"

: 2

.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6

.
, "
.
: , , .
.
- .
-
.

:
.1
.2
.3
.4

-Long bones - . .:
, .
-Flat bones - . :
, .
-Short bones - . :
.
-Irregular bones - . : ,
.

7-8 .
, .
.

Periosteum
Compact bone
Sponge bone
Medullary cavity
) Marrow (

' ' , ' '

-
, .

 :
- .

.Polysaccharides -
) ( .
-
+ = hydroxyapatite
/ .
Osteoporosis .
45% .
8%-4% .

3 :
-Osteocytes , .
-Osteoblasts - .
-Osteoclasts - .
2 :
- Osteoblasts Osteoclasts
- Osteoblasts Osteoclasts
-40 Osteoclasts Osteoblasts
:
.
.
.
3 :
' ' , ' '
-
, .

) - Hyaline cartilage( . .
. ) (Trachea .
) (Nasal septum .
).(Larynx
Fibro cartilage - . rigid
.
.
.
- Elastic cartilage . .
. external -
. ear .

:3
:
.1
.2
.3

.
.
. .

- ) (Hyaline .
. .
, , ."
. .

- . .
-5 . ulna .

-10 carpal , ulna .radius

-14 . .

:
2 . 3 .:
) - ( .
.1
" ."
. .
3 - . ) sutures() Gomphosisc .
( . . ,
.
- Syndesmosis " .
2 radio-ulnar . tibio- fibular
' ' , ' '
-
, .

.2

.3

.1
.2
.3

-cartilaginous " . .
2 : . - "
. -
).(ribs-sternum
. - " , . symphsis
- " ,
.symphsis- pubis

-synovial -
" " )( . .
3
,
" .
) sterno-clavicular - (.
Acromio clavicular .
. temporo mandibular- :
, .

- inferior tibio-fibular .
- .
2 . femur . tibia
-Synovitis . .

' ' , ' '

-
, .

 :4
-
2:
.1
.2

The cranium .Flat bones + irregular .

-The face bones Irregular .

.sutures .
.
The cranium :
-Frontal bone flat bone-

Partial bones- Flat bones .

.Occipital bone- flat bone .

) foramen magnum ( , ,
. .
.Temporal bone- Irregular bone

) (
petrous ) (External auditory .
-meatus .
-Stoyloid process . .
. Sephenoid bone- irregular bone

. sella turcica
. .
' ' , ' '
-
, .

.Ethmoid bone irregular bone .

) foramina ( .
. ethomoid

-Maxillary bone :Irregular bone. Infra-orbital foramen .

trigeminal ,
.
-Zygomatic bone
-Nasal bones .
-Larcimal bone . , ,
.
-The hard palate ) . (
Anterior=maxilla
posterior= palatine bone 2 2
. .
-The mandible . " temporo-
mandibular .

- . mucus
.membrane nose - .
.frontal, maxillary,sphenoid and ethomid

:5
-

7 . (cervical vertebrae) - C1-C7

12 .(Thoracic vertebrae ) . .T1-T12
5 ((sacral vertebrae 5S-S1
2-4 . .
)L1-L5 . (Lumbar vertebrae

- .VERTIBO-FORAMEN . .
.
-Spinal canal
-Vertebral foramen ((spinal cord .
-Body .
-Transverse process . .

' ' , ' '

-
, .

-Superior articular process , .

-Spinous process .
- Sacrum 5 - .
coccyx - .

-
3 , -.
2 , , facet facet - .
The Intervertebral Disk
2 . FACET .
6.
.
- Annulus fibrosis -
' pulposus nucleus -
The intervertebral foramen
. intervertebral foramen

- ' .
- .
' )-( .
' .
. .

)( . C1 Atlas .
C2 Axis -
Bifid spine - 2 . transverse processes .
.

-
)C1, C2( . C1 "" .C2
dens C2
' 1
dens - , ) (
transverse ligament -
Dens -
dens , C2 C1 )
( .
' ' , ' '
-
, .

 C1 dens -
.
-Dens

dens - . , rheumatoid arthritis
.
-
. 32 ((spinal cord
) .(spinal cord
-
intervertebral foramena -
( ) IVF -

.
.
.
.

:6
-
' ' , ' '
-
, .

 -trhorax . ) -(posterior 12 )(cost . T12-T1 12

) (costo-vertebral joints .
-Trachea
) -(anterior 1-10 sterno
. costal )
( . ,
.costo-vertebral
-Floating ribs 12 ,11 .
.sternum , .
-The pleura , .
, .
.
, .parietal pleura
.visceral pleura ) pleural
(cavity 2 .potential space
. 2 .
-Diaphragm - .
.
. , .
.
-Right lung " 2 ) (fissure 3 )
.(lobes horizontal fissure) -( .oblique fissure
. 10 .
) (.
-Left lung ) ,(oblique 2
.(upper - lower/ superior-inferior ) . 2
) .lingular process .(4-5
hilus
. medial view:

)( .
.
2

- 2
. 2 . 3 3
' ' , ' '
-
, .

 ) (secondary . 2
. 10
. .bronchioles
3 : -
, - .
.
) . (alveoli
. .
- .
. co2
. .
. 3-

Superior- inferior
Lateral -
Antero-posterior .

" " .
.
.
" .introcostal -
-
. - 85% , "
15%" . ,
. ,.

-serratus anterior 8

.
-pectoralis minor

2-4
sterno-cleido-mastoid mastoid ,
.

- , -
. - , ,
.
.
-' .
, .
.
.
' ' , ' '
-
, .

 - .
.
- ,
. 2 .
) (visceral ) (parietal .
3" .
-Pneumothorax .
. .
.
. - " .
.
) ( .
surfactant .
-7

-Nasal cavity
-Nostril
-Oral cavity
-Larynx
-Pharynx
-Trachea

- . , .
-external nose - , ,
.
-Internal nose - ethmoid ,
. )( .
.
-

ethmoid -
Ethmoid - Lateral walls
) hard palate -Floor (

- , " 3" ,conchae

.
- .

' ' , ' '

-
, .

 -nasal septum - ,ethmoid bone, vomer bone

. 2 vomer
.ethmoid

-Sinus cavities - .
,Mucus membrane . .
: -
. .
4:
.1
.2
.3
.4

sinus
sinus
sinus
sinus

Frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoid
-Sphenoid

. pharynx - . . 3
: , . pharynx
.
-pharyngeal tonsils - ) .
Oropharynx
(.
)-( . . ) uvula( epiglottis
) ( . )Laryngopharynx .(palatine tonsils
. .
.styloid process -
Oropharynx Laryngopharynx - )
( . .
. .
-

- Nostrils
-Nasal cavity
- Nasopharynx
-Oropharynx
-Laryngopharynx
Larynx -Trachea
.Main bronchi etc

Larynx - . -
. ) hyoid ,
, .
( .
. epiglottis -
- ) ( .
' ' , ' '
-
, .

 - ciliated eptihelium -
.
.
- Cricoid Cartilage
) Thyroid cartilage (
) Arytenoid cartilages( , 2
.corniculate cartilages
2 .Arytenoid
- )
(.
Arytenoid cart. and thyroid cart
- , pharynx -
.
-
) ( . .
Arytenoid .

Larynx - larynx - epiglottis -

larynx - .
-Glottis + .
-Rima glottides .

-8 -
, , .
-The pericardium - .
.
. . .
-.
- -fibrous pericardium
. serous
pericardium
parietal layer .visceral" -myocardium
. endocardium .
' ' , ' '
-
, .

 : . .
.
. , 2
. 4
) atrium( ) ventricle( . .
2 ) superior vena cava ( .
Pulmonary trunk . .
.
. .
Superior vina cava .
.
.
4 ) 2 (
) aorta
.
ligamentum arteriosum ,
ductus arteriosum pulmonary
trunk .
- ,
, .
.
-Heart valves - -.
-tricuspid valve - . pulmonary
valve
-
.
) miteral valve( . .
.aortic valve
. .
. The .
.papillary muscles
.chordae tendinae
. .
.
- .
)( .
)( .
' ' , ' '
-
, .

 -conduction system - -
.
2 .
. -
.
. -
.coronary artery ) ( .
. -
.
-
. - .marginal artery
posterior inter- -
.ventricular
.
. .
.
-
. .anterior inter-venticular -
. .
.
- . -
.
- coronary
. sinus .

' ' , ' '

-
, .

 9
- -aorta 3-
.1

) brachiocephalic artery + ( . 2
-
-right common carotid artery

right subclavian artery . -

right vertebral artery .

-Left common carotid .

.3

-Left subclavian artery ,

-left vertebral artery .
,
.

.2

-common carotids 2 External .

) carotid artery ( Internal carotid .
) artery ( ." 4
.
,
3 ) :(digestive system
celiac trunk

superior mesenteric artery

inferior mesenteric artery

, .
) (kidneys ):(gondas
renal artery . ) 20%

(.
Testicular ovarian/ -

.
-
Common iliac artery external iliac artry external :

iliac artery internal iliac artery

.
- .
' ' , ' '
-
, .

 2 . vena cava "

2 brachiocephalic vena subclavian vena - .
.
) brachiocephalic vena ( " 2 ) subclavian
( internal jugular - ) (.
Vertebral vena .
-External jugular .
.
azigous . heniazygous vein
azigous accessory hemiazygos vein
.azigous azigous
.
coronary sinus
.
.
.
" .
.
Subclavian .branchiocephalic
Subclavian .

' ' , ' '

-
, .

 :10 -
- -
.
3 -
- Systemic ) (

-Pulmonary . ) ( .

.
-Hepatic portal

(portal vein). ,
, ' .
.
-
.
- ,

arterioles .
.
, .
. - --
- , .
' ' , ' '
-
, .

 -
.venules
,
2 . superior & inferior vena cava .

- " .

. ,
.
- - .2CO
, . ,
- -
.

.1
.2
.3

- 3.
-tunica adventitia - . .
-tunica media -
. .
-tunica intima - .

-
. .small lumen
-
. .
64% . .
- .
, .
.1
, .
.2
,

.
-the muscular pump
,

- ,
.
- ,
.
1.
2. -
3.
4.
5. ( ) )(.
- , .
' ' , ' '
-
, .

-
-Continuous . .
-Fenestrated
. .
-Sinusoidal .
.

-
.
10% - .
.
-

-lymph - ,
. .
- . ,
. .
, .
.
-
, 3- ,
. .
" " . .
, .
.
.
thoracic duct -.right lymphatic duct -

-Right lymphatic duct ,

, . Right -
.subclavian vein

' ' , ' '

-
, .

 - Thoracic duct . Left -

. subclavian vein Thoracic duct- ,
, .L Subclavian Vein -

,
.
.
-
.1
.2
.3
.4

.


.
.
.
85% .
. ,
.
- .
. , - .
.

thymus .
, .
- .
.
. T
. CELLS
- . T
.
-Spleen - .
. .
.
) ( .
.
- Tonsils - )( . )( .
.

.
' ' , ' '
-
, .

 -The Mediastinum .
3 - . "".
manubrium body xiphoid

.T4-T5 " .
: - - ) ,
( , ,
. ." Thoracic
.duct
:3
- - .
.
- , , , 2.
.
- .
. , .
3 - ,
.
. Thoracic
duct .
.
.Vagus
. .
.

fenestrated

' ' , ' '

-
, .

 :11
-The Digestive System
.GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
,
. ""
, ,'

.
:
.1
.2

.3

- - .
.
-
. (
( .
.
- .

. .
3 : .ileum, Jejunum ,
Cecum & appendix - .
-

Mouth
, -pharynx esophagus
Stomach -
Duodenum

Jejunum
Ilium

' ' , ' '

-
, .

- Cecum
- Appendix
Colon , ,sigmond ,
Rectum
Anus

- , , , , .
32 - , , )" ( )
(.
- .
.
3 --

-Parotid .
-Submandibular .
Sublingual
, )( amylases .

Temporalis - masseter elevate -

the jaw . Pterygoids - .
Supra & infra hyoid muscles . -
hyoid .
- .
. .
. .
- 25 -" pharynx - . . 2
.
,
.

- , .
" .J .
: . . :
fundus -
.1
body -
.2
pyloris -
.3
- 3 .
, .
.
. .
) ( .
) (.
' ' , ' '
-
, .

 spihincter nuscles - .ph=1-2

.
.
.
) .(cardiac
((pyloric
.
.
, .

- .
. .

.plicae circulares ,
.villi ,
- .
, .
.
. lacteal . ,
.
- 2 , .
.
" ) ( ) ( . -
) duodenum(.jejunum, ileum ,
- .C .
.Bile duct ,
.
.
Pancreatic duct
- .
lecithin
-bilirubin .
- , .
)
( . .
- 12-15" .
. - -
, .
-Jejunum and Ileum ,
- Jejunum . .
. .
- Ileum , .
.
large intestine - . -
' ' , ' '
-
, .

.1

& ) Cecum appendix(

.2
-

:Colon
Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid

.3
.4

Rectum
Anus

) colon ( .
.
. .
- .
.
. TENIAE COLI
, .
APPENDICES .
EPIPLOACAE
.
- .
. .K .B
. . , .K
.
. , .
.
-Anak canal 2 .
. .
. . .
. Levator ani muscle
. .
.ano-rectal junction .ano-rectal angle
- . .
" . .
4 . 2 .
. - . ,
, , ,, , D

.
-The peritoneum .
.
. ,
- .
.
' ' , ' '
-
, .

 . 2 , ' .
) . ( .
- .
. .
.
. , .
) ( .
.
.
. 4 .
.
. .

. .
. .
) .( .
)(.
.
:
Celiac trunk

Superior mesenteric artery

Inferior mesenteric artery

celiac trunk :

Gastric artery -
,splenic artery-
hepatic artery-

) (

superior mesenteric-
.
Inferior mesenteric - ,sigmoid colon-
internal iliac -
.
.
mesenteric inferior and superior
, .

' ' , ' '

-
, .

 -
portal-
superior +inferior mesenteric splenic-
) . "" ,
.(inferior vena cava-

' ' , ' '

-
, .