HANDBOOK OF EQUATIONS, TABLES

AND CHARTS FOR

ME3122/ME3122E HEAT TRANSFER

Department of Mechanical Engineering

National University of Singapore

CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER

1st law of thermodynamics:

dU Q W

Conduction:
Convection:
where 5.67 108 Wm-2 K -4

Radiation:
Control Volume:

Surface:

Heat Conduction Equation:

Cartesian:

Cylindrical:

Spherical:

One-Dimensional Walls

Fin Equations:
d 2
m 2 0
2
dx

where m hP / kA which has the general solution C1e mx C2e mx .

Fin Efficiency:
Fin Effectiveness:
Overall Surface Efficiency:

NAf
qt
q
1 f where At NAf Aunfinned .
t 1
qmax hAt 0
At

Lumped Capacitance Method:

Other Equations (Thermal Properties):

Solids:
Free electrons:
Gases:
Joule heating:

E g I 2 R

Interfaces:
Heat wave speed:
Two semi-infinite solids touch:

CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER

All symbols have their usual meaning.

Constants
Gravitational acceleration: g = 9.81 m/s2
Specific gas constant for air: R = 287 J/kgK
Definitions
Kinematic viscosity, /
Thermal diffusivity, k / c p
Volumetric thermal expansion coefficient,

General
Newton' s Law of Cooling, q h Ts T
Ideal gas law : pv RT
Mass flow rate, m AcV
u
y
Thermal energy flux through a section m c pT

Shear stress,

Dimensionless Groups

Reynolds Number, ReL VL / VL /

Prandtl Number, Pr /
Nusselt Number, NuL hL / k
Grashof Number, GrL

g Ts T L3

Rayleigh Number, Ra L GrL Pr

Stanton Number, St x

Nu x
hx

Rex Pr c p u

1
1

for an ideal gas.

T p T

2D Continuity Equation:

u v

0
x y

2D x-Momentum Equation:

2u 2u
u
p
u
2 2 X
v
x
y
y
x
x

c p u

2T 2T
k 2 2 q
y
x

where viscous dissipation,

u v 2
u 2 v 2
2
y x
x y

2D Energy Equation:

T
T

v
y
x

2D Boundary Layer Equations:

x-Momentum Equation:

2u
u
u
v
2
x
y
y

Energy Equation:

T
T
2T
v
2
x
y
y

Integral Momentum Equation:

Integral Energy Equation:

u
d
u (u u )dy

y
dx 0
T
d t
u T T dy

y
dx

Forced Convection Over External Surfaces

Generally, Nu C Rem Pr n

Forced Convection Over a Flat Plate:

For constant

y 0

y 0

Uniform Surface Temperature (Isothermal):

L

1
1
h x dA h x dx

AA
L0

For laminar flow ( Re x 5 105 ):

5 x Re x1 2 ;
C f ,x

s ,x

0.664 Re x 2 ;

C f ,L 1.328 Re x

u / 2
2

t Pr 1 3

Nu x 0.332 Re x

Nu L

Pr 3 ;

1
1
hL
0.664 ReL 2 Pr 3
k

For turbulent flow ( Re x 5 105 ):

turb 0.37 x Re x ;
1

C f , x 0.0592 Re x1 5 ;

Nu x 0.0296 Re x4 5 Pr

For mixed boundary layer conditions ( ReL 5 105 ):

C f ,L 0.074 ReL1 5 1742 Re L1 ;

Nu L

1
hL
Pr 3 (0.037 ReL0.8 871)
k

Uniform Surface Heat Flux (Isoflux):

1
1
Nu x 0.453 Re x 2 Pr 3
For laminar flow ( Re x 5 105 ):
For turbulent flow ( Re x 5 105 ):

Nu x 0.0308 Re x4 5 Pr

For Unheated Starting Length, xo, with laminar flow for both isothermal and isoflux
conditions:
Nu x Nu x

xo 0

1 x

/ x

3 4 1 3

Forced Convection Across Long Cylinders:

Nu D

hD
C Re Dm Pr 1 3
k

where C and m are given by

ReD
0.4-4
4-40
40-4000
4000-40,000
40,000-400,000
8

C
0.989
0.911
0.683
0.193
0.027

m
0.330
0.385
0.466
0.618
0.805

Forced Convection Across Spheres:

14

hD
NuD
2 0.4 Re1D2 0.06 ReD2 3 Pr 0.4
k
s

where all properties are evaluated at the free-stream temperature, except s , which is
evaluated at the surface temperature of the sphere.

Forced Convection Across Non-Circular Cylinders

Nu D

hD
C ReDm Pr 1 3
k

where C and m are given by

Forced Convection Across Tube Banks

14

NuD C1 Re

m
D ,max

Pr

0.36

Pr

Prs

where all properties, except Prs, are evaluated at the average of the fluid inlet and outlet
temperatures, ReD,max is based on the maximum fluid velocity, and C1 and m are given in the
table below for number of tube rows
for various aligned and staggered arrangements
of tubes.

(a) Aligned tube rows

For
below:

Nu
D

N L 20

C2 NuD

N L 20

(b) Staggered tube rows

where C2 for various

10

is given in the table

Forced Convection in Tubes and Ducts

Friction factor,

Hydraulic Diameter, Dh

dp / dx D
um2 / 2

p f

or

4 Cross - sectional Area

Wetted Perimeter

For thermally fully-developed condition:

Ts ( x ) T ( r , x )
0
x Ts ( x ) Tm ( x )

Laminar Flow (ReD 2300):

Fully developed velocity profile:

r2
u (r )
21 2
um
r0

where mean fluid velocity, um

Friction factor,

L um2
D 2

r02 dp
m

r02
8 dx

f = 64/ReD

Nu and f for Fully-Developed Laminar Flow in Tubes of Various Cross-Sections

11

Turbulent Flow (ReD > 2300):

For smooth tubes and ducts, the Dittus-Boelter equation: NuDh 0.023ReDh Pr
with n = 0.4 for heating of fluid, and n = 0.3 for cooling of fluid
45

Friction factor for smooth tubes: f 0.790 ln ReD 1.64

Friction factor for rough tubes of roughness e : f 1.325 lne / 3.7 D 5.74 / ReD0.9

Reynolds-Colburn Analogy

St x . Pr 2 3 C f , x / 2 ;

For flow over a flat plate:

St L . Pr 2 3 C f ,L / 2

St . Pr 2 3 f / 8

For flow in a tube or duct:

FREE CONVECTION
Generally,

NuL C GrL Pr C Ra L with m 1 4 for laminar flow, and m 1 3 for turbulent flow.
m

Laminar Free Convection on an Isothermal Vertical Plate:

Boundary layer momentum equation:

u
2u
u
v
g T T 2
x
y
y

Integral Momentum Equation for Free Convection BL:

d 2
u
g T T dy
0 u dy

dx
y s 0

Boundary layer thickness,

3.93x Pr 1 2 0.952 Pr 1 4 Grx 1 4

Critical Ra = 109 .

Free Convection from an Isothermal Sphere

Nu D

hD
1/ 4
2 0.43GrD Pr
for 1 GrD 105
k

12

Free Convection from Isothermal Planes and Cylinders

Nu L C GrL Pr C Ra L
m

GrL Pr

104 109

0.59

1/4

10 10
10-10 10-2
10-2 102
102 104
104 109
109 1012
104 107
107 1011

0.10
0.68
1.02
0.85
0.53
0.13
0.54
0.15

1/3
0.058
0.148
0.188
1/4
1/3
1/4
1/3

105 1011

0.27

1/4

Geometry

Vertical plane and cylinder

Horizontal cylinder

Hot surface facing up or

cold surface facing down
Hot surface facing down or
cold surface facing up

13

Characteristic
Length

Height

Diameter

Area/Perimeter
Area/Perimeter

Free Convection from a Vertical Plate with Constant Surface Heat Flux

Laminar :

Nu x

1
hx x
0.60Grx*.Pr 5
k

Turbulent : Nu x 0.17Grx*Pr

where

for 2 1013 Grx*Pr 1016

Grx* Grx .Nux

for 105 Grx*Pr 1011

gqsx 4
k 2

13

RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER

Solid angle: An / r 2 ,

d sin d d
where 5.67 108 Wm-2 K -4

Radiation:
q"rad hr Ts Tsur

2
Ts Tsur
hr Ts2 Tsur

Spectral directional Intensity:

Diffuse emitter:

Blackbody:

Eb (T ) T 4

Spectral black body emissive power

E ,b ( ,T )

C1
exp( C2 / T ) 1
5

where C1 3.742 108 W.m 4 /m 2 and C2 1.439 104 m.K

maxT 2898 m.K

Weins displacement law:

Emissivity of real surfaces:

E (T ) (T ) Eb (T ) T 4
Absorptivity of surface:
Gabs G

Semitransparent medium:

14

(W/m2 .m )

Black Body Radiation Functions

15

View factors:

F2 ,31

A2 F2 1 A3 F31
A2 A3

Radiation exchange between black-body surfaces:

Radiation network approach:

Eb J
1 / A
J J2
q12 1
1 / A1F12
q

where

1 / A

surface resistance

whe re 1 / A1F12 spatial resistance

Radiation Exchange Network for a Two-Surface Enclosure

q12

T14 T24

1 1
1
1 2

1 A1 A1F1,2 2 A2
16

View factor for aligned parallel rectangles

View factor for coaxial parallel disks

17

View factor for perpendicular rectangles with common edge

HEAT EXCHANGERS

Log Mean Temperature Difference, Tlm

Rfi

TA TB

where Rfi and Rfi are fouling factors.

R
1
1

Rw fo
hi Ai Ai
Ao ho Ao

Effectiveness,

To Ti
lnTo / Ti

Actual heat transfer rate

T (minimum fluid)

Max possible heat transfer rate Max temperature difference in heat exchanger

Capacity Rate Ratio, Cr

m c min
m c max

Cmin
Cmax

UA / Cmin NTU (Number of Transfer U nits)

Capacity rate, C m c p , is infinite for a condensing or boiling fluid.

18

Correction Factor Charts

q UAFTlm

Correction Factor for Heat Exchanger with One Shell

Pass and Two (or Multiples of Two) Tube Passes.

Correction Factor for Heat Exchanger with Two Shell

Passes and Four (or Multiples of Four) Tube Passes.

19

Correction Factor for Single Pass Cross-Flow Heat

Exchangers with the Shell Side Fluid Mixed, and the
Other Fluid Unmixed.

Correction Factor for a Single Pass Cross-Flow

Heat Exchanger with Both Fluids Unmixed.

20

-NTU Charts for Heat Exchangers

Effectiveness of parallel flow heat exchangers

Effectiveness of counterflow heat exchangers

Effectiveness of Heat Exchangers with Two Shell

Passes and Four (or Multiples of Four) Tube Passes.

Effectiveness of Heat Exchangers with One Shell

Pass and Two (or Multiples of Two) Tube Passes.

21

Effectiveness of Single-Pass Cross-Flow Heat

Exchangers with Both Fluids Unmixed.

Effectiveness of Single-Pass Cross-Flow Heat

Exchangers with One Fluid Mixed, and the
Other Unmixed.

22

Heat Exchanger Effectiveness Relations

Heat Exchanger NTU Relations

Use the above two equations with

23