]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K

? ? ?
K?

W
K

K K

K

K
K

K
K

K
K

K
K

K
K
K

K
K


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

.W

WW
K K

K K

K K

. W

K W

.W

--

(permanent magnet)
(Smarum (Niodenum Boron Iron) (ferrait)

FKcobalt)
E

K
K

J
EF
KK

--

:(Permeability)

(Magnetic permeability)
K
(Magnetization curve)

= o r

(Absolute permeability) o
W

o=x H/m

(Relative permeability) r

K K

K
K

--

:BJ
WEFL
B=

wb / m 2

K :HJ

W
H=

h/m

:(Magneto-motive-force m.m.f) N

(ampere.turn) K
m.m.f=N.I

AT

:(Magnetic reluctance) Rmag

Rmag =

m.m. f N .I
=

AT / wb

K
A L
W
Rmag =

L
A

-
K E F

J K
KLBIL

--

F=BLI

W
-

J E F
K
J K

K A,F ABCDEF
K AB, BC, CD, DE, EF

EFKINCD

--

J K
W

RmagAB =

LAB
AB AAB

RmagBC =

Rmag gap =

LBC
BC ABC

RmagCD =

LCD
CD ACD

RmagDE =

LDE
DE ADE

Lgap
o Agap
RmagEF =

LEF
EF AEF

WRmag-t
Rmagt =

L
L
L
LAB
L
L
+ BC + CD + DE + EF + gap
AB AAB BC ABC CD ACD DE ADE EF AEF o Agap

N.IEF
WJ Rmag-t
=

N.I

L
L
L
LAB
L
L
+ BC + CD + DE + EF + gap
AB AAB BC ABC CD ACD DE ADE EF AEF o Agap

J K

K K

KJ

--

J J

m.m.f KK
L

Rmag =
A
m.m. f
=

Rmag

B =
A

e.m.f KKK
L

R=
A
E
I =
R
I
J =
A

--

J
K J

K
g pK

K ac y t
K

KJ

m.m.f

Fg

Lg

Hg

Ag

Lt

Ht

Ft
Fac
Fp
Fy

Lac
Lp
Ly

Bg

At

Bt

Hac
Hp

Aac
Ap

Bac
Bp

Hy

Ay

By

ac=m/

m

y= m/

m.m. f = Ftotal = m

2Lg
2L p m L y
2Lt m Lac
+ m
+
+ m
+
o Ag
t At 2 ac Aac
p Ap 2 y Ay

--

J
J
WJ J B
Ftotal =

2 B g Lg

2 Bt Lt

Bac Lac

ac

2B p L p

By Ly

J J
F
= 2 H g L g + 2 H t Lt + H ac Lac + 2 H p L p + H y L y

total
F
= Fg + Ft + Fac + F p + F y
total

J
K
K J

--

KJ J

L J
EL B

E=BLV sin()
volt

K
K EJ F

EJ

--

KJ J

W(Faraday)
E = N(

d
)
dt

EJ F
K(self induced )

. EJ

F(mutual induced)

J
xJ

K
W{K
K

--

X,Y J
WL

L=*((x-)+(y-))=*(-+-)= cm=m
N= turns R= V=V B= tesla
A=(*-)=*- m
V 24
i= =
= 12 A
R 2
Ni 25 *12
H=
=
= 375 A / m
0.8
L
= BA = 0.008 * 25 *10 4 = 0.00002 wb

--

K J
J W K K

J J

d
-

Lav=d=** = m
r=
o=*-
N=
I= A
A= *- m
Lav
1.57
=
= 2.78 *10 6 At / wb
- Rmag =
r o A 1500(4 *10 7 )(3 *10 4 )
- mmf=NI =*= At

H=

1200
mmf
=
= 763.33 At / m
L
0.0157
av

1200
mmf
=
= 4.32 *10 4 wb
6
R
2.78 *10
mag
4.32 *10 4
B= =
= 1.44 tesla
A
3 *10 4

- =

--

WLav

J
K

K J
K J

J
K J

K J
K J
J
KL

K { K,
K

J
Kx

K {
W {
K

{ J

--


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K

WW
K K
K K

K K
K K
K K

K K

KW

KEFW

KW

--

DC Generators

K
K

KK

K
K
J

J J

WK
J EF

J
K

(S) (N) (abcd)

--

W
e=BLv

v(m/sec) L(m) B(wb/m)

K(volt) (e) K

(cd) (ab)
KJ

EF

EFEF

J (abcd)

oE oF

oK

J (sinewave)
--

(DC) E F
K

KJ A, BE F
(abcd)J A

BJ
J

KJ
KEF

K K

c
d
b
a

EF

E
F

EF

--

J J


K

WKJ

W(Yoke)

KJ K

W(Main poles)
(Pole face or shoe)

W (Field coils)K

(series field coil) (shunt field coil)

K K

KEJ F

--

W (Commutating poles)

EF
K
K

--

J
WEF

W(Armature core)

K
K
KJ

W(Armature windings)

K
K

W (Commutator )EF

K
KEF

K
W(Brushes holder)

--

KEF
K

WArmature windingJ J

EFJ
K
J K
J

(commutator segments)
W
W(Lap winding)J

E {{F
K
--

K
J K
K
W(Wave winding) J

KJ (commutator pitch)

EFEF
J

--

J

K

v (m/sec) B (tesla) L (m)

e (volt)EJ F
W

e=BLv

volt

Wr meter
v = r = 2n r

60
EF (rad/sec) L(rpm) n

B=

2rl / 2 p

J J J A
W
e = 2 p l 2n r
2rl 60

e = 2 pn
60

a Za
Ea =

2p
n
Z a
2a
60

--

J
KL
K

p=

a=[wave winding]

Za=

n= rpm

= megalines/pole

=* * ={ wb/pole
2p
n
Ea =
Z a
2a
60
1200
6
E a = * 0.04 * 250 *
= 600 volt
2
60

J
KL
K

p=

a=p[lap winding]

Za=

n= rpm

2p
n
Z a
2a
60
8
600
220 = * * 960 *
8
60
=*/(*)= wb/pole

Ea= V

Ea =

--

(Armature Reaction) J

(Lenz Law)

K K

K
J K
(M.M.Ff) KE F

(G.M.A) KE
K(M.N.A)

K x

K (M.M.Fa)

--

(M.M.Ft) K J
(M.N.A) (M.M.Ff)
J K(G.M.A)

KJ

J K (ab)
(bc)
KJ
K

EF

(Demagnetizing effect)

KJ
J

--

EFEFEF

J J

K (Fa) (Fc)

EF
J
K
--

--

J
(Methods of Excitation)EFJ
EF

KW

(Separately excited) EF J
KEF

(Self excited) J
K

(Separately excited generators)J J

J
K

--

W(Kirechhoffs Law)
Ea = VL + I a Ra

EaEFVL
W

2p
Z a N / 60

2a
KILRaIa
Ea =

Ia = IL

--

L J
K

K{KL

n= rpm
IL= A
Ea n
as If is constant
Ea=VL+ILRa

VL= V

n= rpm

Ra={

= H*{= V
Ea1 n1
=
E a 2 n2
133 1200
=
Ea 2 1000
1000 *133
Ea 2 =
= 110.8 V
1200
Ea=VL+ILRa=ILRL+ ILRa
V 125
RL = L =
= 0.625
I L 200
{=IL[{H{]=IL[{]
110.8
I L2 =
= 166.62 Amp.
0.665

(Self excited generators)J J

W
(series excitation) J

(shunt excitation) J

(compound excitation) J
(series excited generator)J J J
KJ

--

J
:

Ea = VL + I a (Ra + R f )

Ia = IL = I f

J
K,,KL
K L
K

Pout=Kw
=

VL= V

n= rpm

Rf={

Ra={ n=rpm

Pout 15 * 103
=
= 120 Amp.
I L1 =
V L1
125
Ea=VL+ILRf+IaRa=VL+IL[Rf+Ra]
as IL=Ia
Ea=+[+]= V
Ea1 1 n1
=
E a 2 2 n2
nE
1.31 * 1200 * 171.8
= 233.05 V
E a 2 = 2 2 a1 =
1n1
1 * 1150
Ea=VL+ILRf+IaRa=VL+IL[Rf+Ra]
VL=Ea-IL[Rf+Ra]=-[+]= volt

--

IL= A

(Shunt excited generators)J J J

KJ


K

Ea = VL + I a Ra

V f = VL = I f R f

Ia = IL + I f

J
KK ,
If =

Vf
Rf

IL= A

VL= V

VL 240
=
= 4.36
Rf
55

Amp

Ra={

Ia=IL+If=H{={ Amp
--

Rf=

Ea=VL+IaRa=H{*{={ V

{
K, K
p=a [lap winding]

Za=

Ra={

Rf=

Pout=*=W

VL=

V
={ wb/pole
Pout=VL*IL
P
200 * 60
= 100 A
I L = out =
VL
120
V
120
If = f =
= 1.26 A
Rf
95
Ia=IL+If=H{={ A

Ea=VL+IaRa=H{*{={ V
2p
Z a n / 60
Ea =
2a
2p
121.01 =
* 0.02 * 500 * n / 60
2p
n={*/({*)= rpm

(Compound excited generators)J J J

(cumulative compound )

K(differential compound)

F(short-shunt)

(long-shunt) E

--

J J
Kshse
W

Ea = VL + I a Ra + I L Rse

I a = I L + I sh

I se = I L

Ea = VL + I a ( Ra + Rse )

I a = I L + I sh

I se = I a

EFEF

EFEF J

(demagnetize the machine)

K J
{ {

VL= V IL= A

Ra={

Rse={
--

Rsh=

Vsh VL 230
=
=
= 1.84 A
Rsh Rsh 125
Ia=IL+Ish=H{={ A
I sh =

Ea=VL+Ia(Ra+Rse)=H{*({H{)={ Volt

--

(Characteristic Curves of DC Generators) J

J

Ea a,P
KN

Ea = k N

KVL

W
No-load characteristic, Eo=f(If), N=constant J

(o.c.c)

K(If) (Eo)
Load characteristic, VL=f(If), Ia and N=constant J

(If) (VL)
K
External characteristic, VL=f(IL), If and N=constant J
K(IL)(VL)

Internal characteristic, Ea=f(Ia), If and N=constant J

--

J J
No-load characteristic J

WEa
Ea = k
(If)
Ea = k I f

Eo

If EoK

(b) (a) J
K

EFEF

EFEFJ

--

Load characteristicJ

(armature reaction) (Eo)

(Ea) (VL)

EF (IaRa)
FVL VL(RL)

E F E
J J K

I IIIJ K
III(IaRa)AB

CB II

(VL)

(CD) (Eo)
K

EFEF
EFEFJ

(External characteristic)J

J
Ea(II)

--

Eo (I)
K

(III)

K(IL)(VL)
(Internal characteristic)J

Ea=f(Ia) J II
(IL) (Ia)(Ea)

Ea AB
K

J
% =

E o VL
100
VL

J J

K
EF
W
--

K
K

(Magnetization curve) J
(Eo)(If)

K
(Er)

K
(Rf) (Lf)
K

K(Residual magnetism) Er

J J J

K(RL)K
(Ia)
--

K(VL)
I J

I III
KA.C

OPK IL
KJ

EIIIF IaRa

Ea EIIF

IIIE F
K

EFEF

J J J

--

J J J
J I

K III II

KEo IV K
W

E AA
% = o
100

AA

EFEF

J J J

J J J

(long-shunt )

K(short-shunt)

E F

W J

VL
KJ
--

WJ

KVL

WJ

KJ

J
Energy Losses and Efficiency of DC GeneratorsJ

EF

F
KKE
Magnetic losses (Iron losses)EFJ

Electrical losses (Cupper losses)EFJ

Mechanical losses (Friction losses)EFJ

--

EFJ J
W

:Hysteresis lossJ

Wh = B1g.6 f

WEddy current loss EFJ
We = B g2 f

K
K

J J

W J

Armature cupper loss=I aRa

W

For shunt machine=IshRsh(or VIsh)

For series machine=IseRse

WJ

Loss due to brush contact resistance=IaVB

KVB
J J

(bearing)

K
K
--

J J

(Prime mover)
J Input power

K H.P= Watt.W H.P

Pi Pmech
WEFPgPg
Pg=Ea Ia
Pg=Pin-(Pmech+Pi)

Pg
J K PL Pout

K
B

Pin

Pcu
Pi&Pmech
Pout
Pg

--

i/p

o/p
VLIL

IaEa

I2seRse
I2shRsh
I2aR

VIa

Pmech+Pi

--

EfficiencyJ J

W

WJ
m =

Ea I a
B
=
A HP * 746

WJ
e =

C VL I L
=
B Ea I a

VL I L
o/ p
C
= m e = =
i/ p
A HP * 746

WJ

Pout
Pout + losses
P losses
= in
Pin

L J

{ {K

K
K

n= rpm

Pout= Kw

VL= V

Pi+Pmech= W

Pout 45 * 103
IL =
=
= 187.5 A
VL
240
V
V
240
I sh = sh = L =
= 3.7 A
Rsh Rsh
65
Ia=IL+Ish={H{={ A
--

Ra={

Rse={

Rsh=

Pcu=IaRa+ IaRse+ IshRsh= Ia (Ra+Rse)+ IshRsh

=({)*({H{) + ({)*={ W
Losses=Pcu+Pi+Pmech
={H={ W
Pout
45 * 103
=
= 0.866 = 86.6%
=
Pout + Losses 45 * 103 + 6948.87

J
K{L

K { ,
K
p=

a= [wave winding]

Za=

n= rpm

Ra={ Rse={ Rsh= Pi+Pmech=W

2p
Ea =
Z a n / 60
2a
8
Ea = * 0.022 * 1200 * 600 / 60 = 1056 V
2
Ea=Va+IaRa
Va=Ea-IaRa= *{={ V
V
1052.4
I sh = a =
= 4.21 A
Rsh
250
IL=Ia-If= {={ A
VL=Va-ILRse={ {*{={ V
Pout=VLIL={*{= W

Pcu=IaRa+ ILRse+ IshRsh

=()*{H({)*{H({)*={ W
losses=Pcu+Pi+Pmech={H={ W
Pout
58589
=
=
= 0.876 = 87.6%
Pout + Losses 58589 + 8271.5

--

Ia= A

={ wb

K J
K J
K J

J
K J

J J J
K

J
J
KJ J J
K J

K J

J
J WK {L

J K{L
KLJ K{

K J
K K ,
K
--

J
K, { L

J J W

KJ

K, J

L {

K J
{ {

J J W

K{L

J
{ K{

L J

L
KK,,

KL J
{ {

J J W

L J
{ {

--


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
.K

W W
K K

K K
K K
K K

K
K K

.W

.(F W

--

DC Motors
K
K

K
K

K
K

KEF

EF
K

J K

I B XX

LKcd, ab

F=BIL

T cd, ab
K
--

J
J Back e.m.f (Eb)

:(Back e.m.f)
Eb =

n
2P
Z a
2a
60

KEJ F
K

HZW

E a = V L + I a Ra

J ZEFW
Ea = VL I a Ra

--

KEJ FEJ F

EFK
Ia =

WJ

VL Eb

Ra

J
K Eb n

Eb

J
starting)
WEb=J (current

I a ( st ) =

VL
Ra

EFRaEFVL

--

J Rst
W
I a ( st ) =

VL
Ra + Rst

K
K

J
Developed Torque J

ra L J

F IcKB n
F = BLI

WEF

--

T = Fr
c
a
= BLI r
ca
B 2r L
a I
=
c
2

raLJ
W

= B(2ra L)

WJ B
I
Tc = c
2

Za Ia p

Wa
T = Tc Z a 2 p
I
= c Za 2 p
2

WIc
I
Ic = a
2a

J J
T=

2p
Z I
2a 2 a a

T = K I a

2 p Za
2a 2 =K

KIa J
WEbJ
--

E Ia
T= b
2n
60

W
T=

E xF EbIa = P
=

2n
60

KJ

Types of DC motors J
F
WE

EFJ
J

DC shunt motor J J

--

RshEF J
Ra K

K Rst
K

WJ
Eb = Vin I a Ra

I in = I a + I sh

Eb = K n

WJ J
n=

Eb
V I a Ra
= in
K
K
b

W
n=f(Ia)

T=f(Ia)J
--

n=f(T) J

EFJ

KIJ
J

EF
KIIJ

J J

n=

Vin
Ra
T
K
K 2 2
b

K J
n=

Vin
K
b

(T=)K

J (no load speed )

K J K
K

--

J
:

L J

KK{

Vin= V

n= rpm

Ia= A
--

Ra={

Eb=Vin-IaRa
= *{={ volt
T=EbIa/

=n/ rad/sec

T={*/(**L)={ N.m

J
K

K {K
K

p= Vin= V

Za=

Iin= A

=megalines

Ra={

Rsh=
Ish=Vin/Rsh=L={ A
Ia=Iin-Ish= {={ A
Eb=Vin-IaRa
=- {*{={ V
2P
n
Z a
2a
60
n
4
498.03 = * (3 *10 6 *10 8 ) * 960 *
2
60
Eb =

n={ rpm
=n/ =*{L={ rad/sec
T=EbIa/

T={*{L{={ N.m
DC series motorJ J

J
W
--

Eb=Vin-Ia(Ra+Rse)

Ia=Iin=Ise

:IaIse

=CIse=CIa

WJ

T=KIa

K
Eb = K b n = K nI a
b

WJ J
n=

Eb
V I a ( Ra + Rse )
= in
K Ia
K I a
b

J
K J (parabola)

(hyperabola) EF
KJ
--

J J
n=

R +R
Vin
T a 2 2 se
I a
Ia

WJ J

n=

Vin Ra + Rse

KJ J

(T=)

--

J

EF
EF

K

K

KK

K,, L

Vin= V

Ia=A n=rpm Ra={ Rse={
Ia=A
Eb=Vin-Ia (Ra+Rse)
= ({H{)={ V
Eb=Vin-Ia (Ra+Rse)

=-(+)= V
--

n={n

T=EbIa/
=*/(*/)= N.m
T=EbIa/
=*/(**/)= N.m

--

J
K

, , {

KK
K

p= Vin=V Ia=A Za=

= wb

Eb=Vin-Ia(Ra+Rse)
=-(+)=V
n
2p
E b1 =
Z a 1
2a
60
n
4
204.4 = * 0.018 * 630 * 1
2
60
n= rpm
T=EbIa/ =*/(*/)= N.m
TIa
I2
I2
T2
= 0.6 = a22 = a 2 2
T1
I a1 (52)

I a 2 = 0.6 * (52) 2 = 40.3 A

Eb=Vin-Ia(Ra+Rse)
=-(+)= V
Eb 2 n2 2 n2 I a 2
=
=
Eb1 n1 1 n1 I a1
208 n2 * 40.3
=
204.4 541 * 52
208 * 541 * 52
n2 =
204.4 * 40.3
n= rpm

--

Ra=

Rse=

T=T

DC compound motorJ J

K
KJ

J J J
W

Eb = Vin I a Ra I in Rse
Vsh = I sh R sh = Vin I in Rse
I in = I se = I a + I sh
V I a Ra I in Rse
n = in
K

-
-
-
-

Eb = Vin I a ( Ra + Rse )
Vsh = I sh R sh = Vin
I in = I a + I sh
V I a ( Ra + Rse )
n = in
K

--

-
-
-
-

J
K

E F
WK
:(Comulative compound motor)J

KJ
: (Level compound motor)J

KJ

W(Differential compound motor)J

KJ

J
:

(Rolling mills )
--

Speed control and reversal J

E J J J F

K
K

J J
WJ

S, S, S KJ

J K

J K

K S, S, SS

--

WJ

J ? ?

GM
M
K
KK
(flux control)WJ

J J

WW

??J
--

WW
I-

IinK in

J K

WW

KJ

J
J J

K K

K
KJ

--

J
Starting MethodsJ

W
Ia =

Ia =

Vin Eb
Ra

Vin Eb
Ra + Rse

KEF

J J J

WK
W

I starting =

Vin
Ra

I starting =

Vin
Ra + Rse

--

,J J
EF
K

(starter)

EF

J J

(A)J

(B)Rst

on(A)

(S)K
(on)

K(off)

--

J
J J
EF

(overload)

J K(s)(circuit breaker)

off AK
ES

C B A
K
ACDC

ARstKC
Kon

C S

on A D

K A (spring) off
--

F E
E F
C

KAD

J
Losses and Efficiency J

Mechanical lossJ
Copper lossJ
Iron lossJ

KEFK

--

J J

(W). J Input power

Pg

WPg

Pg=Ea Ia
Pg=Pin-Pcu
-
Pmech Pg
Pin

KJ KPout

o / p HP * 746
=
i/ p
Vin I in

Pout
Pout + losses

Pin losses
Pin

Pin

Pi&Pmech
Pcu
Pout
Pg

J
--

HP

o/p
HP

i/p

IaEa

VI
2

I2aRa

Pmech+Pi

I2seRse
shR sh

J
J
KL

WKK,

K,J

K
HP= n=rpm Vin=V =

Rsh=

Ra=

Pout
Pin
150 * 746
0.91 =
Pin
150 * 746
Pin =
= 122967 W
0.91
Pin = Vin I in
122967 = 550 * I in
I in = 122967 / 550 = 223.6
V
V
550
I sh = sh = in =
=2 A
Rsh Rsh 275
I a = I in I sh = 223.6 2 = 221.6 A
Pcu = I a2 Ra + I sh2 Rsh = (221.6) 2 * 0.1 + (2) 2 * 275 = 6011 W

--

Plosses = Pin Pout = 122967 150 * 746 = 11067 W

Plosses = Pmech + Pi + Pcu
- Pmech + Pi = Plosses Pcu = 11067 6011 = 5056 W
Eb = Vin I a Ra = 550 221.6 * 0.1 = 527.84 V
EI
EI
527.84 * 221.6 * 60
= 1163.5 N .m
-T = b a = b a =
2n

2 * * 960
60
T Ia

TI a
T1 I a1
=
= 0 .6
T
Ia

I a1 = 0.6 * I a = 0.6 * 221.6 = 132.96 A

Eb1 = Vin I a1 ( Ra + Rad ) = 550 132.96 * (0.1 + 0.2) = 510.1 V
T1 =

E b1 I a 1

E b1 I a1
2 n1
60

510.1 * 132.96 * 60
2 * * n1
510.1 * 132.96 * 60
- n1 =
= 928 rpm
2 * * 0.6 * 1163.5
0.6 *1163.5 =

--

K J

K J
K J
K J

K J
J
K

K J

J J
K
{ ,

KL J
K,
J J

, ,K

K

L J
, ,

--

J
K K,
K

J
L
K

{ ,

J W
K

--


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W W

K K
K K
K K

K K
K K
K K

K K

K K
K K

K W

KEF W

.W

--

Single Phase Transformers

EF

K
K

K
K
K

K
KK

K
J

(core)

KEJ F

(Magnetic flux)

K
N (primary winding)

KN (secondary winding)

--

J J
W

(Power transformers)-

(Electronic transformers) K
K

(Instrument transformers) K
W
J

EFJ

W
J

J
--

J J
(windings) (core) W

(legs)W(core)J

K (yoke)
K, EF

,K,KKK,

K
K

KJ

K
K

(Leg) J
:

(Core type) J
J
L

EF J

EFEF
K
K
--

core typeJ
Shell typeEFJ

J IE

EFIE

EF E I

K
K

shell typeJ

--

W(windings) J
(disc windings)(cylindrical windings)
K

K(Sandwich)
J J

J Kcore) (type

K,K,
K

EF

EFK

--

J J

KJ

Ideal TransformerJ
K
K

K
J

EF
K

v K

W e
--

v1 = e1 = N1

d
dt

N
v 2 = e2 = N 2

d
dt

J K e N
WJ
v1 e1 N 1
= =
v 2 e2 N 2

N>N

N1

N2

K N>N

v1i1 = v2 i2

KJ J

i1 N 2
=
i2 N 1

--

J
J KJ
K

KvvK

WJ J
2

V1 N 1 V2

=
I 1 N 2 I 2

WZ(load impedance)
V2
= Z2
I2

J J
2

V1 N 1
Z2
=
I 1 N 2

ZZJ
2

N
Z 2 = 1 Z 2
N2

Z Z J

KK

--

J
K
(t ) = m sin t

WJ

e1 (t ) = N 1 m cost -

WJ f=f
o
e1 (t ) = 2N 1 m f sin(t + 90 )

o
e1 (t ) = 2 E1 sin(t + 90 )

WeE

2
N 1 m f
2

E1 = 4.44 N 1 m f

E1 =

E2 = 4.44 N 2 m f

J J

EJ J K
Ko

--

L J

L
KL

B=lines/cm

A=x=cm

E= V

=BA=** ={ wb

E=V

E={fN
E={fN

N=/({**{)= turns

E={fN

N=/({**{)= turns

J
J

KJ J

KVA= N= N=

V1 N 1 500
=
=
= 12.5
V2 N 2
40
3000
V2 =
= 240V
12.5
KVA 25 *10 3
=
= 8.33 A
I1 =
V1
3000
KVA N 2
500
=
I1 =
I2 =
* 8.33 = 104.13 A
V2
N1
40
E1 = 4.44 fN 1
--

V=V

3000
= 0.027 wb
4.44 * 50 * 500

L J

KK,
J J W

KVA=

V/V=/

f= Hz

I= A

P.F={ lead

V2 = 1100 volt
I 2 = 40 cos 1 0.8 A
I 2 = 4036.87 o A

-The transformer ratio is

V1 N 1 440
=
=
=4
V2 N 2 110

Thus
V= V
N2
1
I 2 = (4036.87 o ) = 1036.87 o A
N1
4
- The load impedance is
V
1100
= 2.75 36.87 o
Z2 = 2 =
o
I 2 4036.87
- The impedance of the load referred to the primary side is
2
N1
Z 2 = (4) 2 (2.75 36.87 o = 44 36.87 o
Z 2 =
N2
V
440
= 44 36.87 o
or Z 2 = 1 =
o
I 1 1036.87
I1 =

--

K
RK
KR

KX=fL (Leakage reactance)

X
J K (X=fL)

K
K

--

Xo K J
K Ro

Io Ia

EJ F K Im

J K J
( )

WK

J
N1
V2
N2
N
I 2 = 2 I 2
N1

V2 =

--

-
-

N
R2 = R2 1
N2

N
X 2 = X 2 1
N2

J
J
E F
E F
E
F
K J
KJ

--

J
J J XeqReq
W

Req1 = R1 + R2

X eq1 = X 1 + X 2

W
2

N
Z L = Z L 1
N2

N2
V1
N1
N
I 1 = 1 I 1
-
N2

V1 =

N
R1 = R1 2
N1

N
X 1 = X 1 2
N1

J
W XeqReq
--

Req 2 = R1 + R2

X eq 2 = X 1 + X 2

LJ
R={

X={

R={ X={

R= W
Xo=

KK,
KEFJ

W
2

R={

X={
2

N
400
R2 = R2 1 = 0.25
= 0.01
2000
N

2
2

N
400
X 2 = X 2 1 = 0.75
= 0.03
2000
N2
--

Req=R+R={H{={

Xeq=X+X={H{={

Zo=Ro//JXo=//J
The voltage V= V; thus
V2 =

N1
400
V2 = 2000
= 400V
N2
2000

The current I=KVA*/V=*/= A

I 2 =

N2
2000
I2 =
45 = 225 A
N1
400

The power factor={ lagging

I 2 = 225 36.87 o

V=V+I(Req+JXeq)

= 4000 + 225 36.87 o (0.025 + J 0.065)

= 4000 + 225 36.87 o * 0.0768.96 o
= 4000 + 15.7532.1o
V1 = 400 + 13.34 + J 8.37 = 413.34 + J 8.37 = 413.421.16V
500 * J 150 7500090 o
Zo =
=
= 143.773.3 o
o
500 + J 150 52216.7
V
413.421.16
Io = 1 =
= 2.88 72.14 A
Zo
143.773.3
I 1 = I 2 + I o = 225 36.87 o + 2.88 73.3o

= 180 J 135 + 0.83 J 2.76 = 180.83 J 137.83 = 227.37 37.31o A

J EFJ
K

Transformer operation J
No load operationJ J

Io

IaIm, Ia IoK
--

V K Im

V1 = E m sin t

oIm

WK
= m cos t

oIa
KIoKIm

r r r
I o = I m + I a

I a = I o cos o
I m = I o sin o

WImIa

KIoo
XR

r r r r
V1 = E1 + I o Z 1

K Z 1 = R12 + X 12

EF

Po = V1 I o cos o
WRo
Ro =

V1
V1
=

I a I o cos o

WXo
--

Xo =

V1
V1
=

I m I o sin o

Io
K

--

Load operationJ J
I EFZL

I
KJ I

Io
W
r

I 1 = I 2 + I a
WI
I2 =

V2
ZL

J I
KJ

--

Transformer regulationJ J
K
WK
Percentage Voltage Re gulation ( PVR ) =

V2 ( noload ) V2 ( rated )
V2 ( rated )

x100

V V
EJ F
WV
Percentage Voltage Re gulation( PVR) =

V1 V2
x100
V2

WV

V1 = V2 + I 2 ( Req 2 + JX eq 2 )

W
I 2 ( Req 2 cos 2 + X eq 2 sin 2 ) 1 I 2 ( X eq 2 cos 2 Req 2 sin 2 ) 2
100
( PVR) =
+
2
V2
V2

EJ F
W

Percentage Voltage Re gulation( PVR) =

V1 V2
x100
V2

WV

V1 = V2 + I 2 ( Req1 + JX eq1 )

W
I R cos 1 I 1 X eq1 sin 1
( PVR ) = 1 eq1
+
100
V
V

1
1

FJ J
KE

--

Equivalent circuit parameters J

J
RXR

KXoRoX
X=XR=RKN/N
W

R1 =

l1

A1
l
R2 = 2
A2

l ,A l ,A
WK
R1 l1 A2
=
R2 l 2 A1

l1 N1
=
l2 N 2

A2 I 2 N1
= =
A1 I 1 N 2

N
R1 = R2 1
N2

W
R1 = R2
J
WJ

Req = 2 R1 = 2 R2

X eq = 2 X 1 = 2 X 2

--

KKReq,Xeq, Ro,Xo

No load test J J

(open circuit test)

J
PoIoK
K

:Ro,Xo

Po = I oVo cos o
cos o =

Po
I oVo

I a = I o cos o
I m = I o sin o
V1
Ia
V
Rm = 1
Im

Ro =

--

Short circuit testJ J

J

Vsc

KI

Isc Psc
: Req,

XeqVsc

Psc = I Req
V
Z sc = sc = Req2 + X eq2
I sc
2
sc

-
-

KXeqJ ReqJ
R,X,R,X J J
KR,X

--

K L J
{K

K
KK {
Open circuit test: Vo=V Io={A Po=W
Short circuit test: Vsc={V Isc=Irated

Psc=W

Po = I oVo cos o
P
2250
cos o = o =
= 0.1156
I oVo 9.4 * 2300
o = cos 1 (0.1156) = 83.36 o
Vo
V
2300
Ro = 1 =
=
= 2116
I a I o cos o 9.4 * 0.1156
Vo
V1
2300
=
=
= 246.33
I m I o sin o 9.4 * 0.9933
500 *10 3
I sc = I f .l =
= 217.39 A
2300
P
8220
Req = sc2 =
= 0.1739
I sc (217.39) 2
V
Z sc = sc = ( Req2 + X eq2 )
I sc
Rm =

94.5
2
2
= (0.1739) + X eq

217.39

As a result, we get Xeq={

0.1739
= 0.08695
2
2
X eq 0.3984
=
= 0.1992
X 1 = X 2 =
2
2
2
N1

R2 = R2
N2
R1 = R2 =

Req

N
230
R2 = R2 2 = 0.08695 *
= .0008695
2300
N1
--

N
X 2 = X 2 1
N2

N
230
X 2 = X 2 2 = 0.1992 *
= .001992
N
2300

Losses and Efficiency J

J J

Cupper loss Iron loss

Po

K
Piron=Po

K
KEF

K
K
Pcu=Psc

W
Pcu ( sc ) = I sc2 Req

Pcu ( f .l ) = I 2f .l Req
Pcu ( f .l )

I
= Pcu ( sc ) f .l
I sc

--

K
K

Pcu ( x ) = x 2 Pcu ( f .l )

J J

output power

W
=

P2
x100
P2 + Piron + Pcu

P2
x100
P1

WKPP
P2 = V2 I 2 cos 2

KPower factorcos

J J P
=

WEF

V2 I 2 cos 2

V2 I 2 cos 2 + Piron + I 2 Req

2

100

J
K

K,

KVA=

Piron =W

Pcu(f.l.)= W

cos={

P=**{= W
=

P2
400000
x100 =
x100 = 97.56%
400000 + 7500 + 2500
P2 + Piron + Pcu

At half load

--

P(L)=L***{=W
Pcu(x)=xPcu(f.l)
Pcu(L)=L*=W
=

P2 (1 / 2 )
P2 (1 / 2 ) + Piron + Pcu (1 / 2 )

x100 =

200000
x100 = 97.86%
200000 + 1875 + 2500

J J

K,
W

V= V Pi= W
I=*/=A

Req=

Xeq=

Thus, substituting in Equation -, we get

2174(0.00173(0.8) + 0.00398(0.6)) 1 2174(0.00398(0.8) 0.00173(0.6)) 2

+
( PVR) =
100
230
2
230

= 3.64%
Also, substituting in Equation -, we get

230 * 2174 * 0.8

2

230 * 2174 * 0.8 + 2250 + 2174 * 0.00173

* 100 = 97.46%

Auto-transformer J

KJ
KKJ
--

BC (N) J AB
K(N)

WK

V1 N 1 I L
=
=
V2 N 2 I 1

I 2 = I L I 1
CK

KVariac KJ

K { W

K K

J
--

K J
J
J
K J

K J
J

J
J
J
J

K J
J

K J
J

J
X

L {
KL

o KW J
J K

--

KL J
K K,

KJ W

L J
R={

R={

X={

X={ W

K, ,
K

LJ
J W
Vo=V

Io=A

Po=W

Vsc=V Isc=A Psc={KW

L J
W

Vo=V

Io={A

Po=W

Vo=V

Io={A

Po=W

K ,

--


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K

W W

K K
K K
K K

. .

. W

KEF W

--

Three Phase Transformers

J
K

K
three phase)

(transformer
KJ K

K
KEF

--

Core type WJ J

V-U
K v-u

K
.

EF

--

Shell type WEFJ J

J
K

J
J

Star-Star

Y-Y

J J

Delta-Delta

Star-Delta

Y-

Delta-Star

-Y

Y-YJ J J

YJ J
KY
(Third-harmonic)

KK

--

Y-YJ

-J J J

KJ

K
K

-J

--

Y-J J J

J
KK
K

Y-J

- Y J J J

J KK

- YJ

--

K K
K
K

KK
K

(KVA)

(container) K
K

K K

(radiators)K
K

K
(forced cooling)

J K

--

J
J

K
K

WEFJ

K
K K
K
K
K
--

K
K

K J

K
K (circulating current)
K

K J
K

KIZK

K J

KKK

(phase sequence) J

J
K

J
--

J
K J
K

K J
K J

J
J

--

KL?? J
KL J

J SI J
KJ

KLL J
W
-

Electrical Technology, Edward Hughes , ISBN:---

Electrical Machines, G. R. Slemon and A. Straughan, Eddison-Weslley .
Electric Machinery, M. S. Sarma, West Publishing Company, .
Electrical Machines and Transformers Principles and Applications, P. F. Ryff, D.
Platnick and J. A. Karnas, Printice Hall.
Principles of Electricity, B. J. Theraga, and B. K. Theraga.

- -

J J

J J

J J

J J

J J

J J J

J J J

J J

J J

EFJ

J J

J J

J J J

J J J

J J J

J J J

EFJ J

J J

J J

J J

J J

J J

J J

J J

J J

J
J J

J J

J J

J J

J J

J J

J J

J J

J J

J
J J

J J

J J

J J

J J

J J

J J

J J

EFJ J

J J J

J J J

J J J

J J J

EF
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS