CHAPTER 6: NUTRITION

MALNUTRITION
DEFICIENCY

CARBOHYDRATE

MARASMUS
WEIGHT LOSS
TIREDNESS / FATIGUE

EXCESSIVE
HIGH GLUCOSE CONTENT IN BLOOD
EXCESS GLUCOSE/ GLYCOGEN
CONVERT TO FATS
EXCESS FAT STORED IN ADIPOSE
TISSUE

PROTEIN

GROWTH STUNTED
KWASHIOKOR
MARASMUS

HIGH CHOLESTEROL LEVEL IN BLOOD

DEPOSITED IN INNER WALL OF
ARTERIES
LUMEN OF ARTERIES BECOME
SMALLER
BLOOD FLOW BECOME SLOWER
BLOCKAGE AT LUMEN OF ARTERIES

LIPIDS

WEIGHT LOSS
TIREDNESS / FATIGUE

EXCESS AMINO ACIDS CONVERT TO

UREA/ AMMONIUM COMPOUND
ACCUMULATION OF URIC ACIDS

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DIEBETES MELLITUS
OBESITY
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

CARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASES
HEART ATTACK/ ANGINA/
CHEST PAIN/ STROKE
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS/
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
OBESITY

LIVER MALFUNCTION
KIDNEY MALFUNCTION
GOUT

FOOD DIGESTION
Salivary Gland
Saliva

MOUTH
Salivary amylase
Starch + water
maltose

Gastric Gland
Gastric Juice

STOMACH
HCL

Acidic medium
Kill bacteria
Rennin
Carseinogen + water

Enzymes

Protein + water

carsein

Pepsin
Polypeptides

Pancreas
Liver

DUODENUM

Pancreatic Juice

Bile

Amylase
Starch + water

maltose
Trypsin

Polypeptides+water

peptides

Alkaline
medium
Neutralize acid

Lipase
Lipid+water

fatty acids+glyceroles

Intestinal
Gland

ILEUM

Intestinal Juice
Sucrase
Sucrose+water

glucose + fructose
Maltase

Maltose+water

glucose + glucose
Lactase

Lactose+water

glucose + galactose
Erepsin

Peptides+water

amino acids
Lipase

Lipid+water

fatty acids + glyceroles

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ABSORPTION AND ASSIMILATION OF DIGESTED FOOD

Fatty acids
and glycerol
Glucose

Amino acids
Vitamin A, D,
E, K

Lipids

Vitamin B, C

Blood Capillary
Lacteal

Hepartic portal vein

LIVER

Lymphatic system

Glucose
Convert
Glycogen (stored)
Convert

Right lymphatic
duct

Villi

Through
subclavian
veins

Glucose
Synthesis of plasma
Proteins (in liver)

Bloodstream
Cellular respiration

Amino acids
Urea

Deamination

Synthesis of plasma
membrane

Synthesis of protoplasm

Excreted by kidneys

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Heart

Photosynthesis

ENVIRONMEN
T

OF WATER

P2

H + e

P8

[ OH ] - HO2 +

O2
OH - eP7- - OH

PHOTOLYSIS

P9

P4

STARCH
P11
SERIES OF

CONDENSATIO
N

H + CO2

P5

HGRAN

CH2O

+P10

P1

H2O
STROM
A

O + H2O
P12

ENVIRONMEN
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS MECANISM

P1 :

LIGHT REACTION REQUIRE LIGHT AND TAKES PLACE IN THE GRANA.

P2 :

CHLOROPHYLL ABSORBS / TRAPS LIGHT ENERGY

P3 :

ELECTRON OF CHLOROPHYLL IS EXCITED

P4 : PHOTOLYSIS OF WATER OCCUR AND WATER SPLIT INTO HIDROGEN IONS ( H+ ) AND HYDROXYL
IONS
(OH- )
P5 :

H+ ION COMBINES WITH THE ELECTRONE TO FORM HYDROGEN ATOM

P6 :

THE ENERGY FROM THE EXCITED ELECTRONS IS USED TO FORM ATP

P7 :

HYDROXYL IONS LOSES AN ELECTRON TO FORM HYDROXYL GROUP

P8 :

THE HYDROXYL GROUPS COMBINE TO FORM O2 AND WATER

P9 : O2 IS RELEASED INTO THE ATMOSPHERE

P10 : HYDROGEN ATOM IS USED IN THE REDUCTION OF CO2 INTO GLUCOSE
P11 : GLUCOSE UNDERGOES SERIES OF CONDENSATION TO FORM STARCH
P12 : DARK REACTION DO NOT REQUIRE LIGHT AND TAKES PLACE IN THE STROMA .

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CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION

CELLULAR
RESPIRATION

AEROBIC

ANAEROBIC

MAIN
SUBSTRATE:

Oxygen

Glucose

Oxidation

Breakdown

Incompletely
Completely

Carbon dioxide + Water +

ATP

2898kJ
(38ATP)

ADP
+
phosphate
+ energy

Yeast
Carbon dioxide
+ ethanol + 210kJ (2ATP)
Oxidation

5/
6

+ Oxygen

Convert
Glucose

Energy
Release

Animals (Muscle)
Lactic acids + 150kJ
1/
6

Carbon dioxide +
+ water + energy
Glycogen
(keep in body)

P1: Presence of oxygen

P2: Breakdown of glucose
P3: Products

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BREATHING MECHANISMS IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS

BREATHING MECHANISMS IN INSECTS

Exhales

CO2

O2

Inhales
1. Abdominal
muscles relax

1. Abdominal
muscles
contract

2. Spiracles open
2. Air pressure inside
Trachea increased

3. Air pressure inside

Trachea lowered

3. Air drawn out

4. Air drawn in

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BREATHING MECHANISMS IN FISH

Gill arch

Oxygen dissolved
in water flow

Buccal cavity
Operculum

Gills

1. Mouth opens

2. Floor of buccal cavity

lowered

3. Pressure in buccal
cavity lowered

6. Mouth closes

5. Water drawn into the

mouth

4. Operculum closed
due to the high pressure
outside

7. Floor of buccal cavity

raised

8. Water flows through

lamellae

9. Gases exchange
between blood
capillaries and water

10. Operculum open due

to the high pressure in
the buccal cavity

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BREATHING MECHANISMS IN FROG

Bucco-pharyngeal
floor lowered

Glottis

Air released
through nostrils
Bucco-pharyngeal
cavity

Glottis closes

Lungs contract
Air drawn into
bucco-pharyngeal
cavity through
nostrils

Nostrils closed,
glottis opens

Lungs expand

Bucco-pharyngeal
floor raised

Air pressure
increases

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Air is pushed into

lungs

BREATHING MECHANISMS IN HUMAN

Inhalation

1. EXTERNAL
INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
CONTRACT AND
INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL
MUSCLES RELAX

Exhalation

1. INTERNAL
INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
CONTRACT AND
EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL
MUSCLES RELAX

5. AIR IS
FORCED IN

2. RIBCAGE MOVE
OUTWARD AND
UPWARD

5. AIR IS
EXPELLED
OUT

4. VOLUME OF
THORACIC CAVITY
DECREASES AND
PRESSURE IN
THORACIC CAVITY
INCREASES

2. RIBCAGE MOVE
INWARD AND
DOWNWARD

3. DIAPHRAGM CONTRACTS
AND FLATTENED

4. VOLUME OF THORACIC
CAVITY INREASES AND
PRESSURE IN THORACIC
CAVITY DECREASES

3. DIAPHRAGM
RELAXES AND CURVED
UPWARD

P6

EXHALED AIR

INHALED AIR

DEOXYGENATED BLOOD ENTERING

THE BLOOD CAPILLARY

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P1

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 PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CO2 IS HIGHER

IN THE CELLS THAN THE PARTIAL
PRESSURE OF CO2 IN THE BLOOD
CAPILLARY.

HAEMOGLOBIN + O2

OXYHAEMOGLOBIN

CO2 DIFFUSES OUT OF THE CELLS

PARTIAL PRESSURE OF O2 IS
HIGHER
IN
THE
BLOOD
CAPILLARY THAN THE PARTIAL
PRESSURE OF O2 IN THE BODY
CELLS.

1. 7% - DISSOLVED CO2 IN
THE BLOOD PLASMA
2. 23 % CARBAMINOHAEMOGL
OBIN
3. 70 % - BICARBONATE
IONS
( HCO3- )

O2 DIFFUSES OUT OF THE CELLS

TISSUE CAPILLARIES
-

CO2 DIFFUSES FROM BODY CELLS --> BLOOD

PLASMA --> RED BLOOD CELLS
CO2 REACTS WITH WATER --> CARBONIC
ACIDS ( H2CO3) *CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
CARBONIC ACIDS DISSOCIATES TO FORM H+
AND HCO3
HCO3 DIFFUSE FROM RED BLOOD CELLS -->
BLOOD PLASMA

LUNG
-

HCO3 DIFFUSES FROM BLOOD PLASMA --> RED

BLOOD CELLS
FORM CARBONIC ACIDS (H2CO3) BREAKS DOWN
--> CO2 + H2O
CARBONIC ACIDS DISSOCIATES TO FORM H+ AND
HCO3
DIFFUSE OUT OF THE BLOOD CAPILLARIES &
INTO ALVEOLI

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DIAPHRAGM

(MEDULLA
OBLONGATA)

NERVE IMPULSE

RESPIRATORY

NERVE IMPULSE

CENTRE

PERIPHERAL
CHEMORECEPTORS

carotid bodies &

aortic bodies

RESPIRATORY MUSCLES
CONTRACT & RELAX
FASTER

INTERCOSTAL

BREATHING & VENTILATION

RATE

pH IN BLOOD &
CEREBRPSPINAL FLUID

CONCENTRATION OF CO2

CENTRAL
CHEMORECEPTORS

NORMAL LEVELS
OF CO2
CONCENTRATION

MUSCLES

i) Based on the diagram, fill in the blanks with the correct answer on how the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood is regulated
during a vigorous activity.

Sample answer
P1- During vigorous activity, the concentration of carbon dioxide as a result of active cellular respiration
P2- The carbon dioxide react with water to form carbonic acid which results in a .. in the pH level of the blood and tissue fluid
that bathing the brain
P3- The drop in pH is detected by the . in the medulla oblongata

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P4- and detected by . ( carotid bodies and aortic bodies )

P5- The central chemoreceptors and pheripheral receptors send . to the respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata
P6- The respiratory centre sends nerve impulses to the . and the .., causing the
respiratory muscle to contract and relax faster
P7- As a result, the breathing and ventilation rate causes .. oxygen inhaled and the oxygen concentration
return to the normal level
P8- As excess carbon dioxide is . from the body, the carbon dioxide concentration and pH value of the blood return to
.

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CHAPTER 9: ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM

THERMAL
POLLUTION

ACID RAIN

FLASH FLOOD
LOST OF WATER
CATCHMENT

SOIL EROSION
LANDSLIDE

INDUSTRIAL WASTE
DEFORESTATION
INCREASE OF CO2

EFFECTS HUMAN
ACTIVITIES
CLIMATIC
CHANGES

DOMESTIC
WASTE

GREEN HOUSE
EFFECT

LOSS OF
HABITAT

INTENSIVE FARMING

INCREASE OF
TEMPERATURE

EUTHROFICATION
WATER POLLUTION

LOSS OF
BIODIVERSITY

EXTINCTION

DISTURP THE
FOOD CHAIN

GLOBAL
WARMING

ICE MELTING

AQUATIC
ORGANISM
DIE

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INCREASE OF
SEA LEVEL

CHAPTER 1: TRANSPORTATION
- initiated and coordinated by pacemaker

Sinoatrial nodes (SA Nodes)

P1
P4

Atria
Cause
Wall

P5

Atrial wall
contract

Effect

blood pumped
into ventricles

P3

SA nodes
Spread
Generate electrical
impulse
P2

P7

Bundle branches
Bundle of His fibres
Throughout
Purkinje fibres

Spread
AV
impulse
Impulse
reach

P8

P9

Ventricles
Cause
Wall

P10

Venrical
Effect
Contract

Blood pump out of

ventricles to lungs
and body

P6

- controlled by:
i. parasympathetic nerve slow down the pacemaker
ii. sympathetic nerve
speed up the pacemaker
iii. hormone e.g: adrenaline

Diagram: The pumping of the Heart

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D1

Change of BP

Baroreceptor } location: arch of aorta and carotid arteries

BP increases

Baroreceptor

BP decreases

Cardiovascular centre

Weaker cardiac muscles contraction

Heart

Stronger cardiac muscles contraction

Relax and widening (vasodilation)

To lower the resistance of blood flow

Smooth muscles of the arteries

Contract and narrowing (vasoconstriction)

To higher the resistance of blood flow

Normal BP
Diagram: How blood pressure is regulated

D2

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Clumped platelets

Form activator:

Damage cells

Thromboplastin

Clotting factors in
the plasma

Fibrinogen

vit K & Ca
Prothrombin

(inactive plasma
protein)

(soluble protein)

Thrombin

(active plasma
proptein)

Fibrin
(insoluble protein)

Mesh
(trapping RBC)

Scab
D3

Diagram: Mechanisme of Blood Clotting

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1. blood that enter the arterial end of a capillary is under high hydrostatic pressure
2. cause some of plasma diffuse blood capillaries to space between cells.
3. form
4. Content: all blood components except RBC, plasma protein, albumin, globulin,
fibrinogen, platelets

Interstitial fluid

5. Function: exchange materials between blood capillaries and cells occurs

6. 85% of the interstitial fluid re-enter blood circulation at the end of the venule
7. 15% diffused into lymphatic vessels
8. to form lymph
9.

10.
ileum

transported

11.

lacteal

diffuses

fatty acids

glyserol

lymphatic system
subclavian vein
D4
12. blood circulatory system
Diagram: Formation of Lymphatic system

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1. Surface of mesophyll covered with a thin layer of water

2. heat from the sun cause water on the external surface evaporate
3. saturating the air spaces
4. concentration water vapour

compare in surrounding

5. water vapour evaporate and diffuse out through

stomata
6. movement of air carry away water vapour

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Root pressure
Adjacent cell
Root hair
4. diffuse
2. water

Cortex

osmosis
1. surrounding soil
is hypotonic

3. hypotonic

5. moves inward
through:

Endodermis
6. has Cosparian strip
block the water
through cell wall

i. cytoplasm

Xylem
vessel

7. moves inward
through:

ii. vacuole

i. cytoplasm

iii. cell walls

ii. vacuole

8. Create a pushing force that result the inflow of water into the xylem root pressure
Capillary action
9. Cohesive force between water molecules draw up water in the xylem vessels
10. Adhesive force between water molecule and wall of xylem vessel

Transpiration pull
11. water evaporates from the surface of the mesophyll cells into air spaces
12. the water evaporates into surrounding through stomata
13. the water is lost from mesophyll cell is replaced by water in the xylem
Diagram: Transportation of water from soil to leaves
D6

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CHAPTER 3: COORDINATION AND RESPONSE

Voluntary action
Stimuli

Brain
(Interneurone)

Receptors
Afferent

Efferent

neurone

neurone

Effectors

Response

Effectors

Response

Effectors

Response

Involuntary action (Reflexes)

a) Reflex arc (needle)
Stimuli

Spinal cord
(interneurone)

Receptors
Afferent
neurone

Efferent
neurone

b) Knee-jerk reflex (patellar)

Stimulus

Receptors

Spinal cord
Afferent

Efferent

neurone

neurone

Diagram: Transmission pathway of Information

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D7

1. Electrical impulses reaches presynaptic membrane

2. Triggers synaptic vesicles

3. release neurotransmitter
4. into synaptic cleft

5. neurotransmitter diffuses
6. bind to receptors
7. leads to generation of a new electrical signals

Diagram: Transmission of information across synapses

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D8

C. SECRETION
1. Function eliminate waste
products
2. Location: Distal convulated
tubule
3. Substances: H+, K+, NH3, urea,
creatinine, toxins, drugs
A. ULTRAFILTRATION
1. renal artery receive blood from
aorta
2. high pressure
3. maintained & enhanced because diameter of afferent
arteriole larger than efferent arteriole
B. REABSORPTION

4. form high hydrostatic pressure

5. blood enter glomerulus

Location

6. ultrafiltration takes place

7. fluids is called glomerular filtrate
8. have same composition with blood except

Proximal
tubule

no erythrocyte and plasma protein

Substances

Process involve

100% of glucose &

amino acid

Active
transport

water

Osmosis

65% sodium ions

Loop of
Henle

Large quality of
ions
water

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Passive
transport

Osmosis

D9

Negative feedback mechanisms

Stimulate pituitary glands

Secrete more ADH into blood
Distal CT and collecting duct more
permeable
More water reabsorbed
Less urine and concentrated

Osmoreceptor
cell detect
pressure
increase

decrease

Normal blood
osmotic
pressure

Normal blood
osmotic
pressure
increase

decrease

Osmoreceptor
cell detect
pressure

Stimulate pituitary glands

Secrete less ADH into blood
Distal CT and collecting duct less permeable
Less water reabsorbed
More urine and dilute

Diagram: Osmoregulation by kidneys

D10

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Chemoreceptor
detect

increases

Pancreas stimulated
Secrete insulin
i.
glucose is used for cell respiration
ii.
excess glucose
glycogen
iii.
excess glucose
fat

Normal blood
glucose level

Normal blood
glucose level

decreases
Chemoreceptor
detect

decreases

increases
Pancreas stimulated
Secrete glucagons
i.
rate of respiration decrease
ii.
glycogen
glucose

Diagram: Homeostatic control of blood glucose level

D11

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Thermoreceptor
detect

Sweating heat is absorbed from skin to

enable evaporation
Vasodilation of smooth muscles in arterioles
increase the amount of heat radiated and lost
Hair shaft flatten warm air not trap against
skin

increase

decrease

Normal
temperature (37C)

Normal
temperature (37C)
increase

decrease

Thermoreceptor
detect

No sweating
Vasoconstriction of smooth muscles in
arterioles reduce the amount of heat
radiated and lost
Hair shaft raised trapping insulating layer of
warm air
Shivering of skeletal muscles heat is
generated

D12

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Diagram: Homeostatic control of body temperature

2. Auxin accumulate at
the region with lower
light intensity
1. Auxin is

3. Auxin diffuse to
elongation region

4. stimulates the
cells elongation

produced at
coleoptile
Shoot

6. shoot bending
toward the light
Diagram: The role of auxins in phototropism

5. more auxin, the

rate of cell
elongation higher
D13

Shoot

1. light and gravity cause auxin

transported to the lower side

2. accumulation of auxin cause

cell elongate faster, shoot
bending upward

3. accumulation of auxin
inhibits cell elongation, root
bending downward

Diagram: The role of auxins in geotropism

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Root

D14

CHAPTER 4: REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH

Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

Positive
feedback

Negative
feedback

Ovary
Low

High
Oestrogen
Day 12 14

Day 1 11
and
Progesterone

High
Day 14 - 28

Uterus

Diagram: Regulating of hormonal in menstrual cycle

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D15

Day 1 11

Release

Hypothalamus

Release
GnRH

Pituitary gland

LH
&
FSH

Follicle

Inhibit
Oestrogen & Progesteron

Oestrogen
Negatitive
Feedback

Relatively
low

D16

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Day 12 14

Positive feedback

Oestrogen increases

Secrete
Hypothalamus

Secrete

FSH increases

GnRH increases

&
LH increases
Cause
Ovulation
D17

Day 14 28
FSH & LH increases

Stimulate

Secrete

Promote development
Ovulation

Corpus luteum

Progesterone &
Oestrogen

Negatitive
Feedback
Inhibit
FSH & LH

Hypothalamus &
Pituitary gland
D18

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1. FSH is secreted stimulate the development of follicles

(at the same time menstruation occurs)

Hormone FSH

Hormone LH

2. follicles produce oestrogen but in a small amount, as the

follicle larger, oestrogen increases
3. cause
increase sectretion of GnRH

MODULE : P3

FSH increases
5

4. LH inreases

5. corpus luteum produce progesterone and oestrogen

6. implantation
2

7. if no implantation, corpus luteum degenerating

8. progesterone & oestrogen decreases

9. endometrium wall break down

D19

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1. Pollen grain germinates

2. sugar stimulate germination

Stigma

3. form pollen tube

5. generative nucleus
4. pollen tube grows into the style

Tube nucleus

7. 1 male nuclei + 2 polar

divides by mitosis

2 male gametes

nuclei
Ovary
Tube nucleus
8. 1 male
nucleizygote
+ egg
triploid

Integument

cell
6. Penetrate the ovule through micropyle

diploid zygote
Diagram: Double Fertilisation in Plant

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D20

Tall
(Heterozygote)

Parental Phenotype (P1)

Parental Genotype (P2)

Tall
(Heterozygote)

Tt

Tt
Meiosis (P3)

Gametes

(P4)

t
Fertilisation (P5)

F1 Genotype

(P6)

TT

Tt

Tt

tt

F1Phenotype

(P7)

Tall

Tall

Tall

Dwarf

Genotype ratio

(P8)

1TT

Phenotype ratio

(P9)

3Tall : 1 Dwarf

Key:

2 Tt

1 tt

(P10)
T allele for tall
T allele for
dwarf

D21
Diagram: Schematic Diagram for monohybrid

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Bacterial
chromosom
e

Cell containing gene

of interest

Bacterium
1. Isolation of
plasmid DNA

Plasmid

2. Gene of interest is cut using an

enzyme

Plasmid recombinant

3. Gene inserted into plasmid

4. Plasmid put into bacterial cell

Bactrium
recombinant
Culturel medium

5. Recombinant bacterium is cultured

6. Identify bacteria carrying gene of interest

D22

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PAST YEAR QUESTIONS

1. The following statements are on lymphatic system and blood circulatory system.
The substances that come out from the blood capillaries into the
body tissues will be reentered into the blood circulatory system
Lymphatic system also function in transport products of digestion
Explain the above statements to justify that lymphatic system is a complementary to the
blood circulatory system.
[10 Marks] [SPM 2006]
Refer D4

2. Auxin is a plant hormone which helps in plant growth. Diagram 7.2 shows the
growth of a shoot towards light.

Explain the role of auxin in the growth of the plant shoot as in Diagram 7.2.
[4 marks] [SPM 2007]
Refer D13

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3. Diagram 8.2 shows the movement of water molecules of water molecules in a

plant.

Explain how water molecules move from root to the leaf in the plant and then
moves out into the atmosphere.
[10 marks] [SPM 2009]
Refer D6

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4.
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG) has a similar role to
luteinizing hormone (LH). The woman has a problem conceiving
due to failure in ovulation. The woman becomes pregnant after a
doctor has given her injections of HCG

Based on the above statement, explain how the HCG injections enable the process
of pregnancy.
[6 marks] [SPM 2005]
Refer D17

5. Figure 7(c) shows the organs and glands involved in regulating the human body
temperature.

A student skates on an ice skating rink. Based on figure 7(c), explain how regulation of
the students body temperature occurs.

[10 marks] [SPM 2004]

Refer D12

6. Starting from when the blood enters the kidney, explain how the waste products
excreted from kidney as urine.
[15 marks] [SPM 1988]
Refer D9

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7. A supervisor enters a frozen storage that use for keeping the food. Explain the
physiology changes that occurs in the body to maintain his body temperature.
[10 marks] [SPM 2001]
Refer D12
8. Individual X had a medical check up. He told the doctor that his wound at his leg
takes time for recovery. After the medical check up ,the doctor told him:
i.
His urine is positive for reducing sugar
ii.
His blood glucose level over the normal level
iii.
Are adviced to reduce the intake of rich carbohydrate food
iv.
To take insulin injection
Based on your biological knowledge, write a report that explain the individual Xs
condition.
[8 marks] [SPM 2001]
Refer D11
9. Menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones that released by pituitary gland and
ovary. Married women who want to practice family planning may use the
contraceptive pills. Describe how contraceptive pills act as a negative feedback to
prevent pregnancy.
[10 marks] [SPM 2002]
Refer D16 & D18
10. In a family, the father has curly hair and the mother has straight hair. Based on
your genetic knowledge, explain why all their children do not have straight hair.
[10 marks] [SPM 1987]
Refer D21

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11. Diagram 7.1 shows an electron micrograph of cellular components of human blood

Diagram 7.1
Based on Diagram 7.1, explain how platelets help to stop bleeding
when a wound occurs.
[ 4 marks ] [SPM 2008]
Refer D3

Answer all questions.

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Jawab semua soalan.

The time suggested to complete each question is 45 minutes.
Masa yang dicadangkan untuk menjawab semua soalan ialah 45 minit.

QUESTION 1
A group of biology students carried out an experiment to determine the variation of leaf
by measuring the leaves surface area for three different plant P,Q and R but same
spesies.
Sekumpulan pelajar biologi menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji variasi daun
dengan mengukui luas permukaan daun bagi tiga tumbuhan P, Q dan R yang berlainan
persekitaran yang berbeza tapi daripada sepseis yang sama.
Diagram 1 shows the surface area of 48 leaves from P,Q and R.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan luas permukaan 48 helai daun dari tumnuhan P,Q dab R.

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Leaves Surface area

Luas permukaan daun (mm2)
50

61

66

70

55

61

58

64

63

63

74

73

70

54

66

70

57

68

58

61

63

62

75

71

73

52

54

66

81

66

59

58

63

67

67

63

77

60

55

69

72

62

62

65

77

65

68

64

DIAGRAM 1 / RAJAH 1
(a) Based on the table 1,record the number of leaves based on range of leaves
surface area below..
Berdasarkan Rajah 1 rekodkan bilangan daun berdasarkan sela kelas luas
permukaan daun di bawah.
Leaves
Surface
Area/Luas 50-53 54-57 58-61 62-65 66-69 70-73 74-77 78-81
permukaan
daun
(mm2)
Number of
leaf
Bilangan
daun
Table 1
jadual 1

(b)(i)

[3 marks]
Based on table 1, state two observations from this experiment.
Berdasarkan jadual 1, nyatakan dua pemerhatian daripada eksperimen ini.
Observation1/ Pemerhatian 1

...
Observation 2/ Pemerhatian 2

[3 marks]

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(ii)

State the inferences which corresponds to the observations in (b)(i)

Nyatakan inference yang berkaitan dengan pemerhatian dalam (b)(i).
Inference 1/ Inferens 1

...
Inference2/ Inferens 2

(c) Complete Table 1 based on this experiment.

Lengkapkan jadual 1 berdasarkan eksperimen.
Variable
Pembolehubah
Manipulated variable

[3 marks]

Method to handle the variable

Kaedah mengendalikan pembolehubah

Pembolehubah dimanipulasi
....

..

..

Responding variable
Pembolehubah bergerakbalas
...........................................

..

Controlled variable
Pembolehubah dimalarkan
.
.
Table 2/ Jadual 2

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[3 marks]

(d) State the hypothesis for this experiment.

Nyatakan hipotesis eksperimen ini.

...

[3 marks]
(e)(i)

Based on table 1, construct a table and record the result of the experiment
which includes the following aspects:
Berdasarkan jadual 2, bina satu jadual dan rekod keputusan eksperimen di mana
mengandungi aspek berikut :Title with correct unit
Tajuk dengan unit yang betul
Leaves surface area
Luas permukaan daun
Number of leaves
Bilangan daun

[3 marks]

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(ii)

Use the graph paper provided on page 8 to answer this question. The variation
of leaves is represented by the leaves surface area.
Using the the data in 1(e)(i) , draw a bar chart to show the realationship between
variation of leaves against number of leaves on the graph paper provided.
Gunakan graf yang di sedikan di halaman 8 untuk menjawab soalan ini. Variasi
daun diwakili oleh luas permukaan daun.
Menggunakan data di 1 (e)(i), lukis graf bar untuk menunjukkan hubungan antara
variasi daun dengan bilangan daun
[3 marks]

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f)

Based on a bar chart, explain the relationship between variation of leaves and
the number of leaves.
Berdasarkan graf bar , terangkan perhubungan antara variasi daun dan bilangan
daun.

...

[3 marks]

g) The experiment is repeated using same plant but planted in sand area. Predict
the number leaves in range surface area 74 81 mm2 .
Eksperimen di ulang menggunakan pokok yang sama tetapi di tanam di kawasan
berpasir .Ramalkan bilangan daun dalam sela luas permukaan daun antara 7481 mm 2..

...

[3 marks]
(h) Based on the result of this experiment, state the operational definition of continuous
variation.
Berdasarkan keputusan eksperimen ini, nyatakan definasi secara operasi bagi
variasi selanjar

...

[3 marks]

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(i)

The following is a list of genetic and environmental factors for variation

classify these factors causing variationin table 3.
Berikut adalah senarai faktor-faktor genetic dan sekitaran yang mempengaruhi
variasi
klasifikasikan faktor penyebab variasi dalam jadual 3

mutation, nutrient ,sunlight, temperature, sexual reproduction,

mutasi, nutrient,cahaya matahari,suhu pembiakan seksual.

Genetic Factor

Enviroment Factor

Faktor Genetik

Faktor Persekitaran

Table 3
Jadual 3

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[3 marks]

Mark Scheme Question 1

No
1(a)

Mark Scheme
KB0603 Measuring Using Number
Able to record all the number of leave at their range of surface area correctly
Sample answer
Leaves 50-53
Surface
area
Number 2
of
leaves

Score

54-57

58-61

62-65

66-69

70-73

74-77

78-81

12

Able to record any two heights correctly

Able to record any one height correctly
No response or incorrect response.
(b) (i)

2
1
0

KB0601 - Observation
Able to state any two correct observations based on the following criteria :
K1 range of leaves surface area
K2 - The number of leaves
Sample Answer
Horizontal observation:
1. The range of leaves surface area for 62-65 is 12

2. The range of leaves surface area for 78-81 is 1

Vertical observation :
3. The range of leaves surface area for 62-65 is higher number of leaves surface
area compared to other the range of leaves surface area
Able to state one correct observation and any one inaccurate observation or able to
state two inaccurate observations
Sample answers of incomplete observation : (Has the range surface area, but no value
of number but in qualitative)
Horizontal
1. The range of leaves surface area for 62-65 is the higher number
2. The range of leaves surface area for 78-81 is the lower number

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Able to state only one correct observation

or
Able to state two observations at idea level.
1

Sample answer
1. Number of leaves lower in the range of surface area.
2. Number of leaves lower at the lower range of surface area.
No response or incorrect response or one idea only

Scoring
Correct
2
1
1
1
-

(b)
(ii)

Inaccurate
1
2
1
1
-

Idea
1
2
1
1

Wrong
1
1
1

Score
3
2
1

KB0604 - Making inference

Able to make two correct inferences
Sample answers
Horizontal observation
.

1. Range of surface area 50-53 has low number of leaves distribution

2. Range of surface area 62-65 has higher leaves distribution

Notes :
The inferences should be correspond to the observations.
inference 1observation 1
- inference 2observation 2

0 mark if not correspond

Able to make one correct inference and one inaccurate inference

or
Able to state two inaccurate inferences
Sample answers
Inference (horizontal observation)

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1. Number of leaves for range of low surface area is lesser

2. Number of leaves for range of higher surface area is the most
Able to state only one correct inference
or
Able to state two inferences at idea level
1

Sample answers
1. The range of surface area affect the number of leaves
No response or incorrect response
Correct
2
1
1
1
-

(c)

Inaccurate
1
2
1
1
-

Idea
1
2
1
1

Wrong
1
1
1

Score
3
2
1

KB0610-Controlling variables
Able to state all 3 variables and 3 methods to handle each variable.
Sample answer
Variable
Manipulated variable
Range of surface area
Responding variable
The number of leaves
Controlled variable
1.Species of plant
2. Area planted

Method to handle the variable

Change the range of surface area
50-53,54-57,58-61,62-65,66-69,7073,74-77,77-81
Use different range of surface area
Count and record the number of
leaves

1. Use the same/ fix species of

plant
2. Use the same/ fix location
planted

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All 6 ticks
Able to state 4 to 5 ticks

Able to state 2-3 ticks

No response or incorrect response or one tick only

(d)

KB0611-State hypothesis
Able to state a hypothesis relating manipulated variable and responding variable
correctly with the following aspect :
P1 Manipulated variable range of surface area
P2 Responding variable The number of leaves
H - relationship higher // lower

Sample answer
1. The number of leaves at range of surface area 62-65 is 12
Able to state a hypothesis relating the manipulated variable and the responding
variable but less accurately.
2

Sample answer
1.
Able to state one idea of a hypothesis
Sample answer
1. The range of surface area affects the number of leaves
(no P1 and relationship)
No response or incorrect response

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(e) (i)

KB0606 Communicating data

Able to construct a table correctly with the following aspects :
1. Able to state the 3 titles with units
- T
2. Able to record all data for leaves surface area correctly. - D
3. Able to count the number of leaves
-C

1- mark
1 mark
1 - mark

Sample answer
The leaves surface
area
50-53
54-57
58-61
62-62
66-69
70-73
74-77
78-81

(e)
(ii)

Number of leaves
2
5
8
12
9
7
4
1

Any two aspects correctly

Any one aspect correctly

No response or incorrect response

Able to draw a graph of the variation of leaves against the number of leaves which
satisfies the following criteria:
Axes (P) both axes are labelled and uniform scales,
manipulated variable on horizontal axis, correct units.
Points(T)- all points correctly plotted
Shape(B)- all points are connected smoothly
Sample Answer Refer grap

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12
10
8
6
4
2

number of
leaves

0
range
of
surface
area
Any two aspects correctly

Any one aspects correctly

No response or incorrect response

(f)

KB 0608 Interpreting data

Able to explain the relationship between the range of surface area and the number of
leaves correctly based on the following criteria:
R1- number of leaves is higher at range of surface area 62-65
E1- show slight different in characteristic of individiual
E3- continuos varition
3

Sample Answer
1. The number of leaves is higher at range of surface area 62 -65,
2. Show slight different in characteristic of individual
3. To show continuous variation

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Able to explain the relationship using any two criteria

Able to explain the relationship using one criteria

No response or incorrect response

KB0605 - Predicting
Able to predict correctly and explain the prediction based on the following criteria:
P number of leaves lesser
E1 at range of surface area at 78-81
E2- due to continuous varition
Sample answer
Contoh jawapan
Number of leaves lesser at range of surface area at 78-81 due to continuous variation.

Any two criteria stated

Any one criteria stated

No response or incorrect response

(g)

KB0609 Defining by operation

Able to state the definition of exhaled air operationally, complete and correct based on
the following criteria:
D1- Continuous variation is slight differences in characteristics (Fact)
D2- that cause the change in the number of leaves(RV)
D3- affected by area planted/range of surface area (MV )
Sample answer

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Continuous variation is differences in characteristics that cause the changes in the

number of leaves affected by area planted/ range of surface area.
Any two criteria stated
Sample answer
Continuous variation is differences in characteristics that cause the changes in the
number of leaves

Any one criteria stated

1. Continuous variation is differences in characteristics
2. Continuous variation is the changes in number of leaves

None of the above or no response

(c) (ii)

KB0602 - Classifying
Able to classify the genetic and environmental cause varition in this experiment
correctly
Sample Answer
Genetic factor

Enviromental factor

Sexual reproduction

nutrient

mutation

temperature

sunlight
5 Ticks
4 Ticks

2- 3 Ticks

No response or wrong response

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Question 2

Transpiration is the loss of water to surroundings in the form of water vapour from the
surface of plant through evaporation
There are several environment factors that affect the rate of transpiration. Humidity is
one of the factors that affect the rate of transpiration
Transpirasi ialah proses kehilangan air ke persekitaran melalui permukaan daun
melalaui proses penyejatan

Design a laboratory experiment to study the effect of humidity on rate of transpiration

The planning of your experiment must include the following aspects:

Problem statement
Penyataan masalah
Hypothesis
Hipotesis
Variables
Pembolehubah
List of apparatus and materials
Senarai radas dan bahan
Experimental procedures or methods
Prosedur eksperimen
Presentation of data
Persembahan data

[17 marks]

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QUESTION 2
PROBLEM STATEMENT (01)
No.

Mark Scheme

Score

2(i)
KB061201

Able to state a problem statement relating the manipulated variable

with the responding variable correctly
P1 : level of humidity
P2 : rate of transpiration
H : question form and question mark(?)
Sample answer
1. What is the effect of level of humidity on the rate of transpiration?
2. How does level of humidity affect the rate of transpiration?

Able to state a problem statement less accurately

Sample answer
1. What is the level of humidity on the rate of transpiration. (no H)
2. What is the effect of level of humidity on the transpiration?
(incomplete P2)
3. What is the effect of humidity on the rate of transpiration?
(incomplete P1)

Able to state a problem statement at idea level

Sample answer
1. What is the rate of transpiration. (no P1 and H)
2. What is the effect of level of humidity.(no P2 and H)

No response or incorrect response

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HYPOTHESIS (02)
No.
2 (iii)
KB061202

Mark Scheme
Able to state a hypothesis relating the manipulated variable to the
responding variable correctly
P1 : level of humidity
P2 : rate of transpiration
H : relationship

Score
3

Sample answer
1. The higher the level of humidity, the lower the rate of
transpiration.
Able to state a hypothesis inaccurately
*Have P1 and P2 or P1/P2 and H

Sample answer
1. The level of humidity is affected/influences by the rate
of transpiration. (no H)
Able to state a hypothesis at idea level

Sample answer
1. Humidity affects the rate of transpiration (only P2)
2. If more humidity, more transpiration be happened.
No response or incorrect response

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VARIABLES (03)
No.
2 (iv)
KB061203

Mark Scheme

Score

Able to state all three variables correctly

Sample answer
Manipulated : level of humidity 1m
Responding : rate of transpiration / Distance travel of bubble in 5
minutes -1m
Fixed

: light intensity, wind movement, temperature, size of

plant use 1m

Able to state only two variables correctly

Able to state only one variables correctly

No response or incorrect response

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LIST OF APPARATUS AND MATERIALS (04)

No.
2(v)

Mark Scheme
Able to list all the important apparatus and materials correctly

Score
3

KB061205
Sample answer
Apparatus :Capillary tubing, rubber tubing, a beaker, a basin of
water, stopwatch, ruler
Materials : a leafy shoot, Vaseline, coloured water, transparent
polythene bag, thread
4 apparatus +4 materials
Able to list any 3 material and 3 apparatus

Able to list any 2 material and 1 apparatus

No response or incorrect response

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PROCEDURE (05)
No.
2 (vii)
KB061204

Mark Scheme
Able to describe the steps of experiment correctly based on the
following aspects:
K1 : Preparation of materials and apparatus (any 3)
K2 : Operating the constant variable (any 1)
K3 : Operating the responding variable (any 1)
K4 : Operating the manipulated variable (any 1)
K5 : Steps to increase reliability of results accurately (any 1)
Sample answers

1. A hibiscus plants is cut under water

2. The end stem of the leafy shoot is immersed in water.
3. The capillary tube is filled with water and held upright in beaker
filled with water.
4. The leafy shoot is inserted into rubber tubing which ia attached to
the capillary tube.
5. The hibiscus plant and capillary tube is held upright using a retort
stand.
6. The capillary tube is marked with points X and Y which are 5 cm
apart.
7. The capillary tube is lifted just above the water level to trap an air
bubble in the tube
8. The time taken for air bubble to move from point X- Y is recorded
using stopwatch
9.The experiment (K2) repeat step 1 7 but the hibiscus plant
covered by transparent polythene bag
K1 ( All 4)
1. Cut under water
2. fill the beaker with water
3. Fill the capillary tube with water
4. inserted leafy plant to rubber tubing
5.lifted capillary tube

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Score

K2 (any 1)
1. mark the capillary tube 5 cm apart
2. Fix the type of plant

K3
1. Record the time taken of air bubble to move from X -Y
K4
1. Repeat the experiment with plant covered with transparent
polythene bag

K5 (any 1)
1. use vaselin for airtight.
2. cut the leafy shoot under water to prevent air bubble.

All 5 'K'

Any 3 - 4 K

Any 2 K

No response or incorrect response or 1 K only.

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No.
2 (viii)
KB061203

Mark Scheme
Able to construct a table to record data based on the following
aspects :
1. Correct title and units (*titles compulsary) 1m
2. List the MV 1m
Sample answer
Condititon of enviroment
Plant without covered with
transparent polythene bag
Plant covered with
transparent polythene bag

Time taken for the air bubble

to move a distance of 5 cm
( second)

Scoring:
01 = 3M
02 = 3M
03 = 3M
04 = 3M
05 = 3M
06 = 2M
Total = 17M
END OF MARKING SCHEME

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Score
2