c np
Khi thng xuyn cho acqui phng vi dng in qu nh
- Acqui phng ht dung lng nh mc hoc dng in phng vt

qu tr s cho php.
Trnh t tin hnh np cn bng nh sau:
+ Cho acqui phng ht dung lng (n in p 1,8V ) ring i vi cc
acqui phng ht dung lng th khng tin hnh tit mc ny.
+ Tin hnh np in thng cho acqui.
+ Ngng np trong 1h. Trong thi gian ny, khng nn acqui phng
in.
+ Tin hnh np acqui vi dng in bng 40% dng in np ti a cho
php. Khi acqui si rt mnh v ta kh nhiu th ngng np trong 1h.
+ Li tip tc np nh mc 4.
C th ko di, cho ti khi dung lng np tng cng bng 3 ln dung lng
nh mc, qu trnh np cn bng coi nh kt thc.
c. Ch ph np:
Acqui lm vic ch ph np s thng xuyn c np in bng dng
in nh. Dung lng np ny b li dung lng t phng trong acqui, cng nh
dung lng phng xung kch. Nh vy, acqui lun trng thi y dung lng.
iu ny nng cao tnh tin cy ca h thng in mt chiu. Theo quy phm
qun l k thut, h thng acqui cc nh my in v trm bin p phi c
lm vic ch ph np thng xuyn.
Dng in ph np c xc nh bng cng thc:
I n.f =
0.03Qdm
Inf
y Inf Dng in ph np ,A
SVTH: Trn c vit
Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 21

Qdm - Dung lng nh mc ca acqui, Ah
Cng thc ny dng tham kho. Dng ph np thch hp s ph thuc vo
nhiu yu t, nht l cht lng acqui. Acqui c, xu, hin tng t phng nhiu,
dng ph np cn ln. Ngc lai, acqui cn tt, t phng t, s yu cu dng ph
np nh.
Khi dng ph np ln hn yu cu, acqui s c hin tng si v to kh
mnh, in p trn mi bnh vt qu 2,2V. Lc ny cn phi gim dng ph
np.
Ngc li, nu dng ph np khng , in p trn mi bnh s thp hn
2,1V, t trng dung dch thp hn 1,2-1,21. Lc ny cn tng dng ph np.
Dng in ph np coi nh thch hp, nu in p mi bnh t khong 2,12,2V, cn t trng dung dch nm trong phm vi 1,20 -1,21.
Chng 2:
SVTH: Trn c vit
Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 22
GII THIU MT S T NP
I.
T np CDN HPT 50 220 XE:
y l t np ca hng AEES, Php. T np c vn hnh hon ton t

ng vi cc ch np, v c s dng hin nay mt s trm truyn ti
Hu.
1. Mt s s nguyn l:
To Folio
900
EPR1
145
TR BRIDGE
RECTIFIER
CS
DJS S1
SHC
SFB(+)
FU (+)
S3
LC
FP
HPT CHARGE
SFB(-)
DC To
EPR1
OUTPUT
FU (-)
BLOC
HPT 833/UNIT
From
TR
folio
EPR1
BATTERY
LA
Rectifier
Bridge
S2
FSB
SHC
HPT833 PILOT UNIT
FU
TRA
F3
898
Maxi 900
834
M1
M2
M3
868
F4
834 PILOT UNIT

900
CS
898
Defaut
charger
Charger
Defaut
Battery
Mini
Battery
8
9
8
868
Remote
control
SVTH: Trn c vit

Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 23
Ch thch:
- My bin p (Transformer)
+ TR
: My bin p ba pha.
+ LC
: Cun khng lc
- Module vi iu khin (Micro controller Module)

+ 898
: B bin i DC/DC
+ 899
: Khi hin tn hiu/s PCB
+ 900
: Giao din b vi iu khin
- Khi iu khin sc (Charging unit)

+ HPT 833 : Khi iu khin
+ LA
: Cun khng ngt
+C
: T in loi FELSIC 85 2200F-350V
+R
+D
: in tr loi 22K
: it loi P600G
SVTH: Trn c vit

Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 24

+ F, FM
: Cu ch
- H thng bo v(Protection system).

+ DJS
: My ct
+ F1-F2-F4: Cu ch 2A
+ F3
: Cu ch 4A
+ SFB
: Cu ch 63A
+ FU
: Cu ch 50A
+ IM
: Cng tc
+ BPE
: Nt n
+ CS
: Cng tt t 220/230 Vac -50 Hz
+ TRA
: My bin p ph
+ 868
: Gim st li chm t mt chiu
- Khi u cui(Terminal): 380,1/8

2.
Nguyn tc hot ng :
2.1 Tng quan :

H thng sc mt pha v ba pha c h thng iu chnh in p v dng
(UI) vi dng in gii hn.
2.2 Hot ng ca b sc:
Mch ngun:
Ngun AC c iu chnh bng my bin p, sau c chnh lu bi b
iu khin cu 3 pha khng i xng hot i xng. B iu khin pha s to ra
dng in thch hp vi tn tht l b nht.
Mt t lc in phn, c hoc khng c cun khng lc s lm cho in p
bng phng hn.
Mch iu khin:
iu chnh hn ch dng v p c to ra bi b iu chnh dng v p,
c hin th trn giao din b mt ( in p 6V, dy dng tng cng 60mA). Bo
mch iu khin s dng thng tin ny kch khi cc thyristor nhm to ra
dng v p trong gii hn ph hp.
Mch kim tra:
SVTH: Trn c vit
Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 25

Mch hot ng c lp vi mch iu khin b sc.
S nguyn l mch sc:
REGULATION
RECTIFIER
BRIDGE
MAINS
TRASFORMER
FU
SMOOTHING
OUTPUT
CONTACTER
SFB
PILOT
UNIT
CS
S900
ON
BATTERY
899
security
S900 PROTECTION
ng c tnh sc:
UE : Ch bng tay
Ch t ng : UC: np tng cng
UF: ph np
U(V)
IT : ti gii hn tng
UE
UC
UF
U=constant
IT
I(A)
Nt c trng ca b np ny ph hp vi kiu acqui h (Pb hoc NiCd ); ch

t ng c hai tc np.
Np tng cao (UC ).
SVTH: Trn c vit
Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 26

Ph np (UF) .
Dng in c t ng gii hn n gi tr ln nht (IT)
Trong ch t ng, tc sc c ng ngt bng mt ngt in v c
chc nng thi gian tng i ngt ngun chnh. C hai gi tr thi gian tr ny
( T1, T2 ) hin th trn gin thi gian
Automatic switch UC/UF versus mains
Manual switching with BP boost
Mains
T1
T2
Mains ON
Mains OFF
T3
Boost charge
floating
UF
Tmax=T3
UC
t
BP boost
2s
2s
T1: < nhp tr v

T2 :> nhp tr v
T3 : khong thi gian ca tc np theo chng trnh
2.3. Bo v:
Mch ngun :
Theo nguyn tc chung, u vo v u ra c bo v bng cu ch hoc
my ct ph thuc vo ch v c im ca ngun .
Mch iu khin :
Khi iu khin sc, khi pht xung v cc ch hot ng c gim st
bi chng trnh iu khin xy dng da trn chip iu khin S900. N c
SVTH: Trn c vit
Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 27

nhiu mc in p c ci t (AC hoc DC) gim st hot ng ca h
thng np/acqui v nhiu u vo logic thu thp cc li v cch in, nhit
v nhng li khc.
Li chnh:
L li ca ngun cung cp chnh. Tn hiu ny to ra cnh bo: Acqui s hot
ng.
Li b sc:
Bao gm 2 ngng in p.
Ngng ti thiu: Th hin in p u ra ca b sc thp hoc s tt
khng bnh thng ca ngun chnh. Ngng ti thiu ch i bo tn hiu. Sau
khi s c xut hin n s phc hi nhanh chng.
Ngng cc i: L du hiu qu ti v i km vi s vn hnh khng
bnh thng ca t np. Ngun cung cp cho b np c ct ra bo v cho
acqui trnh b h hng do qu ti.
Li acqui :
Ngng thp: L du hiu ca s bt u ng t ng. Nguyn nhn
khc c th l do s xut hin in np thp t s h hng phn chnh hoc do
s c t np.
Ngng ti thiu: L du hiu ca cui qu trnh np t ng khi s c
xut hin, n s c phc hi nhanh chng trnh bt k s h hng no khc
do s phng in ca acqui.
2.4. c tnh/ci t/iu chnh:
c im ca ngun cung cp:
Loi
: 3 pha
in p : 380V +6-10%
Tn s
: 47 63 Hz
Cng sut : 18KVA

Dng ci t my ct: 50A
Ci t h thng sc:
Gii hn dng sc tng cng : 50A
SVTH: Trn c vit
Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 28

in p ph np(UF)
: 238V
in p np bnh thng (UC): 243V

Thi gian np (T3) : 15 h
Chc nng t ng( Auto)
Ci t thi gian tr (TR) : 3 min

in p np cn bng (UE) :259V
Chc nng bng tay( Manual )
Thi gian np cn bng ln nht(TE): 24h

Ngng ci t cho S900:
Ngng li b np
- Ngng cao
: 255V
- Thi gian tr
: 10s
- Ngng thp
: 223,7V
- Thi gian tr
: 10s
Ngng li acqui
- Ngng thp
: 205V
- Thi gian tr
: 2s
- Ngng cc tiu: 200V

- Thi gian tr
: 6s
o tng t:
-
p bnh in
Dng b np
in p ngun AC
iu khin hin th t xa:

-
Li b np
- Li acqui
- in p ca acqui thp
Acqui:
-
Loi acqui ch
SVTH: Trn c vit

Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 29

-
in p : 220V
S lng : 108 bnh/2V.
II. B np acqui ca Hyundai:

B sc: 3PH DC 110V 50A
Acqui : SLD150-2(150AH/10HR) 55 bnh
B sc ny c s dng ti Nh my tu bin Hyundai Vinashin. Qu
trnh np c n nh nh h thng AVR v h thng b Dropper (SID).
1. S nguyn l tng qut:
AV
INPUT
DA
DA
FECIFIER
MCCB1
MCCB2
DROPPER
MCCB3
BA
MCCB3
MCCB3
STATION
BATERIER
BATERY TYPE
SLD 150-2(50A) 150AH/10HR
50 CELLS
SVTH: Trn c vit

Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
MCCB3
Trang 30

S mch b DROPPER:
DV
F6
LOAD
BATT
RECT
S2
P1
MCCB2
DC MAIN
VD
1
MC
1
VD
2
VD
3
MC
2
MC
3
D
1
MC
1
MC
2
D
2
MCCB4
LOAD
MAIN
F7
To FEEDER
CIRCUIT
MC
3
D
3
LN
N1
3
CN1
1 2 3
CN2
AVR
MCCB3
BATTERY
BP
BA
BP
SH2
SVTH: Trn c vit

Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
LP
Trang 31

S mch iu khin chnh lu:
2. c tnh chung:
2.1. Chc R333
nng:
SK(SURGE ABSORGE)
T333
c tnh chung ca b sc v acqui c thit k, sn xut, kim tra v

S333
phn
phi phi ph
PB1
PB2 hp vi cc thit
PB3 b km theo.
L
2.2. Nguyn tc chung:
P1
- B sc v
acqui khi s dng
ph np kt hp vi qu trnh tr in ca
TH3
TH5
N222 chc
acqui nhm to ra ngun mt chiu lin tc khng i thc hin cc
HS1(HEAT SINK)
To
nng:
R
TH1
U
V
W
+ Dng ng ct my ct, dao cch ly.
TM1
P
2
2
2
+ Dng ng ct mch iu khin bo v rle.
TH4
TH6
TH2
+ Cc ng dng khc.
3.
Dropper
circuit
DA
SH1
N1
c tinh k thut:
3.1.B sc acqui:
3.1.1.Tng qut:
W1
W2
W3
Vai tr ca b sc acqui l nhm to ra in p mt chiu khng i u ra,

c lp vi s dao ng ca in p v tn s ca ngun cung cp AC, v s
5 4 1 ca
7 6 2 iu kin
3 5 ti,
4 1 7 cng
6 2
3 5 li
4 1 7qa
6 2 trnh t 7x ca
8
thay3 i
nh b
acqui.. 2 CN3
CN3
CN2
CN1
CN2
B sc ca Hyundai s dng da trn nguyn tc t ng iu chnh in p
THF
BCU
vi h thng iu khin
pha (AVR).
B sc c thit k v xy dng vi nhiu c im v da trn chc nng
c bn ca b AVR p ng tt nht nhng i hi ca cc h thng cung cp
nng lng khc nhau.
ng Silic dropper l thit b b in p ti nhm duy tr in p mt chiu ca
ti trong mt gii hn cho php, khng ch sut trong qu trnh ph np m cn
sut trong qu trnh t x ca acqui cng nh sut qu trnh phc hi ca b sc
hoc qu trnh sc cn bng.
3.1.2.Hot ng:
a.Hot ng ca b np:
SVTH: Trn c vit
Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 32

Ti, acqui, v b sc c mc c nh song song. Khi ngun cung cp AC
bnh thng, b sc s cung cp dng ti v dng ph np. Acqui ch phng in
khi ti vt qu gii hn u ra DC ca b sc.
Trong trng hp ngun AC b li, b sc s ngng hot ng v avqui s lm
vic cung cp cho ti; Khi ngun AC c phc hi, b sc s khi ng li
hot ng v np li cho acqui ng vi thi gian m acqui phng.
B sc c iu chnh hot ng ch song song hoc ni tip vi cc
b sc khc.
b.Hot ng ph np:
y l ch hot ng bnh thng ca b np c khi ng bng cch
bm nt FLOATING.
Trong khi cung cp ngun mt chiu khng i n ti, b sc cn duy tr cho
acqui mt in p ph np nhm b li qu trnh t sc ca acqui.
Vi b t ng iu chnh in p khng i (AVR), in p u ra c duy
tr chnh xc khng i v khng ph thuc vo s dao ng ca in p v tn
s ca ngun AC u vo v s thay i ca iu kin ti. B sc rt t khi c
iu chnh trong sut qu trnh hot ng bnh thng nhm m bo tui th
lu di cho acqui.
c. Hot ng phc hi ca b sc (chc nng-t ng):
Mt iu quan trng l phi nhanh chng phc hi li cho acqui sau khi
phng in nhm chun b cho qu trnh phng tip theo. Vi mc ch b
sc c trang b mt thit b sc cn bng t ng (AED) nhm khi phc t
ng. Vo lc ngun AC c phc hi, AED s t ng khi ng b sc
phc hi li qu trnh sc. Trong thi gian u ca qu trnh khi phc, dng sc
c t ng gii hn bi chc nng gii hn dng ca acqui v c gi khng
i (n dng). Sau dng ti s c tng t t v b sc s c a vo
trng thi sc in p khng i (n p). Sau thi gian ci t kt thc (iu
chnh t 0-10 gi) in p b sc s gim n in p ph np v hoat ng sc
c khi phc.
d. Hot ng sc cn bng (chc nng-bng tay):
3.1.3.Cnh bo:
Bao gm cc li sau:
+ ngun cung cp AC
SVTH: Trn c vit
Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 33

+ Qa nhit
+ in p DC thp
+ in p DC qu cao
+ Chm t
+ t cu ch
+ Li mch chnh lu
+ Qa ti
+ Nh MCCB
3.1.4. Bo v:
a. Gii hn dng:
Trong trng hp qu ti, thit b gii hn dng trong b sc c th gii hn
dng ra ca b sc (c th iu chnh qu 105%).
b. Cu ch ct nhanh c dng bo v ngn mch cho mch thyristor v
it ca mch chnh lu chnh.
c. My ct hp b (MCCB):
u vo AC v u ra DC c t my ct ny m bo ngn cch v
bo v mt ln na cc s c bn trong b sc cng nh mch ngoi.
d. Thit b bo v mch chnh lu (SK): bo v mch chnh lu khi cc
xung in p truyn n.
2.1.5.Nhit :
Nhit cho php ln nht ca cc thit b c cho nh sau:
Nhit ln nht ( 0C )
im nhit
Thit b
B mt linh kin
Thyristor
65
it
90
Silicon dropper
110
B mt cun dy
My bin p
Cp cch in
v cun khng
H,105 oC
III. B sc acqui CHLORIDE loi 3CBC 220/50:
SVTH: Trn c vit

Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 34

B np ny ng dng vi iu khin iu khin hon ton qu trnh hot
ng. c thit k bi Cng ty TNHH Chloride, Singapore. N c s dng
ti cng ty TNHH Vit .
1. Cc thng s b sc:
1.1. u vo:
in p u vo: 380 Vac
Pha
: 3 pha
Tn s
: 50 Hz
in p th cp (y ti)
: 239,6 Vac
in p th cp (khng ti)
: 247.7 Vac
Pha
Dng s cp
Dng th cp
27,5 A
40,6 A
Vng
27,2 A
40,3 A
Xanh
27,1 A
41,6 A
1.2. u ra:
in p ph np
: 240,8 V
in p np tng cao: 242V

Dng gii hn tng : 50 A
1.3. Ci t cnh bo:
Cnh bo mc in o thp : 194,4 V
Cnh bo mc in p cao : 259.2 V
Cnh bo li b sc
: 232,2 V
2. Chc nng ca b sc:

B sc kt hp vi ngun acqui tnh nhm to ra ngun mt chiu thc
hin cc ng dng sau:
ng m my ct
H thng n s c
SVTH: Trn c vit

Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 35
Giao tip t xa
H thng iu khin v gim st
Cung cp cho mch v tuyn v ng truyn vi sng
H thng bo mt v bo chy
S dng ngun acqui hot ng c lp v ch cung cp cho ti trong trng

hp ngun cung cp b li.
3. Nguyn tc chung:
B np: Nhn in p AC ca ngun, chnh lu v iu khin sc ph
np hoc tng cng cung cp cho acqui.
Acqui: Cung cp cho ti khi ngun chnh b li hoc b sc b ngng lm
vic
4. M t tm tt v b sc:
4.1. Mch iu khin-chnh lu:
Mt my bin p chnh
Cu chnh lu i xng, bao gm thyristor, mch cu v mch iu
khin.
Mt mch san phng, bao gm mt t in phn cun khng
Bo iu khin bao gm c 2 mch iu khin v cnh bo.
4.2. Bo v:
My ct u vo AC
Cu ch u ra AC
Cu ch mch th cp AC
My ct mch acqui
My ct u ra mch chnh
4.3. iu khin v tn hiu:

Gm cc LED hin th gim st.
Cc ng h o dng v p.
5. c tnh k thut chung:
SVTH: Trn c vit
Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 36

u vo:
in p : 380V
Tn s
: 50 Hz
Hiu sut : 75% 80% lc y ti

H s cng sut: 0,7
u ra:
in p: Bnh thng l 12, 24, 30, 48, 110 v 220V, c xc nh bi
in p th cp v modul card iu khin chng trnh.
n nh in p: 0,5% ca in p ci t gia 0 v 100% ca
dng lc y ti tng ng vi lch 10% in p cung cp chnh.
Dy in p: in p ph np v tng cao c th c iu chnh trong
dy in p bnh thng bng ng h in th trn card iu khin.
Output
Voltage adjustment
range
Nominal
Float
Boot
Hnh 2.1
s in p
ng cc
voltage
voltage
voltage
12V
12,8-16,3
14,4-18,7
Cc thng
iu chnh
ch np
6. Cc ch
ng:
24V
24,1-29,9
27,2-37,7
30V
32,9-41,5
38,4-49,3
6.1.Bao
ring
48V
50,4-59,2
57,6-72,5
gm 2 ch
bit:
110V
113,9-135
131,2-162,4
Ch n
220V
189,3-261
239,4-314
p
+
hot
Ch n
dng
Vic thay i t ch ny sang ch kia c thc hin khi yu cu np
y ti. Ch 2 (n dng) c th c duy tr xc nh trong trng hp c
ngn mch.
6.2. Ph np- tng cao:
SVTH: Trn c vit

Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 37

Hai mc in p u ra, ph np v tng cao c la chn bng mch
cm bin dng, p nhm m bo acqui c sc chnh xc. Np tng cao bt
u khi ngun cung cp chnh c phc hi hoc in p acqui qu thp.
6.3.iu khin:
iu chnh u ra c thc hin bi kho iu khin pha n thyristor,
bng mt my bin p gim p kt ni vi ngun chnh. Tn hiu kho c to
ra trn bng mch in. Cc cm bin dng p u ra trn bo mch dng duy tr
u ra khng i.
6.4. iu chnh:
Ba ng h in trn card iu khin vi in p tng cao, ph np v
dng lc y ti iu chnh c. Thm vo ba ng h khc c th c ci t
iu chnh c cc cnh bo v in p cao (Hight Volts), in p thp (Low
Volts) v li trong b sc ( charge-fail).
V vi ba ng h c phn bit bi ba mu l ,vng, xanh dng
iu chnh cn bng pha to ra dng sng cn bng u ra.
Tt c cc ng h ny u c sn xut v nim phong v khng c iu
chnh m khng c s cho php ca cng ty CHLORIDE BATTERIES SE ASIA
PTE LIMITED.
7. M t tm tc mch iu khin 3CBC-4:
T np loi 3CBC-4 iu kin to cho dng v p gii hn cho qu trnh
sc ca acqui.
Mch iu khin 3CBC-4 bao gm mch mch ngun, mch iu chnh v
cnh bo.
7.1. Mch ngun (Power circuit):
Ngun c a n t cc khi u vo cui ca mt my ct n s cp
ca my bin p chnh v cu ch; n bn my bin p iu khin.
Ngun c hin th bng mt led mu xanh cung cp t th cp ca my
bin p iu khin TXA, TXB, TXC1 v TXC2 to ra in p 20V v 40V n
card iu khin. u vo 20V cung cp tn hiu n mch chnh lu chnh ca
thyristor v 40V cung cp cho mch iu khin.
My bin p ngun c thit k c bit vi tr khng thp. ng thi n
cn c th lc c cc xung nhn nhm to ra cc dng sng bnh thng cho
SVTH: Trn c vit
Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 38

mch iu khin chnh lu,v vy m bo cho s hot ng ca mch TF1 v
trong mch chnh.
Mch chnh lu l mt mch cu thyristor ba pha i xng, gm su
thyristor m cch nhau 60o c kch khi bi cc xung. iu khin pha to ra
cc xung cho php u ra chnh lu thay i lin tc t 0 n gi tr ln nht
c xc nh bi in p th cp ca my bin p v module card iu khin
chng trnh. Tn hiu hi tip ca in p v dng ra c a n card iu
khin iu khin u ra ca chnh lu. u dng ca Ampek l mt im
chung ca mch hi tip, u m l ca tn hiu p v u dng l tn hiu
dng.
7.2. Mch iu khin:
Bn mch iu khin bao gm mch iu chnh v mch cnh bo.
Mch kch khi s to ra cc xung a n h thng cu 3 pha. N gm 3
xung kp c to ra bi 3 bin p xung, v cc xung ny c a n 6 chn
iu khin ca Thyristor.
Ba ng h o R,Y&B dng iu chnh cn bng cc pha nhm to ra
dng sng bng phng u ra. iu ny c thc hin ti ni sn xut v
khng nn iu chnh li.
Mch iu chnh in p v dng in c tch hp trn mt IC nhm mc
ch l iu chnh in p trong trng hp qu ti khi kt ni n u ra ca b
sc. Qu ti s lm cho in p u ra ca b sc b gim thp nhanh.
in p v dng ra c khuych i so snh; v khi c tn hiu in p
ra qu cao th tn hiu iu khin s iu mch pht xung thay i in p ra.
SVTH: Trn c vit

Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 39
CHNG 3:
THIT K B NP
I. Gii thiu cng ngh:
220V
Cu 1 pha X
BA
32V
Lc
Ti
Ti
C
Acqui
Ub
VK
Hnh 3.1 S nguyn l tng qut

B sc c thit k nhm mc ch sc in cho acqui (2 bnh), bao gm 2 ch
sc, l ch t ng v ch bng tay.
+ Ch t ng : Ch sc ph np (2,23V/cell)
Ch np tng cng (2,25V/cell).
+ Ch bng tay: Gm ch np cn bng (2,4V/cell).
Cc thng s b np:
in p u ra: 24VDC
in p ph np: 26,76V
in p np tng cng: 27V
in p np cn bng: 28,76V
Cu trc b sc gm c cc khi:
Mt my bin p lc 1pha (220V/32V) nhm to in p thch
hp cho mch chnh lu.
SVTH: Trn c vit
Trang 40
Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Mch chnh lu cu iu khin 1 pha i xng.
Mch iu khin arccos nhm to in p ng b Ub
Khi vi iu khin nhm to in p iu khin U k ng vi cc

ch sc, ng thi cn lm nhim v bo v v cnh bo.
Mch lc gm in khng lc v t lc nhm nn phng dng, p
V cc h thng bo v khc.
II. Thit k b np:
Phn 1: Thit k phn chnh lu

1. Tnh ton b ngun v mch chnh lu:
B ngun chnh lu mt chiu cp in sc cho acqui v cung cp cho ph
ti.
in p: Ud = 24V
Dng in: Id = 10A
La chn s :
Sau khi phn tch nh gi chnh lu, t cc u nhc im ca cc s
chnh lu, nhim v chnh lu ch yu y l np cho acqui. ph hp vi
thc t ngun in sinh hot ta la chn s chnh lu cu 1 pha iu khin i
xng.
L
T1
C T2
T2
R
L
220Vac
C
C
T4
C
T3
Hnh3.2 S nguyn l chnh lu cu 1 pha

Tnh chn thyristor:
SVTH: Trn c vit
Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 41

Tnh chn thyristor da vo cc yu t c bn dng ti, s chn, iu
kin ti nhit, in p lm vic, cc thng s c bn ca van c tnh nh di
y:
in p ngc ln nht m thyristor phi chu:
Unmax = Knu.U2 = Knu.Ud/Ku
Trong :
+ Ud, U2, Unmax: in p ti, ngun xoay chiu, ngc ca van.
+ Knu, Ku : Cc h s in p ngc, in p ti.
Knu = 2; Ku = 22/ (Tra bng 8.1 sch TCS ca L Vn Doanh)
Unmax = .24/2 = 37,68V
in p ngc ca van cn chn
Unv
= Kdtu.Unmax
Trong :
Kdtu: H s d tr in p, chn Kdtu= 1,8
Unv = 1,8.37,68 = 67,82 V
Dng in lm vic ca van c tnh theo dng hiu dng
Ih = Ihd = Khd.Id
Khd: H s dng in hiu dng cu 1 pha. K hd = 1/2 = 0,71 ( tra bng
8.2 sch TCS )
Ih = 10. 0,71 = 7,1A
Chn iu kin lm vic ca van l c cnh tn nhit v din tch tn
nhit, khng c qut i lu khng kh, vi iu kin dng in nh mc ca
van cn chn:
Imv = Ki.Ih = 1,4.7,1=9,94A
Ki : H s d tr dng in, chn Ki=1,4
T cc thng s Unv, Imv theo phc lc 2 ta chn 4 thyristor loi 5P4M c cc
thng s sau:
Un
= 80V
Idm = 13A
Ipk
Dng in ngc cc i ca van

Dng in nh mc ca van
= 250A im xung dng in
SVTH: Trn c vit

Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 42

Idk
= 0,04A Dng in ca xung iu khin
Ugmax = 3V
Ir
in p xung iu khin
= 0,01A Dng in r
u = 2,1V
St p ln nht ca thyristor trng thi dn
Tmax = 1250C
Nhit lm vic cc i cho php.
Bo v qu in p:
Thyristor cng rt nhy cm vi in p qu ln so vi in p nh mc, ta
gi l qu in p.
Nguyn nhn gy ra qu in p c chia lm 2 loi:
a. Nguyn nhn ni ti:
Khi kho thyristor bng in p ngc, cc in tch i ngc hnh trnh, to
ra dng in ngc trong khong thi gian rt ngn (khong 10-100 s ). S
bin thin nhanh chng ca cc dng in ngc gy ra sc in ng cm ng
rt ln trong cc in cm, lun lun c, cc ng dy ngun dn n cc
thyristor. Qa in p ny l tng ca in p lm vic v L
di
ni trn.
dt
b. Nguyn nhn bn ngoi:

Nhng nguyn nhn ny thng xy ra ngu nhin nh khi c st nh, khi
cu ch bo v nhy, khi ng, ct my bin p ngun. Ct my bin p ngun
tc l ct dng in t ho my bin p, by gi nng lng t trng tch lu
trong li st t, chuyn thnh nng lng in trng cha trong cc t in k
sinh, rt nh, gia dy cun s cp v th cp my bin p (1/2L.I 2=1/2C.U2).
in p ny c th ln gp 5 ln in p lm vic. bo v qu in p ngi
ta thng dng mch RLC, bo v ring tng thyristor.
Ngi ta thng chn in p nh mc ca thyristor l U>=1,2U m. Tr s ny
vn nh hn nhiu so vi tr s cc i ca cc qa in p k trn. Cc qu in
p c tc tng trng
du
ln. o hm in p sinh ra dng in chy qua
dt
t in C, u gia ant-catt ca thyristor, i=C
du
. in cm L hn ch bin
dt
ca dng in ny.
SVTH: Trn c vit
Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 43

Khi m thyristor, t in C s phng qua thyristor, in cm L hn ch dng
in ny.
Cc linh kin bo v c th tnh ton bng cng thc, nhng trong thc t
ngi ta a dng cc tr s kinh nghim:
C= 0.01 1 F
B= 10 1000
L= 50 100H
Tnh ton my bin p:

in p pha s cp my bin p:
U1 = 220V
in p pha th cp my bin p
Phng trnh cn bng in p khi c ti:
Udo.cosmin = Ud + 2U +Udm +Uba
Trong :
Ud: in p chnh lu, Ud = 24V
Uv: St p trn cc van, Uv = 2,1
Uba: St p trn cc my bin p khi c ti bao gm st p trn in tr v
st p trn cc in cm. Ly s b:
Uba = 6%.Ud = 0,06.24=1,44V
min =0o.
T phng trnh ca in p khi c ti ta c :
Udo =
Ud 2.Uv Udm Uba

Cos min
Udo =
24 2.2,1 0 1,44
= 29,64V
1
in p pha th cp my bin p:
U
= Udo/Ku = .29,64/22= 32.8V
K u =2
: H s in p chnh lu (bng 8.1sch TCS ca L Vn
Doanh )
S iu khin mt knh kiu arccos:
SVTH: Trn c vit

Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 44

Trong s iu khin mt knh kiu arccos c s dng mt khu tch phn
OA1 v mt khu so snh OA2.
i vi s mch, nhm tng s lng xung kch m, m bo m Tiristor
mt cch chc chn, ta s dng IC555 pht xung chm. Nguyn tc pht xung
chm l trc khi vo tng khuch i, ta chn thm mt cng AND vi tn hiu
vo nhn t tng so snh v t b pht xung chm.
T so snh
T chm xung
Ti khuch i
&
Vcc
+12V
OPC
7812
0,47F
0,1F
10K
12V~
OA2
10K
2
3
4
4,7K
470F
12K
10K
7
6
2
3
4
U2
7
6
1K
U3
AND
Ucm
OA1
100F
4,7K
470F
0,1F
7912
-12V
U
R1
R2
6
7
C1
555
Ura
3
5
C2
Hinh3.3. S iu khin mt knh kiu arccos

T s hnh 1.2 ta c hot ng ca mch pht xung arcoss.
Tn hiu u vo ca OA1 l:
SVTH: Trn c vit
Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 45
G
K

U1 = Um.sint
Tn hiu u ra ca OA1 l:
U2 = -Um.sint.dt/CR =(Um/R C).cost
Cc in p U2 v Ucm (in p iu khin) l hai i lng vo ca khu so
snh.
Chn Ucmax = Um/ CR = 10V
Khi:
Ucm = U2 ta c :
cos = Ucm/Ucmax
Ucm
arccos
Uc max
u ra ca khu so snh OA2 ta nhn c chui xung ch nht. Tn hiu

ny kt hp vi tn hiu xung chm ca IC555 a vo cng AND, kt qu s
to
ra tn hiu Uf trn gin xung.
V
Nh mch R,C v it ta c nhng xung dng iu khin, chm sau v(t) mt
gc .
2
t
O
U2
Ucm
t
U3
t
Uf
t
SVTH: Trn c vit
Xkthin
Nguyn vn
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 46
Hnh 3.3. S dng sng mch pht xung arccos

2. Tnh ton cc thng s mch iu khin:
S mch iu khin Arccos thc t iu khin pht xung iu khin
Tiristor c cho nh hnh di.
U
1
R
6
7
555
5
1
Ura
3
C
2
12V
+12V
OPC
7812
0,1F
10K
12V~
V
10K
470F
4,7K
12K
2 7
3 6
4
2 7
3 6
4
U2
Ucm
U3
12V
1K
AND
100F
OPC
4,7K
470F
G3
0,1F
-12V
K1
OA2
10K
OA1
7912
G1
0,47F
1
R
7
C
555
3
5
K3
Ura
12V
C
2
OPC
G2
0,47F
10K
10K
4,7K
12K
SVTH: Trn c vit

Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
-12V
K2
OA2
2 7
3 6
4
OA1
10K
U2
Ucm
4,7K
2 7
3 6
4
U3
12V
1K
AND
100F
OPC 47
Trang
G4
K4
Hnh 3.5. S mch pht xung arccos 2 knh iu khin

Mch iu khin c tnh xut pht t yu cu v xung m Thyristor. Cc
thng s c bn ca mch iu khin.
in p iu khin Ti
Udk = 3V
Dng iu khin
Ig = 0,04A
tm = 80s
Thi gian m Ti
Ti
rng xung iu khin :
167s, tng ng 30 in
in p ngun nui mch iu khin: U = 12V

Vic tnh chn mch iu khin thng c tin hnh t tng khuch i
cui cng ngc tr ln.
3.1. Chn phn t ghp quang: L loi optoTranzistor B817 c cu trc nh
hnh di:
Cc thng s ca B817 (TA = 25C):

Nhit hot ng
: 30C to +100C
Kh nng chu c s qu nhit 260C /10 s

Dng vo cc Ant ca 817 : IF = 50 mA
Tn hao cng sut u vo: PI= 70 mW
SVTH: Trn c vit
Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 48

Dng Colector
: IC= 50 mA
in p gia 2 cc C v E : VCEO= 35 V
in p gia E v C
: VECO= 6 V
Cng sut tiu tn cc C : 150 mW

Tng cng sut tiu tn
: 200 mW
in tr cch in
: R=1011
Tnh chn in tr ni vo cc 1 ca opto:

R>
12
Vcc
=
= 240
Icm
0.05
Chn R=1k (=R5=R4=R22=R20)

Tnh chn in tr ni vo chn 4 ca B817 (cc C).
R
Vcc
12
=
=240
Ic
0.05
Chn R=R4=R6=R21=R23=1k
kch m Ti, ta ni u ra ca B817 mt Tranzistor nhm khuch i tn hiu
t B817.
Dng kch m yu cu Ig= 40mA =Ic.
Chn Transistor C1815 c cc thng s:.
Chn Tranzitor cng sut ni vo OPC l loi C1815 kiu NPN, bn dn Silic
C1815
m phn t ghp quang vi cc thng s sau:
in p gia colect v baz
: UCBO = 60V
in p gia colector v emitter
: UCEO= 50V
in p gia hai cc E v B
: UBE = 5V
Dng in ln nht colect
: ICmax = 150mA.
Cng sut tiu tn colect
: PC = 400mW
H s khuch i
: hEF = =70 ~700
Dng iu khin baz ca trazitor
: IB
Nhit lm vic
Ic
150
=2.1 mA
70
: -55 ~ +150 C
Nh vy cn t mt in tr u vo cc C ca trazitor c thng s:
SVTH: Trn c vit
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Trang 49

R=
12
Vcc
=
= 80
Ic
150 * 10 3
R= R15=R26=R19=100
3.2.Chn Transistor ni vo chn 2 ca OPC: Q1,Q2
Ta chn loi 2 con C1815 nh trn.
3.3. Chn cng AND:
Ton b mch iu khin s dng 2 cng AND nn ta chn IC 4081 h
CMOS. Mt IC c 4 cng AND, cc thng s:
Ngun nui IC
: Vcc = -0.3 16V, ta chn Vcc = 12V.
Nhit lm vic : -400C +850C

in p ng vi mc logic1: 2 4.5V
Dng in
: < 1mA
Cng sut tiu th : P = 2.5nW / 1cng
3.4. Chn t C1, C3 v in tr R1,R9 ni vo Q1,Q2:

R1,R9 dng hn ch dng vo Q1,Q2.Chng phi tho mn iu kin:
R1 = R9
U
Iq1
4 .5
= 2,1 * 10 3 = 2k
Chn R = 2k
Chn R1*C1 = tx = 167s. Suy ra C =
167
tx
=
=0,0835s
R1 2 * 10 3
Chn C = 0,1s(=100pF).
SVTH: Trn c vit
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Trang 50

3.5. Chn khuch i thut ton:
Mch iu khin phi dng 4 khuch i thut ton, do ta chn 1 IC loi
LM324 ca hng Fairchild Semiconductor.
S chn IC LM324 :
LM324
Cc thng s ca LM324:
in p ngun nui :
Vcc = 12V
in p vo
-0.3 ~ 32V
Nhit lm vic
~ 70oC
Cng sut tiu th :
P = 1310 mW = 1,13W
Tng tr u vo
106M
Dng cung cp
Icc = 1mA
Dng in ra
Ira = 40mA
3.5. Tnh chn in tr ni vo khu so snh:

Khuch i thut ton chn l loi LM324:
Chn R10 = R13 >
12
Uv
=
= 12 k
Iv
1.10 3
Trong ngun nui Vcc = 12V th in p vo khu so snh l

Uv 12V. Dng in vo c hn ch Ilv < 1mA
Do ta chn R10=R13=15k, khi dng vo khu so snh l:
SVTH: Trn c vit
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Trang 51

Ilvmax =
12
= 0,8mA.
15 * 10 3
3.6 Tnh chn b to xung chm:
R1
4
Ura
R2
IC555
3
5
0.01F
Mun to xung chm xung c tn s f=
1
= 3kHz hay chu k ca ca xung
2tx
chm (chu k tn hiu ra):

T=
Ta c:
1
f
= 334s
T = 0.693(R1 + 2R2)C
Chn C = 100pF=0,1F,
Suy ra T = 0,693(R1 +2R2)0,1=334
R1+ 2R2 = 4819
Chn R1 l bin tr 200, cn chn R2 =5k.
Phn 2. Thit k mch vi iu khin

1. Tng quan v h vi iu khin 8051.
1.1 S khi chung ca b vi iu khin:
S khi chung ca hu ht cc b vi iu khin l ton b nhng phn
nm trong ng chm trn hnh1.1. N bao gm b nh ROM v RAM, mch
SVTH: Trn c vit

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giao tip ni tip, mch giao tip song song, b nh thi gian, h thng ngt v
cc bus c tch hp trn cng mt chp.
Ngun ng
h ngoi
Ngt
ngoi
Thit b
ni tip
Thit b
song song
Giao tip
ni tip
Giao tip
song song
ng
h ni
Timers
CPU
iu khin
ngt
Bus d liu, a ch, iu khin
RAM
ROM
Hnh 3.6: S khi tng qut ca mt b iu khin

1.2 n v x l trung tm CPU (Central Processing Unit):
L thnh phn chnh ca mt chp vi iu khin, n qun l tt c hot ng
ca b vi
CPU
iu khin,
thc hin cc
Thanh ghi lnh (IR)
B m chng trnh ( PC)
php
ton
Cc thanh ghi
Khi iu khin v gii
trn s liu.
m lnh
Thc cht,
n
SVTH: Trn c vit Khi Logic v s hc
Nguyn vn thin
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Hnh 3.7 S khi ca CPU
Trang 53

ch l tp hp cc mch logic nhm thc hin lin tc hai hot ng chnh l tm
lnh v thi hnh lnh.
Hnh 3.7 m t cc khi bn trong ca CPU. N c mt tp cc thanh ghi dng

cho vic lu tr tm thi cc thng tin, khi s hc v logic ALU (Arithmetic
and Logic Unit) thc hin cc php ton da trn cc thng tin c lu trong
thanh ghi, khi iu khin v gii m lnh (Instruction Decode and Contrrol
Unit) xc nh php thi hnh v chun b cc hot ng cn thit thc hin
lnh c kt hp vi thng tin trong 2 thanh ghi ph. Thanh ghi lnh
(Instruction Register) cha m nh phn ca mi lnh c thi hnh. B m
chng trnh (Program Couter) lu gi a ch trong b nh ca lnh cn thc
hin tip theo.
1.3 B nh bn dn RAM v ROM (EPROM):
B nh dng lu tr chng trnh v d liu, c hai loi b nh l RAM
v ROM. Chng ta c th phn bit s khc nhau gia RAM v ROM da trn
hai tnh nng.
- Th nht, RAM (Random Access Memory) l b nh cho php c v ghi
d liu c, cn ROM (Read Only Memory) l b nh ch c, trong mt s
chp vi iu khin cn s dng EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM) l ROM
lp trnh c th xo c thay th cho ROM .
- Th hai, d liu trong RAM s b mt i khi khng cung cp in, cn d
liu trong ROM th vn lu li khi khng cp ngun cho n.
1.4 Bus a ch, bus d liu v bus iu khin:
Bus l tp hp cc ng dy mang thng tin vi cng mc ch. Trong chp
vi iu khin c 3 loi bus l bus a ch, bus d liu v bus iu khin. Trong
hot ng c hay ghi, CPU xc nh v tr ca d liu bng cch t mt a ch
SVTH: Trn c vit
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Trang 54

vo bus a ch, ri kch hot mt tn hiu trn bus iu khin ch th hot
ng l c hay ghi.
Hot ng c s ly 1 byte d liu t b nh ti mt v tr xc nh ri t ln
bus d liu. CPU c d liu ny v t n vo mt trong cc thanh ghi ni tr
ca CPU. Hot ng ghi th ngc li, CPU ly d liu a ra bus d liu. Nh
c tn hiu iu khin, b nh nhn bit c y l mt hot ng ghi v n s
lu d liu trn vo vng nh xc nh nh a ch m CPU gi ti n t
trc.
- Bus d liu mang thng tin trao i gia CPU v b nh, gia CPU v thit b
I/O. rng ca bus d liu ng vai tr kh quan trng trong vn tng tc
cho mt b vi iu khin, 8051c rng bus d liu l 8 bit. Hin nay nhiu b
vi iu khin s dng bus a ch v d liu dn knh, ngha l s dng cng mt
ng truyn cho cc bus d liu v mt s bit a ch. Trong trng hp ny, b
vi iu khin c thm cc mch ngoi dng phn tch cc tn hiu a ch v
d liu trong cc bus tng ng.
- Cc bus d liu hot ng theo 2 hng, cn bus a ch th hot ng theo 1
hng. Bi v thng tin a ch lun lun c cung cp bi CPU, nhng d liu
th c th lu thng theo c hai chiu tu theo hot ng ghi vo hay c ra.
Thng tin lu tr trn bus d liu c th l nhng lnh ca chng trnh, a ch
gn vo cu lnh, d liu c s dng bi chng trnh. Bus iu khin l 1 t
hp cc bo hiu, mi bo hiu c mt vai tr xc nh iu khin hot ng
ca h thng hot ng mt cch hiu qu. Nhng tn hiu iu khin l nhng
tn hiu nh thi c cung cp bi CPU nhm ng b vic vn chuyn thng
tin trn bus a ch v bus d liu.
2. Cu trc phn cng ca 8051.
2.1 S khi ca IC vi iu khin 8051:
IC 8051 l chp vi iu khin trong h vi iu khin 5 c Intel gii thiu v
a ra th trng. Cc thnh phn bn trong n gm c:
4KB ROM.
128 byte RAM.
4 port xut nhp (I/O port) 8 bit.
2 b nh thi 16 bit.
SVTH: Trn c vit
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Trang 55

Mch giao tip ni tip.
Khng gian nh chng trnh (m) ngoi 64K
Khng gian nh gi liu ngoi 64K
B vi x l bit (thao tc trn cc bit ring l).
210 v tr nh c nh a ch, mI v tr 1 bit.
Nhn/chia trong 4 s.
Cc chp vi iu khin cn li trong h 51 khc vi 8051 s tch hp cc
thnh phn bn trong chp nh RAM, ROM (hoc EPROM), b m thi gian.
Chip
B nh chng
trnh trn chip
B nh d liu
trn chip
Cc b nh
thi
8051
4K ROM
128 byte
8031
0K
128 byte
8751
4K EPROM
128 byte
8052
8K ROM
256 byte
8032
OK
256 byte
8752
8K EPROM
256 byte
Hnh 3.8: So snh cc IC thuc h vi iu khin 51
SVTH: Trn c vit

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Trang 56
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
P1.0
P1.1
P1.2
P1.3
P1.4
P1.5
P1.6
P1.7
RST
P3.0/RXD
P3.1/T XD
P3.2/INT0
P3.3/INT1
P3.4/T 0
P3.5/T 1
P3.6/WR
P3.7/RD
XTAL2
XTAL1
GND
VCC
P0.0/AD0
P0.1/AD1
P0.2/AD2
P0.3/AD3
P0.4/AD4
P0.5/AD5
P0.6/AD6
P0.7/AD7
EA/V PP
ALE/P ROG
PSEN
P2.7/A15
P2.6/A14
P2.5/A13
P2.4/A12
P2.3/A11
P2.2/A10
P2.1/A9
P2.0/A8
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
Hnh 3.9: S chn ca 8051
2.2 Chc nng ca cc chn IC 8051:

Chp vi iu khin 8051 c 32 trong tng s 40 chn c chc nng nh l
nhng cng I/O, trong c 24 chn c s dng vo 2 mc ch. Ngha l
ngoi chc nng I/O, mi chn c th l mt ng iu khin ca bus a ch
hay bus d liu khi h thng s dng b nh ngoi. Hoc l mi ng hot
ng mt cch c lp giao tip vi cc thit b n bit nh l cc cng tc,
n LED, Transistor, m t v loa.
Trong nhng m hnh thit k khng dng b nh ngoi, P0 c s dng
nh l cng I/O. cn i vi nhng h thng ln hn c yu cu mt s lng
ng k b nh ngoi th P0 tr thnh cc ng truyn d liu v 8 bit thp ca
bus a ch.
- Cng P1 c ch nh l cng I/O t chn 1 n 8. Chng c s dng
cho mc ch duy nht l giao tip vi cc thit b ngoi khi cn thit.
SVTH: Trn c vit

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Trang 57

- Cng P2 l cng I/O hoc l ng truyn 8 bit cao ca bus a ch cho
nhng m hnh thit k c b nh chng trnh nm ngoi hoc c hn 256
byte b nh d liu ngoi.
- Cng P3 ngoi mc ch chung l cng I/O, nhng chn ny cn kim lun
nhiu chc nng khc na lin quan n cc tnh nng c bit ca 8051.
INT1
INT0
Timer1
Timer 0
Serial
Interup contrl
128 bytes
RAM
Other register
ROM
4K- 8051
Timer 1
Timer 0
CPU
Oscillator
Bus contrlo
EA
RST
ALE
PSEN
I/ O ports
ADRESS/DATA
Serial port
TXD RXD
Hnh 3.10: S khi ca 8051
Bit
Tn
a ch bit
Chc nng th hai
P3.0
RXD
BOH
Nhn d liu cho cng ni tip
P3.1
TXD
B1H
Truyn d liu cho cng ni tip
P3.2
INT0
B2H
Ngt 0 bn ngoi
P3.3
INT1
B3H
Ngt 1 bn ngoi
P3.4
T0
B4H
Ng vo b m thi gian 0
P3.5
T1
B5H
Ng vo b m thi gian 1
P3.6
WR
B6H
iu khin ghi b nh d liu ngoi

Trang 58
iu khin c b nh d liu ngoi
SVTH: Trn c vit

Nguyn
P3.7 vn thin
RD
Nguyn vn danh
B7H
T1
T1
Hnh 3.11: Chc nng th hai ca cc chn Port 3

- PSEN l mt tn hiu iu khin cho php b nh chng trnh bn ngoi
hot ng. N thng c kt ni n chn OE (Output Enable) ca EPROM
thc hin c cc byte chng trnh. Xung tn hiu PSEN lun mc thp
trong sut phm vi qu trnh ca mt lnh. Cn khi thi hnh chng trnh t
ROM ngay bn trong chip, chn PSEN lun mc cao (khng hot ng).
- Tn hiu ALE c chc nng tch byte a ch thp v bus d liu khi cng
P0 c s dng ch tun t hay cn gi l ch d knh, ngha l s
dng mt ng truyn cho cc bit d liu v byte thp ca bus a ch.Khi chn
EA mc cao, 8051/8052 c php thc hin cc chng trnh lu tr vng
nh thp hn 4Kbyte/8Kbyte ROM bn trong chp. Cn khi EA mc thp ch
c nhng chng trnh lu b nh bn ngoi mi c thc hin. (dng cho
8051)
- 8051 c mt b dao ng ni b bn trong chp hot ng bm theo tn s
ca mt con dao ng thch anh nm bn ngoi. Tn s thng dng ca thch
anh l 12MHz cho hu ht cc IC thuc h 51.
2.3. T chc b nh:
Khng gian b nh ca b vi iu khin c phn chia ra thnh 2 phn d
liu v chng trnh. Hu ht cc IC MCS-51 u c b nh chng trnh v d
liu nm bn trong chp, tuy nhin cng c th m rng dung lng ln n 64K
b nh chng trnh v 64K b nh d liu bng cch s dng thm mt s b
nh ngoi.
Bn trong chp vi iu khin 8031 ch c 128 byte b nh d liu (RAM)
m khng c b nh chng trnh (ROM). N c th kt ni ti a 64Kbyte b
nh chng trnh v 64Kbyte b nh d liu bn ngoi.
SVTH: Trn c vit

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Trang 59
FFFF
FF
FFFF
B nh
Chng trnh
B nh
d liu
Hot ng
nh tn hiu
PSEN
Hot ng
nh 2 tn
hiu iu
khin
RD v WK
B nh
chng
trnh
00
0000
B nh bn
trong chip
0000
B nh
Bn ngoi
Hnh 3.12 Khng gian b nh ca 8051

Hnh 3.12 trnh by chi tit b nh d liu. Khng gian b nh trong c
phn chia ra gm cc bank thanh ghi (00H-1FH), RAM a ch theo bit (20H2FH), RAM dng chung (30H-7FH), v cc thanh ghi chc nng c bit.
Byte Address
Bit Address
7F Ram dng chung
Byte Address
Bit Address
FF
F0 F7 F6 F5 F4 F3 F2 F1 F0 B
E0 E7 E6 E5 E4 E3 E2 E1 E0 ACC
SVTH: Trn c vit

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Trang 60

D D D D D D D D D PSW
0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
30
B8 -
B B B B9 B8 IP
C B A
2F 7F 7E 7 7C 7B 7 79 78
D
A
2E 77 76 75 74 73 7 71 70
2
B0 B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0 P3
2 6F 6E 6 6C 6B 6 69 68
D
D
A
2C 67 66 65 64 63 6 61 60
2
A A 8 F
A A A A A IE
C B A 9 8
2B 5F 5E 5 5C 5B 5 59 58
D
A
2 57 56 55 54 53 5 51 50
A
2
A A A A A A A A A P2
0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
29 4F 4E 4 4C 4B 4 49 48
D
A
28 47 46 45 44 43 4 41 40
2
99 Not bit addressable
SBUF
27 3F 3E 3 3C 3B 3 39 38
D
A
98 9F 9E 9 9C 9B 9 99 98 SCON
D
A
26 37 36 35 34 33 3 31 30
2
25 2F 2E 2 2C 2B 2 29 28
D
A
90 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 P1
24 27 26 25 24 23 2 21 20
2
SVTH: Trn c vit
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Trang 61

23 1F 1E 1 1C 1B 1 19 18
D
A

D
TH1
22 17 16 15 14 13 1 11 10
2
8C Not bit addressable
TH0
21 0F 0E 0 0C 0B 0 9
D
A
8B Not bit addressable
TL1
20 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

A
TL0
TMO
D
1F
18
17
Bank 3
88 8F 8E 8 8C 8B 8 89 88 TCO
D
A
N
PCON
0F Bank 1
DPH
DPL
7 Default Register bank 0
SP
0 for R0 - R7
80 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 P0
10
Bank 2
RAM
Thanh ghi chc nng c

bit
Hnh 3.13. T chc b nh d liu
2.4 . Cc thanh ghi chc nng c bit:

8051 c cc thanh ghi R0 n R7 v 21 thanh ghi chc nng c bit SFR
(Special Function Register) nm phn trn ca RAM trong t a ch 80H n
FFH.
Thanh ghi trng thi PSW (Program Status Word): Thanh ghi PSW cha cc
bit trng thi c tm tt trong hnh 1.9.
CY
AC
SVTH: Trn c vit

Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
F0
RS1
RS0
OV
P
Trang 62

Hnh 3.14: Cc bit thanh ghi trng thi
+ C nh CY (Carry Flag): C nh c s dng cho 2 mc ch. N c
dng trong cc php ton s hc, c nh c lp khi kt qu php ton c nh
hoc l phi mn. Ngoi ra c nh cn c s dng nh l thanh ghi 1 bit cho
cc lnh booorlean hot ng trn cc bit.
+ C nh ph AC (Auxiliary Carry flag): Khi thc hin php tnh cc s
BCD, bit AC c bt nu kt qu php ton va thc hin c nh hay c mn
i vi 4 bit thp.
+ C 0 F0 (Flag 0): L bit c dng chung c dnh sn cho cc ng dng
ca ngi s dng.
+ Bit chn la bank thanh ghi: cc bit RS0 v RS1 dng xc nh bank
thanh ghi tch cc. Chng c xa mi khi h thng khi ng li v c thay
bi phn mm khi cn thit.
+ C trn OV (Over low Flag): C trn c bt nu kt qu ca mt php
ton cng hay tr cc s c du b sai.
+ Bit chn l P (parity bit): Bit Parity c t ng lp hay xa sau mi chu
k my thit lp Parity chn vi thanh ghi A. Ngha l tng s bit 1 ca thanh
ghi A cng vi bit Parity th lun lun chn.
-Thanh ghi B: Thanh ghi B c s dng i km vi thanh ghi A thc
hin cc php ton nhn v chia. Thanh ghi B cng c xem nh l thanh ghi
m dng chung. N c a ch bit t F0H n F7H.
- Con tr ngn xp SP: L mt thanh ghi 8 bit, n cha a ch ca phn d
liu ang hin din ti nh ca ngn xp. Ngn xp hot ng theo phng thc
vo trc ra sau. Hot ng y vo ngn xp lm tng SP ln trc khi ghi d
liu vo. Hot ng ly ra khi ngn xp s c d liu ra ri gim SP.
-Con tr d liu DTPR (Data Pointer): DTPR c s dng truy cp vo
b nh chng trnh v b nh d liu bn ngoi, l thanh ghi 16bit c 8bit
thp a ch 82H (DPL) v 8bit cao a ch 83H (DPH).Cc thanh ghi cng:
cc cng I/O ca 8051 bao gm P0 ti a ch 80H, P1 ti a ch 90H, P2 ti a
ch A0H v P3 ti a ch B0H. tt c cc cng u c a ch bit nn cung cp
kh nng giao tip vi bn ngoi rt mnh.
-Cc thanh ghi b m thi gian: 8051 c 2 b m thi gian 16bit nh
cc khong thi gian hay m cc s kin. Timer 0 c a ch 8AH (TL0: byte
SVTH: Trn c vit
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Trang 63

thp) v 8CH (TH0: byte cao), Timer 1 c a ch 8BH (TL1: byte thp) v 8DH
(TL2: byte cao). Hot ng ca b m thi gian c thit lp bi thanh ghi
ch thi gian TMOD v thanh ghi iu khin thi gian TCON, ch c TCON
c a ch bit.
-Thanh ghi cng tun t: IC8051 cha 1 cng ni tip kt ni vi cc
thit b ni tip nh modem hoc giao tip vi cc IC khc s dng giao tip
ni tip (b chuyn i A/D, thanh ghi dch, b nh RAM...). b m d liu ni
tip SBUF lu gi c d liu truyn i v d liu nhn c. Hot ng ghi
SBUF s np vo d liu truyn i, cn hot ng c SBUF s truy cp vo
d liu nhn c. Nhiu ch hot ng khc nhau c th lp trnh c
thng qua a ch bit ca thanh ghi iu khin cng ni tip ti a ch 98H.
-Cc thanh ghi ngt: 8051 c 5 ngun ngt v 2 mc u tin. Cc ngt b
cm sau khi h thng khi ng li v s c bt bng cch ghi vo thanh ghi
cho php ngt IE (Interrup enable register). Mc u tin c thit lp thng qua
thanh ghi u tin ngt IP (Interrup priority register). C 2 thanh ghi ny u c
a ch bit.
-Thanh ghi iu khin nng lng PCON (Power control register): Cha
nhiu bit iu khin m nhn nhng chc nng khc nhau.
SMOD -
GF1
GF0
PD
IDL
Hnh 3.15 : cc bit thanh ghi iu khin nng lng

+ Bit SMOD lm tng gp i tc baud ca cng ni tip khi ch 1,
2, 3. Bit 2 v 3 l cc bit c dng chung c dnh sn cho cc ng dng ca
ngi dng. Cc bit iu khin nng lng l: bit h thp nng lng PD (Power
down) v bit ngng khng hot ng IDL (Idle). Cc bit ny s chuyn b vi
iu khin sang 2 ch hot ng c bn.
2.5. B nh ngoi:
Vi iu khin cho php m rng ln n 64K khng gian b nh chng
trnh v 64K khng gian b nh d liu nm bn ngoi. Khi s dng b nh
ngoi th cng P0 khng c dnh cho hot ng I/O, n tr thnh ng
truyn bus d liu (D0-D7) v byte thp (A0-A7) ca bus a ch. Cng P2
thng c s dng cho ng truyn byte cao ca bus a ch.
SVTH: Trn c vit
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Trang 64

Trong sut mt na chu k nh u, tn hiu ALE s cht byte thp ca bus
a ch vo b cht 74HC573, v trong na chu k nh cn li, cng P0 c s
dng nh l bus d liu c d liu vo MC hay ghi d liu ra b nh ngoi.
Ch hot ng nh vy gi l ch dn knh.
A0...A15
a ch
D0...D7
D liu
Khng ghp knh (24 ng)
A8...A15
a ch
a ch
D liu
Ghp knh (16 ng)

Hnh 3.16: Gin thi gian trong ch dn knh v khng dn knh.
Phng thc truy cp vo b nh chng trnh ngoi:
B nh chng trnh ngoi c c bi tn hiu PSEN. Khi b nh chng
trnh bn ngoi c s dng, c cng P0 v P2 u khng s dng nh cng
I/O. cc kt ni phn cng c m t trn hnh 1.12. Mt vng chu k my ca
8051 gm c 12 chu k dao ng. Nu b dao ng ni hot ng bm theo mt
dao ng thch anh 12MHz th mt chu k my l 1s. Sut mt chu k my
chun, tn hiu ALE dao ng 2 ln v 2 byte c c ra t b nh chng
trnh.
SVTH: Trn c vit

Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 65
Port 0
EA
D0...D7
74HC573
ALE
A0...A7
D Q
G
8051
Port 2
EPROM
A8...A15
/PSEN
/OE
Hnh 3.17: S u ni phn cng ca 8051 vi ROM ngoi
Mt chu k my
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S1
P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2
OSC
Port 2
SVTH: Trn c vit
Port
0
Nguyn
vn thin PCL
Nguyn vn danh
PCH
PCH
Trang 66
Opcode
PCL
Byte 2
Hnh 3.18: Gin thi gian cho hot ng c b nh chng trnh bn ngoi
Truy cp b nh d liu ngoi:
Cc hot ng c ghi b nh d liu c iu khin bi 2 tn hiu RD c
WR. Cch duy nht truy cp n b nh d liu ngoi l dng lnh MOVX, s
dng con tr d liu DPTR 16bit hoc R0 hay R1 lm thanh ghi a ch.
Gin thi gian cho hot ng c b nh d liu ngoi bng lnh MOVX
A, @DPTR c ch trong hnh 1.15. Lc ny, mt xung ALE v mt xung
PSEN b b qua v thay vo l mt xung RD c RAM. Gin thi gian
cho mt hot ng ghi cng tng t, ch khc l xung WR mc thp ghi
d liu ra cng P0 v RD tn ti mc cao.
Port 0
D0...D7
74HC573
D Q
G
ALE
8051
A0...A7
RAM
Port 2
/RD
/WR
/PSEN
A8...A15
/OE
/WR
/CS
Hnh 3.19 : S u ni phn cng ca 8051 vi RAM bn ngoi

Mt chu k my
Mt chu k my
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
ALE
Port 2
PCH
SVTH: Trn c vit
Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Port 0
DPH
DPL
Trang 67
External
Data in
Hnh 3.20: Gin thi gian ca lnh MOVX

2.6 Reset h thng:
5V
100
10uF
8,2K
Hnh 3.21: S mch thc hin reset h thng

reset 8051: Ta phi gi chn RST mc cao trong ti thiu 2 chu k my
ri mi tr li mc thp. Vic reset c th thc hin hon ton bng tay thng
qua cng tc, hoc c th t ng reset khi cp in.
Tnh trng cc thanh ghi trong 8051 sau khi reset c tm tt trong
hnh1.17. B m chng trnh s c np vo gi tr 0000H, bi v khi RST
xung mc thp, s thc hin chng trnh lun lun bt u ti tai a ch u
tin ca b nh chng trnh. Ni dung ca RAM bn trong chp khng b nh
hng bi hot ng reset.
Thanh ghi
Ni dung
Thanh ghi
Ni dung
B m CT
0000H
IP
xxx00000B
Thanh ghi A
00H
IE
0xx00000B
Thanh ghi B
00H
Thanh ghi Timer
00H
PSW
00H
SCON
00H
07H
SBUF
00H
Trang 68
0000H
PCON(Hmos)
0xxxxxxxB
FFH
PCON(Cmos)
0xxx0000B
SVTH: Trn SP
c vit
Nguyn vn thin
DPTR
Nguyn
vn danh
Cng P(0,1,2,3)

Hnh 3.22: Gi tr cc thanh ghi sau reset h thng
3. Gii thiu cc ch ia ch ca 8051:
3.1. Cc ch a ch ca 8051:
B vi iu khin 8051 s dng 8 ch a ch xc nh vng d liu
cn thit cung cp cho ch hot ng. Bao gm cc ch a ch sau:
a ch thanh ghi.
a ch trc tip.
a ch gin tip .
a ch tc thi.
a ch tng i.
a ch tuyt i .
a ch di .
a ch lit k.
3.2.Tp lnh:
Tp lnh ca 8051 chia thnh 5 nhm chnh l:
Lnh s hc: Gm cc lnh cng, tr, nhn, chia, tng, gim tc ng
trn cc a ch v thanh ghi.
Lnh logic:Gm cc lnh thc hin php ton Boolean, lnh quay thanh
ghi.
Lnh chuyn d liu: Gm cc lnh chuyn d liu gia cc thanh ghi,
gia thanh ghi v b nh, gia cc vng nh vi nhau.
Lnh Boolean: 8051 cha mt b x l Boolean hon chnh thc hin
cc php ton trn tng bit. Nhng lnh truy cp cc bit ny khng ch l cc
lnh r nhnh c iu kin m cn c cc lnh chuyn, bt, xo, b, AND v OR.
Lnh r nhnh chng trnh: Gm nhng lnh r nhnh c iu kin hay
khng c iu kin. Cc lnh r nhnh chng trnh s dng 3 kiu a ch l
kiu a ch tng i, a ch di v a ch tuyt i.
SVTH: Trn c vit

Nguyn vn thin
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Trang 69

4 . Hot ng ca b nh thi Timer:
4.1 Gii thiu b Timer trong 8051:
B Timer l mt dy cc flip - flop chia 2, chng nhn mt tn hiu a vo
nh l ngun ng h. Tn hiu t ngun ng h a vo flip flop th nht, v
ng ra ca flip flop th nht c a vo flip flop th 2 v c th tip tc. Mi
tng k tip nhau c chia cho 2, nn b nh thi n tng s chia tng s tn
hiu ng h cho 2n. Ng ra ca tng cui cng dng iu khin flip flop trn,
cn gi l c trn, n c kim tra bi phn mm v thng dng to ra mt
ngt. Gi tr nh phn trong cc flip flop hiu l cc xung ng h c m khi
b nh thi hot ng. Cc b m s thc hin m ln t gi tr np vo thanh
ghi THx v TLx, cho n FFFFh v c trn c bt v b m li ly gi tr
trong thanh ghi THx v THx. Ban u mt nh gi tri trong thanh ghi THx v
TLx l 0000h.
Trong 8051 c 2 b nh thi 16 bt, mi b c 4 ch hot ng n
thng c s dng:
To ra tc baud cho vic truyn thng ni tip.
m s kin v o khong thi gian tri qua gia cc s kin.
truy cp vo b nh thi ta dng 6 thanh ghi sau:
SFR
Mc ch
a ch
Ch a ch bt
TCON
iu khin
88h
TMOD
nh Mode
89h
TL0
Byte thp ca Timer0
8Ah
TL1
Byte thp ca Timer1
8Bh
TH0
Byte cao ca Timer0
8Ch
TH1
Byte cao ca Timer1
8Dh
Hnh 3.23: Cc thanh ghi chc nng c bit ca b nh thi.

4.2 Thanh ghi kiu thi gianTMOD:
SVTH: Trn c vit
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Trang 70

Bit
Tn
Timer
Chc nng
GATE
Nu GATE=1v INT1 cao th Timer1 mi hot ng
C/T
Bt chn Counter/Timer
M1
Bit chn Mode
M0
Bit chn Mode
GATE
Bit GATE ca Timer0
C/T
Bt chn Counter/Timer
M1
Bit chn Mode
M0
Bit chn Mode
Hnh 3.24: cc bit trong thanh ghi TMOD

4.3 Thanh ghi iu khin nh thi TCON :
TF1
TR1
TF0
TR0
IE1
IT1
IE0
IT0
TCON cha cc bt tnh trng v cc bt iu khin cho Timer0 v Timer1.
TF0, TF1: c trn bt bi phn cng khi sy ra trn v c xo bi

phn mm hoc phn cng khi s dng ngt.
mm.
TR0, TR1: iu khin chy cho Timer0 v Timer1. Bt xo bi phn
IE0, IE1: c pht hin ngt t bn ngoi, c xo bi phn mm

hoc phn cng khi s dng ngt.
IT0, IT1: chn la cch tc ng ca ngt bn ngoi l tc ng

mc thp hay tc ng sn m.
4.4
Ngun ng h:
C th nh nhp bi 1 trong hai ngun ng h, vic la chn ny bng cch

ghi vo C/T trong thanh ghi TMOD khi m b nh thi c thit lp. Mt
SVTH: Trn c vit
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Trang 71

ngun ng h dng xc nh khong thi gian v ngun kia dng m s
kin.
Nu C/T= 0, Timer nhn xung t t b dao ng bn trong chp, v c
chia cho 12 to ra xung hp l ph hp cho cc ng dng. Cc thanh ghi THx
v TLx c tng ln sau mi xung nhp c tn s 1Mhz nu b dao ng ni
ht c tn s l 12Mhz. Hin tng trn sy ra ph thuc vo gi tr np vo
thanh ghi THx v TLx.
Nu C/T=1, b nh thi c nh nhp bi ngun t bn ngoi thng qua 2
chn P3.4(T0) v P3.5(T1). Trong hu ht cc ng dng, ngun bn ngoi ny
cung cp cho Timer mt xung vo lc xy ra mt s kin no , lc ny b
Timer l b m s kin. S cc s kin c xc nh bi phn mm bng cch
c cc thanh ghi nh thi TLx/THx, bi v gi tr 16bit trong cc thanh ghi ny
tng ln sau mi s kin.
On - chip
Oscillator
12
Timer
Clock
0= Up (Interval Timing)
1= Down (Event Counting)
T0 or T1
pin
C/T
Hnh 3.25: Ngun ng h

5. Hot ng ca cng ni tip:
5.1 Gii thiu chung:
B vi iu khin c cha mt cng ni tip bn trong, n c th hot ng
4 Mode khc nhau. Chc nng ch yu ca cng ni tip l thc hin vic
chuyn i t song song sang ni tip xut d liu ra, v t ni tip sang song
song nhp d liu vo thng qua 2 chn P3.1 (TXD) v P3.0 (RXD).
Cng ni tip c tnh nng hot ng kp, tc l cng mt lc c th truyn
v nhn d liu, ngoi ra 8051 cn s dng c ch b m cho php mt k t
c nhn vo v lu tr trong b m trong khi nhn vo k t th 2. Nu CPU
SVTH: Trn c vit
Trang 72
Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh

c k t u tin trc khi k t th 2 c nhn y th d liu s khng b
mt.
Hot ng ghi vo SBUF s np vo d liu truyn i, v hot ng c
SBUF truy cp vo phn d liu nhn c. Tht s SBUF l 2 thanh ghi khc
bit v tch ri nhau, thanh ghi pht ch ghi v thanh ghi nhn ch c.
Tn s hot ng ca cng ni tip hay tc baud c th c nh (c cp
bi b dao ng ni ca 8051) hay thay i. Timer 1 c s dng lm ngun
pht tc baud c th thay i c bng cch lp trnh cho n.
5.2 Thanh ghi iu khin cng ni tip SCON:
Ch hot ng ca cng ni tip trong 8051 c thit lp bng thanh
ghi iu khin cng ni tip SCON.
SM0
SM1
SM2
REN
TB8
RB8
TI
RI
Hnh 3.26: Cc bit trong thanh ghi iu khin cng ni tip SCON.
SM0, SM1: l 2 bit thit lp mode hot ng cho cng ni tip
SM2: Bit mode cho php ch truyn thng a x l trong mode2

v mode3. Ri s khng c kch hot nu nhn c bit th 9 l bit 0
REN: Bit cho php nhn, phi c bt bi chng trnh nhn k
TB8: Cha bit th 9 c truyn i trong mode2 v mode3
RB8: Ni nhn bit th 9 trong mode2 v mode3
TI: C ngt pht, c bt sau khi truyn xong bit cui cng ca
mt k t v c xo bi chng trnh.
RI: C ngt nhn, c bt sau khi truyn xong bit cui cng ca
mt k t. V c xo bi chng trnh.
5.3 Cc ch hot ng (Mode):
Cng ni tip ca 8051 c tt c 4 ch hot ng c chn la bi cc
bit SM0 v SM1 trong SCON.
SM0=0, SM1=0:Mode 0 (thanh ghi dch)
SM0=0, SM1=1:Mode 1 (8bit UART)
SVTH: Trn c vit
Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 73

SM0=1, SM1=0:Mode 2 (9 bit UART)
SM0=1, SM1=1:Mode 3 (9 bit UART)
Thanh ghi dch 8bit (Mode 0):
Trong mode 0, cng ni tip hot ng nh mt thanh ghi dch 8bit. Hai chn
RXD v TXD khng c dng nh truyn thng, chn RXD c s dng cho
c d liu nhp vo v d liu xut ra, cn chn TXD dng xut nhp ng h,
bit LSB c truyn hay nhn u tin trong 8 bit.
Hot ng nhn d liu c bt u khi bit cho php nhn REN bt 1 v bit
ngt RI b xo v 0. Khi RI b xo,cc xung ng h c ghi ra ng TXD, ti
thi im bt u ca mt chu k my v d liu s c dch chuyn vo ng
RXD bi nhp ng h.
Tc baud = 1/12 (tn s ca b dao ng ni).
Ch 8bit UART vi tc baud thay i (Mode 1):
Trong mode 1, cng ni tip ca 8051 hot ng nh l mt b 8bit UART c
tc baud thay i. 10bit c pht i trn ng TXD hoc c nhn vo
ng RXD. Chng bao gm mt bit Start (lun lun mc 0), tip theo l 8bit d
liu (bit LSB u ), v bit Stop cui cng (lun lun l 1). Chu k ca mi bit
l s nghch o ca tc baud. Tc baud c thit lp bi mc trn Timer
1.
Hot ng pht c khi u bng cch ghi vo SBUF. D liu c chuyn
dch ra ng TXD bt u bi bit Start, tip theo l 8bit d liu v kt thc bng
bit Stop. C ngt pht c i TI c bt ngay khi bit Stop xut hin chn
TXD.
Hot ng nhn c khi u bng s chuyn i t 1 qua 0 ti ng RXD.
Gi thit rng mt bit Start hp l c pht hin, sau bit Start b b qua,
8bit d liu c dch chuyn vo trong thanh ghi dch ca cng ni tip. Tip
theo:
1. Bit th 9 (bit Stop) c dch chuyn vo trong RB8 ca SCON
2. 8bit d liu c np vo SBUF
3. C ngt bo hiu nhn c (RI) bt ln.
Tc baud = (tc trn Timer 1).
SVTH: Trn c vit
Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
2 SMOD
32
Trang 74

V d, nu tc baud l 1200 th tc trn l:
Tc trn Timer 1 = 38,4KHz
Nu s dng thch anh 12MHz iu khin b dao ng ni, th Timer 1
c nh nhp mc 1MHz. V b nh thi phi trn tc 38,4KHz v n
cng c nh nhp mc 1000KHz. Nh vy c 100038,4 = 26,04 nhp ng
h th phi xy ra trn mt ln (lm trn thnh 26 nhp ng h). Bi v b nh
thi m ln v hin tng trn xy ra khi c s chuyn i t FFH qua 00H,
mt gi tr m 26 nh hn 0 c yu cu np vo cho TH1. Nh vy gi tr
ng l -26 tc l E6H..
Mode 9 bit UART vi tc baud c nh (Mode 2):
Trong mode 2, 11bit dc pht i hay nhn gm c: bit Start, 8bit d liu, 1
bit d liu th chn c lp trnh v bit Stop. Khi pht i th cho d th no i
na, bit th chn cng c t vo TB8 trong SCON (c th l bit Parity). Khi
nhn, bit th chn nhn c s c t vo RB8 trong mode 2 bng 1/32 hay
1/64 tn s ca b dao ng ni.
Tc baud = (Tn s b dao ng ni)
2 SMOD
64
Mode 9bit UART vi tc baud thay i (Mode 3):

Mode 3 cng ging nh mode 2 ngoi tr tc baud c lp trnh v c
cung cp bi b nh thi. Thc t th mode 1, mode 2 v mode 3 rt ging nhau,
im khc bit y l tc baud (c nh trong mode 2, thay i trong mode
1 v 3) v s bit d liu (8bit trong mode 1, 9bit trong mode 2 v 3).
2 SMOD
Tc baud = (Tc trn Timer 1).
64
On chip
oscillator
Baud rate
clock
12
(a) Mode 0
On chip
oscillator
64
32
SMOD = 0
SMOD = 1
Baud rate
clock
SMOD = 0
SMOD = 1
Baud
Trangrate
75
clock
(b) Mode 2
On chip
SVTH: Trn c oscillator
vit
Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
64
32
(c) Mode 1 and Mode 3
Hnh 3.27: Ngun ng h cho cng ni tip

Truyn thng a x l
Cc ch 2 v 3 l cc ch d phng cho vic truyn thng a x l.
Trong cc ch ny, 9 bit d liu c thu v bit th 9 c a n RB8. Port
c th c lp trnh sao cho khi bit Stop c nhn, ngt do port c tch cc
khi ch nu RB8 =1. c trng ny c c bng cch set bit SM2 trong thanh
ghi SCON bng 1. c trng ny c ng dng trong m hnh mng s dng
nhiu 8051 c sp xp theo m hnh ch/t ( master/slave ) nh trnh by
trong hnh v:
32 I/O lines
Master 8051
TXD
P0
P1 P2 P3
8051 Slave1
RXD
32 I/O lines
P0
P1 P2 P3
8051 Slave2
RXD
3. H thng ngt:
Khi b x l ch mun truyn mt khi d liu n mt trong nhiu b x l
t, trc tin b x l ch pht i mt byte a ch nhn dng b x l t ch.
Mt byte a ch khc vi mt byte d liu ch bit th 9 l mt trong byte a
SVTH: Trn c vit
Nguyn vn thin
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Trang 76

ch v l 0 trong byte d liu. Mt byte da ch ngt tt c cc b x l t cho
mi mt b x l t c th kho st byte nhn c kim tra xem c phi l
b x l t ang c nh a ch khng. B x l t c nh a ch s xa
bit SM2 ca mnh v chun b nhn cc byte d liu theo sau. Cc b x l t
khng c nh a ch c cc bit SM2 ca chng c set bng 1 v thc thi
cng vic ring ca chng, b qua khong nhn cc byte d liu. Cc b x l
ny s c ngt ln na khi b x l ch pht tip byte a ch k. Khi lin kt
c thit lp trm t c th pht n trm ch bng cch khng s dng bit
d liu th 9 .
6. H thng ngt:
6.1 Gii thiu chung:
Ngt ng vai tr quan trng trong vic thit k v thc hin cc ng dng
ca vi iu khin. Chng cho php h thng p ng mt cch khng ng b
n 1 s kin v gii quyt s kin khi chng trnh khc ang chy.
Khi mt ngt xy ra th chng trnh chnh tm thi dng cng vic ang thi
hnh v r nhnh sang ISR, tip theo ISR hot ng p ng yu cu ca
ngt, v n s kt thc bng lnh quay v, chng trnh chnh s hot ng tip
tc ti ngay sau im r nhnh. Chng trnh chnh thc hin mc c bn
(base - level), cn ISR thc hin mc ngt (Interrup - level).
a) Qu trnh thc hin chng trnh m khng c ngt
t
Chng trnh chnh
ISR
ISR
CT chnh
CT chnh
Thc hin ISR

Quay tr li CT chnh
CT chnh
t
b) Qu trnh thc hin chng trnh c ngt
Hnh 3.28: Trnh t thc hin chng trnh khng c ngt v c ngt
6.2 T chc ngt ca 8051:
C tt c l 5 ngun ngt trn 8051: 2 ngt ngoi, 2 ngt b nh thi v 1
ngt cng ni tip. Tt c cc ngt u b cm sau khi h thng khi ng v
SVTH: Trn c vit
Trang 77
Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh

c bt ring l bi phn mm. C th truy cp n cc ngt thng qua thanh
ghi cho php ngt IE.
u tin ca ngt:
Mi mt ngun ngt c th c lp trnh t c mt trong 2 mc u
tin thng qua thanh ghi chc nng c bit c a ch bit IP ti a ch 0B8H.
thanh ghi IP b xa sau khi h thng khi ng t cc ngt mc u tin
thp hn so vi mc nh. Trong 8051 tn ti 2 mc u tin. Khi mt ngt c
mc u tin cao xut hin trong khi mt ISR c mc u tin thp ang thi hnh
th ISR s b ngng li, v ISR c mc u tin cao hn s c thc hin.
Bit
Tn
a
bit
ch Chc nng 1= Enable; 0= Disable
IE.7
EA
AFH
Bit bt/tt dng chung
IE.6
AEH
Khng c nh ngha
IE.5
ET2
ADH
Cho php ngt Timer 2(8052)
IE.4
ES
ACH
Cho php ngt cng ni tip
IE.3
ET1
ABH
Cho php ngt Timer 1
IE.2
EX1
AAH
Cho php ngt ngoi 1
IE.1
ET0
A9H
Cho php ngt Timer 0
IE.0
EX0
A8H
Cho php ngt ngoi 0
Hnh 3.29: Cc bit trong thanh ghi IE ( Interrupt Enable)

Bit
Tn
a
bit
IP.7
Khng xc nh
IP.6
Khng xc nh
IP.5
PY2
0BDH
u tin cho ngt Timer 2
IP.4
PS
0BCH
u tin cho ngt cng ni tip
IP.3
PT1
0BBH
SVTH: Trn c vit

Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
ch Chc nng 1= Enable; 0= Disable
Trang 78

IP.2
PX1
0BAH
u tin cho ngt ngoi 11
IP.1
PT0
0B9H
IP.0
PX0
0B8H
u tin cho ngt ngoi 0
C ch chn la tun t:
Nu c 2 ngt vi cng mc u tin xy ra ng thi, th mt c ch chn la
theo th t c sn s xc nh ngt no c p ng trc. Vic chn la theo
th t s l External 0, Timer 0, External 1, Timer 1, Serial Port, Timer 2.Hnh
1.24 gii thiu 5 ngun ngt, c cu cho php chung v ring l, c ch chn la
tun t, v cc mc u tin. Tnh trng ca tt c cc ngun ngt l sn sng nh
vobit c tng ng trong thanh ghi SFR. Tt nhin, nu bt c ngt no b cm,
ngt s khng xut hin nhng phn mm vn c th kim tra c ngt. Ngt
ca cng ni tip c c l nh kt qu ca php ton OR c ngt nhn c
RI vi c ngt pht i TI. Cng nh vy, ngt ca Timer 2 c to ra bi s
trn b nh thi TF2 OR vi EXF2.
IE register IP register
INT0 1
0
IT0
IE0
Low
priority
interrupt
TF0
INT0 1
0
IT1
High
priority
interrupt
IE0
TF1
Interrupt
polloing
sequence
RI
Interrupt
enable
TI
Global
enable
Hnh 3.30: Cu trc h thng ngt trong 8051

SVTH: Trn c vit
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Trang 79

6.3 Qu trnh x l ngt:
- Khi mt ngt xut hin v n c CPU chp nhn, chng trnh chnh b
ngng, cc hot ng tip theo xy ra nh sau:
Thc hin xong lnh hin hnh lc
B m chng trnh PC c lu vo trong Stack
Lu gi tnh trng ca ngt hin ti
Cc ngun ngt c gi ti mc ca ngt hin ti
Np vo PC a ch vector ca ISR
ISR thc hin
- ISR hot ng p li yu cu ca ngt. ISR kt thc bng lnh RETI
c tc dng quay tr li chng trnh chnh, lnh ny s np li gi tr c ca PC
trong ngn xp v khi phc li tnh trng ca ngt c. Vic thc hin chng
trnh chnh tip tc din ra ti ni n tm dng.
Vector ngt:
- Khi mt ngt c chp nhn th gi tr np vo trong PC gi l vector
ngt. N chnh l a ch bt u ca ISR tng ng vi ngt c chp nhn.
- Cc vector ngt c cho trong hnh 1.31. C RST cng to ra mt ngt
nhm khi ng li h thng c vector ngt l 0000H, n ngt chng trnh
chnh v np vo PC gi tr mi l 0000H.
Ngt
a ch Vector
System reset
RST
0000H
Exernal 0
IE0
0003H
Timer 0
TF0
000BH
External 1
IE1
0013H
Timer 1
TF1
001BH
Serial Port
RI or TI
0023H
SVTH: Trn c vit

Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 80

Timer 2
TF2 or EXF2
002BH
Hnh 3.31: Cc Vector ngt
Phn 3. Gii thiu cc b bin i DAC, ADC:

1. B bin i s tng t DAC:
1.1 Gii thiu: B bin i s tng t DAC l thit b c s dng rng
ri chuyn i xung s v tn hiu tng t.
Cu trc ca b bin i:
MSB
LSB
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8
RANGE
CONTROL
CURRENT SWITCH
B CIRCUIT
H 2R LADDER
VREF(+)
NPN CURRENT
SOURCE PAIR
VREF(-)
REFERENCE
CURRENT
AMP
I0
NC (NOTE2) 1
16 COMP
GND
15 VREF(-)
VEE
14 VREF(+)
I0
13 VCC
MSB A1
A2
11 A7
A3
10 A6
A4
9 A5
GND
VCC
COMPE
DAC0808
VCC
Hnh3.32. Cu trc v s chn ca DAC0808

y ta s dng b bin i D/A8 bit loi DAC0808
SVTH: Trn c vit
Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 81
12 AB LSB

Cc thng s c bn ca b bin i:
Nhit hot ng: 00 TA +750C
in p ngun cung cp (TA = 250C):
Vcc = 5VDC
VEE = 5VDC
Dng ca ngun cung cp (Tt c cc bit mc thp)
Icc = 2,3 ~ 22 mA
IEE = - 4,3 ~ -13mA
Dng in tham chiu
Iref = 2mA
Dng in ra (VEE = -15V):
Io = 2 ~ 4,2mA
Cng sut tiu hao: 1000mW
Nhit ln nht ti mi hn m IC chu c (trong 10s): 260oC
C hai phng php thc hin chuyn i DAC: Phng php trng s nh
phn v phng php bc thang R/2R. Rt nhiu mch tch hp DAC, trong
c MC1408 (DAC0808) c s dng trong phn ny, u s dng phng
php hnh thang R/2R v phng php ny cho php t c chnh xc cao
hn. Tiu chun nh mt b DAC trc ht l phn gii. phn gii l
hm ca s u vo nh phn. phn gii chung thng 8, 10 v 12 bit. S bit
d liu u vo quyt nh phn gii ca b DAC, v s mc u vo bng 2 n
vi n l s bit d liu u vo. Do vy, mt b DAC 8 bit nh DAC0808 chng
hn c 256 mc in p (dng in) ri rc u ra. Tng t nh vy, mt b
DAC 12 bit cho 4096 mc in p ri rc. Cng c cc b DAC 16 bit song
chng rt t .
Ta c mt s c tnh ca b bin i DAC0808:
SVTH: Trn c vit

Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 82
1.2 Ghp ni DAC0808 (MC1408) vi 8051:

DAC0808 tn hiu u vo s c chuyn thnh dng (I out) v nu ni
in tr ti chn Iout th kt qu c chuyn thnh in p, dng tng c cp
bi chn Iout l mt hm ca s nh phn u vo D0-D7 ca DAC0808 v c
tnh theo Iref nh sau:
Iout =Iref (
D 7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
)
2
4
8
16
32
64 128 256
Trong D0 l bit thp LSB v D7 l bit cao MSB, dng+5V

u vo I ref phi
c p vo chn 14. Dng I ref thng t gi tr 2,0mA. Hnh v gii thiu
mch to tham chiu dng (thit
lp I ref = 2mA) bng cch1Ks dng in p nui
+5V
5V v cc in tr 1K. Nu Iref = 2mA, cn tt c u vo ni ti DAC mc
VREF(+) 1.5K
cao, th dng in cc i u ra l 1,99Ma.
Chuyn Iout
P1.0
sang
in p
Vcc
D0
DAC0808
VREF(-)
2.5K
my
8051
Nu ni
in tr ti chn IoutDAC
th dng c chuyn thnh in p v in
c th
IOUT
hin sng
kim tra u ra bng my hin 8051
sng. Tuy nhin, nh vy s lm gim
voutchnh
=0-10V
P1.7
D7
xc do b thay i tr khng vo ca ti. COMP
V vy, dng ra I ref cn c cch ly
VEE
SVTH: Trn c vit

Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
100PF
-12V
GND
Di iu
khin
Trang 83
R=2,5K POT

bng cch dng khuych i thut ton vi in tr hi tip R = 5k. Nu R =
5k, th khi u vo thay i nh phn, in p u ra s thay i:
Vout = Io*R.
Hnh3.33. Ni ghp 8051vi DAC0808

S ly in p ra dng khuch i thut ton:
VCC =5V
MSB
13
5000K
6
7
8
DIGITAL
INPUTS
14
15
DAC0808
10
10
5K
5000K
2
4
11
LSB
VREF =10000V
V0
OUTPUT
LF351
16
12
0,1
VEE =-15V
SVTH: Trn c vit

Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 84
Hnh 3.34. S ly in p ra dng khuych i thut ton

2. B chuyn i tng t s ADC:
2.1 Gii thiu: Cc b chuyn i ADC c s dng ht sc rng ri. My
tnh s lm vic trn cc gi tr nh phn, tuy nhin trong thc t, cc i lng
vt l u dng tng t (lin tc ) nhit p sut, m, tc l mt
trong nhng i lng vt l ca th gii thc m ta thng gp hng ngy. Mt
i lng vt l c chuyn v dng in hoc in p qua mt thit b c
gi l b bin i. B bin i cng c th c xem nh b cm bin. Mc d
ch c cc b cm bin nhit, tc , p sut, nh sng v nhiu i lng t
nhin khc, nhng chng u c mt t im chung l cho ra cc tn hiu dng
in hoc in p dng lin tc. Do vy, cn mt b chuyn i tng t s
b vi iu khin c th c c chng. Chip ADC c s dng rng ri hin
nay l ADC804.
2.2 Chip ADC 804:
Chip ADC804 l b chuyn i tng t s thuc h ADC800 ca hng
National Semiconductor. Chip ny cng c nhiu hng khc sn xut. Chip c
in p nui +5V v phn gii 8bit. Ngoi phn gii th thi gian chuyn
i cng l mt tham s quan trng khi nh gi b ADC. Thi gian chuyn i
c nh ngha l thi gian m b ADC cn chuyn i mt u vo tng
t thnh mt s nh phn. i vi ADC804 thi gian chuyn i ph thuc vo
tn s ng h c cp ti chn CLK R v CLK IN v khng b hn 110s. S
tng qut ni ghp ADC0804 vi b vi iu khin:
5V
1
2
3
5
11
12
ANY
PROCESSOR
13
14
BUS
SVTH: Trn c vit

Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
15
16
20
CS
VCC
RD
CLK R
WR
150PF
19
4
10K
CLK IN
INTR
D87
D86
A/D
TRANSDUCER
6
VIN(+)
D85
D84
VIN(-)
D83
A GND
17
D82
18
D81
D80
8
9
VREF/2
D GND
DIFF INPUTS
10
Trang 85
Hnh 3.35. S ghp ni ADC vi b iu khin

Cc chn ca ADC804 c cc chc nng sau:
CS (Chip select): Chn chip
L chn chn chip, u vo tch cc mc c s dng kch hot chip
ADC804.
RD (Read): c
y l tn hiu u vo, tch cc mc thp. C mt xung cao xung thp n
chn RD th d liu Cc b ADC chuyn i tng t thnh s nh phn v gi
n mt thanh ghi trong. RD c s dng cp d liu chuyn i ti u
ra ca ADC804. Khi CS=0 nu ra dng s 8 bit c a ti cc chn d liu
DO-D7. Chn RD cn c coi l cho php u ra .
WR (Write): Ghi
Chn vo tch cc mc thp c dng bo cho ADC804 bt u qu trnh
chuyn i. Nu CS =0 khi WR to ra xung co xung thp th b ADC804 bt
u tin hnh chuyn i gi tr u vo tng t Vin v s nh phn 8 bit.
CLK IN v CLK R
CLK IN l chn vo ni vi ng h ngoi c s dng to thi gian. Tuy
nhin, 804 cng c mt b to xung ng b trn chip. dng ng h trong
(cng cn c gi l ng h ring) ca 804 th cc chn CLK IN v CLK R
c ni ti mt t in v cc in tr nh ch ra hnh di. Trong trng
hp ny tn s ng h c xc nh bng biu thc:
f
1
1,1RC
Gi tr thng thng ca cc i lng trn l R = 10k , C = 150pF v tn

s nhn c l f =606Hz, cn thi gian chuyn i s l 110 s .
SVTH: Trn c vit
Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 86
+5V
6
7
8
9
19
10K
POT
20
Vin(+)
D0
Vin(-)
D1
A GND
D2
V ref/2
D3
CLK R
D4
ADC0804
10K
4
150pF
1
2
10
D5
D6
CLK IN
D7
18
17
16
15
14
13
n n
LEDs
12
11
CS
RD
D GND
WR
INTR
Thng m
START
Hinh 3.36. S kim tra ADC804 ch chy t do

Ngt INTR (Interrupt)
L chn tch cc mc thp. Bnh thng, chn ny trng thi cao v khi
vic chuyn i hon tt th n xung thp bo cho CPU bit l d liu c
chuyn i sn sng ly i. Sau khi INR xung thp, cn t CS=0 v gi
mt xung cao xung thp ti chn RD a d liu ra.
Vin(+) v Vin(-)
y l hai u vo tng t vi sai, trong V in= Vin (+) -Vin(-). Thng thng
Vin(-) c ni xung t v Vin (+) c dng lm u vo tng t v s chuyn
i v dng s.
Vcc
L chn ngun nui +5V. Chn ny cn dng lm in p tham chiu khi u
vo Vref/2 (chn 9) h.
Vref/2
Chn 9 l in p u vo c dng lm in p tham chiu. Nu chn ny
h th in p u vo tng t cho ADC804 nm trong di 0 n +5V. Tuy
nhin, c nhiu ng dng m u vo tng t m p n Vin khc vi di 0 n
5V. Chn Vref/2 c dng thc hin cc in p u vo c di khc vi 0
5V.
Ta c bng quan h in p Vref/2 vi Vin
SVTH: Trn c vit
Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 87

Vref/2(V)
Vin(V)
Kch thc bc (mV)
H*
0 n 5
5/256 = 19.53
0 n 4
4/255 = 15.62
1.5
0 n 3
3/255 = 11.71
1.28
0 n 2.56
2.56/256 = 10
0 n 2
2/256 = 7.81
0.5
0 n 1
1/256 = 3.90
Ghi ch: Vcc = 5V.

Khi Vref/2 h th o c khong 2,5V.
D0-D7
D0-D7 l cc chn ra d liu s (D7 l bit cao nht MSB v D0 l bit thp
nht). Cc chn ny c m ba trng thi v d liu c chuyn i ch
c truy cp khi chn CS = 0 v chn RD a xung mc thp.
in p u ra c th c tnh theo cng thc:
Dout =
Vin
Kichthuocbuoc
Trong :
Dout l u ra d liu s (dng thp phn);
Vin l in p u vo tng t;
Kch thc bc hay phn gii l s thay i nh nht c tnh
bng (2*Vref/2) chia cho 256 i vi ADC 8 bit.
Chn t tng t v chn t s:
y l nhng chn u vo cp chung cho c tn hiu s v tng t. t
tng t c ni vi chn t ca chn V in tng t, cn t s c ni vi
t ca chn Vcc. L do c hai t l cch ly tn hiu tng t V in khi cc
in p k sinh gy ra do cc chuyn mch s u ra D0-D7. Vic cch ly ny
nhm tng chnh xc ca d liu ra s.
Ta c mt s ng c tnh ca ADC0804:
SVTH: Trn c vit

Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 88
+5V
+5V
U7
3
R24
1
2
C9
GND
D17 D13 D12 D11 D14 D10 D15 D16
J3
2
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
U8
+5V
U6
+12V
D8
LM7812
OUT
IN
GND
40
+12V
D0
D1
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
Vref(-)
Vref(+)
DAC0808
U11A
+
-
LM324
R17
R3
R4
R5
+5V
GND
ALE/PROG
3
2
4
3
2
1
IO
Vcc
30
C1
6
5
NC
GND
29
J2
8
7
COMP
VEE
1
2
U5
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
11
-12V
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
PSEN
C18
SW2
VCC
P2.7/A15
P2.6/A14
P2.5/A13
-12V
+5V
AT89C51
20
19
ADC0804
31
10
28
27
26
EA/VPP
20
INTR
RD
WR
GND
2
3
RST
CLKIN
CLKR
CS
22
23
24
25
P3.7/RD
P3.6/WR
P3.5/T 1
P3.4/T O
P3.3/INT1
P3.2/INTO
P3.1/T XD
P3.0/RXD
19
VREF/2
P1.0
P1.1
P1.2
P1.3
P1.4
P1.5
P1.6
P1.7
XTAL1
DB0
DB1
DB2
DB3
DB4
DB5
DB6
DB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
AGND
R27
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
P2.0/A8
P2.1/A9
P2.2/A10
P2.3/A11
P2.4/A12
+IN
-IN
VCC/VREF
6
7
XTAL2
+5V
U1
P0.0/AD0
P0.1/AD1
P0.2/AD2
P0.3/AD3
P0.4/AD4
P0.5/AD5
P0.6/AD6
P0.7/AD7
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
18
1
2
` S mch ghp39 ni gia AT89C51

vi ccC4 b ADC, DCA.
21
R25
U9
3
-12V
D9
LM7912
OUT
IN
Y2
DIODE
GND
C14
C6
C19
C8
C12
CON2
C17
R18
Phn 4:
J6
IN
5V
D6
LM7805C/T O_1
OUT
R15
SW1
C7
SVTH: Trn c vit

Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
+5V
R16
Trang 89
Title
Size
Date:
SO DO MACH VI DIEU KHIEN_V.T .D_01DTD

A
Document Number
Rev
03
Monday, January06, 2003
Sheet
of
CHNG TRNH NP CHO MCH VI IU KHIN

;.......................nh ngha
VOLT_1
EQU
20H
VOL_2
EQU
21H
VOL_3
EQU
22H
;..FORMAT : VOLT_1, VOLT_2, VOLT_3

DATE_READ
EQU
23H
FL_FULL
BIT
24H.0
;..ADC0804..
READ
BIT
P2.5
WRITE
BIT
P2.6
INTR
BIT
P2.7
IN_DATA
EQU
P1
SVTH: Trn c vit

Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 90

BUT_START
BIT
P2.0
;DAC0808..
OUT_DATA
EQU
P3
ORG
MAIN:
SETB
BUT_START
JB
BUT-START, WAIT; Ch n nt
CLR
FL_FULL
JB
FL_FULL, WAIT
ACALL
START_ADC
ACALL
START_DAC
SJMP
LOOP
WAIT:
LOOP:
;.CHUYEN DOI ADC.

START_ADC:
SETB
READ
CLR
WRITE
SETB
INTR
ACALL
START
ACALL
GET_DATA
ACALL
CONVERT
RET
,START..
; WR CHUYN T MC THP LN CAO
; CH INTR CHUYN SANG MC THP
, RD GI XUNG CAO XUNG THP
;.
SVTH: Trn c vit
Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 91

START:
CLR
WRITE
NOP
SETB
WRITE, Chuyn xung thp

ln cao
CHECK:
JB
INTR, Ch chuyn i xong
;
GET_DATA.
GET_DATA:
CLR
READ; Gi xung cao xung thp

ch READ
MOV
A, IN_DATA, c DATA
MOV
DATA_READ, A
RET
,.CONVERT.
CONVER:
MOV
B, #51
DIV
AB
MOV
VOLT_1, A
MOV
A, B
MOV
B, #10
DIV
AB
MOV
VOLT_2, A
MOV
VOLT_3, B
RET
,.
START_DAC:
SVTH: Trn c vit
Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 92

MOV
A, DATA_READ, Nhn li tn hiu

khi c vo.
CJNE
A, #0FFH, TIEP_THEO
MOV
OUT_DATA, #00H
SETB
FL_FULL, Bo l acqui y
SJMP
END_DAC
SWAP
MOV
OUT_DATA, A
MOV
P0, A, xut ra LED
TIEP_THEO:
END_DAC:
RET
,END OF PROGRAMMER.
END.
Ti liu tham kho

1. Sch in t cng sut (tc gi: Nguyn Bnh)
2. Sch in t cng sut I (tc gi: L Vn Doanh, Nguyn Th Cng, Trn
Vn Thnh)
3. Sch in t cng sut II (tc gi: L Vn Doanh, Nguyn Th Cng,
Trn Vn Thnh)
4. Sch in t cng sut (tc gi: V Minh Chnh, Phm Quc Hi, Trn
Trng Minh)
5. Automatismes Energie Electronique Systemes. CDN-HPT 50 220 (truyn
ti hu)
6. Sch 3PH DC 110 50 ca Hyundai-Vinashin Shipyard co, ltd.
7. Sch CHLORIDE 3CBC 220 50 (cng ty TNHH Vit )
8. Sch hng dn vn hnh t np PTX-SC v acqui ESG (truyn ti II)
9. Sch hng dn vn hnh t np G11, G12 v acqui axit-ch
10. Sch hng dn vn hnh t np acqui HPT (AEES)
11. Sch hng dn vn hnh t np c qui QD 216/80 v acqui 4OPzS200
12. H vi iu khin 8051 (tc gi: Tng Vn On, Hong c Hi)
13. Sch vi iu khin (tc gi: Nguyn Tng Cng, Phan Quc Thng)
SVTH: Trn c vit
Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 93

14. Mt s trang web tham kho:
www.alldatasheet.com
www.google.com.vn
SVTH: Trn c vit

Nguyn vn thin
Nguyn vn danh
Trang 94

Nghien Cuu Thiet Ke Bo Nap Acquy Ung Dung Vi Dieu Khien

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Nghien Cuu Thiet Ke Bo Nap Acquy Ung Dung Vi Dieu Khien

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Thit k b np acqui, ng dng vi iu khin

CNG HO X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

Dung lng mi bnh : I=5Ah

: Ngy 28 thng 5 nm 2006

Thit k b np acqui, ng dng vi iu khin

GIO VIN HNG DN

GIO VIN DUYT

PGS.TS.on Quang Vinh

SINH VIN THC HIN

SVTH: Trn c vit

Thit k b np acqui, ng dng vi iu khin

Nhn xt ca gio vin hng dn:

Thit k b np acqui, ng dng vi iu khin

nng, ngy 28 thng 5 nm 2006

SVTH: Trn c vit

Thit k b np acqui, ng dng vi iu khin

Thit k b np acqui, ng dng vi iu khin

SVTH: Trn c vit

Thit k b np acqui, ng dng vi iu khin

SVTH: Trn c vit

Thit k b np acqui, ng dng vi iu khin

SVTH: Trn c vit

Thit k b np acqui, ng dng vi iu khin

Thit k b np acqui, ng dng vi iu khin

SVTH: Trn c vit

Thit k b np acqui, ng dng vi iu khin

SVTH: Trn c vit

Thit k b np acqui, ng dng vi iu khin

Hnh 1-1. Cu trc ca acqui axit

2.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca acqui axit :

Hnh 1-2. S np (a) v phng (b) ca acqui axit.

Thit k b np acqui, ng dng vi iu khin

Qua phng trnh ny, ta c cc nhn xt sau:

Qua phng trnh ny ta c nhn xt sau:

Thit k b np acqui, ng dng vi iu khin

Thit k b np acqui, ng dng vi iu khin

TS/TSP - acqui khi ng c cc dng kiu nh.

Hnh 1-3. Cu trc ca acqui kim

bn c ln hn, tui th cao;

SVTH: Trn c vit

Thit k b np acqui, ng dng vi iu khin

Th tch v trng lng nh hn ng k ;

in p mi ngn nh hn (1.2V/ngn so vi 2V/ngn ca acqui

Khi np thm tng 50% ;

Khi phng in p gim 20%;

Hiu sut ch bng 75% theo dung lng Ah v 50-60% theo

Tiu th nc ct nhiu hn, phi thay nc in phn hai nm

Nhy vi nhit , do vy, nu dng nhng ni c kh hu

Cc c tnh phng in dc hn;

C gii hn thay i in p khi phng in nh ;

Bi s qu ti cho php ngn hn v dng in nh hn nhiu

SVTH: Trn c vit

Thit k b np acqui, ng dng vi iu khin

SVTH: Trn c vit

Thit k b np acqui, ng dng vi iu khin

Ngun in np cn m bo cung cp lin tc dng in nh cho trong bng

SVTH: Trn c vit

Thit k b np acqui, ng dng vi iu khin

Thit k b np acqui, ng dng vi iu khin

Thit k b np acqui, ng dng vi iu khin

Acqui phng in ht qu 1 ngy m cha np in tr li.

T trng dung dch in phn b gim xung di mc qui nh.

Acqui nhiu ln khng c np

Khi thng xuyn cho acqui phng vi dng in qu nh