Chng 8

Chui Fourier v
tch phn Fourier
8.1. Chui Fourier .................................................................................................................275
8.1.1. Phng php trung bnh cng trong chui Fourier ....................................................... 276
8.1.2. Tnh y ca cc h a thc ..................................................................................... 279
8.1.3. Tnh cht ca cc h s Fourier..................................................................................... 282
8.1.4. o hm, tch phn v tnh hi t ca chui Fourier .................................................... 284
8.1.5. Dng phc ca chui Fourier ........................................................................................ 288
8.1.6. Th d ............................................................................................................................ 289

8.2. Tch phn Fourier ......................................................................................................... 290

8.2.1. Biu din hm s bng tch phn Fourier...................................................................... 290
8.2.2. Dng khc ca cng thc Fourier ................................................................................. 293

8.3. Bin i Fourier............................................................................................................ 295

8.3.1. nh ngha..................................................................................................................... 295
8.3.2. Cc tnh cht ca bin i Fourier ................................................................................ 296
8.3.3. Bin i Fourier ca o hm v o hm ca bin i Fourier................................... 297
8.3.4. Tch chp v bin i Fourier ....................................................................................... 299

8.4.

Mt s v d v ng dng ........................................................................................ 301

8.4.1. B lc in .................................................................................................................... 301
8.4.2. S truyn nhit trong thanh kim loi............................................................................. 302

8.1. Chui Fourier

Trong gio trnh gii tch cc hm s mt bin, chng ta c lm quen vi
khi nim chui Fourier ca hm kh tch v xem xt s b tnh hi t ca n. y
l mt lnh vc quan trng ca ton hc v c nhiu ng dng thit thc trong: Vt
l, C hc, K thut, Cng ngh,... cho nn c quan tm nghin cu rt
nhiu. Cc kt qu v lnh vc ny v cng phong ph, a dng, v nhng g chng
ta bit trong gio trnh gii tch ni trn mi ch l nhng kin thc ban u.

276

Gii tch cc hm nhiu bin

Ton b chng ny chng ta dnh tip tc cng vic tm hiu lnh vc th v

.

8.1.1. Phng php trung bnh cng trong chui Fourier

Trc ht ta nhc li rng chui Fourier ca mt hm f kh tch tun hon
trn on [, ] l chui lng gic

a0
+ [an cos nx + bn sin nx] ,
2 n=1

trong cc h s c tnh bi cc cng thc sau y

an = 1 f ( x) cos nxdx, n = 0,1, 2,3,...

bn = 1 f ( x)sin nxdx, n = 1, 2,3,... .

Tng ring ca chui ny l

S n ( x) =

n
a0
+ [ak cos kx + bk sin kx] =
2 k =1

= 1 [1 + 2 (cos kt cos kx + sin kt.sin kx)] f (t )dt =

2
k =1
= 1 [1 + 2 cos k (t x)] f (t )dt .
2
k =1

rng 1 + 2 cos ku =
k =1

sin[(2n + 1)u / 2]
khi u 2m , m ] , ta suy ra
sin(u / 2)

S n ( x) = 1 Dn (t x) f (t )dt ,
2

sin 2n + 1 u
2
trong Dn (u ) =
, c tn gi l nhn Dirichlet, cn tch phn v
sin u
2
phi ca biu thc trn c tn gi l tch phn Dirichlet. D thy rng nhn
Dirichlet l mt hm chn, lin tc, tun hon vi chu k 2 v

()

1 D (u )du = 1 .
n
0

Thit lp cc trung bnh cng ca cc tng ring v ca cc nhn Dirichlet

277

Chng 8. Chui Fourier v tch phn Fourier

n =

S0 ( x) + S1 ( x) + ... + S n ( x)
,
n +1

n ( x) =

D0 ( x) + D1 ( x) + ... + Dn ( x)
,
n +1

v gi n ( x) l nhn Fejer, cn n ( x) l tng Fejer, v t cc cng thc tch

phn Dirichlet ta c

n ( x) = 1 n (u ) f ( x + u )du .
2

B . Nhn Fejer n ( x) c nhng tnh cht sau y:

(i) Nhn Fejer n ( x) l chn, lin tc, tun hon vi chu k 2 ;
(ii)

n ( x ) 0 , x ;

(iii) 1 n ( x)dx = 1 ;
2

(iv) Vi mi (0, ) ta c lim max n ( x) = 0 .

n | x|

Chng minh. T nh ngha ta c

n

(n + 1) n ( x) = Dk ( x) =
k =0

1
sin[(2k + 1) x / 2] =
sin( x / 2)
k =0

1
1
2sin[(2k + 1) x / 2]sin( x / 2) =

[cos kx cos(k + 1) x]
2
2
2sin ( x / 2) k =0
2sin ( x / 2) k =0

1 cos(n + 1) x 2.sin 2 [(n + 1) x / 2]

=
.
2sin 2 ( x / 2)
2sin 2 ( x / 2)

T y suy ra

n ( x) =

sin 2 [(n + 1) x / 2]
.
( n + 1)sin 2 ( x / 2)

ng thc trn ng vi mi x khc 0. Nhng do v phi l hm lin tc v v tri

c gii hn l n+1 khi x tin ti 0, cho nn ta suy ra n (0) = n + 1 . T cng thc
trn ta suy ra cc tnh cht (i)-(ii). Tnh cht (iii) c ngay t cng thc tch phn
nhn Dirichlet (bng 1 vi mi n) v tnh chn ca nhn Fejer. Tnh cht (iv) suy ra
t nhn xt sau y:

278

Gii tch cc hm nhiu bin

max n ( x) =

| x|

2
1 max sin [(n + 1) x / 2]
1
.
n + 1 | x| sin 2 ( x / 2)
(n + 1)sin 2 ( / 2)

B c chng minh xong.

nh l. (Fejer) Nu hm s f l lin tc trn on [, ] v f () = f ()

th tng Fejer n ( x) hi t u ti hm f trn on khi n .
Chng minh. Do cc iu kin ca nh l, ta c th thc trin hm f thnh mt
hm lin tc, tun hon trn ton b trc s (vi chu k 2). T b trn ta suy ra

| f ( x) n ( x) |= f ( x). 1 n (u )du 1 n (u ) f ( x + u ) du =
2
2
= 1
2

n (u )[ f ( x) f ( x + u )]du 1 n (u ) | f ( x) f ( x + u ) | du .
2

Do hm f l lin tc v tun hon cho nn n lin tc u trn ton trc s. Suy ra,
vi mi s > 0 cho trc, tn ti s > 0 sao cho
(; f ) := max | f ( x) f ( y ) | / 3 .
| x y|

T cng thc trn, bng cch tch tch phn v phi thnh 3 tch phn trn 3 on,
ta c

| f ( x) n ( x) | 1 + 1 + 1 .
2
2
2
i vi tch phn gia ta c nh gi

1 (u ) | f ( x) f ( x + u ) | du (; f ) 1 (u )du
2 n
2 n

(; f ) 1 n (u )du < .
2
3

D thy rng hm f b chn bi mt s M no cho nn, t tnh cht (iv) trong

b trn, ta suy ra tn ti s t nhin n ln sao cho vi n n th 2 tch phn
cn li u nh hn / 3 , v tng hp li ta c
| f ( x) n ( x) | ,

n n .

nh l c chng minh xong.

Nhn xt. Ta bit rng chui Fourier ca mt hm lin tc khng nht thit hi
t ti mi im, v do kh nng thit lp li hm s t chui Fourier ca n l
rt mng manh. Tuy nhin, nh l trn y a ra mt phng php mi, thit

279

Chng 8. Chui Fourier v tch phn Fourier

lp li hm s khng phi trc tip t tng ring ca chui Fourier, m t cc trung

bnh cng ca chng (tc l cc tng Fejer). Phng php ny u vit ch n
khng ch em li tnh hi t, m cn hi t u, ti chnh hm f. Nh vy, vic
nghin cu cc chui phn k cng c lc em li hiu qu bt ng.
Phng php nghin cu cc chui bt k (khng nht thit l chui lng
gic) bng cch thit lp cc trung bnh cng ca cc tng ring v kho st tnh
hi t ca chng c gi l phng php ly trung bnh cng.

8.1.2. Tnh y ca cc h a thc

Ta bit th no l a thc i s bc n. By gi ta c thm khi nim a
thc lng gic bc n, l cc hm c dng
n

A0 + Ak cos kx + Bk sin kx ,

An2 + Bn2 0 .

k =1

nh l. (Weierstrass I) Nu hm f lin tc trn on [, ] v f () = f ()

th, vi mi > 0 , tn ti a thc lng gic T ( x) sao cho
| f ( x) T ( x) | < ,

x [, ] .

Chng minh. Suy ra t nh l trn, v mi tng Fejer cng l mt a thc lng

gic.

nh l. (Weierstrass II) Nu hm f lin tc trn on [a,b] th, vi mi > 0 ,

tn ti a thc i s P( x) sao cho
| f ( x) P( x) | < ,

x [ a , b ] .

Chng minh. Dng php i bin x = a + b a t vi t [0, ] , ta c hm s

f * (t ) = f a + b a t xc nh trn on [0,]. Thc trin hm ny v pha tri

trc s theo cng thc f * (t ) = f (t ) ta c mt hm lin tc xc nh trn on

[, ] v tha mn f * () = f * () . T nh l trn, vi mi s > 0 , ta tm
c a thc lng gic T ( x) tha mn iu kin

| f * (t ) T (t ) | < / 2 , t [, ] .
V a thc lng gic l hm gii tch, khai trin c di dng chui ly tha
(hi t u trn ton trc s), cho nn tn ti s t nhin n sao cho vi mi
n n a thc Taylor bc n ca T ( x) , k hiu l Pn (t ) , tha mn iu kin
| T (t ) Pn (t ) | < / 2 ,
Ly a thc P (t ) = Pn (t ) ta c

t [, ] .

280

Gii tch cc hm nhiu bin

| f * (t ) P (t ) | | f * (t ) T (t ) | + | T (t ) P (t ) | < + = .
2 2
Quay tr v vi bin x , tc l ly t = x a , ta c
ba

f ( x ) P x a < , x [ a , b ] ,
ba

trong P x a r rng l mt a thc. nh l c chng minh.

ba
Nhn xt. nh l trn cho thy rng, vi mi hm f lin tc trn on [a,b], ta
lun tm c dy a thc Pn ( x) hi t u trn on ny ti hm f. V t y suy
ra rng mi hm lin tc trn on lun c th biu din di dng chui hi t
u ca cc a thc (trn on ).

iu ny, theo mt ngha no , cho thy rng cc hm lin tc (vn c

a ra mt cch tru tng v tng qut) cng khng qu khc bit vi cc a
thc, vn rt quen thuc vi chng ta. V ngoi ra, n cng lm tha mn nhng
ngi hay hnh dung mt hm lin tc nh mt biu thc no .

nh ngha. Mt h cc hm s 1 , 2 ,..., n ,... xc nh trn on [a,b] c

gi l y i vi h hm s theo ngha xp x u nu nh mi hm trong
h ny c th xp x c bi cc t hp tuyn tnh hu hn ca cc hm trong h
ni trn vi chnh xc tu .
Ngha l, vi mi > 0 , tn ti hu hn cc hm i v cc s i (i = 1, 2,..., k )
sao cho

| f ( x) [11 ( x) + ... + k k ] | < ,

x [ a , b ] .

T cc nh l trn ta c cc mnh sau.

Mnh . H cc hm lng gic 1, cos x, sin x, cos 2 x, sin 2 x,...,cos nx,sin nx,...
l y theo ngha xp x u i vi tp cc hm lin tc trn on [, ] v
nhn gi tr nh nhau 2 u mt ca on ny.
Chng minh. Suy ra t nh l Weierstrass I.

Mnh . H cc hm ly tha 1, x, x 2 , ... , x n , ... l y i vi tp cc hm

lin tc trn on bt k (theo ngha xp x u).
Chng minh. Suy ra t nh l Weierstrass II.
Ch . H cc hm lng gic khng th l y theo ngha xp x u i vi
h cc hm lin tc trn on [, ] (bi v nu khng th t tnh cht
T () = T () ca cc a thc lng gic s ko theo f () = f () vi mi hm
lin tc f ).

281

Chng 8. Chui Fourier v tch phn Fourier

Ngi ta coi lch ton phng trung bnh gia 2 hm f v g xc nh trn

on [a,b] l i lng
b

[ f ( x) g ( x)]

dx .

i lng ny cn c tn gi l lch ton phng trung bnh ca f so vi g

(hay l ca g so vi f ).

nh ngha. Mt h cc hm s 1 , 2 ,..., n ,... xc nh trn on [a,b] c

gi l y i vi h cc hm s theo ngha xp x ton phng trung bnh
nu nh, vi mi hm f v vi mi s > 0 , tn ti mt t hp tuyn tnh
hu hn ca cc hm trong h ni trn c lch ton phng trung bnh so vi
hm f nh hn .

Mnh . H cc hm lng gic 1, cos x, sin x, cos 2 x, sin 2 x,...,cos nx,sin nx,...
l y theo ngha xp x ton phng trung bnh i vi tp cc hm lin tc
trn on [, ] v nhn gi tr nh nhau 2 u mt ca on ny.
Chng minh. T tnh y ca h cc hm lng gic theo ngha xp x u ta
suy ra, vi mi s > 0 , tn ti a thc lng gic T ( x) sao cho

| f ( x) T ( x) |< / 2 ,

x [, ] .

T y ta suy ra

[ f ( x) T ( x)]

dx <

dx

= .

Mnh c chng minh xong.

Nhn xt. Trong chng minh trn, v s dng c tnh y ca h cc hm
lng gic theo ngha xp x u m ta phi gi thit cc hm lin tc nhn gi tr
nh nhau ti 2 u mt ca on. Sau ny ta s thy rng, theo ngha xp x ton
phng trung bnh, h cc hm lng gic khng nhng l y trong lp hm
lin tc ni chung (nhn cc gi tr bt k ti 2 u mt cui ca on), m cn l
y trong lp hm rng hn hn: lp cc hm vi bnh phng kh tch. V
trong lp hm ny, vi cch xp x theo ngha ton phng trung bnh, cc tng
ring Fourier s th hin c y cc u th ca mnh, ch khng b yu th
(so vi tng ring Fejer) trong php xp x u nh thy trc y. Lp ca
nhng hm ny thng c k hiu l L2 [, ] .

Mnh . H cc hm ly tha 1, x, x 2 , ... , x n , ... l y i vi tp cc hm

lin tc trn on bt k theo ngha xp x ton phng trung bnh.
Chng minh. Tng t nh mnh trn.

282

Gii tch cc hm nhiu bin

8.1.3. Tnh cht ca cc h s Fourier

Trong phn ny, ta lun hiu tch phn theo ngha tch phn suy rng. Khi y
tnh kh tch ca mt hm s khng ko theo tnh kh tch ca bnh phng ca n
(v ngc li). Th d, hm f ( x) = 1/ | x | l kh tch trn on [1,1] , cn bnh
phng ca n th khng. Tuy nhin, nu hm f ch c mt s hu hn cc im
c bit (im khng xc nh) v l kh tch Riemann trn mi on bt k khng
cha cc im ny th t tnh kh tch ca f 2 suy ra tnh kh tch ca f , v ta lun

c | f | (1 + f 2 ) / 2 .

i tng chnh m chng ta nghin cu trong phn ny s l nhng hm kh

tch cng vi bnh phng ca n trn on [, ] , v ta gi chng mt cch
ngn gn l hm vi bnh phng kh tch.
Kt qu sau y cho chng ta thy rng tng Fourier bc n l xp x ton
phng trung bnh tt nht trong s cc xp x bi a thc lng gic bc n ca
hm bnh phng kh tch.

nh l. Cho f l hm s vi bnh phng kh tch trn on [, ] . Nu

S n ( x) l tng Fourier bc n ca f th

2
2
[ f ( x) Sn ( x)] dx = min [ f ( x) Tn ( x)] dx ,
Tn ( x )

trong minimum v phi ly theo mi a thc lng gic Tn ( x) c bc khng

qu n.
Nu a0 , a1 , b1 , ... , an , bn , .... l cc h s Fourier ca f th ta c bt ng thc
Bessel sau y:

a02
+ (an2 + bn2 ) 1 f 2 ( x) dx .
2 n=1

Chng minh. Vi Tn ( x) =

n
A0
+ Ak cos(kx) + Bk sin(kx) , s dng tnh vung
2 k =1

gc ca h cc hm lng gic, ta c

n
A2

2
2
2
0 +

T
x
dx
[
(
)]

=
n
2 Ak + Bk

k =1

cho nn

2
[ f ( x) Tn ( x)] dx =

n
A2

f 2 ( x) dx + 0 + Ak2 + Bk2
2

k =1

283

Chng 8. Chui Fourier v tch phn Fourier

A
2 0
2

n
f ( x)dx + Ak f ( x) cos(kx)dx + Bk f ( x)sin( kx)dx =
k =1

n
n
A2

a A

f 2 ( x) dx + 0 + Ak2 + Bk2 2 0 0 + ak Ak + bk Bk =
2
2

k =1
k =1

n
( A a )2
0
= f 2 ( x)dx + 0
+ ( Ak ak ) 2 + ( Bk bk ) 2
2

k =1

k =1

) a20 + (ak2 + bk2 ) .

T y suy ra

[ f ( x) Tn ( x)]

dx t gi tr cc tiu khi a thc Tn ( x) trng vi

tng ring Fourier S n ( x) (bc n) ca f , tc l phn th nht ca nh l c

chng minh.
Phn th 2 l hin nhin, v rng t cng thc trn ta suy ra

1 f 2 ( x)dx a0 +
(an2 + bn2 ) = 1 [ f ( x) Sn ( x)]2 dx 0 ,
2

n=1

v cho n tin ra v cng ta c ngay iu phi chng minh.

Nhn xt. Bt ng thc Bessel cho thy rng i vi hm c bnh phng kh
tch th chui

a02
+ ( an2 + bn2 )
2 n=1

l hi t.

nh l. Nu f l hm lin tc trn on [, ] v nhn cng mt gi tr 2

u mt ca on th cc h s Fourier a0 , a1 , b1 , ... , an , bn , .... ca f tha mn
ng thc Parseval sau y:

1 f 2 ( x)dx = a0 +
( ak2 + bk2 ) .
2

k =1

Chng minh. Ta bit rng h cc hm lng gic l y theo ngha xp x ton

phng trung bnh i vi tp cc hm lin tc trn on [, ] c gi tr ti 2
u mt bng nhau, cho nn, vi mi > 0 , tn ti a thc lng gic T ( x) tha
mn

1 [ f ( x) T ( x)]2 dx < .

284

Gii tch cc hm nhiu bin

Theo nh l trn ta c 1 [ f ( x) S n ( x)]2 dx 1 [ f ( x) T ( x)]2 dx < , v

p dng ng thc (*) i vi S n suy ra

2
2

1 f 2 ( x) dx a0 +
1 f 2 ( x)dx a0 +
2
2
+

a
b
(
)
(ak2 + bk2 ) =

k
k

2 k =1
2 k =1

= 1 [ f ( x) S n ( x)]2 dx 1 [ f ( x) T ( x)]2 dx < .

Do l s dng nh bao nhiu tu m v tri lun lun khng m (theo bt

ng thc Bessel), nn n phi bng 0 . nh l c chng minh.

H qu. Vi cc gi thit ca nh l, chng ta c

lim

[ f ( x) Sn ( x)]

dx = 0 .

Chng minh. Suy ra t chng minh ca nh l trn.

8.1.4. o hm, tch phn v tnh hi t ca chui Fourier

Lu rng khng phi khi no chui Fourier ca mt hm cng hi t n
chnh hm , cho nn ta s dng biu thc
f ( x)

a0
+ (an cos nx + bn sin nx)
2 n=1

biu th rng hm f c khai trin Fourier l chui v phi.

Mnh . Cho hm f lin tc trn on [, ] vi f () = f () v c khai

trin Fourier l
f ( x)

a0
+ (an cos nx + bn sin nx) .
2 n=1

Nu hm f l kh vi tng khc trn on [, ] th chui Fourier ca f ' bng

chui ca o hm cc s hng trong chui Fourier hm f , ngha l
f '( x)

(nan sin nx + nbn cos nx) .

n=1

Chng minh. Gi s hm f ' c chui Fourier l

f '( x)

0
+ ( n cos nx + n sin nx)
2
n=1

285

Chng 8. Chui Fourier v tch phn Fourier

trong , theo nh ngha, ta c

0 = 1 f '(t )dt = 1 [ f () f ()] = 0 ;

+ n f (t )sin( nt )dt = 0 + n.bn = n.bn ;

n = 1 f '(t ).cos(nt )dt = f (t ) cos(nt )

n = 1 f '(t ).sin(nt ) dt = f (t )sin(nt )

n f (t ) cos( nt )dt = 0 n.an = n.an .

Mnh c chng minh.

B . Cho hm f l kh vi lin tc n cp (k 1) v kh vi tng khc cp k

(k 1) , ngoi ra f (i ) () = f (i ) () , vi i = 1,..., k 1 . Khi cc h s Fourier
ca f tha mn
| an |
vi cc n > 0 sao cho

n
n

, | bn |

n
nk

, n = 1, 2, ... ,

2n < .
n=1

Chng minh. S dng mnh trn k ln lin tip ta thu c

f ( k ) ( x)

( n cos nx + n sin nx) ,

n=1

trong , ph thuc vo k chn hay l, ta c hoc l n = n k an , n = n k bn ,

hoc l n = n k bn , n = n k an . t n = 2n + 2n v p dng bt ng thc
Bessel cho hm f ( k ) ( x) ta suy ra chui

2n

l hi t. Ngoi ra

n=1

| an | = | n | / n k 2n + 2n / n k = n / n k
v tng t nh vy i vi bn . B c chng minh.

nh l. Cho hm f l kh vi lin tc n cp (k 1) v kh vi tng khc cp

k (k 1) , ngoi ra f (i ) () = f (i ) () , vi i = 1,..., k 1 . Khi chui Fourier
ca f hi t u n hm f trn on [, ] , v ngoi ra

| f ( x) S n ( x; f ) |

n
k 1/ 2

286

Gii tch cc hm nhiu bin

trong n l dy s hi t n 0 v S n ( x; f ) l tng ring Fourier bc n ca

hm f.
Chng minh. Gi s

a0
+ (am cos mx + bm sin mx) ,
2 m=1

f ( x)
S n ( x; f ) =
Theo b ta c | am |

n
a0
+ (am cos mx + bm sin mx) .
2 m=1

, | bm |

, m = 1, 2, ... , v chui

mk
mk
t. Ta nh gi phn d ca chui so vi tng Fourier nh sau
| rn ( x) | =

( am cos mx + bm sin mx)

m=n+1

(| am | + | bm |) 2

m=n+1

2m

l hi

m=1

m=n+1 m

= An .

T bt ng thc Cauchy-Bunyakovski ta d dng suy ra

An = 2

rng n =

m . m1k 2
m=n+1

2
m

m=n+1

1 .
2k
m
m=n+1

2m tin ti 0 khi n tin ra v cng, v

m=n+1

m12k
k =n+1
cho nn vi n =

xdx2k
m=n+1 m1

dx =
1
,
x2k
(2k 1).n 2 k 1

2
n ta c lim n = 0 v
n
2k 1

| rn ( x) |

n
k 1/ 2

= k 11/ 2 ,
n

n = 1, 2, ... .

Vi cc iu kin ca nh l, chui Fourier hi t (im) n hm f , cho nn

rn ( x) cng chnh l lch ca hm f so vi tng ring Fourier S n ( x; f ) . Cc nh
gi trn cho thy tnh hi t u v mi khng nh ca nh l c chng
minh.
Nhn xt. nh l trn cho thy rng hm cng trn (c o hm bc cng cao) th
chui Fourier ca n hi t (n hm ) cng nhanh, v do vic xp x n bi
a thc Fourier cng t ra chnh xc. Trong trng hp ring, khi hm lin tc tun
hon vi chu k 2 l trn tng khc th chui Fourier ca n hi t u n
chnh n.

nh l. Nu f l hm lin tc trn on [, ] c khai trin Fourier l

287

Chng 8. Chui Fourier v tch phn Fourier

f ( x)

a0
+ (an cos nx + bn sin nx)
2 n=1

th, vi mi t [, ] , ta c
t

f ( x) dx =

a0 dx
+ (an cos nx + bn sin nx)dx =
2
n=1

a t a
b
= 0 + n sin nt + n (1 cos nt )
n
2
n

n=1
v chui v phi l hi t u.
Chng minh. Xt hm s
t

a
F (t ) = f ( x) 0 dx .
2

0
Ta nhn thy rng n l hm kh vi lin tc trn on [, ] v tha mn iu
kin F () = F () , cho nn theo nhn xt t nh l trn ta suy ra chui Fourier
ca F hi t u ti F, ngha l
F (t ) =

A0
+ ( An cos nt + Bn sin nt ) ,
2
n=1

trong , vi n = 1, 2,..., ta c

sin( nt )
An = 1 F (t ).cos(nt ) dt = 1 F (t )
1
F '(t )sin( nt )dt =
n n

= 0 1
n

v tng t Bn =

a
b
f (t ) 0 sin(nt )dt = n ,
2
n

an
.
n

Ring A0 c tnh nh cng thc khai trin vi nhn xt rng F (0) = 0 , v do

A0 = An =
n=1

nn

n=1

Nh vy
F (t ) =

nn + nn sin nt nn cos nt
n=1

n=1

v t y ta d dng suy ra iu cn chng minh.

nn sin nt + nn (1 cos nt )
n=1

288

Gii tch cc hm nhiu bin

Nhn xt. Vic xt chui Fourier ca hm tun hon vi chu k 2l (tu ) c

quy v vic xt chui Fourier ca hm tun hon vi chu k 2 nh php i bin
t = x / l , chuyn on [l , l ] thnh on[, ] .

8.1.5. Dng phc ca chui Fourier

S dng cng thc biu din hm lng gic thng qua s phc

cos nx = 1 e nxi + enxi v sin nx = i enxi e nxi

2
2

ta c th vit li khai trin Fourier di dng

f ( x)
t c0 =

a0

+ 1 (an bn i )e nxi + 1 ( an + bn i )enxi .

2 n=1 2
2

a0
, cn = 1 (an bn i ) , cn = cn = 1 (an + bn i) ta c
2
2
2
f ( x)

cn einx .

n=

Lu rng cos i sin = ei , ta c

cn
cn

=
=

1 (a b t ) = 1
f ( x)(cos nx i sin nx)dx = 1 f ( x)einx dx ;
n
2 n
2
2
1 (a + b t ) = 1
f ( x)(cos nx + i sin nx)dx = 1 f ( x)einx dx .
n
2 n
2
2

Do vy, cng thc trn c th vit li thnh

1
einx f (s)eins ds .
2 n=

f ( x)

Cng thc ny c gi l dng phc ca chui Fourier.

Lu . Trong cng thc trn, cng nh cc cng thc sau ny, ta hiu tch phn ca
mt hm nhn gi tr phc w( x) = u ( x) + iv( x) , vi u, v l cc hm s thc, c

nh ngha mt cch t nhin l

w( x)dx = u ( x)dx + i v( x)dx . Nu u,v l

nhng hm kh tch tuyt i (c ngha | u |, | v | l kh tch) th ta ni w l kh tch

tuyt i. Tch phn suy rng (ca hm phc vi bin s thc) c nh ngha
hon ton tng t.

289

Chng 8. Chui Fourier v tch phn Fourier

8.1.6. Th d
Trong phn ny ta ch nghin cu mt v d n gin nm vng thm v l
thuyt chui Fourier. Phn thc hnh tnh ton trn my s cho php chng ta
cp n nhng hm phc tp v a dng hn v chng loi.
Tm chui Fourier ca hm f ( x) = x trn khong (,). Sau khi cho hm s
nhn gi tr 0 ti 2 u
mt ca khong, ta
thc trin n mt cch
tun hon v thu c

0
hm xc nh trn
ton trc s, c th
nh sau:
Hnh 8.1
V f ( x) = x l hm l
nn khng cn tnh ta cng c th khng nh c rng

a0 = 1 f ( x)dx = 0 , an = 1 f ( x) cos nxdx = 0.

Tm bn theo cng thc bn = 1 f ( x)sin nxdx = 2

(1) n+1
. Nh vy chui
n

Fourier ca f ( x) = x trn khong (,) l nh sau

x = 2
n=1

(1) n
sin nx .
n

thy c kh nng xp x ca cc tng ring ca chui Fourier i vi hm s

f ( x) = x trn khong bng chu k, ta quan st th hm s cng vi cc tng
ring ny (cc th c v bng my, nh trnh by trong cc chng trc,
v s c cp li trong phn tnh ton thc hnh ca chng ny).
4
(1) n
th hm f ( x) = x v tng ring S 4 = 2
sin nx l nh sau:
n
n=1

290

Gii tch cc hm nhiu bin

Hnh 8.2
12

th hm f ( x) = x v tng ring th 12, S12 = 2

n=1

(1) n
sin nx , c m t
n

trong hnh v sau

Hnh 8.3.
Mt iu d nhn thy rng cc tng ring ca chui Fourier ch xp x tt trn
khong h (v ti cc im u mt hm s f l gin on).

8.2. Tch phn Fourier

8.2.1. Biu din hm s bng tch phn Fourier
Cho hm s f kh tch tuyt i trn trc s thc. Nu, mt cch hnh thc, ta
thay vic tnh tng cc s hng theo ch s n bng vic ly tch phn theo mt tham
s y, th chui Fourier s c thay bng tch phn sau y (gi l tch phn
Fourier ca hm f )

[a( y) cos( yx) + b( y)sin( yx)] dy

trong a ( y ) = 1

f (t ) cos( yt ) dt , b( y ) = 1

f (t )sin( yt ) dt .

D dng thy rng

[a( y) cos( yx) + b( y)sin( yx)] dy =

0

= 1 dy f (t )[cos(ty ) cos( xy ) sin(ty )sin( xy )] dt = 1 dy f (t ) cos[ y ( x t )]dt.

291

Chng 8. Chui Fourier v tch phn Fourier

Tng t nh thy rng tng chui Fourier ca mt hm s cho gi tr ca chnh

hm s (trong mt s iu kin nht nh), chng ta s chng minh rng tch phn
Fourier ca mt hm s cng cho mt biu din ca chnh hm s . Trc ht ta
cn kt qu b tr sau

B . Nu hm f l kh tch tuyt i trn khong (a,b), hu hn hoc v hn,

th
b

lim

f ( x) cos(x) dx =

lim

f ( x)sin(x) dx = 0 .

Chng minh. Tng t nh chng minh h s Fourier ca mt hm kh tch th

tin n 0 khi n tin ra v cng (xem gio trnh Gii tch mt bin).

nh l. Cho hm s f lin tc tng khc trn mi on hu hn v kh tch

tuyt i trn ton trc s. Nu ti im x hm s c o hm phi f '+ ( x) v o
hm tri f ' ( x) th ta c

f ( x + 0) + f ( x 0) 1
= dy f (t ) cos[ y ( x t )] dt ,
2

trong f ( x + 0) , f ( x 0) , theo th t, l cc gii hn phi, gii hn tri ca f

ti x.

Chng minh. Vi s > 0 , ta xt tch phn

S () = 1 dy f (t ) cos[ y ( x t )] dt .

R rng tch phn Fourier ca hm f ng bng lim S () . Vi mi s > 0 ,

theo nh l v tch phn ca tch phn ph thuc tham s, ta c

dy f (t ) cos[ y ( x t )] dt =

f (t )dt cos[ y ( x t )] dy =
0

f (t )

sin[( x t )]
dt.
x t
(*)

(Bi v, do tnh lin tc tng khc ca f , ta c th phn chia hnh hp t ,

0 y thnh mt s hu hn cc hp nh (bi cc ng song song vi trc
Oy) sao cho trn mi hp con hm l lin tc theo c 2 bin n tn bin, nu ti
bin ta ly cc gi tr gii hn phi hoc gii hn tri ca hm).
Lu rng | f (t ) cos[ y ( x t )] | | f (t ) | , cho nn do tnh kh tch tuyt i ca
hm f ta suy ra tnh hi t u theo tham s y trn on [0, ] ca tch phn sau

292

Gii tch cc hm nhiu bin

F ( y) =

f (t ) cos[ y ( x t )] dt .

Nh vy, hm s

F ( y , ) =

f (t ) cos[ y ( x t )] dt

hi t u (trn on[0, ] ) n hm F ( y ) khi . D dng chng minh rng

hm F ( y, ) l lin tc theo y cho nn t cng thc (*), bng cch cho qua gii
hn di du tch phn v tri, ta thu c
S () = 1

f (t )

sin[( x t )]
dt .
xt

t u = t x , ta c
S () = 1

f (u + x)

Bng cch tch tch phn thnh 2 khc

sin(u )
du .
u

+ v trong khc thc nht

0

ta lm php i bin u = t th ta s thu c

S () = 1 [ f ( x + t ) + f ( x t )]

sin(t )
dt .
t

Trong mc ni v tch phn Dirichlet (Chng 5) ta bit rng

sin(t )
dt = ,
t
2

vi mi > 0 , cho nn
S ()

f ( x + 0) + f ( x 0)
=
2

= 1 [ f ( x + t ) + f ( x t )]

sin(t )
f ( x + 0) + f ( x 0) sin t
dt
t dt
t

f ( x + t ) f ( x + 0)
f ( x t ) f ( x 0)
sin(t ) dt + 1
sin(t ) dt .
=1

t
R rng nh l s c chng minh nu ta ch ra rng c 2 tch phn v phi u
tin ti 0 khi . iu ny c suy ra t cc nhn xt sau y (chng minh
chi tit xin dnh cho ngi c).

293

Chng 8. Chui Fourier v tch phn Fourier

Do s tn ti ca cc o hm phi ca hm f ti im x m hm
f ( x + t ) f ( x + 0)
lin tc tng khc (theo bin t) ti im 0 v do n l kh
t
tch (tuyt i) trn on[0,1] . Do b ta c
1

lim

f ( x + t ) f ( x + 0)
sin(t ) dt = 0 .
t

Trn min t 1 hm s f ( x + t ) / t b chn bi hm kh tch | f ( x + t ) | cho nn

n cng kh tch, v do cng theo b ta c

lim

f (x + t)
sin(t ) dt = 0 .
t

f ( x + 0)
sin x dx hi t nn lim
sin(t ) dt = f ( x + 0) lim sin u du = 0 .
x
t
u

Kt hp li ta suy ra iu cn chng minh.

Nhn xt. Vi cc iu kin ca nh l, nu hm s f l lin tc ti x th tch
phn Fourier ti im x cho gi tr ca chnh hm f.

8.2.2. Dng khc ca cng thc Fourier

vic trnh by c n gin hn, trong phn cn li ta lun gi thit rng
f l hm lin tc v tha mn cc iu kin ca nh l trn. Khi y, theo nhn xt
nu, ta c cng thc Fourier sau y:

f ( x) = 1 dy f (t ) cos[ y ( x t )]dt

(*)

v do biu thc di du tch phn theo dy l hm chn theo y nn

f ( x) = 1
2

dy f (t ) cos[ y ( x t )]dt .

Lu rng | f (t )sin[ y ( x t )] | | f (t ) | cho nn, theo du hiu Weierstrass, tch

phn

f (t )sin[ y ( x t )]dt

l hi t u (theo y trn ton trc s) v l hm lin tc theo bin y. V vy,

vi > 0 , tch phn

294

Gii tch cc hm nhiu bin

dy f (t )sin[ y ( x t )]dt

tn ti v, do hm di du tch phn l l theo y, tch phn ny bng 0. Tuy nhin,

iu ny khng m bo cho s tn ti ca tch phn suy rng

dy f (t )sin[ y ( x t )]dt ,

(v n khng nh ngha nh gii hn ca tch phn vi cc cn i xng qua gc,

m l vi cc cn tu ).
Chnh v l ny, ngi ta a ra khi nim gi tr chnh ca tch phn

( x)dx (vi l hm kh tch trn cc on hu hn bt k) nh ngha nh

sau

v. p. ( x) dx := v. p. ( x) dx := lim ( x) dx .

Mt cch tng t, ngi ta nh ngha c gi tr chnh ca tch phn suy rng

ti mt im no (ch khng nht thit ti nh trn).
R rng, nu tch phn hi t th gi tr chnh ca tch phn v bn thn tch
phn l bng nhau.

Th d. Cc tch phn suy rng

x dx v

dx l khng hi t, nhng gi tr
x

chnh ca chng vn tn ti v bng 0.

Tr li vi tch phn Fourier ta c

v. p. dy f (t )sin[ y ( x t )]dt = 0 .

Nhn tch phn ny vi i v cng vi (*) ta suy ra

2
f ( x) = v. p. 1
2

dy f (t )eiy ( xt ) dt .

y chnh l mt dng khc ca cng thc tch phn Fourier.

295

Chng 8. Chui Fourier v tch phn Fourier

8.3. Bin i Fourier

8.3.1. nh ngha
Nu ta t

( y) =

1
f (t )eiyt dt ,

th dng ni trn ca cng thc tch phn Fourier tr thnh

f ( x) = v. p. 1 ( y )eixy dy .
2
Ngi ta gi php ng mi hm f vi hm s

f ( y ) := ( y ) = v. p. 1 f (t )eiyt dt
2
l php bin i Fourier v thng c k hiu l F. Ngha l f = F [ f ] = .
Nh vy, php bin i Fourier c xc nh vi mi hm kh tch tuyt i.
Trong nh ngha ny, f c th l mt hm (vi bin s thc) nhn gi tr phc, v
nh ca n F [ f ] ni chung l hm nhn gi tr phc ngay c khi f l hm nhn
gi tr thc.
Tng t nh trn ngi ta nh ngha php bin i Fourier ngc l php
ng mi hm f vi hm s

( y ) = v. p. 1 f (t )eiyt dt ,
2
v thng k hiu n l F 1 . Nh vy F 1[ f ] = .
Tn gi nh trn c bt ngun t mnh sau.

Mnh . Nu hm f l lin tc, kh tch tuyt i trn ton trc s, v c o

hm tng pha ti mi im, th
F 1 [ F [ f ]] = F F 1[ f ] = f .

Chng minh. Cng thc F 1 [ F [ f ]] = f cng chnh l cng thc tch phn

Fourier di dng khc. Ta ch cn phi chng minh rng F F 1[ f ] = f . V hm

cosin l chn cho nn trong cng thc tch phn Fourier (dng thng thng) c th
i v tr gia t v x , ngha l
f ( x) = 1
2

dy f (t ) cos[ y (t x)] dt .

296

Gii tch cc hm nhiu bin

Mt khc, do tnh l ca hm sin ,

v. p. dy f (t )sin[ y (t x)] dt = 0 .

Cho nn, tch phn Fourier c thm mt dng na

f ( x) = v. p. 1
2

dy f (t )eiy (tx ) dt ,

hay l

f ( x) = v. p. 1 1 f (t )eiyt dt eixy dy ,
2 2

y chnh l cng thc cn chng minh.

8.3.2. Cc tnh cht ca bin i Fourier

Mnh . Php bin i Fourier (v ngc ca n) l tuyn tnh, ngha l,
F [1 f1 + 2 f 2 ] = 1F [ f1 ] + 2 F [ f 2 ]
v
F 1[1 f1 + 2 f 2 ] = 1F 1[ f1 ] + 2 F 1[ f 2 ] ;
(cc cng thc trn c hiu theo ngha: nu v phi tn ti th v tri tn ti v
c ng thc xy ra).
Chng minh. Suy ngay t nh ngha.

Mnh . Php bin i Fourier (cng nh ngc ca n) l php ng 1-1.

Chng minh. Tht vy,

F [ f1 ] = F [ f 2 ] F 1 [ F [ f1 ]] = F 1 [ F [ f 2 ]]

f1 = f 2

(theo mnh trong phn trn).

Mnh . Bin i Fourier ca mt hm kh tch tuyt i (trn ton trc s) l

mt hm b chn (trn ton trc s), v ngoi ra
| f ( y ) |

1
| f ( x) | dx .
2

Chng minh. Suy ngay t nh ngha vi lu rng | eixy | = 1 .

H qu. Nu hm kh tch tuyt i f v dy hm kh tch tuyt i { f n } tha

mn iu kin

297

Chng 8. Chui Fourier v tch phn Fourier

lim

th dy hm

| f n ( x) f ( x) | dx

= 0,

{ fn ( y)} hi t u n hm

f ( y ) trn ton trc s thc.

Chng minh. Suy ngay t bt ng thc ca mnh trn.

Mnh . Bin i Fourier ca mt hm kh tch tuyt i trn ton trc s

thc l mt hm lin tc v tin ti 0 khi bin s tin ra hoc + .
Chng minh. Ta bit rng vi mt hm kh tch tuyt i th tm c dy cc
hm bc thang n tha mn

lim

| n ( x) ( x) | dx = 0 ,

cho nn t h qu trn ta thy ch cn chng minh mnh cho lp cc hm bc

thang. Mt khc, ta li bit rng mt hm bc thang bt k l t hp tuyn tnh
(hu hn) ca cc hm bc thang n (nhn gi tr 1 trn mt na khong [a,b) no
v bng 0 trn min cn li). T tnh tuyn tnh ca php bin i Fourier ta suy
ra ch cn chng minh mnh cho lp cc hm bc thang n.
Gi s l mt hm bc thang n, ngha l
1 khi a x < b

.
( x) =

0 khi x < a hay b x

Khi y ta c
b

( y ) = 1 eixy dx = 1 (cos xy i sin xy )dx =

2 a
2 a
[(sin by sin ay ) + i (cos by cos ay )]/( y 2 ) khi y 0
.
=
(b a) / 2
=
y
0
khi

D dng kim tra rng y l hm lin tc v tin ti 0 khi y tin ra v cng (v c

hai pha). Mnh c chng minh xong.

8.3.3. Bin i Fourier ca o hm v o hm ca bin

i Fourier
Mnh . Nu hm kh tch tuyt i f c cc o hm n cp n l lin tc v
kh tch tuyt i trn ton trc s th
F [ f ( k ) ] = (iy ) k F [ f ] ,

k = 0,1, ..., n ,

298

Gii tch cc hm nhiu bin

v tn ti s M > 0 sao cho | F [ f ] | Mn .

|y |
Chng minh. Ta c
x

f ( x) = f (0) + f '(t ) dt ,
0

nn, do tnh kh tch ca f ' trn ton trc s, cc gii hn lim f ( x) tn ti v

x

bng 0 (do tnh kh tch ca bn thn hm f trn ton trc s). S dng cng thc
tch phn tng phn i vi tch phn Fourier ta suy ra
+

F [ f '] = 1 f '( x)eixy dx =

2

1 f ( x)eixy
2

iy
ixy
f ( x)e dx = iyF[ f ]
2

.
Nh vy mnh c chng minh vi k = 1. Trng hp tng qut c
chng minh d dng bng phng php quy np ton hc.
Lu rng hm F [ f ( n ) ] l b chn trn ton trc s (theo mnh phn
trn), cho nn tn ti s hu hn M =

F [ f ( n ) ] , v vy cng thc th 2 ca

sup
< y<

mnh c ngay t cng thc th nht vi k = n. Mnh c chng minh.

Nhn xt. Nh vy, hm cng trn th bin i Fourier ca n cng nhanh tin ti
0 khi bin s tin ra v cng. Mt iu d nhn thy rng mnh vn ng khi
hm f nhn gi tr phc. Vi mt chng minh phc tp hn mt cht, ta c th ch
ra rng mnh cn ng trong trng hp o hm bc n ca f c hu hn im
gin on loi 1.

Mnh . Nu hm f ( x) l lin tc v cc hm f ( x), xf ( x), ..., x n f ( x) l kh

tch tuyt i trn ton trc s, th bin i Fourier ca f l kh vi n bc n v
ik F (k ) [ f ] = F[ xk f ] ,

k = 0,1, ..., n .

Chng minh. Ly o hm theo tham s ca tch phn

+

F[ f ] =

1
f ( x)eixy dx ,

vi lu rng | xf ( x)eixy | = | xf ( x) | , ta thu c tch phn hi t tuyt i v

u trn ton trc s v bng i xf ( x)eixy dx . Cho nn vic ly o hm di

du tch phn l hp l. T cng thc ly o hm ny ta suy ra iF '[ f ] = F [ xf ] ,

v mnh c chng minh cho trng hp k = 1. Trng hp tng qut c
chng minh d dng bng quy np.

299

Chng 8. Chui Fourier v tch phn Fourier

Nhn xt. D dng suy ra rng mnh cn ng khi hm f nhn gi tr phc.

H qu. Trong gi thit ca mnh , cc o hm F ( k ) [ f ] , k = 0, 1, ..., n l

lin tc v tin ti 0 khi bin s tin ra v cng (v c hai pha).
Chng minh. Suy ra t mnh trn v mnh cui cng ca mc trn.

8.3.4. Tch chp v bin i Fourier

Ngi ta nh ngha tch chp ca 2 hm s , (xc nh trn ton trc s
thc) l mt hm s, k hiu l , xc nh nh sau

( )( x) =

(t ) ( x t ) dt .

cho n gin, trong phn ny ta ch xt cc hm nhn gi tr thc. Tch phn

trn tn ti nu cc hm , l b chn v kh tch tuyt i. Khi y ta cng c

| (t ) ( x t ) | dt

l tch phn hi t u trn ton trc s (theo du hiu Weierstrass v

| (t ) ( x t ) | M | (t ) | vi M l hng s chn hm trn ton trc s). R
rng tch chp cng l mt hm b chn, bi hng s

| (t )| dt .

Nh vy, tch chp ca 2 hm lin tc, b chn v kh tch tuyt i trn ton trc
s s l mt hm lin tc v b chn (trn ton trc s). Hn th, n cng l mt
hm kh tch tuyt i trn ton trc s, bi v ta c (do tnh hi t u, php i
ch cc du tch phn trong cng thc sau y l hp l)

| ( * )( x) | dx

dx | (t ) ( x t ) | dt =

| (t ) | dt | ( x t ) | dx =

| (t ) | dt | ( s ) | ds .

Ngha l, php tch chp bin 2 hm trong lp cc hm lin tc, b chn v kh tch
tuyt i (trn ton trc s) thnh mt hm trong chnh lp ny, v v vy ta c th
p dng tch chp nhiu ln lin tip, v cng c th p dng bin i Fourier cho
tch chp ca 2 hm. Trong phn cn li ta lun hiu ngm l php tch chp xc
nh cho lp cc hm lin tc, b chn v kh tch tuyt i (trn ton trc s).

Mnh . Tch chp c tnh giao hon v kt hp.

Chng minh. Bng cch i bin x t = s , ta c

300

Gii tch cc hm nhiu bin

* =

(t ) ( x t ) dt =

( x s ) ( s ) ds = * ,

ngha l tch chp c tnh giao hon.

Bng cch i bin t = y , i th t ly tch phn (bn c t kim tra
tnh hp l ca php o th t ny), ri li lm php i bin x y + = , ta c

( * ) * =

( y x)dx (t ) ( x t )dt =

( y x) dx ( y ) ( x y + )d =

( y ) d ( x y + )( y x)dx =

( y ) d ()( ) d = ( * ) * .

T tnh giao hon chng minh trn, ta suy ra tnh kt hp ca php ly tch
chp.

Mnh . Bin i Fourier ca tch chp 2 hm l tch ca cc bin i Fourier

ca chng. Ngha l F [ * ] = F [].F [ ] .

Chng minh. Bng cch i th t ly tch phn, ta c

F [ * ] = 1
2

eixy dx (t ) ( x t )dt = 1
2

(t )dt ( x t )eixy dx .

Bng php i bin x = t + s ta thu c

F [ * ] =

1
1
ity
isy
(t )e dt 2 (s)e ds = F[].F[] .
2

Mnh c chng minh.

Nhn xt. Tch phn Fourier, bin i Fourier, v tch chp l nhng tch phn suy
rng ph thuc tham s cho nn, cng nh cc hm Beta, hm Gamma,... chng
thng khng biu din c qua cc hm s quen bit, v v vy vic tnh ton
chng ch c th tin hnh vi s h tr ca my tnh. Phn thc hnh tnh ton
trn my cui chng s cho chng ta i su v lnh vc ny.

301

Chng 8. Chui Fourier v tch phn Fourier

8.4. Mt s v d v ng dng
8.4.1. B lc in
R

Xt mng in RC nh trong hnh v, trong R

l in tr v C l in dung. Gi s v0 (t ) l
in th cung cp, I (t ) l dng in trong mng v 0 (t )
v v(t ) l in th cho ra ca b lc. Bi ton
t ra l hy tnh v (t ) khi bit v0 (t ) .

I (t )

v(t )

Hnh 8.1

Cng thc lin h gia dng in I (t ) v in

th cung cp v0 (t ) l
t

v0 (t ) = RI (t ) + 1 I ()d + Q0
C

(1)

trong Q0 l in tch ban u ca in dung C. Cng thc lin h gia dng

in I (t ) v in th v(t ) l
t

v(t ) = 1 I ()d + Q0
.
C

T (1) v (2) ta c phng trnh tnh v (t )

(2)

RC v + v = v0

(3)

iu kin khi u ca in th ra l v(0) = Q0 / C . Gi thit v0 (t ) l mt dy in

xung tun hon vi chu k T nh hnh v. xc nh v(t ) chng ta vit v0 (t )
di dng chui Fourier
v0 (t ) =

Ck eik t , trong k = 2k / T ,

(4)

k =

Nghim ca phng trnh vi phn (3) l tng

ca nghim phng trnh thun nht
RC v + v = v0 , tc l et / RC vi l hng
s v nghim ring ca (3).

a
0

V v0 tun hon, chng ta c th tm

nghim ring tun hon dng

Ck*eik t .

Hnh 8.2

k =

Nh vy nghim ca (3) c dng v(t ) = et / RC +

k =

Ck*eik t . T y v cng

302

Gii tch cc hm nhiu bin

Ck
, trong h s Fourier Ck ca hm v0 (t ) c
1 + ik RC
v sin(k / 2)
v sin(k / 2)
.
tnh theo cng thc Ck = 0
=2 0
T
(k / 2)
T k
thc (4) suy ra Ck* =

Nghim phng trnh thun nht c gi l hiu ng tm thi v n tt dn

khi t . Nghim ring tun hon c gi l hiu ng thng xuyn. Nh vy
in th ra ca b lc hon ton c xc nh v c xp x bi hiu ng thng
xuyn khi t ln.

8.4.2. S truyn nhit trong thanh kim loi

Gi s trn trc ta Ox ta t mt thanh st, mt u ti gc O v u kia
rt xa (xem nh l ). Gi u ( x, t ) l nhit ca im x 0 trn thanh st ti thi
im t 0 . Gi thit rng nhit khi u ti mi im bit trc l
u ( x,0) = f ( x) . Hy xc nh u ( x, t ) vi x v t 0 bt k, bit rng nhit c
truyn theo phng trnh
u ( x , t )
2 u ( x, t )
,
=k
t
x 2

(*)

trong k l h s truyn nhit. Phng trnh truyn nhit (*) biu din qua cc
o hm ring ca hm u nn cn gi l phng trnh o hm ring. Trong
chng sau chng ta s kho st nhng phng trnh nh th ny k hn, nhng
trong mc ny chng ta c mt cch gii n gin nh p dng bin i Fourier.
Dng cng thc tnh bin i Fourier cho ng thc (*) ta thu c

ix

u ( x, t )dx = k eix 2u ( x, t )dt .

t
x 2

K hiu U (, t ) l bin i Fourier ca u ( x, t ) ( y t l tham s). Khi y

U (, t )
= (i) 2 kU (, t ) = 2 kU (, t ) .
t
2

Ly tch phn hai v theo t ta thu c U (, t ) = c()e kt , trong c() l hng

s ly tch phn. Hng s ny c xc nh nh iu kin khi u v cng thc
tnh U :

U (,0) = c() =

ix

u ( x,0) e

dx =

f ( x) eix dx .

Nghim u ( x, t ) s l bin i Fourier ngc ca U (, t ) . Th d, nu f c cho

bi cng thc

303

Chng 8. Chui Fourier v tch phn Fourier

u0
f ( x) =

khi
khi

x 1
,
x >1

th

c() = u0 eix dx = 2u0 sin , U (, t ) = 2u0 sin e kt . Nghim u ( x, t )

tnh theo cng thc

u ( x, t ) =

u0

sin e2 kt eix dx .

Trn y l nhng ng dng n gin (nhng khng tm thng cht no) ca

chui Fourier v tch phn Fourier trong vic gii quyt cc bi ton ny sinh trong
k thut. Nhng ng dng phc tp hn v su sc hn c th tm thy rt nhiu
trong cc ngnh x l tn hiu, iu khin t ng,...