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2008 Rq 2

119 OY

fCG LCG e UGe je BG fCGh .oG pjS Y

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10

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C h ,op U dGh ndG qj

2008 Rq 2

119 OY

b N
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11

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12

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N Zh .hq dG H e hq JCG CG e N Y HCGh
.GjGE HcC H GQhe g e HQO g HGC U e
h ,G H jJ ,d ,gh JH e HGPSh
kcS NhS HGPS CGQ h .dG EG d J
b EG :dbh ,dG f Lh Y WeCG j
kH JH e Lhq R dP Y JgYh ,bCG e e
nC G J c eH J
g G Qa GPEG M .en
d FGdGh ,eCH adGh ,qY FdG fCG J fdG
.e fCa e jJ e ch ,jj H fCG gh .Y
bh NhS SCGH NCGh ,G b MqWG K
,kN OQq J CG H k Lh J Lh SQq a . Lh
e fOCG c :f bh ,dG e dH PSGh
EG NCGh ?dGdG MEG AadG H HbCGh ,JdG dG

q Y CG , dG TNh ,OdH H L
fLCGh ,jCG CG hCa .
q Y G b a gH
G e H N e e ,fEG :d a .T

iSh ,dG Y V GZ a d JRQe

H eCG e j H oX GPEGh .dG Y JS nQKBG
K UG Y fG e jRQG RQ J e
ea .dG Y G H dG H j

n GL o qa HCG EG Oa dP T qHh ,eCG zQb{

c dG nG nqcJh d nYfGh Y no nna .hc
cP S e Y ,edG e e a BGQ b
CHh ej dG Y CH T eCGh ,Ve

n pcQn h Jq Y n pd
n UCG h .r pjn a ,hc RQj
Y e fO M nbCGh ,NBG SQa EG onnY naOh

2008 Rq 2

119 OY

EG GYQa .SGaCG q L e dEG dSQ eh T

g :bh ae e G Sa .dH G YEG
jh ,eS j CH oneCGh dEG zQb{ nnfCa .N
o S OYh ,dP zQb{ a .H jh ,dSQ
EG{ :bh n q na .G Y n VYh dSdG e e
gh zL{ QoY Y dG sp S nnb b SGaCG
oYoj nAa jGh H dM e nj CG jj
H dEG
n o NCG CG iQCGh ,Y L
o h O L
o pIH
CG j { :Gdbh dP e Ho UCG o n a .zRQHCa
jh pdM njh MdG Gg H oG s n oj
ja b EG fEa T oIRQe eCGh .dG EG H
,G UoCG EGh ,dG e l SQa n o j CG a e
?fdG e fe q j a h dP e ,TMh
a ?dG jS jh G H j eh
odG JCjh ,KCG h Y GjEG d e j a dP
CG CGdG H .MCG e j a gCG Y o SCGh
FGG e dj e o e n Jh o dG EG n oJ
.z d f c dG nO dG e sO nJh ,G eCGh
SoQ EG H GVGJh ,CGdG Gg oL nSa
dG Z nj CG HCGh ,dP Y aGj fEa
CG CGdG e d :b K kYS o G
n a .ka
e eHCG aoe Z GjEG EG Gg Lh e nLf
dP a GPEGh .NhS QCH pNCG KGGh OodG
?dEG Qf AT CHh ,Shc Lh f Xf Ca
gLh
r UG ah ?Hb
r no n V b d eh
K ?JRQe j fCG Yj fAL GqN cJ H
kMS oHCG on dCG b T SQa Gg T EG{ :b
e MCG jo d oGh pGh dGh dG e
.Lh JY MS o KDjo h ,nJRQeh n ehe
CG j h ,eGqb bdG e j Z MCG dh
GPEG EGh .zOc{ HG Z hjaCG aM b j
Shc g a c SGaCG HCG H
o na JRQH
dSQ GL T j CH Qb eCG K .zNhH
H G EG SGaC d d b :d bh ,HCG
H LM h .dG LdG IOY e Gg eh ,W b
gcGh ,GhdGh dG e gL GeCG EG
LJh Jh dLQ e fCG Y .dGh dG e
e ncP e eCGh .IO dG JYS CG qEG IFU

13

Y zhc{ EG zSGaCG{ dSQ cP

T bh JRQeh zT{ d
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oenCGh ,hc EG dSQ Gg onHG nsM SGaCG EG K

b oc EG{:j K ,nU Y unojh khq GC nqoj CH
M jNCGh zGH{ fP a zNhS{ nb
o L
n
fCG YGh ?dG dG e Y iL e GLj
J Ea H JYh QdGh dG EG f e
b rpna .MhO e lZh e lo T nfC .nf
aG E a .zRQP L{h zSh c{ EG eCG G gh
o ob e bCG
o d CG YGh .q G Jj CG e o p jo
,IqYo h kGOY oahCGh ,kGY e cCG Ea ,e ka
noc EGh .jdG e kqjH j e p nb e kLtnJ H
kGQ Y dP i Jh , F d hO pG fG e
o fC J
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r pda
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e n Gh s dG o j e dEG fCGh ,G jEG d
pIOq e o M
n dP h .SCGh Gh FNdGh FGG
,On b dG EG Jh dP HCJ
n c EGh .dG pg
dEG nRHC n Mh qEG RHa p dG IOGQEG Y t p oJh
cYh ,eeCG fda b Ea ;bfh Mh
,GNEG Dho GeCa n o b EGh .Ho QbCG OhCGh ,o cY
gJCGh eCG n pX Y oo HnCG HUCG Ho UCGh
dh Ga JRQoe ngp nc EGh .MEGh dH
dP iJ nc EGh .IQcG pdG Y oRQoj T
oRQjn .UEG J Y kGZ d fY a k jG
M dG dG j Z Hh ,fG e hRQG
zQ dG o mfL CG Yh , dG o j n f
npnd nonb GPEG M nbCGh SQa ndCG oT nSa
G J a fG jEG j W n H H UCG o H
FdG e eq G H U K T qSa
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k pb LdG p pW
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.HQjh Yj kGc LdG EG G jCG :bh
EG :G a .Qf M LJ CG jQCG EGh
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nne CG H a .zdNCG a dP EG f fc
fCc YQJh ,T fh .dEG Sa Sh ,gQ
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Sa ,X Qa KJ M VQCG EG eQh NCGh
nOYh .AGdG n a d snQ K nQU Th N
SQ dG G g EG{ : g d bh , dG n L oe ncQh
d GYGh ,Y G TC a ,N c SCGdG G
G EG T jGQ eM QOa .zG jBG Y kShhf
e SGaCG EG H :bh ,eBa eCG dCSh d Sh
.dh Y iL
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e
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dG c h .AdG n o jh ,AedG pL
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Y bh IHdG CG K .VQCG Lh Y c e
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VN b aOa SGaCG NCG RSc AL ac
EG e nfa .qSa ,H G nInZ
CG jOoe neCGh ,G dP e d MGh ,
n U nhSh ,dG p d
o nf EG :j
SdG e BG IY cQCG dG XCG h .Z H
AG QH e Y GPEG :bh dG SQ Y
e H eh HUCG cQ K .FGQh QdG GhQOa
jH N HJh . L Yh UGNh OhCG
.dG
GfH hc G EG dG AL dG W h

m Ve EG gPh ,AH MU jGQ e Vq j

,Q dG i SG CG EG Y a L n S m N
kfeR H HQJh podG EG pna MeQ Jh
nIQGe
n GPh pSGpe nIq T Sb T EG K .kjW
CG n pYh o X
n Nh o Y
r en On p H nIb gTh p SCH

14

n L
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onpcY neCGh ,RQPL H qgoQ EG nnY naOh npcnQh
,OGpH Sa cQh ,pVGe peReh pbGne pH
GRjh jdG Y j CG Y aGa .fb EG RHh
e ddG CG Y dh ,dG e H e EG

SCG j e T LQ SdGE CG YGE :d bh

dhe Y QJ c Ea .QH MCG j h SCH
kjG YCa dP Z c EGh ,YCa ehe Jh
a .Y Y Y IGQGGh adH aUCGh ,NBG kjCGQ iQC
Y GPEG EG ?dGh dGh jdG Gg EG d LM CG :d
oeBG CG Z .QG LQ L aCG SdG X
pjM Y oHGh nfCG rhnna .gCGh je e IeG
SdEG HGoC pJq bh dG p H Ea .dG peo X
.J h LJ h n L h
Y nb nQTCa SdEG oY Uh dG e nc h :b
nRa .dEG nMjh jG e npH nRoj CH Sc
ndYh OYCG Iq T gTh ,SdEG BGQ h .G EG H
Yn j CG n bh ,kSQa dEG SQCG u nah pu nc ch Qn U
HLCa .d oj mjh hCG j m pLh Y napnjh
fGC eh .OQ H j M o J fEG : bh S c
.o n rbpQ a KDJh ,d j
b ALh hdG Y
n cQ dG e dG nWn h
KCG gCGh je sa ,qJQh dG qYh
G dh JQh , G bhh , dG AGQh eh
MGa .dG S c Lh ,IG z S{
b Sc SdGE iCGQ h .G dGh j dG
Y SQdG Gg d GG e b W EG :HUC
kS SdEG dEG Oqa Sch SdEG bJh :b .HH
X Y JQPCG W a S c QOHh ,C NC a
,fSa H e LGh bGWCH NCGh j q e K ,SdG
MRh G OhY K .dEG a b EG H cQh
nOsHh ,bGe Y MMa QG U EG YH
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o
p
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b
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ehdG
J
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H K .Gh QG GfGC h dGh jGdH S c
P fGE S c b QhT edG e QGhOCG e
.H fGjEGh GG AGOCH deh SGod EG kSQ
.iJ e aa .MCGh UCG jCGQ :Sc d a

2008 Rq 2

119 OY

.eOf dbEG Y GhHOCGh ,ee AG

.GQha NGb HH JG fE a SGaCG eCGh
AGQh e Gdjh gAGQh GLj CG Y gDhGQBG rqJGh
h c gJCG GPEG M . M
n m V e T dG
je EG GhQSh dP Ga .meh mIq ob Y gJb
M jCG KK SGaCG H bCa jqQR oc d j
.dGh G e b eh dG AYh e GSG
QGO g dG (1)zc{ L f CG EG QSh MQ K
hc Y g CG EG H bCGh J eh e
.cf e Yh
.e SEG (1)

Hh QG e zSdEG{ H iL e cP
zb{
GjEG Y dj CG zSGd{ G HCG e W b zSc{ c
kGa hdG OH j L Ggh ,W aQ HCG d ,MQ H
,dG HEG Qd bCG MG EG kej M CG JGh .kT
g JQNa ,jVG H e d kjY ,zjJc{ SGh
.dEG dG Hqb SCHh YT Y XCG PEGh .Sc

ch .hdG OH EG dbCG bCG QG bEG ch :b

kHc b dEG a .zSGe{ G HG zSdEG{ e
b n fEG :bh ,keO pH qnb fCc M Yo jh a
o j

r fG bh ,IjG Iq G g QG pd Y
n dSG
e nFgQh nnGh nGG dEG runa .H OGSG ojCG BG
h ,OH hq ojh ,dEG j zPGR qa{ `a EGh .OhCG
dEG SQCGh ,dG GC b M SdEG Za .LJh J
YdGh dLdG g H dG b S e fEG :j
J CG ,GG e WCG GPEG ,VJ eCG fCGh .hdG
neCSG o e H nYGoC h npJ b nGQCGh ?SCGH kSCGQ e
jM n L
n c dh MdG LdG Ggh .SQdG Gg dEG
o dG f dG cGTCGh J M e EG n a
G Y NCJCG Ea qGE n VdG ou oJ K .cd
b EG SQCa jeh gCG EG Gg oHGL nnnHh .dEG
X
n pj CG QMa .dGh dc d SdEG EG :bh
d SdEG
n fGh ,G Qo f
o eq J GPEG zPGR a{
zPGR a{ nSGh ec e ob nZa .dGh

15

bH KCGh ,dH Fb G Jh SGaCG

Y NOh ,dH ke dG Y a .fe
AfH eCa dGh( dH f j AGeCGh G
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GhY b fCGh ,SCGh dG e fGQdG Y iL

e H ke dG e J Y kdL Sc
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H VQCG bh ea ,SGd G dS fCG b
.e gT dG jh dEG Qj n nW K jj
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h kGc kJ J fEa JQNG dG MU
G e kbe ob nfa .kK AY H
jc EG nnna IpdG pAo S e e S e Y keOfh
gGLh kLJh gdG e kGc )Sc LhR HG(
Y Lh .mUh dCGh dG e k MCGh Ic
EG dP e nnfh .pd oJQG kaa dP L
e Y e m SH INa k n N
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e QG Sc EG j c
r Uh a .AGeCG
K ,Me ob oqna .GjEG OH EG kLe M
HCG oa GjEG EG QSh .qOQh Sc Y M
b c J dG EG :bh ,dEG QYGh fYh SGd
dG b K .jdG g EG bEG Gg Y Z Qq b
rnnN !G jCG :Sc d a SCGQ Y Vhh
,SGod nYa .dG H EG rqnJ h oG e
.J dG AT EG cf e Y .oG Sc n q nJh

SQ e cP
PEG ,G Y ad SQ TY dG GdG AMEG EG L EG
L VNh ,L fdG G dS Mh UY g
j ,YCG b gh ,egdG e hCG dG .HhM
.SQ

ge H S H MCG Y c :dG MU b
ch .zGhS{ j dG YW c LQ hrnpH
pFHBG p GMC k n oM ch .nf H S EG o j
e jQL S H Gd c fCG
n a paSCG pQNCGh
S fCc AGhdG
n en pG
s Hn kHG
r da e
r
n na
pjQJ eh kIq ob npd oqYGh oHCG pH so na .f H
Gh AdGh (1)IHGG nSa .k nL pp gnO
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NCG g e
n oc eh pdW ndG S Y Gba
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h .oG oJqbh ,dG d

o gh b Ea .n dGh
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n e n L
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b :Gdbh ,GhSGh GhSh GeNh ,dqLQ J
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o n Vs nah poG n gr nRh - dH k dR ? q dG
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e g
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.Wd
b nnO ne EG : bh b EG S c f K
An G e bj dG Lhh jQRh .M
JCG a .jh hgd gpe EG n Mh
iCGa fGjG e EG bCGh cQ b SdG

16

dH SGo
d b SGe cP
n

l h e b Y l LQ b UCG ch : b
dG fGRQh CGdG fUH Ql ce eGdGh edH
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dP J EGh .oe Y d GjEG GN dEG
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no dG d GTah .pSeo Qb dH j Ve
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SGd H Nh Na .d PCa PCSGh G GjEG
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dLdG g H f fEG :b K .a dG Y
a .G VCG e ch .Gg ej b hdG
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?oeCG SGh ,pfCH non T L CG e a ?eCG

o OOq Jh ,QG e EG SdG c fCG :Sdb a

MCG dCS eh ,G e MGh Z EG Ie Z kSQ
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JG fCG oG nd .H j a d Y e
L Y jh ,H OSCG j LQ H
Y Qdc hdG H UCG bh .Hh Jq H LdG
dG p b bh j M Y O Sh .z Y
a ?LdG Gg qoJ a :SGod d a .dGh
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YCGh ,dG e H MCG e o H o Y
n gPh SGod
K .pdGh QGG e kIqoYh G e kGQH SdG
. Y l q oeh pd d lgC e CG b YCG : b
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n fa
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ndG dEG rMGh ,rpoJ h neCG ruHnna .Sc NCG

q a .W VQCGh INh Ae Y Hc MGf H

.Gh GdG MCGh ,WCG GfCG Hc e dEG
a j kGA kG e gg d EG : S d b K
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M dG G dP EG GUh M GhQa .UGG
hjh ,Jjh GdG j NdG a .FG a
a .aGH VQCG jh ,jh H EG H

2008 Rq 2

119 OY

e dM c :bh jS NCH LG a .HGR EG

.ejh fL YGj Gg b c fEG :a ?HdG
ShDhQ Y L M Y c Y J a BGh
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EG PT SQCG e b a .Hc f L Qn a
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fc jg IQT SCGQ e eQ e fO h SQ a
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dG IdG j Lh ,kGSM kaM HcQ Sh
f K .SQ Y a .dG dM e QU

17

G H OdG Gg EG r o nJ !G GdG jCG

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,Jq e dP e r J h .Y MCG u c Y n q fh
n qnJh GR Y dP n o n a .oJn rn T dG Y cQJh
nYGh ,dEG neCG n Vs ah J dG EG nCdGh .AGo dG
sT qM qHoj ch .PT Sh ,a dG oH
SdG p dc Qn Uh n pY Yn a pHc en EG nna
q d Oo GSG Hc o e a Ss n a .SdG pdGh
pf kGOYG nHG oLhq a dGh HCG e a iCGQ
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CG Gg c GPEG :bh ppH Nh ,f q SnC a
gh ,JYGe
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e iL e Ue Y jSh Q SG MC a
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dGh dGh dG j M jh G j
nH gPJGh HEG G S eCGh .HEG U e
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bdG G Qj a ,jG H e FbdGh
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ff dGh H dG iNCG dG e e gdG
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kT eCG c OGRh kb dG EG QdG aVCG K .MCG
FbdG H CG H QSG Qa .gWSCGh gQNCG e
.WSCG Hh
,OGq b MCG SH KQhh QSG a dG e h
Lh QSG QNCG dCG ? a aOh gH dG jQSG
dCG fCG jh .e jW b IQU JGh ,JTCG
.OG ddG dG
Qq DG EG dG H J dh , dG dDeh
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dG ARdG dP bd J VQCGh ,J FGh

kShhf fH d G a . G F dG Gh
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Y BG bCGh .kjCG NdG GaOh .ShhdG H
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QSG
H GC j e Ggh ,GjEG hG QSEd eCG SG CG H
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CG EG QSh ,dEG cdG q Lh ,Gnc j dG eo

n ch Y n a .e oJ dG je EG Uh
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n
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gh kjW kfeR gY GH M lIo S o r Zh
dEG SQCG dG Y G HCG a .h j
gY orWCG b :d b GhnM a .gj

18

H nbna e
n nKh kHn V dH Hn Vh SQ e
a JUNh oH nqna FG J e IoM
YSCa kjCG SQ HUCGh .dGh GG e
.i NGC I M QGhR bhh . L F Sh Q U
eQh IG J e N M eh SQ La
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.Nh a e dP CG a PT NCG Lh a
.f Y JQL e Y S !G jCG :d a

n oc e pId e
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eCG BG fG bh .AedG pn Sh SdG p nb e H tnoJ
Lh Y d a Hc e d iqJ K .T Jh
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GC J a d A W
C G d eGC ? G
a fCG eCG !G G jCG :SQ d a .Jh
e ddG G e e e ISCG eR fG
,kb EG H J a fCGh .Nhn S EG L
H :PT NC b K .kHh kGOQe QZ e OSh
dG H Uh , dG g EG o aCG CG
Y dG H OhPC Hf e Sb MC a
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SQ dha .Hf e jj H M K Ie gq eh
aq g fc doO IH Sa PT e a
iME H I dG SQ ea . dG Y JCG b
e WNh PT EG Nh a a HdG
SQ a .MhQ e LN gGB hC a I dG
.Je bh H QCK GQOEG e d j e Y dG Mh
IG kjCG QGhR eh .MhQ G LN K
Z dHdG e g c j h .a bh dG
dh UCG SO NCGh HGR EG cQ SQ a
,JY L Yh Y e dG e a . SQ
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a .HGR EG Ye e SQ d c Y
G Y G M GhG dG dP EG G Uh
HJ Vhh ,Zh JMGL Ga fdG
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G Nh NdG GL SG K . ch Mh
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QSG
n a .f dEG q j kGA Gj
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J a ch ,Ic FM a Mh G J H
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C G
.geCG

GG dG H EG QSG Uh cP
M ,dG Gg J h GdG Gg e QdG j
Mh ,GQhe GH fCc ke GcJ dfCGh e j
.OdG e dfCGh e H cP IQSCG j
dP LCG eh .kZ g Vh zdfCG{ c CG gdGh
dG e ffdG jGhdGh .egdG H OJ
.eGS jq QP e aGb h zeGS {

IQjd GG G nT onLh kde QSEG nQa

Y G dG aVCG dG dG Y n YSEG pq H
f EG f EGh .GG H YOh f EG G
,T gLh Gdj dh ,n Wo o S dG n d
ee c e Y Gdjh ,Y a c e JCjh
k eh Y d k We c e j h . S
H SO dG EG Q SEG n Uh h :b .G d
,G H oqjj ch ,ob HG f EG oG
.QSG EG bCGh ,dG Sa e YL ca
,nf UH NCGh l SQa o eq J pq e
n o b h
.MdG N gGHEG H YSEG OhCG e fCG YCGh
kJh ,keYEGh kJ ShCGh QSEG Sa
dEG aCGh pn nH NCG K dH lf s o na .keGcEGh
jCG :bh j GP QSEG dCSh , Hh H
dG o jh cQo eCG j dG e !OdG dG
,YGoN d j lLQ nMU EG !G jCG a ?cOH
Y jOdG e b nAL aJ YSEG EGh
e YfGh ,RGh dG d Y Sa c
e n FN n nbh ,kGQLh kX gCa YSEG BG jCG
OdG ra YGN N b e h .GU gCG

2008 Rq 2

119 OY

, dG
n eo , dG Qn he , dG
s b , G
,odG oe jj K ,G YCG EG dG ne
,eOh pMh pJT ojojh ,cCG oIc ntj h
EG :QSG a .NBG AGhO T EG H h
,ecCGh Y Nh .G bG fY c dP a
EG Qa .AWCG e JH e L Y eqbh
dP NCG g dG F G Lh G H
Y H Z G AGhdG Y e a h .AGhdG
ch :b .U jh eRj H e ch .G
.j H SG e kGoe dG c Q SG
Le EG :bh ,LGe H dG s MnC a
.G KCG b fCG TCG h .kT dG AdG
fCG :bh ,V e dG gJ e QSG fCa
.e dP dG j a .GG b dG f
dG J Q SG a . dG jj AGhO cQh
NO dG UCG a .Ff e kGMCG j h Mh
e bh ,AGhdG dP GQCa dO EG n a Y AGhdH
e :QSG a .dGh dG G Aef
:a ?cJ nJ CG H AGhd nbGQEG LhCG dG
GPEGh .dG dP Y Ga n Mh MQdG f b G EG
a .rGHCG AGhdG EG kGOe G jCG
e IQHh H d eCG K .bM e Jh QSG
.dGh dG gP gOCG Sah ,gdG
e kGA H GhAa UCG G QMEH eCG fEG K
hCG e e Hj hVG a .OQ dG AG
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n M
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:bh dCSh dG EG nda .dG OH f
?SdG CG dG EG Ie G Gg AG oIOjR
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Y h .kGc kJ e GSbh ,kjW keR U EG
SGh ,G GM Y L PJG Y dG
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PEH dG e AG UH j a dG FW
f SM cQJ H AG dG e Q jh , dG
a .jG HL W G c gh .fEG

19

bH CG EG IQTEG IBGe e
o a .G RedGh
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CG EG e IQTEG a FU gjEG G qOQ eCGh .AdG
.AedG bGQEG Ic e U dh IBGc c b
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e L QMH eCGh e dP QSG Sa
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g e jh .QS e jdG Y NCG h
cCGh ,Y IOjdG J h ,eh e fdG
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Yh a dG ech b dG jCGd KD e EG :bh
.aGdG
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j Y k Va o LdG n ocC j CG : a .VGeCG
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U kGHCG c o r SG GPEG AGhO d o qcQoC S EGh

 JQa .SdG Gg Y H EG N e fGC h , eO

.dG e FGa
K ecCGh jSh fGjEG EG SdG SG K
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n ona .jR jQGL SCGQ Y ,gH UG

hdG OH iCGQ e ne iCGQ j PEG gT pd QSG
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r cCGh ecCa
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AKCG fch G SG Y HT hq GC ch .Gh
Aa fRN eC a ,Q SG EG dG J dG
a .IQq e Q SG IQ U a dG I j H
Lh EG Jh a J Lh J f MCG
.SQ qR gAL fCGh QSG fCG a QSG
.QSEG M e g !SG SdG jCG :d da
Z J IgdG aGd b :bh eCG fEG :a
,kaf d po j dh ,feCG dJ h ,OGdG S
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q eo QdG e
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. eh Y p c o oe fEGh ,gnL d mh nd nH
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r a
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d f b hCG d N e c d
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r d bh
r a . Mh H j Jh
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nepnb CG Y M bh d b CGh ?VQCG Y
h oJ mpFd Vq Yh ,odG pGTCG H n p H
f Y keBG a .G AeO nbGQEG
o YCG q dh ?QoJ
Y kaoe ,H EG gg eO e SCG Ea

SGa HQCG dW IQG e je d CG cPh

dEG a .LdGh GeCH fe gh .e VY
p G GdH a geCj kHc QSG
,dEG FGOCGh d G
EG W j dP Y SCGQ d EG fC H g Y Jh
(1)zQa{h ,zGQGO{`H QYG Y j Lh .dH
S EG gTj Uf Y jo e H QYG Ea
Y Y HLGC aG b EG dG Uh a .Y dG
Qa .Q SG V j FG Z e
EG Ua T Ie QSh gb kGUb cY
j e Y ch .d OhM e M je
fh QSEG gUa .IhKh cT MU Gna
NO h .SCG H a fGh GOGdG Y
g MU ch .AedG bGQEG Y n cY n e jG
.ThQb j aG d HG e d k HGE
n hs R b jG
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dP a cT j QSG UCG e LQ j
j d kGjRh Sa CGQ d a ,Q SG
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UCG oeY oo j UN dG e
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EG Sjh QSG j Yj K .d a eG
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.Y H NOh ,ShY e aGb HH cT Aa
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o UCa SdG
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c
q GE Ma G e GG S GPEGh .e Y e
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q Y M e :a .H j
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KCG keo SdG QSh ,aGb HG eq a .H
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kGOhob Y ngTh ,f c e Ic lQK G Yh
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eh QSG GMCG L Y OS n LEG h .gdh
b Y OS K .dGh SCG e Ga je Y
bGQEGh b e QSG H qg eh ,MU e SCG

20

H EG dG bCG e BG a pM
o h poX
n
pQL
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Y naCGh ,H
n Wh kLGQ nG ndG n nb K
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dG nQe e e nQGh gdG e kGc kGf
.LCG nQae

iL eh e QjO EG QSEG QY cP
dfCG e zaGnb{ Hh H
dG P J H H UCG eGC h ,Iq L
o EG c dG s
n na
Sa .e QjO EG Yh dG
n ncQh ,jQGhdGh
qQGh dGh jG dH , nb j ch , o e
oe ch : b . S H bGC h e N a .Gh
cT GP fch .aGb J fc ICGeG EG dfCG
EG f b fch .a dh Ic cYh Y
JQU Sjh QSG j CG JeCGh kGQoe e
IQU Qq Uh QG Aa .dGE j IjM Y
kGSM ,keh ke ,kcGQh kGYbh kFb QSG
.MU EG H fa .keh
nnC na aGb ocP QSG Y j nGP iL fCG Ja
e d Ua .e e b dM Y Q SG
.M Pfh e pHn e ICGG g H J

n cpP H Oq Lh ,kG dh j JGh ,S a HG e

EG ,ghOq a dG pe G nc o HG eCGh .kGHCG Q SG
, e A L dG FG N e HCG EG ,OGQCG
d SG b fCGh .Jh LJ eh ,jQY

o eCG bh .c TCG e Za CG H dG SCGQ Y

o VCG K dG e oCjo h ,gdG e
l HJ n jo CG
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ofEa FYoH ZCGh Lh Y dG EG TGh ,f
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a AdG EG fGjEG e J GNEH QSG eCa
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,nG Gh SEG Q SG d a .A dGh
,AdG pqG Y GdpnJ h ,pAG n Sd GHJh
e a a .YW nHpQ GnJ h ,Uh GMGh
,dG dGh jdG ba MhQ LN ec
,oe fc dG nQGO GbMCa .Y GdG bh
gdG e HH GhAL K .Sa dCG HGhO e GaMh
o n Zh ,OQhH H S Zh , dG e A
Sh o Vhh ,gq eo jO nK qch ,QadH
a .HdG Y GWCGh ,dG EG SCGdG e dG
rd a hdGh So dG NG G dP e aQ
:o hdG
r dbh .e M EG QSG aj :SodG
gg EG :SQa e T a . dh o M EG a jo
AT Y odCS e lnnL gh ,L d j kVe
.H onj M nG GdCSa ,dG pPEH Y onHLCG
de :bh LC a dC a G f G L n a
VQCG Q SG G J EG ?G
n H J n
EG dP Y GhQnOa .JM g H dG jQ SG
N dEG GUh a .jQSG EG Mh M
SG M d M JHJ Y GLGh FG
dSQCG o G Aa .dCG Fe Y hjj gLd
oG jCG oYh ojGC Q jCG :bh JHJ Y j Vhh
naCG nch ?dG G Gg o e QU M
jGC :NGB bh ?GdG pLeo EG dG pIQH

n bhh e
n paOo M
n gdG o a nJ
n dpR e !G
Wa hdG oAY LGh .aJ EG S mnN

2008 Rq 2

119 OY

jCG :G o H d Gda go Oq gh go n YhCa .pYn

n SCGQ
n jCGQ b P a . SCG d W Y dh fEG !G
e GhR Y O a SCG SCGQ e G OdG
.dP Y G pFS oc rJGh .Y AfGh
gCG
o dh ,G e H fEG :b K Qo SG q Za
n Jc Sa HH gh dP ej Ve K .dd
dEG Ujh ,f Y a joj kHc eCG EG nch
,odG n pb e d Qqb AVdGh dH geCjh

o eCG b EG :bh .G adG dG Ad dGh

dH ,O dG g e G a fG GPEG ,h dG H cGC
c jdG GjEG oHcCG eCGh .p eC O fGh Y H
mMGh sc oqe a Je e hdG OH Y oj
Y pj t dG o n jn M dbCG e kbEG e
e Gbq ah ,e pGJ aOa
t eo GPEGh .hdG OH
nG Y dG g Q jO dCG Fe FGN
EG ? LhR j ? ThQh .dG OY e fCH
hq n o rna kH dh EGh .Z hdG e a kHG dh

21

x eo fCG Y TW dh
n j CG j dh .S
N LQ fE a . e jb hCG d Uf hCG Q Sd
dj CG NCGh .dG e zQa{ b N gh .SCGdG
QdG e dG Qhe BG fGh .he e
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.dG e ASCG (1)

QSG Iah cP
dh fCG Ja HH EG Uh fEG K :dG MU b
ac aMh ,SCG SCGc SCGQ d Ode dG J
QU EG n fEG o jo ,QdG fc fPh ,GhdG
EG a .G e eCG Vh a . ch
Y dCSh G SGh e nqna G IM
.JOh dG MCG Y J eh OdG dP dW
e QSG Gn nch ,na pd fY fdG XCa

oj dG gh .TOQCG qa kHG rda nHG Lhq R

Jh n o ch dG
n Ya .z H H TOQCG{ d
s LCGh pfeR n MGh QU M cG GOBGh ShdG
CG H :bh dEG na GhOQCG EG oN ga .fGbCG
oM U l eh , Y T hP l SQ a TOQCG dh
M dEG SQC a dG
n CGb GPE a .m Ma
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nHdG iCGa GhOQCG n a .boa EG a q e HH
fCG :TOQCG a eGQ Y C a . edG YC a
d a . MU CG GhOQCG HG YRh . M U

eGC rAL K .Y o qHGnC h ,m H e m MGh o c

:Jh Jh J gh JHJ Y n Lh Vhh
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H Qj SEG H H G o a M S S o HG fCG
kSO d MCGh HH a .H onYCGh .Soc
,fGhG cGG e kHceh ,fGdG dG e
HG J dh A dG a . G EG fh
K .Gh ndG oeNCGh kGb d NCGh .INdG

22

FGdG e

n pdG H Jh ,G Y GHQh QSG AN RJ

fS WJh .. 312 S HH Y dS SG M
.dG fh S f EG fS eG K HdG SBG
H VG K fb AgR jb bdG dhO qSGh
.HdG cfCG
kdhO Ea kjW GjEG Y bdG o S dh
.. 248 S GjEG e H dG dG dG C f
bdG YRfh .eb eGO GM JVM JGh
:H kS G fch gZh GjEG Y IdG
jh ,HHh SQah je j M kfMCG dhdG g S
bdG Y IFGdG QGO M .ge Rhj M kfMCG
.fS dG g GYRj CG Gha
YR a dhdG g d q J SBG ehQ X a
p G fG M Zh jdG H e Y dG
jdG oO
NBG (GhOQCG) SfWQCG eCG f Y ehdG H
.217 S dhdG g e
ofS Hh ehdG K bdG HQM dG dhdG g
dG g (. 226 - .. 249) S FHQCGh Sh kN
H eb dG ISCG jh KH dhO HQhCG j
dhO S dGh dG NqQD e jh , S SQCG I SCG
hq CG jh ,( f TCG hCG f TCG hCG) f TCG
jG SCG Uh SdG CGc ,fjh TCG ce
OY jGhdG Jh .Sho c hCG O o c EG , dH
266 Hh ,ke jYh Y MCG H M Iqeh ce
qSh gOY jGhQ hdG cP bh .S 523h
c e jGh dG UCG CG EG dG H fG K
dPh .S 537 TOQCG EG QSG H e CG bQHdG
.G e kGL jb
e YCG Gfc fTCG CG SdGh dG NqQDe jh
ADg CGh ,QSG H SdG OH Gf jdG FGdG
.J AgR Gfc FGdG e CGh ,eYH hj Gfc
.Feh HQCG Gfc fCG efQc h
H fTCd l VN go MCG :b GP PEG GjEG fch
hj e S dGh .jh IY HQCG ah .SGh
e UCG e Y j Hh .f TCG eYH
.kjCG
hKC j Gfch ,fGQJ ,t jo a ,Gfc f TCGh
SdG OH j af S d j h .ffdG IQH
jY SQdG dG H J Gg LCG e fCch .c
d FSCGh Fbh H S H .SQdG SCH
Hhch RQOch rnQb `na ;fdGh jOGdG Fbh H
.fTCG AGeCG e EG Gd gcP q J jdG
UCG kGb c{ :ce H cP H ShOdG jh
EG Y SCG h .jQH QdG gCG q j a Yah
.zG c jCGQ h SG

g IO S Y dG ZC S :d bh , G e
,e OG a dG e kGc kT da .IOhdG
pIH rnnSG M HCGO dP j h .HGJCG Zh
d da .oJ npb j c nIOhdG ooJ fch .dnZ
.dG dG Gg d CJ M e n G sCc :kej eCG
Gq n a .kjCG gHCG dH Yh ,IOhdG p H JNCa
oc M fHjh geCH j GLh IOhdH
k bh U d G a . G A Yh Y n Vh
PGg M Y cH QKBG Xh .a gVhh
k aJh Ah IhK j c hOGOj Gf a OhCGh
oeCG na .KO eh Z H SG M AYGh
ogCG nLa .dGeCG uoc pHZGh j pGP jG J
.dd Ghq Jh eCG Y GLNh ,PGg e jG
SGh .eCG b EG aCG Y bh H ba
Hh ,jG J e nNh .dGeCGh FNH PGg
H dEG q h M b dL H SCGQ Y
Y M dG Mh .JOhOh dhh gCGh LQh
IOhdG Y V hdG EG K .jM e kGQS d
,a gVhh ,dG kVM dG d Gha
j c fj Gfch .eh keN H Gchh
Y JCG M dGh dH fhjh ,RQCG e kGQb
.dc e dGh dG e Qa G S N
ec MdG J a SdG H gN VSGh
.)ec Lh IOhdG J SQdH c(
,GjEG EG dG OhO L e e icP dG g CG jo
ijh .e Sd J dG AGdGh jG YU QgORGh
CG Y dG WSCG e T fCG c ofh n epQO
g J afSG b eQO hjh .HQhCG-jdG
:dG H dG
pH o n Lh kfK GQJ G HG QOt g fdG YCG
gdG e kGOpe d Ja dH GQJ YoCGh .f
H j M e gdG a dG jh .h U
fdG Y Dhoj a odG n Spn Th .dG eh hdG
c kec kGQK eW ch .j c dG LdG EG MCG e
.j
Gd fa .dG j e gdGh HG j CG fdG Yh
.GQJ hq Jh bh ,cQ SG IY eG Z

2008 Rq 2

119 OY

c T K .gq H N dCGh gQU EG V

.TOQCG EG Gg
o J
r Lh .MH e MGh
EG HcCG WCG qeGh .UH HH e JG K
.dEG fh ,cCG dh dd GhOQCG a .SQa e
CG Y Yh ,Y fdG XCG TOQCG dP H a
e L MCG G CG Ja .GhOQCG Y e j
Ghd QG b EG gfh G e Y c
ah e dG QGSCG Y Gjh ,G dW
jdG d j jGC KK Gh a . H j
HGdG dG c h . dG jb Y jh
G WN YS fEG :Gdbh GhOQCG Y GhM
e QdG jh ,c e U jh ,dG Gg
dG MUh VQCG e a c Y EG G
h .kfMh kq g CeGh GhOQCG Y dP n o n na .dGh
rpn S JNCa TOQCG EG jQG df dG c
,QGdG Y eY dP Y nqna , G b e
NCGh La .Y aGa jQG Y dP VYh
,dG gGG e dEG L MG e G fGN e
EG df fdG dG fc h .gdG e kGQb NCGh
gMCG g ca gOCGh TCG Sa nSCa TOQCG
.cdG H Qa ,NBG jQG cQh

PGg IOhO Y G cP
J je SQa OH c : dG MU b
V G Ic fch .dG MS Y GQoc
c jG H naGoj fCG gCG H IOY e .MdG
g m nL p n S f LnJ nLG GPEa , U
n ajn K p dG Y n n na .s odpRen o eh ,jb
j LQ jG g ch .q ppce EG
u dH
fch .H S d c fC dH S EGh .PGg
.QcG G EG dG e j c J H d
dG QTCG H e a kej G a

r La q n na .M J g M g f c
G SH AYh Vhh JNCa IOhO Sh

23

NBG Qa .adG e iCe AGdG g EG :TOQCG

Y nJU aQ M GhOQCG
n a .kbOU c EG
dEG Vq ah ,dP f e Y o nan Uh . dh p U
dG e dG La .Gh UG jQS
a j kHc q L EG
n ch .G N nepN Rh
jo dEG a gG HH EG dG Uh a .dH
GQLh G ndh n cGQ M n Y n q ojh jh
.f H nd gdG e kGQb dEG fh .dG
d j h .H Rh G UG Y kGQGO Ja
b dG Gg ch .dGh cCG Z T
.QoG J jQL dG d ch .GhOQCG G
TOQCG Y kej raTCa .QSoOh nfRN fch
kG Y a Yh k M NCG eCG h . a
e EG e dfh dG aT H HQh
SCG e k dG QZ gh aOa TOQCG
SG a .gM oVhh n SCGQ raa ,dGh

p
e Ie
q fch ,HH TOQCG Hf cP a .QOdG e b kGUb L je f QSh dG H c M Y L PGd LGh :b
S HQCGh KG L TOQCG a .a jj H dG Y Qj Y j e Gfch .SQa BG IY cj

.SS H TOQCG gh .HH H TOQCG d j dG gh

.S c - eC q L HHh
dH YGh .OGH EG SS H TOQCG Aa :b
,VG G e k dG J Y Lh
AHh YhQ Soc fCc ,dhq CG FHBG e GOSh
.gH Jh .ASh aQh
e Y g dG GhOQCG H H CG d iL h
Y S b TOQCG fc dG NCG EG SO HCG
hq Y Y J :d j CG eCGh JK H j
eCG GPEGh ,NCG Y q M J h ,HCG Jbh
.godG g e WCGh jfa LhR UdG
Yh Y bq NCG dSH SdG gJCG a
NCa .dGh SCG j b jdG JNEG FS
kej cQ TOQCG CG Ja .SdG H gJCG dG dG
.qGh dG e f bh dG bh OYh ,dG EG
kjS a Lh ,UCG bdG e keL NCa
.G dhfh ,dG dP e kT a SOh ,kGSh
Yfa .a e Oq Jh fGh j e bh dhJ a
Ja Lh G a .JQGh dP e ICGG
.jdG dP Y LLO HQCG SGh ,X ASh
e G
n
q a .YdGh bd e e dhJ a
e noj M TdG qHnQ e :j Lh ,dG J
Sa .dGh dG Z e j dGh pdG
j CG :a ?IQGq dG g AGL e :d bh jRh
H ej CG o n eCa .g
o Z H o pjn M SCGQ

e L bh a H X M dG AGQh SQCGh
e j h ,HQbCGh OhCG e dEG j c
.H j h fEa ,d H iS
M SQa dCG Y KG G dP e QS fEG K
H EG dG Sh .PGg b e e Y f
q jh F dG j C Hh H UhCGh FGeCG
g d M MCG CG jQCG EG :bh .SGG
GPE a SLQCG b Qj SEG q H AG bG IOh dG
kfNO dG e Q dH gT fC H HjdG NCG
.dG H J M dG fa kGQf dHh
gdGh gGGh dH gbhCGh GhO n SG K
e L e jG e Ic kGQb Mh ,dGh
ah JK e FW SGh ,SdGh UUdG
,dG He Gdh . a VCG G dG M dG
dMCH dEG a .QdG R dG f GLJh
IOh dG S nM Y oh dG d n Jh . d LQh
H JCG b SGN LJ EG :bh .eh
HCGh HC gGGh dGh gdGh TdG e
CG jQCG EG :d b K .IOhdG IOS Y g je
KK VCG Gfa .aH idGh dG aCG
JCG YO : d bh . a VCGh dP a . jCG
gSh kej WCa :b .eWEGh IOhdG eH
nQpb a . LCG dG g Zh Gh S M
,SdGh UUdG e e c e a GPCGh jG
Qb J JOY e Y IOhdG VM EG eq bh
QdG e aCa ga a .eWEG GhOGQCG GPEG RQCG
QG Y U e Sh ,eM fa M
dH H UCG iQ dG EG QOHh .G e
.gNBG Y ga
bhCG M QdH NdG JQG gT b HjdG ch
EG H QSh ca Y QS NCa adG Qf
Y a .dG W dEG dUh aGa .dG
TOQCG iCGa dG H EG QOH dG A PGg
fGh TOQCG fh .dH MCa Qg SCc Y
OGg Ghn SCa YS G GTh Jh ,H UCG EG
.dH TQh a H eCa .QHS cCG dhh
Ua FaOh gFNPh dG Y SGh
dP S K .cY Y bdG q ah d dG
K .SQa OH EG OYh ,jQcG MdG EG bEG
W je EG eh QhRT EG e QSh QG
.dG e bh

24

TOQCG bh a .G e dd j e L
dEG f Pc H j fCGh ,PGg M Y
ga .c Y Y j n UEG H
e S e Oa .kGSCGh kb ShCGh ,kGc PGg
.H UCG Y iL YC a TOQCG EG b dG
a .PGg b kGUb cY QSh kZ da
Ic e Q VQCG O c H e H fO
H Lh ,S Y H G ea cdG
EG K .fh NC J TOQCG eCG h . Y bh
Y Vh ,fGL L e dG Y nNnCG PGg
MU CG TOQCG Hh .GhL M dG Y
dG KG je Y g pe G L
FNP Y SGh a q N
o TOQCG J
SGh ,kYQP dH TOQCG a . H FGNh
e gO a Vhah ,dM gQhTh HUCG
TOQCG j H Va dG eCG K . e
AL cCH hVG TG a .k jq e k M
.TOQCG j H dG n nG bh M H f
H a .dG Y jjCG Gch dP GSa
ja Hc Y GhLa G e HdG fh
dh ,dG e H eQo HdG CG cP a GPEa Fa
:HdG h .d n d TOQCG H j CG eGQ OGQCG
IOS e dG g n K CG !pd dG G jCG YG
.gb e j CG e Qjd j h .IOhdG
a e TOQCG eh dG H e ch : b
J Se Th dG Mh TOQCG a .Sa
,PGg Y JCa SQa EG kLGQ Qa .HdG
jNBG bdG Jh ,kGc kN HUCG e Gbh
EG UGN e YL TOQCG Vhh .gOH f
CG :d a jdG J gCG e LQ Oa jb
dG dH bh ?Y ch ?TOQCG NCG jW
GYOh ,dEG GTQCa jdG Y gTSGh .Y
ea de EG NOh TOQCG a .aV EG
n eCG Y pfq jh fWjh fKj Wh ,keW dEG
npnna .jQ ocJh oL oj S fCGh ,PG g
qbh Ka .H gNCa SGh H ooec
FSGh PGg jM GVa .jj H VQCG
jCG :a ,Oo dGh OdH pQSGh dG dP Y
T PGg oeCG H SG dG IOhdG EG !G
G a .H EG H dG h ,MCG ehj
TOQCG f LJh dG J e G ca .dP
.LdG SGh ,q N
o
cQh ,bGRQCG WCGh ,Y L dEG Uh a

,GQac VQY e QUh k T SCGQ TGh

G Y SCJCG fCa .G Kjh j HG dh
Z e j CGh ,hq dG EG H d fG NCGh
EG :bh dG nUa o jRdG fa .dGh IG
:a .dG Gg e G oMQCG MhQ Y eCG oLh
Y rYC a ?A G CGQ e fCG j AT CG
TCa .feCG RG Y EG :a .nJ h n V
a Y o G Ca .oG MCa .gQME H dEG
HG H JeCG EGh .JM IOe a dG EG :a
ornna .M p eCG odNh dG oWCG GhOQCG
jdG H bCG h ,H hq dG X Ar jn M f
o S HG BG gh ,kHEG !G jCG dG bRQ bh .dGh
G a .HoJ bH H oqeCGh .QHS oS ,S
.kY AY !dG UdG jCG :bh dP e
Fe H e GG EG dG Gg pNCa .JK Sh
dH gr eo ,dGh dGh q dG fhh j Z

Y ch nNh mqoM nVhh ,G Y fh

qUGh non a .oG np Ve ic K .ej jQJ
bCGh ,e p
o a eCa G Y NdG OGQCGh .fd
dG e H e iCGQh BGQ a .G Y NO M
G H eCG e eCG EG :a .dM Y dCS
K .d Mh ,a bdG J Zh dP dg
.H RG G eCa .jOh oqoG gh :b
.dEG a
.J Y Yb e fCc kHG Vh ICGG g K :b
Y rJCGh YJh sn T M qHQh SdG Y NCa
aOa G Y j pGP n NO fCG Ja .S S
oGhCG Ggh ?dG Gg e !G jCG :a .kee kLGh
G e Hh dbCG e M pQhSh Wf
nSG b dG noe EG !UdG jCG :a .DdG jZ
, S Nh iMEG dG e
q Y JCG bh ,

SdG
652 - 226

e kGc V EGh k jQJ q j e g dG e dG G g

dG Y jQdG aj a jQcG G a .WSCG
IQG gQNCGh gKBe e kGc jh ,dG dG
S ZCG ah ,jQdG gj WSCG dG dh .a
.HUCG EG FbdG f h ,G
FfCG e c HdG dG h ,he fSdG jQJh
LM g LCG a .gWSCGh FSQh HGOBGh dGbCGh
.HdG dG kGH e LCG dG dG EG
q eGh ,hb HQCG eGO dhO fEG : g bCG CG Mh
G ehdG LSh ,(1)bU eh GjEG Y fS
kGKCG d EGh ,dhe kGQY jQSh IjG Y kYGf
q dG G IQM Uh S h j IQG
S dG L fEGh , HQhCGh e dG IQ H
- Y FN e cCG KOG bqa CG H MGh S
TOQCG SG M gQjO Y hG QSG Z e
jdGh G H Lh TOo Qn R jO H fEGh ,G AYCH
dhdG YGb aj TOQCG a ,jQJ q H KCG d kL
GJ h .SdGh jdG SH d Yj JYOh ,ke jdGh
.GH Wf SW e EG n J dSQ
c PEG dG Gg dG Lj ShOdG CG QdG ijh
g dG W SCG d J h , j e j
.ddG bCG MaEG
.gQhL (1)

2008 Rq 2

119 OY

25

.G eCG a d H HG bCa .Y jh
.G e M Y e EG :d db H N a
eCa ?G Gg L a d ke cCG EGh
NCGh G EG HG Oa .H eCG e eG K dCG M
a .kjS e aGh ec J :d a .dH
fEGh ,dh d d G EG :f bh HG Y dP
HG d j eh ,G EG
o a Y W EGh
g eCG n adG SCG CG hCa .hq Y EG e fG
eCG a oeCG K nM nJ M H fCSCGh ICGG
CG e N ndG JCG Ch .Jj eCG dP Ea .G
eCGh .kVe d NCGh H EG a .G JCG
fEG K .gS pANEGh gpeCH dGh eH LhR
,AGYCG dCG q j eCG Gg EG :f bh HJ
.dP e RCG CG hCGh .dG bGe bjh
,MUh (1)fCG kUCeo n f
s L
n h O fa

jM a G EG QHS S K . f e EG gqOH g fCGh GG EG fCG nNCG M dGh IdH

H kdL j GP c GH CG dG MU cP
idG gCG HcCG H Y Na SLh Fef
.HUCG H LCGh GH ecCa .cGdG e MCH
:bh NCa GdG e AeCG N a kMb iCGa
EG kMU LQCGh ,SCG h g e GbCG S oTCG
G PCSG K .JH e Z dP a .V
a jW QSh , V EG k a e Nh
EG jdG Y a .cdG j a QU GdG
Y d a . dGh dG Zh a I T X
HUCG JGC h .Y ba G e OS HZ
.jj H kWHe Sah ,dG Ae ke hLa
Y G a Y dP a G EG N GfCa
GPEG G QUh .jT h Vh Hj :bh dP
G c Y j fCG L
.dG Y kVY dH a gSh jQGJh
ICGeH SEG HG hq J CG Ja dP Y S a
eCG LNCG adG d fc a . Lh e GP
e TG :H dbh .JCN b fc GT b
J h ,G dG J a eL S g
fK hCG S e SEG a .JY H
J HM Y SCG h .HYCGh bhY q Ta
iCGa GS gh QGO H EG a .HH OGe hO
Yh ,X Y Ka aCGh SdG b b kGSCG
dG jj iMEHh qdG Aa .fPCH SGh
Y SEG iCGa ceEG jj G iNCG Hh
YCGh G Y NOh fa .QM cGc X
:JHGe d a dG e GH a .dH
f Y a .c UCG EG j SEG Gg Cc
Y kHCG YU Qh b H GPEa Y a .Y NCGh
M jG HH W a .cSCG FHBG ch ,L
,G Mh a .iL G YCGh RdG
M HQT H iq j e QGe e j CG PCGh
j M j h , dG h j H j
GUCG JQa .gTCGh Hd VY HQT
Lh GbCG IQGOEG NdGh GdG H FdG
.GaCGh QhdG

AH eCG K .fdG SGGh ggdG GOBG

L J dG gh .QHS dh SG Y je
.QHj
,YS TOQCG eN Qj ch QHS a :b
g ch .kGeh kGHeh kGQ SOh kGjRh d QUh
EG cdGh AGYCG Je e YS jj HCGh
c ch .jOY aOh JOe M OdG GWCG
a .NBG fL e hq Y d X fL e kGhq Y aO
CG J dG CSCG EG :jRd j GP TOQCG
M G YRj VQCG MS jh dbCG
EG SQCG :jRdG d a .Sq Jh J JOd q JCG
GMCG Y j Y LQ fEa dG MU zc{
dEG a .IOdG g d e orn Sh ,FdG
p f H GeG M GPEG :bh LCa dP Y dCSh
M G GSG OGR T f H n pe fh pG
Jh DhYh J a ,G e C WGh
d jh ,L EG j h ,dGeCGh Rc
j c :bh TOQCG Y dP a .Yh d
L EG dP Y fh .hq dG UGe EG a MCG
EG CdGh ,Y Qj a .Hg dG e HG W
.NGh dG H
.f NCG :OG (1)

GH hG OLOj H GH Hf cP
QL
aGj dPh (438 - 420) qdho eG GH hCG Qc GH
IYh S IY K M fCG hdGh dG jGhQ
heh dG iNCG jGhQ djh kej jYh TCG
M WSCG dWCG bh .S jYh kKK M fCG gdG
YQ EG k kYT ke c PEG ,egdG c ,JSh
edG CGc ,Sf fe Y J kb d GYNa
.c H hCG Y e c e
hT Y hdG dU a SS kae GH ch
kOY YQ SSh .WdG gh .L Geg CG H dOY
dG qfh ,Y fYCGh YGQdG Y SdG Mh ,Hj
.Y j e ODj CG dGh dG M h .GOBGh
.Y hCG SQa fc e h
.IG dG H HJh U GH IS cP bh
S da .H dGh SQ dG OCG G g i cP H bh
hhjh ,dG Y NCG fCGh ,dG b e hq CG fCG dj
.SQdGh HdG T e hhj dGh .SQa kJHCG d

26

.dP jRdG a .dG ADg H e dh YCG

Y Yj dG iCGQh GG TOQCG NO h
bh H dEG QTCGh ,AGdG n Jh ,QHS n dh
S j CG f Z H eCG K .dh Gg :jR d
EG ejh IdG e j K e jh dG
IdG M a ,dP dG a .G j H e
gNC q dG Y dG e MCG Sj ce
,e Z qJh ,j h g fEa .QHS iS
.HGJCG EG H OYh TOQCG j H e I dG NCGh
.dG Ae OY EG OY fCc M TOQCG Lh a
EG H GhA Lh VQCG e h NC a S dG QO a
,Y nH e nqbh ,QU EG Vh Ya .TOQCG
bdGh qQdG e Y Gha eCG K .fGjEG EG H nOYh
dP e Yh .Lh Z M Yh dG Z e
CG eCG CG EG H H M kY keGcEG ecCGh ,jRdG e
SGh gQdGh QjdG U iMEG Y SG j
eCGh GhOQCG HG Y Yh .iNCG dG Y G

,fEH jVh FdG KYh ,dG c Sb

dh .Gh jGdG hP e dG hhP q Jh
S a .HG IdG g nd J lM nM
S SGh VCG e Y f ICGG e dP GH
IdG EG ICGG OY K .Y Y Y Jh J dG EG
.jZ H Qa YV eh ,J dG J
nnnb b !G ne j fEG :dbh ICGG Ma
a .kaM IdG g V OY M kOY dG
e ke a V EG eq bh d UCGh
dG g N :ICGd b K .ggT dG dG
.QGdG H Y dG IdG e b Y Yh
Gdf dG GhCGQ a .e GH H GPEa a
ICGG a .dG H Y GLGh VQCG Gbh
H VQCG qbh ,fGjEG EG GOYh G fCG MUh
a .jjCG Vh dM KKH dEG GQYGh ,jj
, dG J d ghh , dEG MCGh gQ Y
QdG e cQh .VCG WE H gUhCGh
.dGh .kGQhe

fCG ic H eg H jhH ic Hf cP
S KKh fK e Ie
q fch GhT
gHCGh ,kGfR KCGh ,kH ce qTCG e ch
IdGh IdGh SC dG e ,cP a , Hh .kGQZ
e jEG QdG IYeh RdGh GeCG Lh dGh
Jh .jhH S ddh .ce e d Cj
d MGh ,dG J jhH a :b .q G

n fh Ya .JOY H L e Y ,S dG
-590) S KKh kfK e jhH G dG ic
e egdG Yh ,QdG SdG e NBG gh .(628
KCG GP dG dGh ,G dH Ae ,OdG WCG
j e dG S e H bh .SQdG OCG dG
dGh e Y SG a ;hq CG GQGO e SQa e
WT Y OL Yh SBG hdG c e FSh
bh .JM NBG fG g dG H dh .QdG
.GhTfCG q c ,hdG e e KK UY
.J egdG dh ,Qb P bh fc jhH jCG h
g gqH H ,iQdG EG keo ,q Lh HCc ,jhH ch
EG jGdG Sj c fCG dG Gg TGM JCSh .dG
.aUdH SLS jqdG c
Me EG TEGS dG jdG Y FGhCG q VG bh
S Y ,fGf gh ,jd ch .cQ d L
fGdG Y dG Gg dh .kGQjOh Fc H bh ,Y
.ehdGh jhH H MdG G QK M qV EG fG

2008 Rq 2

119 OY

iNCG jM

iNCG jM

dG EG kej N GH CG kjCG dG MU cP
.QV S fCc kY kfK iCGa HUCG e Ofa
.AdG
r jn c jK dh ,q b H jW T SCGQ
a .a SCGQ HUCG HH eQh Sb Ja
b aL T LH GPEa QU H Th Y
e Y XCa .H M GH b d a .HG
EG fG M eh ,g c ca . S Q H
AG jJ IqL gHh QGO H Y ICGeG iCGa .V
e cY g :GH d a .GH e Lh a
SH Na .fa QGO QGdG :ICGG d a ? e
eGh Sa HQG :d dbh LhH ICGG Ya .QGdG
Tah ch d k NOh .kJ d qbh X
kje Oqh GH Na .Iq Vhh kGM
e ZeO eN eh bh dG Je e fY
N Y N e kW dEG ICGG eq a .S FGhQ
ICGG a .fh d e ha Nh dh Hh
Gg EG !SdG dG jCG :dbh JQSh LhH
dH Jh ea .kM d HPa c eCG SQdG
H c kM d HPh LCG M H J a .dGh
.j Zh GH cCa dH dEG eqbh a
a j dEG eqa dG KCG e dG e ch
GH NCa .dG SH AGdG e b e GT
.jM Y TCG M Kq M :ICGd b K j
fEG :da ?dG Gg e dM c :d b K
mL c e NCj fCG iS M h G e Y QL
g e EG Y e e dh .gGQO N j
.Y IOjdG VCGh QGG dP G Sa .G
gQGO Y kGc kfH iCGQ fCG dG MU Z cPh
:da .S c Y e QGeh LGN Y dCa
N deCG Yh dG Gg Y S c d
QcG QGG G H Sa .b c hCG . gGQO
dG ifh ,M dG EG dY fh ,f
.dG dG g Y a ,QGe jj CGh Y e
IH EG ea d d J CG ICGG OGQCG UCG h
Lhh Qq J a YV a d d fc
dG b EG :Lhd da .dG e kdN YV
d a .kX VCGh kGAS if b fCch ,J b
QU GPEG G CG J eCG :da ?q dG Gg e :hdG
G QC j h ,h dG d
C G L k X
dG QUh ,G HdGh fdG Th ,aGdG

eh e EG j GP Nh :dG MU b
. J M UG Nh FGQRhh J HG e e Y L
G Y C Sh ,I e Hh a cG VYa
Lh iQCG M JCG d :a .dM Y He dCa
H HCG CG jQCG kGS e EG :a G H GJCa .G
.dH Nh jdG Y Yh ,fY GH a .dEG
VQCG g kYQR SCG c EG !G jCG :d a
a j VQCG Sh H GPEa Ae GdG Cea
G Cch .dG U j U e jh AG
d HVh ,G dP EG G e a .c a
dP H geCa dG MCGh .a g N
H d a .IQdGh LBH e RCG EG Gfa G
kSGh kH jCGa NBG T e He a NOh oa
WHe MCG gdG e Ze SeH GPEGh
bdGh LHdG e A gdG e c e Y
SeG Y cQ bh ,dH H kW
IA aq SeGh ,c J bGj
b Ic K dGMh ,gdG dBdH aGLCG
jQG dGh a dGh dG Q U Y U
HG a .bGdGh gGH Ue jhGdGh
b !G jCG :Gd a kGQhSh kMa gh
d a . j h j gGG e kGc YCG
a .SG Y j CG H a kGc c e :GH
Na .AT kHe dG Gg MU SG a
GH YCGh a .Y L N iCGa HG
H aCG e !bdG dG jCG :Hd a .dH
dG H j e c ?b e L c
LGh AGdG Y L j CG eCGh .dGh
dG dG EG Y j CG H ,eQdGh jGh
G Gg bJ EG f d LM :bh . Y O
e YHGh d gGG E a . Y
kGcP G j CG jh .LdG I Yh eGQCG
GHGC ah LQ K .k jL kGLCG GhNjh ,k L
Lh ,H AGYCG e gNCG dG FaOh Rc
:bh .LCG gZCG M cY Y bq a ,dH
hCG Ad N aCGh ,VG FaO cCG CG dG Pe
hVG d Ya .AdGh G cH EG aCG
.hMh hTh Xq bh

27

 f dG MU WCGh ? kT dGh G Y
EG jhH La :b ? a VaCGh H WJ e jM
LH La .G H q j CG Y Yh ,
jCG YG :n oc d a .dG gQhTh HUCG
fC .hq dG Y e WdG c cY CG !G
;dG e dG d e gh .JNEGh gOhCG
.d dEG j a .Y eh H e
VSG b G Ggh .bh b QhG :jhOoc a
.G Gg G e G e dh .dG H
d KCG e a G dh ,d LQ e c a
J EG Uh ,OGq bh FGeCG e jhH ca .dMQh
L fEa GH eCGh .G EG j Y bCGh
hCG CG hCG CG e d c e c :HUC bh ,bOGS
EG RfGh feC OfH eCdh dEG a jb
Rf CG Qf fEG :Gdbh gHLCa Ga .M
BG S fa dH GH YCa .AdG Y EG dEG
GhQa .jQcG KdG GJCG Y Lh ,SQa
JQa .Y Gq fGh ,jhH Y G gh
pdG ndG Wh YCG Y SCG U
a .dEG j dG Y kbGh jhH ch .bdG
HUCG H kGA AdG dP iCGQ Q dG AVCG
GVN :FGeC a .AGdH dq ,AedG be
H VNh .YS bdH YCGh ,AdG IZ
aa K dG G JCG e b CG EG cQh ,G
Y G aa .jhH SCGQ d S gMCG
Y Uh .SCGQ fHCG HV e HVh SCGQ
,MCG e dEG j a .bdH geCGh HUCG
AGQh LQh fY a .kGMh cJh gQX Gdhh
HQ j G NCGh d a . b H GPEGh
n oc EG da . dG dGR CG EG h jh
h ,fCG IY fEa .G Gg N GfG :bh
Qd kGUb La .dG G Gg Hf CG Qf
N GH iCGQ G SJ a .GhdG L Y
IqY H eQh SdG NCGh ba .FdG SCc

K dEG EG : bh HCG bq a .Y e SCGQ

fdGh .U c JU J CG gGMEG :LM
eRj M jQGdGh hH kY kLQ qEG J CG
J CG ddGh .jGh dH fDjh
eCGh .LH d a .
q Y Sh N Y bCG
WCG b GH CG Y j !G jCG :a ddG
Oe EG fCGh .aJ e Iq dGh cdG e dh ,Y
h .d kGX VQCG Y fG n oc EG BG j
,f q a fCGh .b dG GP e dP Y Q bCG
b H iL hS Abh ,dEG M dP CG YGh
Nh ,jN Y edGh a .RCG jdG
.MCG Y dNO Y j H kGe Y e
CGh ,Nh c Oeo go fCH S fEa GH eCGh
e N dG jS e e bh LQ jhH
R f gh EG H j a c dG Sh dG
Y L Wn e jhH a .Gh d H
SCGh cCGh e bCG CG CGdG :bh .OLh
H da dG EG e j a . SCGh
T EG Qa .G QGRhCG M e jfh dbCG
dP G H i Jh . UG Nh OGq b Gh dG
GJCG e KK e ch .dLQh FGeCG fG
:b .jhH j fCH hYh bh .fbG OGdG
,fG dP e GHh ,fG Gg e jhH ba
HG EG Gh fG :H UC G H a .AG Hh
,aGWCG Hh ,acCG Yh YJ c Y dG
.GH Y HUCG jhH Ca !qN QGdH TJh
jhH j ch ,njhOoc j Gd CG d a
j :bh GOa .HCG SdG MU fEG :H jh
H f fh .H Sh ,dhO OY fEG !GH
L Y fh ,fcY jQS df CG jfh
d :bh dH GH HLCa .jnnUEGh FGeCG
UG M jhH Y dP a . UCG CG jQCG
Weh JYGeh JGQGe OhYh ,dG ch .Lh
jj FGZ qe GHh .GGh G

28

JH a j fCGh ,N H f e gn Yhh
Gebh Y G KCGh hVG d Ya .Yh c
.jcTh jeM dh ,jQhe
h .HCG Y iL kCe dG Le jhH ch
,jj H ch d a Y NO dP ej e eCG
e N c d CG J fEG !G jCG : bh
Y ka UEG IHEG Rj CG Y MCG Sj
.JM bQa dG N e d . Y iL
Y bh ,dGh dG M M
o CG SQ EG BGh

QGOh ,G q Jh ,fGGh FG dG JQGh ,G H

MGqWGh Y VGYEG Y qSG dG jj e Y
fCG Ja .LJ OH Yh ,h J a .d
cQ GPEG JO Y e ch . d hG Y Y
jh ,gdG Iq H L FKK d Oj CG d
,jQGG jjCH kLGQ Sh Sh dCG jj H
e jh ,qdGh dG jjCH HQCGh dCGh
,jOq dG e F KKh ,zjQGOR dG{ e F S
nIOhe ,jdH kseo ,kqn eo kGh kGSCG Sh
Y OGq Y n dCG ojh ,gdG SH GaCG
MGh c j Y Z Feh ,gdG dcCG ShDhQ
Feh ,cG
o dGh Oo dG pa o nbj l en e
eq j GYdGh r LdG o e pq o dG e f
; ehQ CG eQCG CG SQa gCG jT IGh dG j
H fCG jc jQJ MU jh ,SQa egdG
Hh .Oeg HCG e a M jhH Y .eQCG e
dG b H fCG j e ADg eh ,ehQ j IGhdG
zjjEG{ Y aq jT CGh ,e SH egdG cJ
.zGS{ hCG
,SdG GTCG MCG eN fc jT CG fNe h
MCa jdG Gg QGO j U jhH hN ch
bj CG eGq N eCG QGdG Q Y a .kN gYCGh jT
G dEG SQCG jhH J h .jO EG Ch dh
.b EG gNCGh gca
JKOM H QdG ij ahe hNh jT bh
fCG GYR ;Oga SG TY e iNCG b jdh .dG
H L kjW j CG c dH jhH S a MCG
a .Y j M jT j CG Yhh ,SOc L e
jT CG kHc j e jhH dEG SQCG jdG Oga T
.d c dG ke Oga gP bh .Je
hN{ f ;cdGh SQdH kGc jT b f bh
hNh q n dG e f SQ dG AG T e z jTh
fh .gBGh FYh T cdG AG T eh ,q gdG
AGT eh ,Mh q SQ dG AG T e zjTh Oga{
AG dG dEG QTCGh .AD g Z fh .FGf cdG
:n oG c c .oGc gT
Oga c e OH S
T hN f jT d
j Yh ,hN f (gT) jT Y QU :CG
.QMCG Oga

2008 Rq 2

119 OY

e b J CG hCa QYGh AdG e H

I dG e fE a .H Jh Y N a h dG
OMCG gJ FGdG Yh .f a fhj dG
eh ,G G hPh ,jdG gCG e gh .OcCG Jh
.zjh j CG e H h G gCGh G H
bh ,jhHh H LGh Nh VQCG q a
GhdGh KCH GLNa .hG e d H :d
PEG jG Gg g a .hdG OH EG Lf M
.hq dG Y H jG GHCG e GUCG JQG
da kb Y GNCa .N Nh Nh ca
Nj GH CG YG !G jCG :a SGh dEG
,dG jS Y jh HCG a dG EG YdG
b EG j C H Y jh ,k MG pe jh
dH Mq j .dEG ke Gk e PfEGh Y dH
La .jW kGNBG Sh jhH a .cgEG EG
JH Nh Oeo go Y NOh ,GQO dG FG
a . M jhH N GQSh LNh ,Sb
EG :a .S d Lh qUa H MCG gBGQ
,IqOG Y Gd a .j dG Y Ya fAGQh dG
jO EG GfG CG EG GhQSh ,jq dG jW GhNCGh
kGN WC a gGdG G SGh Na . Y
Mh ,YS jhH a .kHGT gSh ,kHh ,kGa
c j K j jh j d jh H M SCGQ
...hjh

jMh ,jhH ic e jT b cP
G HH
n
jQh Y e ,jhH c :dG MU b
EG EG jQGLh Ff e ,HCG IM HT
Y j ,IUdG dG H Y fch .jT
H H e H Y TG e a .UN gZ
dT dH J J a .HL GH Fbh e
bh ,IdG J eJh ,HdG J fG a .dM

29

ea j q Jh .La Sa f UCG M
G Y GH fGh .La kjCG Sa jhH
.fG Gg EG OYh ,G a jhH eCa
eCGh . Wn NO M k fh k e e LQh
.QG SCGh G HCG Mh Q G SCG JH
H iL eh H YCG K d Sh HCG Y NOh
AL b hq dG CGh ,GefG HUCG CG cPh .GH Hh
EG CdG G PCG EG :bh .GhdG L EG N
e H Gg EG{ : a . Y H SGh dG
h c EGh .fGN h IqY d e dG Ea .GdG

e W QME H jhH eC a G G jEG EG GhO Y

dP GhCGa SdG H Va .Y O a MCG gdG
Zh ,dG GbGQCGh dG Gaa eCG K .Ga
IV fC c QU M U K q Wh q fh
e Gg :G a .G EG hOYCGh ,ddG dG
fc EGh IgW OY H EG dq fEGh .jT
,d GYOh G Y GVa .IgX jhe o b e
kd G ch :b .dRe EG GhOYh G fGh
M jT e Qa b H e e kGQfh
f e S H G L K .J a k S S
.jd

30

Gq bh .G q e EG
n jQ jdG O J M cG
d M jdG Tj AG b e AS Fe ADg
dGMh .H a VQCG e kGQZ j AGg g
,TdG He G OhCG T e SQa FKK
.j HdG naQpdG SCGQ Yh
jT H Sh . dG g Y jhH a
FTh LJh , n oMh r nM H g a
G ce b h .S EG Uh ,aQaQh
dbh ,Hh e eh iCG bhh ,Y aTCG
?GdGh G GP jCG !dG G jCG :NQ H
J jCG ?G W a hJ c dG dG J jCG
?OJ jCG J iJ ?OdGh KGG
cM e dEG MCGh gdG j Gj e AdG iCGQ
cGj Xfh j
q e e GPEG
q Xd Qf CG
h ,eO QJh ,fMh H dEG J Wh
bQhZGh ,Lh UG dP G S a . L
e kceh ,keON HQCG dEG a Y edH
gG J M
o EG n oJ CG eCGh , UG cGG
onWh b h .e EG jW QSh .UG
fY K Gh dG nWh p dGh pdG e
. fG cG dGh , FGdG cGG J dG f
G fh , dG jQ ZC H J VQCGh
qNh jT LN GjEG EG NO a .G
eCGh GHG He G Ya .eb VQCG qJ
. n na jBGh SQ Y jT Lhq j CG
b EG jT q H jG QNCG VSGh
,IG YCGh dhdG HcCG Y dP a .G
Y jCG KK G Nj a A dGh IHGG FSh
.gYSGh gSGh HGdG dG a .jhH
.Yf MSGh Z Y dCS GhM a
G d GHG He EG GnehCGh MCG e j a
EG !G jCG :b K H Jh HG a .Y
cPh .H EG jT YCG fC e fQhU bV
a .kHGL j h G a .jhe ka
GUCG h .Gea .ec Y G j GZ :HG

QH e aZGh ,eCG d GZJh ,Qb ad

bGe hO gQHCG eGW Nh ,daEGh a
QGfCG e b O cQOCG dh .dLh F S
Y e e SCGh ,e AGVCH igGh ,eY
QKBG e dG dG iCGQh ,fMEGh dY YGb
OH KBG OG f j a , f Sh S
q Zh O j
C G H g j e Jh , H UCG
Ea Y M AS ShOdG T Ea .FdG
d M nG IOSh G Qah dG Gg cT
,kGf jOdG de fh ,kf FdG LQO H
TQ H bCG kGTh kGM edG FU Ceh
O e Ib UH CG h ,INGdG WGY QH e
jh ,fSh e j J da .IedG VGa
,f e A dG Q e a ajh ,fGYCGh QfCG
e jh ,WdGh G JNEGh OhCH h
.jdG j EG HYCGh HYCG QGh QG

2008 Rq 2

119 OY

31

N
Y H a UCG G dG Le b
SGe eG Y G dh dG YCG b :UCG
,dGh dG e e zG G{ dG fe
dG Gg LJ ,QfCG YCGh ,QGbG dG YV
gGL Oeh ,G dB QH Y G QdG
, dG dG SCG a YCG Y Y a . dG
,TQ dCH ,HdG dG GaCG fe ch
.dG jh ,dG j SCGh ,fCG GQYh
fdG G IG b e F H Thh
.dG AUh ,jdG UN Y jOY S kdS
Y kGOq ,jCG U Y ke cP H Nh
kGFS ,aG W ke ,GYCGh QdG bJ
dG Fc d dG Gg Ea .bG OH cCG
.G QjO Rh h ,dDG HQ QJ dG
SdG Jh ,FGZ d dG JJ fd
kOEG Gg b dh .FYh b SG EG
g GOS FGhQ d fEa .qdGC kHYEGh ,JCG
kHL dG Yh q Y qJ GJ dG IG
kp Th k gjEGh J dG eeh ,kn Th
h ,J CG e IadG XdCG TM
r S
G fe jQ
r SGh ,J dG S
e ,c bh .Jh dG FH J CG
.kbH qdG N Cch JLh ,kbf d VqJ
ddG CeCa OjEG LSCG U M jOjCG fCa
b d Y
q dG IY Ye Mh .dG Y EG
dh .dG H e IG NCG e fCc M
,n Gh qdG G Y jJ CG JOS e kYrpH
.dGh IdG HG EG iJh
j M Hc N ShOdG cJ dh .Gg
a bJ h , e f S e
e Hh ,dG qdV e a e G Gg Lh
z
n MCG{ e aOUh .dGh VGdG e j
AfG e Mh .bEGh kbh ,aEGh kfMEG
A HBG Y e H q Th N e jO Y EG
eSCG MCG b J Y H aQh ,SCGh
hjaCG BGQ d H a PEG ,NCGh YCG
Ad dG jS Qa GhTfCGh , dG bY

32