aa Ga sr > \ BEET The seeds of much of the conflict in the Mideast today were planted by Britain and its Allies after World War I, when they carved up the remains of the Ottoman Empire se BOOTY TURKISH EMPIRE int Koch Striving ng European” Conference Secret i We Cal More ces I Bot “ ecords F Wier peace oe ‘WORLD ta THE W sania, NPE ag, BaKE on t2 122 tne now vor tee MABYEAMROBERTS should happento the Oxoman territories, what became known as the Balfour which were home tomenythnicand Declaration, Britain announced is sup “Car Bomb Kill 56 in Baghdad” religious groups, including Turks, Arabs, por for a “national home forthe Jewish “lsvel Hits Gaza After Paesinin Kuss, Moslis, Chrsians,anJews. people” in Palestine. Finally they made Rocker Auacks [Navonalism was a rosingforcein a secret agreement with their French “Lebanese Official Critical of Syria “the ealy 20h century and President ales odvy up large chunks of Oto Is Assassinated” ‘Woodrow Wilson advocated sefdeter man tetitory betwen them. This smal sampling of recent rmination. In his Fourteen Poins, Wikon By the end of all the peace confer headlines about turmoil in the Middle urged that allnationalites within the ences in 1922, Britain and France hed East—and countless others in the last former Oxtornan Empire be assured “an received “mandates” fom the newly century—raises the question: Why is absolutly unmolested opportunity of formed League of Nations to oversee that part of the world sich a mess? autonomous development. much ofthe former Ottoman Empire Tes complicated, of course, but the Butthe Europeans were moreintent where they created several nw states faces that many ofthe current con- om preserving, andl even expanding, their and installed figurehead rales. fics can be traced to decisions made colonial empires, and they wanted acess But even then, Colonel Edward after World War Iby the vicorious tac, which was starting tobe discov. House, Wikon's confidant, gloomy pre Allies (atgely Britain and France) who cred large quate inthe Mideast. dicted that the lnes drawn in the desert, divided up the territory of what bad The Europeans also wanted to loosen sand by European diplomats were “mak: been the Ortoman Empire. Islam’ hold on the region by promoting ing breeding place for future war” Tn drawing the boundaries of what would become today’s Iraq, Jordan, Israel, Syria, and Lebanon, they paid lize attention to the ancient riba, ethnic, and religious differences that are at the root of much of the blood. shed in the region 90 years later. “The result, according to historian David Fromkin, was the creation of a group of neighboring “countries that have not become nations even today.” Beginning in 1914, the war in Europe pitted Britain, France, Rus sia, and eventually the United States, guint Germany, Austria Hungary, and the Ottoman Empice secular government. But as Frombin Here's how events unfolded: Ruled since 1299 by Musim sukansin writes foreign povers tying te impose RQQQY “In 1919, the historian Mar Constantinople (now Istanbul Turkey's theicown order would not be welcomed garet MacMillan recall, “there was no 4 biagest iy, the Orman Empire inplaces “whose inhabitant for more Ira peopl; history. egon, ography £ _ spanned southeastern Europe, North ‘than a thousand years have avowed faith pulled the people apart, not together." © Affica, and the Middle East, ina holy law that governs all life, includ- The Shiite and Sunni sects of Islam | After the Ales’ victory in 1918, ing government an politics” tad spl cers ear over who wuld © peace tals took place in Verses, out+ Further complicating mater the succeed Muhammad as Islam leader @ side Paris. But there and in follow-up British had made a number of conflict But in creating the new nation of Iraq 2 negotiations the Ales disagreed! about ing commitments daring the war They inandent Mesopotamia, Briain cobbled | hat the postwar world should lok ie: had promised Arabs independence in. —§ — They argued not only about how severely return for taking up arms against their Sem Roberts nbon afin comepondent or topunish Germany, but also about what Turkish Ottoman rulers. In 191 in The New York Tes JANUARY 15, 2007 25together the Ottoman provines of that additional Jewish setlement would Syrians sill don’ recognize. Lebanon Baghdad (mosly Sunni, Basa osty benefit the ett region economical; gained independence in 1943. Strife Shite) and Mosul (most Kurdish). and that Jews had aright toastate inbetween Christians and Muslims devel ‘What kept Iraq together for more the and of ancient Irae. The murder oped, by 1975, into a 15-year civil war. than 80 years was the auocratc rule of of 6 million Jews in the Holocaust The Lebanese invite Syria to inter kings and dictators In 1921, the Brith during World War Il increased world vene, but Syrian troops remained uti installed as king an outsider named Fe- pressure fora Jenish homeland 2005, They left after Syria was accused sal,theson ofthe ruler ofthe oly city In 197, the United Nations wted of ordering the assassination ofa former cof Mecca in present-day Saudi Arabia), to partion the narow sce of and nese Prime Minister. who was British lly daringthe war. between th Jordan River and the Medi- MUNIN Under the Oxtomars The monarchy was overthrown in tertaean Sca nto Jewish and Palestinian Kuwait was at onetime a district of 1958, After several military coups the states, While Jenisheaders accepted Basra and was later overseen by Brit socialist Baath Party sized control inthe U.N. plan, the Arab states rejected itn, until independence was granted in 1968 and brought to power Saddam —_andattacked the newly declared stateof 1961, In 1950, Saddam Hussein invaded Hussein, who was toppled by the U.S Ita when the Bish leftin May 1948, Kuwait, citing its historical connection o Jed coalition in 2008, Other AcabIsraci wars followed, Iraq. and touched ofthe fist Glf War, Since then, without a strongman The Six-Day War in 1967 let Israel AU.N. sanctioned coalition, led by the holding Iraq together, ising sectarian in conteol ofthe Sinai Peninsula (ater US. berated Kuwait erty in 1991, Violence has brought the countryto returned to Eayp0), along with the Today, three generations afer the the brink of evil war West Bank, the Gaza Strip, the Golan end of World War I it seems that Pres EET he Heights, an all of Jerusalem, ident Wilson’ aide, Colonel House, British mandate for Palestine included In 1993, an agement between __was right in his die prediction forthe present-day Isael Jordan, and the Israel and Palestinian leaders granted Middle East. The question is, will he West Bank and Gaza Strip. In 1921, Palestinians limited control ofthe cones there ever cease? on theand est of the Jordan River, West Bank and Gaza, in anticipation Professor Prom recalls tht afer Britain carved out Transjordan and of a future Palestinian stat. Little the collapse ofthe Roman Empire, placed Feisal’s brother Abdullab on progress was made toward that goal Europe struggled for 1500 years over the throne. Jordan was granted inde- inthe yeas that followed, The vie- what form of Christianity 1o follow and pendence in 1946, and Abdallah was tory in lst year Palestinian elections whether Europeans should be ruled by assassinated in 1951, The current King, ofthe militant group Hamas, which popes or kings. He wonders why the Abdallah Tl, is his great-grandson, advocates the destruction of Israd, Arabs should be any different West of the Jordan Rive, the issue of virtually froze peace efforts The continuing crisis inthe Middle Jewish homeland played out over the EQMINIEIANINY tn 1920, syria East in our time may prove to be next two decades. Most Arab leaders becamea protectorate of France, which nowhere neat so profound or so long: ‘opposed the eration ofa new Jewish claimed a special responsibility for lasting,” he writes. "But its ise is state in Palestine, where the population safeguarding Christan enclaves inthe the same: how diverse peoples are to wwaslargely Arab. Supporters of Zion Oxtoman Empire. France carved out regroup to create new politi ident ism (the nationalist movement fora __Sytia's coastal repion into the separate tes for themselves aftr the collapse of Jewish homeland in Palestine) argued state of Lebanon, whose legitimacy the an age-old imperial order."[B] 26 GheNew fork Eines vernon « versonrmacazine.comTEM TIME TO BRING BACK W With the military stretched thin in traq, the idea of reinstating the draft—often contentious inthe past—is being talked about again. Proponents believe the burden of fighting a war should be shared by al seg- ments of society. Military ‘analysts and others say the voluntary system works well ‘and should be kept WRITING PROMPT | + Have students debate whether Congress should reinstate _| + Have students write a five the draft—and, if so, whether women should be included in paragraph essay defending the draft fr the frst lime, ‘or opposing the draft ETI + Ask students to study the table on page 17. Were they sur In 1981, the U.S. Supreme prised by any of the numbers? Court ruled in the case ot +The story notes that few military recruits come rom upp Rostherv. Goldberg that ‘midale class and wealthy families, Do students think the cur rostricting drat registration rent system is fair? te men aniy didnot violate ‘+ The article includes a photo of an Army recruiter ata high | the Filth Amendment's “due school re studer 5 aware of the controversy over this pr tice? Have them explain why they agree or disagree with the practice of allowing military recruiters to visit high schools. | TEXTS PE wwrn.sss.gov The Selec tive Service System provides + Regardless oftheir views on the draft, how likely do students | background on the military think itis that lawmakers wil reinstate it now or sometime | draft, information on required in the future? registration for 18-year-old + Inthe absence of @ draft, should young Americans be men, and other links, required to perform some sort of national civilian ser PE Much ofthe conflict in today’s Midale East canbe traced to ecisions made by Britain and its alles after World War I, when they carved up the remains ofthe Ottoman Empire into new countries. In Going so, they often ignored ‘age-old ethnic and religious ifferences that are stil at the roat af much of the blood- shed in the region. CRITICAL THINKING 1 WRITING PROMPT ‘+ Consider the Europeans’ quest to expand their colonial + Assign students to write ‘empires, (After World War, Britain contralied the largest 2 five-paragraph essay ‘empire in history, wth a quarter of the woria's population explaining how this article under its rule] shows the importance of history in understanding ‘events today Eight of the wore’ op oi producers are in the Middle East, led by Saudi Arabia, CEO ‘Did the British and French victory in World War | give them the right to create colonies in the Middle East? CEERI + Ask why President Wilson might have favored self-determi nation forthe former Ottoman territories and why Europeans took the opposite view. (Wilson recognized the idea of nation- \was taking holdin much of the world] alism, w worw.mideastweb.org Ieountries.htm MidEastWeb Group, 2 coali- tion of Arabs and Jews pro ‘moting coexistence, offers a table of facts about each Middle East country, with links to various subjects and statistics + Ask students to discuss President Wilson's advice about sel determination, Do you think the Middle East would be a more peaceful region today if Wilson's position had prevailed? Or were wars and conflicts inevitable, given the region's history? + Why do you think Arabs rejected the 1947 U.N. partition plan for Palestine? Why do you think the Jews in Palestine accepted i? {Eheewllork ince urenONT tated AnUARY 1 207 TEDHow The Mideast Got That Way > Pages 24-26 1. What was the policy of the Ottoman Empire during Wortd War 1? 4 It remained neutral Bb It persuades Arabs in the empire to fight against Austria, € It jained forces with Germany. d I yielded territory to the Allies, disagreement over 2. The Ottoman Empire 1299-1922] was based in modern-day 4. Briefly explain President Wilson's position ‘on what should happen tothe former Otto man territories after World War | 5. central tothe Sunni-Shiite split is 4 which holidays to celebrate. 1b which language to use when praying Eos ‘1. Why do you think the European powers split up the Ottoman Empire as they did, with little thought given to ancient tribal, ethnic, and religious ditferences? a Syria ‘© who was the rightlul successor to wb Turkey. Muhammad. © Afghanistan 4 vihich is Islam's holiest city Egypt 6. Britain encouraged Arab revolts against 3. One reason Europeans sought control of parts of the Middle East was the Ottomans 1 with promises of independence. Bb at the request of the United States. ¢ 26 a favor to their French allies. because it respected the Arabs but did not 4 to protect their homelands from invasion. Bb to sell European goods in the region, as reparations from Germany after the war 4 because oil had been discovered there. respect the Ottomans, 2. How would you explain to ‘a Muslim from the Middle East the American idea of the separation of church and state? Make sure you don’t miss a eG single issue of THE NEW YORK TIMES ) UPFRONT” next year. — Renew by March 30 to lock in this year’s price for Fall 2007. And you'll get your very own Steel Thermos FREE with your order of 20 or more subscriptions. 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