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  • الكيمياء كراسة االتمارين ج2 الصف الثاني عشر

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    ؤاغةهؤس

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    59 views140 pages

    الكيمياء كراسة االتمارين ج2 الصف الثاني عشر

    Uploaded by

    Flower Perry
    ؤاغةهؤس

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 140

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    zh-*

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    5'0 x

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    l0{

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    .?
    '(i-

    ,7rlrYt lr/rLa:rl

    ylt

    .)

    *,rblr &La:fl

    -r.,

    aJ:tJJ UiyUt gi

    NHr(s) +HrO(/)=NHf,(ad +OH-(aQ

    +aiLb

    sh* U-r!t Jt4 J, .f


    trr*<,tr J"kJl pi rr,ulr J-et;:Jt or;Vr f",bc6tt-lt ya,*il[, ..r
    fc;.r.cLi (1

    dr..$r erlr,J

    .1

    -r.;-e

    s/{s"l

    :a:JtJl

    elJiJ

    r!.i;

    fNr;rv oJl-llr* .i

    fplJill ettT az9

    +l:r.,

    alqt

    e 2NO2G) NI = +33 kJ/mol

    :L-r;c trr*f.,lr ,i .,r,u!r)

    !.-e..lt
    v zE
    I'

    pt-E:Jl

    :A"e.e!

    +rJr

    ri,--P

    U:,!f )V q1xK=1.8 x 10-5

    '-''
    s*s"tdEr.a:rl

    t*UuJr il*.,'jr E

    sl #t-,
    r

    jbeJJqr,Ut Jrlt ;t Jljy.r;r .r^-!t,-|.lJl l l-ay- ct-g-b ,_k cHCOOH *t-jJt F 3


    .[H:O*] = 9.0 x 10-4 M -9 c[HCOO-] = 4.0 x 10-l M 1 ([HCOOH] = 2.00 M ;5tlt eits
    .(K")

    *-t-.,l;l jb^> uL erl'i

    .;bJtt$

    Ko

    r.- \51

    a-i.

    ,,
    i "

    -*--l .,-,

    [H.O*][HCOO-]
    [HCOOH]

    1.8

    x l0{

    t6

    ,;.oJt

    r-Yl

    G.lkJt

    Gi,,Utg HF JeLi,i A

    :q!u!t aJ.:tJ!
    HF(aq) + HrO(/)
    .0.0270 M
    f

    grt*,

    tHF]

    Oi

    OljYl

    e HrO+(cq) +F-(aq)
    r;l

    J+J c,tll g, 1.00 L ,J HF g.. 0.03ffi mol ql:! "t p

    .)lj)l Jl Jt* ),tJ.t g, I g ,|-A-HF 'Vy d .i


    "r
    t[H3O+]

    r tFl

    fHF J
    cJt^LJt

    a*;l

    CaSOa(s)

    ek;l

    q6 ,t
    cltiYt

    Ztt a"-;Al

    'k

    g;rt*,-

    f .v

    Lrs*Kt 0'0030 movl-

    .U

    Ko4.*l

    3-7

    0'0030 mol

    33

    Jr"At Libr, .'Ul ;

    .rtr-2jJl

    caSon(s) *
    JeV qt -#sccrljYld.rL,.Sl .i

    '

    C#

    loa

    gL CaSOa(s) 5

    Ca2*(aq) + Sool(aq)

    K,,
    Ksp= fca2+l[so42-] = 9.1

    100. g

    t7

    ;i

    ,.:>r-.l/t{ 25"C6-)1 4-1> r*CaSOo(s)

    U!j: .-,.-l .,-,


    .r[l;,

    x loa

    4'1 x 10-2sl100' s H2o

    1-8 F*,6Jf

    Za2l1*

    Jljj;Y19;*X*r
    .

    l-te t-

    si}t r,Klt,J

    qtulr

    U:-lr,f *i

    3,1..e! a.1t2t

    Jl;:-t-;.r*Si.:)pW ()pbs aJtJl oY:tJlg++


    CaO + H2O ---- Ca(OH), .(i)
    2SO, + Oz
    - 2SO, .(.:)
    2HgO --2Hg + O, .(6)
    SnClo + 2FeClr-* 2FeCl, + SnCl, .(r)

    ,ry",F;.rJ!t "e *
    i+4

    MnO, ,J Mn

    .1

    .2

    SsdS
    CaClr rg Cl ,7

    -l

    Io;, i I
    JY

    HCo;
    Fer(SO.),

    Fer(SOo),

    56+ + xe-

    c
    Fe

    .)

    ..)

    +6

    32-

    .i

    _-_>

    2B{ -Brr+

    Sn4++2e--Srf
    fJf;:"-r qLr

    '+ T *
    r-c

    Jii

    cJutJt

    o)Lei

    o:r,trll a:&rJl ,.:)\.cttJt U

    .:t5..r

    -l ;#!l

    ZZI

    a^;*'Jt,;'

    ,Jt-

    .jt

    1-g

    .:,-4

    !l'

    'g

    e.i

    ,51

    Jr-r-lr

    ):'a)-.-t t'
    ,J-Jc ru

    .++ = (S)

    l-

    2e-

    ;:;l;Jl ,!X ,; calii sLa


    -A!b>'l &Ai:i
    .i
    ..-J

    .4

    NaHeiCaH,
    NarOrsiBaO,

    .{y )rr qr .l-1(1 .rtr;Jt ,.r'- .l ,ri .e -- Jri HSol

    .-r qs6-F J ;.rJ\tt )& W ,l;,i

    ;ru

    .r

    F2

    18

    JaJl
    1r.'ll

    .r)\cU:Jl

    f*'Yl

    C-rbJt

    .-5lJ ca=!tJl o!.:r.lr+ or:-jl

    sttjJl

    ,y

    .Jr;*r-;.rJi

    l5! :L
    ol Jt;t;t ,1 ;.r--S1 ql o.t*;ot5
    k*i e,.r^r fl .:Ylll j Jt;--Yle;-rJ)\J

    ,f

    2HrO(l) .i
    .Cttt;t ei ;.rdi gri o.bi r

    Ca(OH)r(aq) + 2HCltaq) .--- CaClr(aA\ +

    cHo(s)

    +2o2@)-cor(s) +2Hro(g) .q
    CL -- C4* + 8e- , i.t "si ,3,rti
    O + 2e- ---

    2Al(s).+ 3CuClr(aq

    OL,Cllji:;t

    2Alcl3(aq) + 3Cu(s) .e

    Al

    -- Al3+ + 3e- ,;.rri

    Cu2+ + 2e- --+ Cu

    .KI

    .r Gu J jl

    J! rVtnOo

    r3.b'.1

    u 6v Jle

    aiWl

    g.r.ci

    ,lttj;:;'t,3.re.1

    t;sIrJl I- JF

    llzGIJ;#!l

    -:r-eL

    -i

    ,t.
    J/

    J'w-r^12J!t-

    ;l."Si

    fI-

    ir

    mol 12J"f*L.r:a tnOl-rii f+

    Cl

    .:Uyr53yt :Jc

    .6

    .iltjJ.J;st)lt gr 2 mol

    t9

    .6

    JBJI

    f-'Yl

    CrkJt
    ,-8 F,".aJl

    ljji

    -6.kS

    ,
    Y | &f

    at?l-;."

    .r[rr srlj
    .riltot(lt,JUtlt it:-,'yr ,y -,,o;i:i;.ac iat2!

    Jl;:;l-;#!l

    .rY:L, dj3 q!+

    JS n

    o'Stf!..-+: ,r! *
    .otrjJt a;rt;J. cr)-.uir
    .(l
    .i--(J.t, 6:,*i;ll .ru-2;flyr .rt"rcia;;t-rl z+at al:tJt
    Uir 4>
    .el,,jJt a;;trl dJi-Jt jy)t *
    .(q.)
    l-rr l-

    pf+Jf cS"rl

    f.,

    j o}

    .e)

    JAei;- ;Jr;..1t;,J:tJt qt5 .(:)


    .Mno, J!Mno;

    .w-ll dli^,J
    foj-o

    .r-r

    Jl;:'Yt{1^-e.J

    Mn;}

    t-s.-<i

    Mn
    ,,:lt

    .:U-9_,;iYt :-r-e

    ..-,
    c,U_e,-i

    2l-

    o;(t

    ,v

    JtFl ;9's- a

    J;.r$l t* ;p .i Mnot: +7 'Mnor: +4

    J!+)rl ;.r-S! ;:il-)t ,*.;p!t;.r*S!tJ'w:5t .r-rJtyF 4)tt

    ;.41 .,[l G ,rS.St;D

    .f

    ;-rJi;r<r--->

    lr+

    2e-

    q::t a.lJr

    .;+
    ^t;*1 ,}At
    '* ouyi;.r--SI}r}r trg
    'Ft e;.-b-:;.Jt
    .rUy-i Jr<s GI) +-rlt .rU_r*i;.rJie
    t o .(III) +.rlr .:U.lai JIGD -r,_-rtr
    ,*
    a{li,U

    ,u

    '

    .'Vr;-r ,i ;.r*Si

    ra;

    r'rr-e

    4&orJt.r)gti:Jl
    Fe2+

    .ry:L.

    .+ry'il

    .it

    .i

    --* Fe3* + le- ,;.r..si

    Clr+ 2e- ---> 2Cl- td[j;:;t

    .(II) 4.r.ltr

    ry'flt,L.4r Jr;;Yr; ;.r;!rJ'r;:J uil-)t U_r!l il:t*Ir .it

    ..-r

    Ctr(ail + 2Fe2+(aq) ---> 2Fe3+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)

    .aj'.-:Jl

    J!t*rJt{ uil-r aJ:L, (.-') ,*l G aJ:dt O1 i. .e


    0 + (+4) = +4

    'J.+Tt &JLtl La{stt lJr.rijl

    +6 + (-2) = +4 ,&+rl|t

    &j.tt Lz*Ktt trj.*ijl

    20

    .J"l'nll .rY:h,

    -Oj

    d r,J-!t j

    ;:.1,+y't

    Jt;:;t-;.rJYl

    Mno2(s) +HCr@e

    .r)l-eUJ ep'zuJl.r)\-et i:ll

    MnClr(aq1+
    2Cl-

    MnO, + 4H+ + 2eMnOr(s) + 4HCl(aq)

    --->

    .rY:L, .-51 5

    Cl2{u,) +

    --->

    ,;6;;l

    + ClrG) + 2HrO(t)

    S(s) + HNOr(aa) --- SOr(s) + HrO(/) + NOr(s)


    (S + 3HrO --* SO3 + 6H+

    HrCrOo@d + KrCrOa@q) +HCl(aq>

    CrClr(aq) + KCI(aq\ +HrO(l) + CO2(s) .e

    (CrOl

    2l

    ,clrjij,l

    SO3k) + 3HrO(/) + 6NO2G)

    rc2of
    3HrCrOo@il + ZKrCrOo(aq) + lOHCl(aq)

    .+

    + 6e-) x l,i.r."Si

    (NO; + 2H+ + le- --+ NO2 + HrO) x 6


    S(s) + 6HNO3@e)

    .i

    Cl, + 2e- , i,.t .5i

    Mn2+ + 2H2O

    -MnClr(ae;

    HrO(f

    --->

    + 8H+ + 3e-

    --->2Co2+2e-) x

    3,tJ.,si

    -> Cr3* + 4H2O) x 2 ,tJtFl

    2CrClr(ad + 4KCl(aq) + SHrO(f + 6CO2G)

    ;AI
    3-8 F.,.,iJl

    Zaall.c

    aljiitl JlfgrJlj 6.!"5gl &f9rJf


    r'.r.}t

    qt:f.r

    ZZS

    a^;'-Jt,J'3-S J;"rlrCil-.,)

    ot(It r/ Uutr all-,lt df

    .-*i

    6,r.a! a{b!

    .crill Jjgl J-Ul -:i csylr *r-Slt j.Ul ,+- tr f j :L

    .1

    (JtlJt

    J;t ,h6

    Cu

    piga

    .i
    Ag*

    S -r J-ti Na+ piAg* ..1


    4 -r J-15 Fe2* pi ps3* .e
    a..;eJl,_& 3-8 J1-r-ftC'-lr) .Jt;*l-;-r*Si

    )sv' ,>yt- aJt<-l4lttltaltltrr oY:tJl.r JS,J TL 2

    (+tlJl

    Mg +

    Sn2+

    ---

    -'t:S

    235

    F.r

    .i

    Ag + Cu2+ --+ .r-/

    Br, + I- --+ .e

    a; al:tJl G *' ;+ tJ r,,*-t;Jl l&

    J-ctitJ

    ,*7 ,ga;; rt W! c6r;:* -p ,V Gy ,Fe2+ $t-+ 3


    :aJUJl

    Fe2*

    ----

    a;y,rll

    Fe3* + Fe
    .

    o)\-ci

    ;:r.-,rll aJ:dl

    3Fe2+

    .r1-f
    .O2

    J;.rJ!l

    t .r:-c co:te;6q.$l ;-tJi


    lt-Sy J-15;oo;\tt
    "l-+

    )re

    :.t^e

    q1flt'

    ;ro

    -*

    o-1

    2Fe3+ + Fe

    .,r+J!t rU

    .4

    .i

    e"a.l:L .9

    _,

    22

    JaJl

    J"tJ,/ d$ts;.rJ3lt,J,tlt \9:L,


    j{! .g47s}r .l;ri .a4."r o.r.o .t)li

    9#.+4 ajtdll:1,,COz61LgA

    t+.in+

    c;a3*5tr1j ,r:'r-SIJ d,.r+

    qFJl

    ;.rJy

    .rYL-

    otk ,-'p .e

    :\llJl iJ.:tJt C ur*_)l drlj>Yl

    CuH,rOu(s) + 60r(9)

    eult

    -o*'Yl

    Cj.lkJt

    .HrO

    6;-)

    6CO2G) + 6HrO(/)

    CO21 -2 slt Q.z-) 0 ;.r.x}r arr--

    O;.r."si

    ,r >b:: 02 :L O tj!

    Js

    UE +e,C6Ht2O6Clr,LaIr L,lj|J.rs;-1i6 ..r.s-ll| &t'Jl

    .iljjill &tr'| sA Orri .:'ltirlr.rf'U: ,r!1

    :qJuJt

    a;r;rll

    -/ alrlJt J"t,l;Jl U^ '}:r .?-t Jl l& J.etnJ )V

    cClr(aA)

    "Ul

    ,/

    -,l.r,ll ;;J(JJ "qrut

    et*rtr 5

    Clr(ad + HrO(/) --- CIO-(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H+(aq)

    t6j-rJi.:Yt-;;
    ,HrO 6r

    t;j+

    OJSJ

    kJi.,

    +1 ga Cn-. f.r,r*<rr

    .:r_p ..li;a .i
    '>tri.:.1lltrlauJr j,..1-r-.,.rf1y cp.Jlr
    ;-r..Si rac lt.rS .HrO I CIO- rr'. l;j+ OJq tc,t;e -2 9,s O ;a."Si r.r.e

    .JrUrJl li,6 err*,- U.r:,c rrJ(Jt


    ClO

    + le-

    --+

    Cl-,Ct-gln! dfrji.j.vr

    i9--3

    .,|;#\tl

    iClO -+ Cl+ +

    f;r$tl,lew, Vi Cl ;"-)'t ,F;,. o:ri;ll .:U-9r53yt :J-e L


    ;]t
    Ul;'Yt,l-eU;,.;Ct
    Y

    ;|5 ;,.

    iJtt

    .ru-e_,S3yt :.r.c

    ..rYL-

    olk U e

    le-.CIO-6u1>' tr..s*r

    .e

    le-

    L .)

    le-

    .dJt*t-lrlj t'>t.ci :.,l,eJl ,|,cuJl .,| Cl- JICIO- 4.r 0-6 ,ii ,.-+r,*f
    .2r...i(lr nEdStYl

    gt\9e

    23

    ...o

    irjrailt dlL3JtSr}l clr+i.:lJ3r .l:l

    .,tJ.l6\Clr(ad + HrO(/)

    --->

    aJrL, ,..r-1 .)
    Clr,Jrtjj
    Lv

    CIO-(aq) + Cl-(aq) + 2H+(aq)

    .\tt

    -nAt

    AE;JIAAt+l-;'.
    riltoKlt d Ut"tt il!,ll if *1 : 6j.ai i.1Qt
    .((r7-*Lj p-rc)) 1i 6((Jlji-lD ji ctti.rJil :J!aiJkJr ot)t\ ,-;L .1
    02;

    NaO J!NazO,
    nr2

    JlBr

    F"r* Jl

    pez*

    Ji

    .q

    ;.r."Si

    J'F

    .e

    tJ."Si

    .J

    it|;i;l

    At

    ,ra4ttetltd,:Jl"e

    ,Ur'Jrilrlr

    d,etl

    rijl;',It

    :4"JuJl

    KMnOo(aq) +HCl(aq) + Al(s)

    p.Le

    .r Jf

    oJ.J )l tJg Oaa


    .$JiJ

    wUIi

    .l

    ,f *i ,#L,

    ^;

    al:Utt

    J-i; 2

    AlClr(aq) + MnCl2@q) +KCl(aq) + HrO(/)

    .rk&JJlj:-YlJ;$!l ,Jrtr r5l


    Al

    MnOl + 8H+ + 5e-

    .+tlJl

    q6

    U23I-229,:.,t*-,i.aJl ,Jra;ll{+oJl .r).ctj:Jl

    --->

    --

    .i

    Al3+ + 3e- , i.r."Si

    Mn2+

    + 4H2O ,aJtjJ6l

    a;;}el-.'--al;tJl 9j .e

    (MnOl + 8H+ + 5e-

    'l
    (Al --+ Al3+ + 3e-) , 5
    --> Mn2+ +

    4HrO)

    3KMnOo(aC) + 24HCl(aq) + SAl(s) --+ SAlClr(aq) + 3MnClr(aq) + 3KCl(aq) + l2HrOQ)

    .J'Li'Jl

    li^ ;i +{}t,}.Ur

    a,-9

    :L

    .e

    MnO;

    24

    JaJl

    Crkjt

    F-Yl
    :qJklt

    CIO- + H+

    ajr;rlt^; a;y-!t iJrtJt"!,L 3

    -* Cl, + CIO; + HrO


    .c-r*Si

    :.tc ,CIOJ L.(:ll.a) Ora Cl ia."Si r.re .Ct, L.+1

    H i.r."Si r.re ,H+

    .-2fo Or +lja

    ftiijJJi rl'

    Cl

    >r.e, .*.aE

    L.-2rra Or +1ro Cl ;.r..Si

    H ;.r."Si r.r.e,,HrO

    *< C;t

    .i

    r,rc, .ClO- 4-

    4.-2:o Or +5rra

    Cl i.r."Si

    ;ii Js M ( :-&l {*' .e


    le-

    f..*,LrJt

    le &

    .LAJL*j

    Jti,

    J"ctirJl

    U,

    J^

    dt t;-r"lt tl.r;:.*,

    .)

    co)\.cio:-,,lflal:tJl

    sClO- + 4H+

    25

    -..r

    bt

    .n

    2Clr+ ClO. + 2HrO

    1-9

    ai:t.gSlf

    Fr".allZl.2ly

    et-r*-rSJ |

    ,;L.P.u
    .rilr,lr(Ir,J Uutril:-lr c* si:6a.rs

    .$yl-J;Cu2+ (aq)

    + Zn(s)

    G,

    a1Q!

    d,br- JtiJlJeliJl

    .1

    Cu(s) + Zn2+(aq)

    fr;!t

    :^ v Li gi

    .i

    r!Jlill ,:'t^i

    f:rJtit :a *Li

    1 .q
    c,,a[t 'itt '.'La

    .lr.L.Jl

    lU +rl

    yl

    eSt

    .E

    Zn(s) I Zn2+(aq) ll Cu2+(aq) | Cu(s)

    ..triKJt;

    :;!l

    dr"

    f .rr ,-rt-i.r-.,- j.iIl d/r&jJl iilrLi:Jl gYrt', .51

    Cu2*(sq) + 2e-

    --->

    .5

    Cu(s) ,r33lStt J.i., tzn(s) --- Znz+(aq) + 2e- ,s3s\t 't;'c,

    Vt:.o o1\r-;_:_f

    ,*

    dJti
    .;taU Jtfts;.lJiJ"tJ,/ c..jJ, eJl*+ .r)\rtnlr'!.l e .()
    c.r)-ctnll e.GrV JUyt Jr(l .(./)
    .
    o;uJii Jtfts;-rJiJ'tr./
    .:r;!l ,-&.rHl ol"t> '-1'1 .1US
    .;5rrdr.c L^J--i +i1.5:x!t z)Lt.6a Jf e .(r)

    "2

    tJ (II) 4.rll, 1s$t,(* ll"r;j-U Ay+c 'h 14

    t3

    ait.tJl

    '+

    2Cr(s) + 3Fe2+(aq) --- 2Cr3+ + 3Fe(s)


    fptJiJl U-a.-i-4i

    .l),fri t-1" Jl4.rlt *u; v


    .rrgl

    a--: JIC;Ft
    .rs-flt \J- a-.; J!+"rlt
    +J-

    xr u*: a
    # ,-;".: r,

    Cl ;rLJl t-

    ous,;lyl.'$

    .(i)

    .\str

    aitl dJLj .(,J)


    {;ft ; 'bjjl lr-qv.rL;;ai jF .(C)
    {r"Ut ; ,t;,ijl re iJt- .rujgi !"rn .(r)

    26

    ,;At

    r*Yl

    .alilg.tl3,Ji-!t j,&-

    AgNO3

    .rilj ,=4tJ'9li:jl .-51

    .i

    Cu(s)-Cuz+(aq)+2ert/tl
    .rilAJ

    .4J;lj

    ,=d

    tqs"tJt

    27

    Ft.lt

    .:u;!!t j
    "-o

    oCt ,51
    C

    ,f

    r.

    lr

    J.cLLJl

    osj)tsJn'J"Jl .-st

    c;;Jlt ).*\'JAt al.llrFl.:.:U1;iyt#'iJ^,p-Jl JITrlU.


    fd5tJl .L4Yl ;i piartJt

    .-51 ...,
    Lg*(aq) + le- + Ag(s)

    Cu(s) + 2\g+(aq)

    ol4l

    t,

    s;z-Jt

    .)

    .c

    Cu2+(uq) + 2Ag(s)

    a.c,t*tl cr.-;tic, ot13l

    ,=,1lie

    )r JIL:-jr..r

    .j

    ltralt

    sJl glr*tt

    ar

    .4

    i"

    JaJl

    r-Yl

    'UJl

    2-9

    f'J4lll?.t?lJ.

    #gr

    t;),t;Jf
    .rilt

    AL-l

    j i*,$l

    J>\-!l

    or(lt d Ut'lt

    illlt,Je.r*i

    :6a..ai Qtq!

    a;o-illJtiil cL:Jll +rl ,J er.r..r

    .o;!r

    ',iu'
    67

    .1

    'd)

    .(+)

    .01;iyras- .(e)
    .JrstitaSr.(")
    frra U

    .*U;

    .a^*e.-J #ll

    Jr o"JtiJt .:l-;tJl csvL e


    .4-r ':t< a!'-l| fl .()

    !>Uft

    ;; Jl;;Yly ;"r--s\ttJ.ew .(.7)


    .Ur.^5 alt J! J'y*s *r.|x<Jr urur .(e)
    .*u..5 al! J! Jy*s a!;$tutut .(:)

    astb ur;.;'d-e: d;J.r,- a:l4l

    r+

    U fo ,ta.r) r,Jt^tJt .:15

    Mnof- JlMnol-

    JlFl

    Cf* J!Cr

    o-ri

    SHE u:"tr1| .rr-:.;{<Jl

    .-li

    Clr+ZBr

    l-g J_l-4t

    .i

    +056 V

    ..-r

    4.74V

    p.u:-l 3

    r}'t:,}'cUJt .6

    --,2C1-

    .JSTJ

    -+J'!rf

    ir ZSZa'-;pJl ,*

    o,

    .r."Si:1 Oi J+g dE[i49

    +Br,

    +0.29 Y

    .)

    5Yll cJr.rlJll,)\!Jr
    +.sJl U#i

    7J9a":

    ,r^-.,- :"F-e

    itstliil tfi:;

    fJkll .:,;!l )ct; .;,a+ clS;.r*.rt-tU+Jl ,y WJ


    Zn(s) + 2OH-(aq)

    Zn(OH)2G) + 2e-

    .6*jrr ais3 art4r a.agtr a{litl

    28

    ;At

    rYl
    9.r!"J.;JtJfi ;r"U ,"-, ,lS,#ll tFU.!:-l;.: ,* j .6
    g3rkJt

    a4U.g<tr ilr,rtr3 .jlhtt ctatl 6z-asb,t

    tyL

    t"oel o.r.i JrjJ;r-t.r{ll5ltr o).ctil 6*

    ,a.ut3,r

    a*gs 4sutr

    .A)t'J";j.ESJ.atl Cb- ,rL etll g!.!3 a '^ }At )* iltit;StIl r.if,+

    .1ir.1
    :SS

    ct

    Ult .J vurt &-* lno"-UUJI ir!,lt,f si #L"


    :a.lUlt qJll UliU fP ,bq) .JlUt .+t5 cr ZSZ a'-;,At & l-9 J:rft l$:-t J
    .

    el.lrJ,Jr..gt

    .i

    +1.26Y

    .v

    +0.28 V

    6Y(aq) + 2Aa3+(aq; --- 3lr(s) + 2Au(s) .e

    +0.88 V

    Al(s) | nl3+(aq) ll Cdz+(aq)

    Cd(s)

    Fe(s) | Fe2+(aq) llPbz+(aq) | Pb(s)

    ;+-r-lt a.rJll 6,1;i .X2+ o;r11jX"*A-bAl4

    Jr.{

    .+0.46 V

    L"; J!n*l-.rt*;

    & Jt*-r ,&i .*-

    .rt5 Cr 252a^;*Jt Jre l-g Jrrfr p-E-l .0.74Y tU Jl ;.Jjj.jijl ,-!-t ,osdl ri r#l .Wr .ri Oli
    .i1l+>J
    -o.40

    .X'.iU-Jt

    29

    +* gi .c

    Cd

    frlJl

    .+l
    ,J9-.41

    'i.,

    ttijl

    r-Yl

    3-9 F...6Jf ?*"|-.1.,

    z{:*ljtsJ}'l !t;Jl
    si:6ga! alQt
    .t++15 L-6-. Ji ,qrrj(J)r a*l}l ri ,q!ll tJ.!t3. WtldJfu a-Jt'Jt .:t;LJl Uk Jf .1
    .{r;Jli*-,11 cp

    adte4tl a+hjl

    6ul +rtj-cu;,:-r-.,- .,-,,


    aiU

    ai\F

    J!+flJrW 6fr*: .C dialrrxrl' adr'Jt

    ailt Jl*u""<lt a;tur ap.r &w JJ"-,"

    J"fr
    :r;!11 :r,iKJt cr;'Lill X5 rjl, Ut qF

    4jq"5 airl Jl *u/trJt il-bjl {l:r1 J'6

    .r
    .-n

    a.ntr.atr

    airill

    ai4lJJislll

    .)

    ;lJyr oyl:,;

    yt

    l1

    ..tlr C

    .:y!t .r:-c .(i)


    ..:riKJt -r-e .(v)
    .i;rt ; pa\ a.b ,y .e)
    .,-JtJt

    tsJl;il U

    :qd#rl

    ,-till

    -.2

    ..t;,o .(:)

    C:;J't(Jl o4q wt, Jirt Ji ^S,t"ur,"\ o''r*

    e"r:

    q\ tr

    .<il

    I .(.;)
    Cu .(e)

    Cl
    ,+ Lr.-;i r,t3l

    .(r)

    t* ilTrlrU" lu;i-l r.c .4


    .4t a;i:4:;5 lal;5 i)Ar ,i^ t^..; :,!t, .i

    1Ji

    rl,r.r! L1tta{r

    fG;;

    lr,ri.e,9

    .a.;*ff.;<f f ,1,.S

    o:te)

    o\Us

    ll*i rlriJt irtc,} il1t3 f-rrsi lJi Z,.plla1 i.-*.1 rtr-r tr !:,.c
    .

    .L3

    ttelll f-rrs:Jr

    u| ajt-ut o\_f,s o_.rti ../


    erf" 1'f l alfr.-rgSrr ai0.rl Uj; A,*af r ln L

    .llr;i-Yt; j.-{t-Gl^e,J
    Etl".Jt a*f:+Sf r a.30.rl S's;7t,t;,1*f r a1f.. 2-J .A43U.45

    abc" aa-S,1.':

    ai;tJzJr

    ---

    -r++lJ#
    30

    JaJl
    Jle

    zL*tr.

    $u. L+

    r*,Yl

    CrUJt

    cAu.--oiJU

    ,,lt; Jl dJ<r- 6 e?t,256a'-;aJt Je l4-g S(-;Jjtui;, 5


    .Au(CN),

    ,c,.lsjt :LAu(CN)3 dd+ll


    Ja

    .,S-i .o*isg r-oi

    ga$l !f

    Jnr--}.i

    ,,5.rlt

    ,,'t:.li..i tj,t+,. l*-93 Olt-i ,a49r,asrr L3ttelllrer <rt!6U.-i

    dc,tiitl .ti3ii ,,oUr

    Jor-.rri

    r,.3 tir3S oryto .r,r;i gl,rlt F..dr u. Clr?i


    Au3+(a4) + 3e- --+ Au(s)

    .eJtl lB ir a;lr;.*l
    .a"frtr.J{,rtt a30.rt

    !,

    ;}1,S

    a5,,.ifA

    f f+r..-.r<S

    e,;K

    ;r,Jiif/!t

    yJt'3) adiitdstt ail.. *#69Jr

    .?rrrtl ola a.is-}a!

    ,+

    &, d3l+

    .:;!l

    ..r3lKtl ,l.ie &.-. r+4ll

    .,rh )'J.ait.b JleB


    .2

    ei

    :)V

    l:Xjll'l lo'r3 irte! ,3S4 tej{1

    .r;r

    #*Jtl Jtl

    #*tlt al^t 4; tL

    l*i J
    .i

    jtig ,rjnltr Jj.e C!+..Slt,;e 3jS1

    tluf e,.r 4-;r cirs d!rL .v

    rql 4f.Ai adl'ec, &l' ,a3U. .,J!eE

    3,a:6l.ZE &..*t

    fitrr.6l ,j*-lt,-Jo,ur o-tfi,t,#

    .e

    .H2SO4,.)r,tlis cgta;s3! (j, : t*te ajS af t;g

    31

    .6

    tB,l. ft.:f!'r 41tut,ld4

    L"t .--*i,t^lJ q/r{r.6f

    .:riKJts

    .a+Lag C^.{t

    J-Jr,;tVI^aS O$:

    AE;JIAAt+f'.
    .r'.rlr oKtt,/ Urrlr

    ifi-lr

    irp

    .-qf :6a"e! d{t?!

    Jf ;tV +tU+ ;.'.; .r:-c '


    .as r a;r! J!+;qx(l utut .(i)
    .a;u.,6 ajtl J!

    .1

    1'/r iil-t .(.")

    .ry\.6 aru Jlryt=-"<Jt a;tUt .(C)


    .4jr.J al^b JIUlxit utut .(r)

    6# Gt,6,lll,)\ul \

    .r>{.otj:J

    ...+ll;ny

    {gt

    .<il

    .rirlaJt .(.:)
    ;.r*s!r .G)

    .alulr

    .#lr{sr

    .(:)

    i;rll ;Jjujl :i
    .a-tJl.:!ti;Jl ft-t +S- .(i)

    *;i

    ;trra<Jt,)LU

    ...1iUlt

    J',>l"J.ill

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    .(.:)

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    .+lFJl ftj J\e"t- .(r)


    iL*tJ4

    *Jr;n)l J"F -,- aj.*;JlJi or.*1 |


    .7Lt;!l6r- .(i)
    ..rj{!l 6 7 .(+)

    .4

    .drj<rytaf,- .(e)
    orttr)t aS r
    :a+JUl

    Mg(s) + 2H+(aq)

    .iJ-!l

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    o-r,o

    aJ:tJ

    .(r)

    W:$y+l;,pr, J"kJl"f+ 5

    + Hr(e)

    i.i-,a;tl --,)\-ctj:Jl
    G uoqrrJl

    .rY:L, .-il

    .i

    Mg(s)+Mg2+(aq)+2e-

    ZH+(qq)+2e--Hz@)

    32

    i"

    JaJl

    'UJl

    )i!l ql; .J cr.r..: v;a

    f:.i,a,'-tl

    JeV;

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    Mg(s) --+ Mgz+(aq) + 2e-

    '

    .al-ll.l+J r'-)\LrYljrJl

    !51

    .C

    Mg(s) | Mgz*(oq) ll H+(aq) | Hr(S)

    .7 t-Li! t

    .r U 1153! | 6

    rtn:t

    ti*>,,

    oo'i rr- >t-t r t'

    t.r.,;r:rHtf,

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    gJkJl

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    +ll

    qrJi l- . +t.tJl

    elJiJ.rr..gl

    qV ,y 252 a'-;,z.Jt

    Mg + N(NOt2

    33

    Mg2+

    Llll

    'Y

    \il .:ll"el.lSt.t,dtrlt

    l-9 J:-At J!

    -- Ni + Mg(NO)2

    g;t

    il-,lt

    -,,.;i,

    +2.14Y

    #t-,
    .6

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    .:ilr .r(Ir.J

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    .-*i :Af.r! el*!

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    .a+-gi:.1*. .g
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    :^ or-rlt *Jt- ,/ ,lr.SlJ,J1liyl

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    .sp2 .q
    .sp .i

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    34

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    ay;:'l zi,tuiLa 'cgllJ+rl


    argsr.f.iei t!*+aitl

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    &tJi,-+11 s:Jt zJr^Lr:Jl

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    )V .12

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    35

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    ................:...................-

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    2-10

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    .i5\J

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    :aa.,a! Qtqt

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    .t.'.tt eqifl

    oKIr.J

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    C=C

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    36

    ';elt

    -.

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    .CoHro J

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    g -/t-i)J +iUl

    CI\/
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    37

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    a,r+f I crtlg..-Fg1.r*dJ

    .rilt

    oKltql Uulr iJ.t-lr;,c .-qi :6,pa! 4tq!

    .Ci^ll o-yf st$U


    .,l';r;*t

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    J.r3J:i alrcleJl L z+i-lL n r.JS ;Ji dS .ip. g'r:a,/Jig J.#J. a+y..;S*rro lt "l- di'tr 2a'qJt^ ii..{J JJPJS tJi !5
    .nj{J,slt

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    .sil+rl ,;tSl'r L

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    .IUPAC

    Os:t

    i:.i..*-1

    a:JkJl

    HHH
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    ttt

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    ttl
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    ttl
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    CH3

    tl

    -CH2 -CH-CH-CHz

    '(;

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    -CH:

    38

    JEJI

    CHr-CHz

    &u+ dl*i"-3-dlij+!-3

    .)

    cH3

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    I

    CHr

    otiJ{+d+i"-2

    CH3-CH-CHz-CHr..l
    I

    CHr
    :qJtJt

    .-,t5r^U +t;.jl

    i+Jl"-Jl

    (.rti9iJ,l;a,jli-30
    Y
    HHHH
    ttrl
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    lttl
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    HH

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    H
    I

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    I

    Jt*fu

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    cHfcH2 cH2-cH3
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    CH:

    39

    .;eJl
    4-10 FJ4.aJl

    at?lJ.c

    ir-r-&l | .Xi Otl3r.r-_f3;.t*gJ

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    c,'Sr$!,"tlt G qssY..rurr(J!r;.rq$J!r I

    ir5Aj

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    \tst ,* f jt euy.f y$r

    ..l\r(Ji

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    .^?-.r!,ii .i

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    .Ci^ll -,-* b-ttf s|.dt{ ) ."^if t &


    5
    +rSi-ri Or.,.jS tiji d+ &+iJi .rrr.+St-r*a

    ..:u1r(J!t; .:t',i!r ,y -*ti, yi fu-9r! | oL ef 3.1+elr


    ',Jb
    :
    .!*jjJf 2:f - Ltu .':,!d'{r-xi diEcjstyr ejri ya;'22;-n aSujultr nBr!r...f qJ+a,tr ol'

    .IUPAC

    ....*r

    &*,i

    d:JkJl

    CHz-CHz-CHz-CH: .?

    4iL{l&.4Jl"t--i .-.5l

    .6

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    r].-j+ sl+,{.

    -3

    -.J*ir*.

    rA
    \z\eft
    40

    ;'-Jt

    r-Yl

    CrkJt

    CHr.-- -c: c.
    -.CHt- .'(:p1-z

    a-sla

    -2-r

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    "1;)":t(Xr,-"r, r
    :a.JkJr

    d,G,llcr

    0F;;-2-u;

    Ji

    +iUl a4r.tl p-.,l

    u-t W Gti-3o-J.\-l-r

    .i

    cH2-cH3

    fi,cH,

    V... CH,

    drF<!-3-

    ef .q

    CH3-CH2 H
    \/C=C
    /\
    HCH r-cH:

    69s-2-7 .g

    cHr. cH2-cH2-cH2-cH-r
    \/'C=C
    /\
    HH

    4l

    A.cgiiAAt+f,.
    .iill
    :qJuJt

    ,JKlt,J."lttlt ef:-,'lr

    e g1

    .rt4;ft ,y F ;:y,frt;,\)
    crHo 'i
    HCN

    :6,+"a! e4Q!

    JF-s:

    Ly

    tL

    .1

    sn3

    sp

    .,.r

    sp2

    CH'O .6
    .JUliJlo*_.,J

    L.:[-uV

    * u +,
    Jqyl .i t
    .rbJl.V

    .g

    o!.s-r Jt"- C6-2c2

    ....".r- ,->lr'1S1ojft..tiai:;!r {",^Ur L,.l)}l olt ->Vy.f 1.r+4Jlet:*; V rJt 3


    iltAt+l l{t OJ*,3ig,r aglUil &lJi JlIt t4 At dltir-j+tf Orr.jtt i3tJi {.!:r Lnb}t J+tJJJt {.b--r'Jr ObJJtt d+
    .el.;&!t L.AAJit

    .,il.liJl oz9
    2

    3r3r;9ll O'liJ,-;.ti SF

    S1i 4y.f

    U,rr-ji tol,t+ g:tl anidj+rl alXtl &.,rr-j* zt'UtFf.l.Lo


    .6tiliJl

    a-.

    ca-x 1.,

    d+

    6c

    k;+

    fj$

    a+

    d3t_1i

    _.4!

    ;rU' :..p"

    .4

    r.r.e,.rt1.tjt {l!

    .dluJj,qJt C[i

    "L-iIUPAC .*.i, !-.5t s


    O E+a d++ d 13 -5,3 -Cladit -4

    *Ut eg-Jl J,Jf

    CH3

    CHr

    al*l*1l Jet

    2r.-lg L&riJStt

    dltirj+tt dl-ilJ,rsi a3u"

    :A.Jtijt

    "l-l-.i
    -CH2 CHz -CHt

    :tgl

    '

    -CH-CH-CH-CH2 -CH3
    CH:

    CH2:QH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 .9

    Ctlsa-f

    42

    CHr
    r--{j

    &:rxr-r-ikiP-3

    .?

    CH3-CH-CH:CH2
    o:16gl-2

    CH3-C:C-CH: .)
    :.*JuJr

    Ji air,,ll r!"a-lle-tl .6
    u*.J*-3-J*!-t 'i

    .rGJ.r.r

    cHr-cH1
    l-

    rA
    V.. CH:
    ;l*

    Ou-<a

    J.t" ,J5t-4c2cl .?

    CH.

    A2.",
    tl
    \./
    I

    cHr

    .ft:e-1-J..r"-3 .g
    CH=C-9H-CH2-CH3

    cHr

    ,JL*<,"

    cH3-cH2-cH2

    cH3-cH-cH-cH2-cH3
    CH:

    43

    ,F-2-|*it-3

    .,

    ;eJt

    ;,

    'l-:Jl

    l-ll,fJ,'/Zrl at?l-.;..
    fuJr,.b.J I crt.lSj, | villi'.^\g z, :, t^9t I crte3,.-r.t

    ..:ilt oKIr;i Utrlril.a,'tr


    :o*lulr

    .:Grlt,:r

    ,f sl

    Ji

    t*e! dil4!

    :A

    4jLJt &.4J1

    r-Jt .1

    Jyur*-t

    'i

    HHHH
    rttl
    H-C_C-C-C-H
    tttl
    HHHOH

    o-a-L

    st*

    ;Dv-2(

    lcl .v

    FF
    C=C

    FH

    A!,hst *76 .c
    HHH HHH
    tttttl
    H-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-H
    tttttl
    HHH HHH

    .IUPAC .-*.*1 d$JltJl a:i;tJt iatirzJl ,y

    HHH
    ttl
    H-C-C-C-H
    ttl
    H OHH
    HHH
    H-C-C-C-H.e

    rtl

    ttl

    .i

    F,t*,i .-St 2

    ,Jst)*i-2

    lL-g't3t+ c_,H-2,1

    OHOHH

    JEJI
    .IUPAC

    ....*+ a,*,1 f

    f'*'Yl
    tl1

    (-rti Jn qt,rJ' tut*Jl p-rt .({;-fl

    ,>lyyyJ a+rlc4HeoH aii4lJ

    tJ-grssp.-2

    Jrrti-r*f - I

    HHH H
    tttl
    H-C-C-C-C-H
    lttl

    HHHH
    tttl
    H-C-C-C-C-OH
    tttl
    HHHH

    cr- I -4i+.-2

    Je3$a-2-laaa-2

    H H OHH

    ltJit+

    HHH
    lll
    H_C_C_C_OH
    ltl

    H
    I

    OH

    H_C_C_C_H
    rtl
    H H-C-H

    H H-C_H H
    I

    .C5Hr2O

    a**t {al^:At tuJl &-Jl .51


    cHl-c H2-cH2-cHfcH2-oH
    OH

    cH3-cH2-cH2-cH-cH3
    OH

    cH3-cH2-cH-CH2-CH3

    cHrcH2-cH-cH2-oH
    CH:

    cH3-cH-cH2-cH2-oH

    cH: 9",
    cH3-c-cH2-oH
    CH.-oH
    I

    cHfcH2-9-CH3
    cHr
    OH
    I

    cH3-9H-CH-CH3

    cHr
    cHfcH2*cH2-cH2-o-cH3
    cH3-cH-cH2-o-cH3
    cHr

    cHrcH2-cH-o-cH3
    cH.

    9".

    cHfc-o-cH3
    CH:

    cH3-cH2{H2-O{H2{H3
    cH3-cH-o{H2-cH3
    cHs
    45

    .4

    \fl

    2-ll e"iJ
    aJ-Js.bJ I c,t"6-1,4ll

    d,r,,

    asb,.

    rSF\ Gl : . i

    .i5,i;,fl;i, ;J:l

    ."

    H
    C=C

    \H

    HOH
    tilt

    H{_C-C_H

    (r)

    "r-,o.fji

    (i)

    H_C_OH
    tl

    Oi-S t

    o
    (-r)

    HHH
    ttl

    H-C-N-C_H
    tl

    tl

    HH

    (.r)
    ,1(J
    Uvt____-

    HH

    (j)

    ;*l
    cnii

    H
    I

    H_C_O-C-H
    ill

    OH
    H

    e
    .o

    (r)

    H-C-C=O
    tl

    HH

    :qJr:Jr

    .rGJl ir

    Ji

    +itJl a4Jl

    .-;l

    oi6.-2

    .i

    HOHHH
    tilttl
    H-C-C-C-C-C-H
    tttl
    H HHH
    ,t

    ,t

    ,a

    .1i:-;l--5.r _t*.r-f _h--> .tt

    HHH H H
    ttlll
    H-C-C-C-C-C-C-O
    lltlll
    HHHH-C-HH OH
    I

    46

    *l

    ,ks-r .e

    HHHH
    lttl
    H-C-C_C-N-H
    ttt
    HHH

    ,>l

    jUy ']'.t-- ..l

    HHHO
    H
    ttril
    H-C-C-C-C-O-C-H
    tttl
    H
    HHH
    l

    OHH
    ||ll
    H-C-C-C -H
    tl
    HH

    .i

    HO
    tll
    H-C-C-OH .?

    rJtitr.3.1'f

    'tljgltirIt s;+-

    H O BrH

    lillrl
    H-C

    -C-C -C-C
    tlll
    H
    HHH

    47

    -H

    .C

    6tirc+-2-eteq-3

    3-ll,F.dJl ar"l.F
    fu_Js.bjI crtc,ta:JI

    .rilt irt(tt.,l Utrlt eb'fr ,f *i:6a..a! Q$t

    &

    q,,- -Crllg;r"r'Jl J./J.l i


    .t-'v! Lly .(i)
    .*U a!t.;.(v)
    .t-'5Jlgaj oy.f .rt; .q)
    .ai)u at*rr

    d eJ- tr c5.:., -f ,-tr J!,qf ,1;_,5 .:t z: .f Jt-r.:-t


    .-641f .,i ;r1t r:ll oy.-frt ,.>l'1s 1r, L* ",g;a Jt;a .v aiu!
    .'-F j,.rtr: aeJe tla"r; yr!+.:.,tr: lere tla'rS .g .tKi

    .,rS*l ft"i!o+-1,

    "6/l ;r, tSl,7 31 ,St:'-p -r"-! .l .ji.;)tlu.,1 Gu.r6 tQ :sf.w *1 Jl;r$r dJq-*tek,r .,

    ,f ]1.;:53r O& .crUS t

    J"W rje dr.\'tJ

    il

    t3-L41( U-ro crll ,c.rc gra iracd .J,L fr/r 3


    q!'+szjlJttt,-- 4ay: J.c 4y.f st,',.+ Jl ,u-it J)e u LrLCa aiL.;.U oy.f-oy.f
    ,d) &-uls6-1 4-) f s-lt r;ir Ji t ldlJ) r+ .,J"Jl

    o:'.r*{t b.l1-[

    .>t

    .a*i;

    l1ll

    .<r>

    ,* Alb

    .rL*Jl Jt,obss;':+Jl JlJotitJl Ly

    ,*

    .1

    a;.iJl

    rlcl;:lt

    ,p

    Li Li cir..L * otf

    aiL;!-r:e d/r.*r- d;Jl slrl,aJt

    gjt5 lS!

    St{{Jl

    s,tVJt

    i] o t5 trl .,.r

    .i

    f'>biqlt L1jil e

    LJ

    v,

    i-*,r.r

    o y.

    d.tii

    '

    fo)rTa4lt bS.Jt
    4a;: r:c o_yf s.t4l + JI *Wlts.ib-*f,rl J,J;
    tc-:., F { * Jyf :.t+ a,!tJ^ .LrJJt

    "y't,lr,Jlt,,rid{ .e

    e.a'llp.

    "* q:j!.s$}l6jl>
    :qlkJl

    .r)cult(tr 6.r -51

    .d*yt .1r-,rl(Jr

    ru1

    .i

    c2H4cl2

    48

    ..lt+)lf

    ,ll

    Cr:.1

    Jt-t:-YtJoW .v
    CrHrl + Hl

    HH
    tl
    H-C-C-H
    ll
    HOH

    gr

    otll

    iL

    .C

    CrHn + HrO

    .cnH22o',

    yfat u 6r u;<J,.it<i JcurJ C6Hr2o6 )f ,b Vr g;,^'" 5


    fU^.;it(JlJ"F; J); Jlj iF:Jl "Ul ,>Vr:.r-e L .i
    1

    ..iit-(ltJ'cLi:J tt.t-r6rrJt{

    il:L. "-51 ...r

    2CuIJrrOu- CrrHrrOr,,, + HrO

    o_yf ;"tu.J=|kJl ui5 L;,;Ve .ds{.*".sb-e. e,1-r.lt J!-U.-JktlC. iiDyl .r)r.cu;


    ."ul-9 (U

    ,lj(a

    ,6:".r':,

    .*-H-l

    eBrzJ,,tiJ 4itrJl&,4J1;fu
    HHHH
    HHHH
    tltl
    tttl
    H-C=C-C-C-H + Br, * H-C-C-C-C-H
    tttl
    ll

    r$

    AlJJJaL

    atrt

    ,.-St

    .i

    Br BrH H

    HH

    .aLi Ur r-lfsl

    .,-r

    Otig+ig,cJt dili3-2,1

    fd{LJl JoLi:Jt

    ..:J4t-!Jb
    astiijr abrrjr BrrJ 6jlitr

    ,)clt ,J]r.9!,*e,aJ:l.il

    GBtrJ!.nx-l

    J a"J-Jl

    +Jl l-.e

    f;ur, -l 6 J:" t J! it-bb


    zljlt

    cJ!&Jtstlt ry){ij| at

    *,:JI

    Br2

    l:l

    .rY:, :&

    .)

    +lil B.zJ,J9!!.J4LC!=:?ft9!
    .a;rbi zLitt cJ! CrSt).tt

    49

    .6

    JaJl

    r-Yl

    .rilt oKlt ;i Uutr i'L.,'tr ;,r..-ai :6,tra! 4la!


    .a*t

    , )1+* ut-*J-y JI Ur'Jr orl=llt .;L

    Jlr$t

    g.*ab

    .i

    ge%

    .,J*tjJl

    ..:t-i' Jt'r Jl

    ,f++

    ,7

    t-*&

    ', ,, ,i ,lVJ. Jl

    v-J.JJ-

    ,>r.iflr

    .()j" r,d,(lill -bt-blr) tsL*Jl L.,t,tt.rt:.:lf

    |t

    e"rlJ

    lNel

    oj,"

    ..rJ+-l

    ;:-r,trlr

    ;:;lt

    gs,V

    .J

    A.;,J

    .c4ril

    t;-r"rJt

    gc,lb

    .j

    ,'"L . ., ,l Jl

    d.*,_rirr& u qr; z
    gs$yl t"+jJrfJ

    3s2 3p4

    ou-9r53!l

    ,i

    ls2

    :-r-c

    bt+-g

    .i

    2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4

    V.q

    4:J*i."-drJ--L.:rril bt-6 *

    -iti*:r-ja 6u'/Ju Cti lqlii slt;! 1jl6. pg *gh LOrt_F

    .1

    .e

    c6h +,b.rJs iJ.ri c"rJ,astr ilrJ! Ja.diJ,j

    50

    6rj

    r'l-,*

    Cl

    (rtr

    grti

    -op

    t'-Ay.s,*ut

    -Ur^Ufr

    or(,p

    ,JtJ.Jr wt.S ,/

    ,r*llr b$ll e..,1 *rf

    .dbh!.pe f,ti.1tr

    .r 4itr Ji-J1Ei4.St tJlts CgBg.a;rj91

    .uuyr
    .l;rbi

    51

    J+fJJ

    yl 4i o"it,3tStltt3 ,CIJ,rb4,q l{Jtl.f Gi

    .Al
    dSJ

    J,t--s

    s.+:d.tr

    ,.rti!r&

    &U.tl

    ,Jit'

    A'+LJ4i:t^lt1 ClLia,!rS1,;i .n+J

    .4

    AEgiiAAt+tr.
    .rilt or(It.J
    o
    tl

    R{-R', .j
    o
    tl

    R-C-O-R', .3

    o
    tl

    R-C-NH2 .J'

    .drrJl

    qlulr

    at-lr

    ,f sl

    :6.pe! 4t7!

    Jl6,lt a-dt flg. ,LJl J! 6:_2r_/l a-Ul a;ealt 6at-b .1


    R-X .l
    o
    tl
    R-C-H.v

    J'*s#lt jbJt

    R-G-R"6

    J-2*nt

    Fyl

    .ilyr

    R-OH .r

    o
    tl

    J5:!'rJL^

    -C-OH.a
    R_

    T -R'

    .1

    e
    i

    dl/!l

    "r+"rJ!t

    or:SJt

    q*j.*'.1
    HHHHO
    ttrrtl

    .IUPAC

    H-C-C-C-C-C-H
    tttl

    4:JtjJl

    4jL'*ll&.4J1

    'L-i .-:fl 2

    .l

    HHHH
    HH
    tl

    d{UiliJ/t si.r

    H{{-C-OH
    tttl
    HHO

    CICI HCI
    tttt
    H-C{-C-C-H ,e
    tttl

    6li3443Js e>/a-4,2,1

    HHHH
    H
    I

    H-C-H

    HIH
    rll
    I

    .J

    /.3j)at+-z-&-2

    f-re<-I+
    ttl
    H OHH

    52

    \ll

    :a*lUl .:>).eut!r

    t2;1e;le,L-i1 a;Ls aiu, #lJ

    Jy;

    ,le*1d;Jr

    c4tjl'c-t

    .-Sl 3

    .*-tt-2Jt rjll aiL-;!'i

    8ss+e'r.lrells-3'2

    .J;u.1s.-t g,. otll ill-r! .v

    c.*r.qf

    ,.!Ul u,*.:Jl ,* ,g Fr 1 erk IlJrW .C


    Oll{, JJgt! E* t.t ri,i Ui, JJll et}3 ri aU*. r-rr$ d t3 3i .;t :*r l.lrJE

    t-6J

    "n

    .iljLr 4.!-F &r, W \t^dt

    "t*$t r; '-rly js-\l ,)i fij

    :(.:) r (i) Jl" .IUPAC 4.*; q-*-*{


    .k"*n \JJftaKJt u't'tt-\,.1f oi,.-1,- .i
    .k{.a3 aitJfl afiStl lC eJtJJ !|"')iOrjUr ,rr^ 4;9::ii r'4jr 6i g;i 1i-rjCl A;*-tt fr+yrf]t

    1;!t .;tr;; -,
    "
    1"i.a=d,ql k+rSl.lj Lry9,lt nl.rrr.j+Yr!-alj;i
    .

    .ilryqj+*l&lir-j+t zi-t^"lla'r"'ll.-aljii el.rr.;ri.rtr +,3f

    Jt $Jl

    "o3ult et

    .t{l#

    .nlJi.,

    YT

    H-9-o-9-H
    HH

    ;t.'i-e

    b+e

    eri$ill ,lF

    EJ[iJt.f

    JrE)tir Jn *Ul6,'"]lr-rl

    .c

    TT

    H-9-9-oH
    HH

    f(6)6 i,.,5Sr* .-l>\:-YlJd^Jl +11v


    a;i.4Jl

    g-,l .{klt

    aU,!r

    ," F.iLl'C*lt Jt cIUPAC \*; f iAU'iIt ap cqlkll 'L-\tt U F -e 5


    .IUPAC e.+*, 3. .ttl*ll g,"--Jt p*,Yl .511 (E/-Lll UUI

    fTY -t

    "-9-9-f
    BTH H
    ,l+lr yl>-

    "-g-9-o-9-f
    HH
    HH
    er,

    .rlrf; -fJJ.-3

    .i

    YY YT-t

    Ltl Ltl

    .,-r

    J;uyt

    .c

    ;,1

    s',JU

    YYY9"

    H{{{{-H
    HHHH
    Jybr+-|

    s3

    .)

    e -,';i:6,n a! aqt4t
    trSlt at.(Jr t-614r'lr atjlr .:r^-*fr q\
    " .l
    .rilt.rKlt,J Utlt eL-lr

    .
    LJ
    _

    rr,;

    o_rslt

    -/t.t'

    .7
    '(iJ'c /N)l
    alKJt a,5[:lJ ..l

    .'o
    .+" .u'-

    VY

    )F

    t'.
    ,/rfr

    'c

    i'u

    ost-oJj .q

    ,-Lll J;
    ,

    Jl

    ';F

    .i

    .a*ita;y

    .i

    ;dl

    +:-r,--t'

    .a+,-b +3y

    .i

    ig .+

    ..t;rll )t j,bt j'q u 8u

    .,.rU_9jfl :.r-c .i
    .eU1'y)l )Je../

    .ait.Ejr6I;e;irlr

    4; .e
    41 .5

    ,F L;)t uV dlj (4KJl uai; :tluk

    rrt<lr :-r,Jt

    .a;tljr

    i"y

    Fs;":tlr

    .i'u

    alL-;;

    ..:[116,-*
    1i

    :-prpt

    :He piJ*J1.,:.&

    U ,S1,Jt-ut

    Y .c

    .a;LLJt

    Fs;":rlrri;; .i

    .a;rtlt dLs|;',.:rlr "ri;; ...,

    afikll .:lr-rJl G

    Jr

    1-12

    J(;Jr Jl l'ri:"*,
    4-r r-LaJl
    \ /-

    Jn ,;-1

    utraiub

    4J

    .i

    .:l:j .9

    .r

    q6 ,r l+O a"-;-aJt.Jo 6/1

    taiy

    .i

    .6

    -v

    Lp9.l1a

    f+;lr etlA +ty;(_,trtut -6 ,e


    .8.4 x 10-ll J

    kraitLt aji SO cZ6'1-i1

    fX J alKJt

    p_tZ)

    ffia;lr

    ilKlt raa

    bril!

    *.

    .4.2 x
    ai>\,Jl

    l0-ll J kra;tbt al; 50 ,X ;".rjJ .7

    t,

    .i

    U ,fr"rA 1.e

    fq:ll .rVj.'Jr k-l-J (rt,;tt -ii :S J,;")nt g1 .e

    l:2
    Z6sitll
    Z62itll

    54

    ;)t
    ."t<lt orJr;

    F*'Yl

    CrkJt

    cs-1.rJlo.:-r.o,

    ,rJtlb rrFl

    .4uJl

    ,F
    8Fu

    \s-y'l,.rY:dl u,F,3

    -_or,

    - +lue .+

    .ait-bJt1 at-(Jt ;a1

    .8

    tlx

    .i

    tt{ -*

    F JI L-;*:L

    dL'Jl

    13Ni

    ai)\,Jloi

    .,:Jl

    al:dl

    .51

    .9

    E=mc2

    JF tsrfre,*+lt'-.+ ) &Ft.l0
    .ddlll

    .,pL^

    uUiSt:rp..-,->l

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    .NHf nBJ*i dls.i{ t{!_jJ ,?Jrbell Cl)L,LaIt , l-ru !- r3rr.9l,t ,NH3 gr HCI d.cl4
    cr-r+Yr

    rlrf

    L.3g.yr

    1.;

    tii:r15

    E:.i,f ,JLqtl .,Jt Olj.3)lt

    .at+t

    [.fr;r +*+;gf
    65Yt 3jrttt

    .C

    r;t"

    i:stJ:fl

    t5ly'l JJ{!l SCN-,r-jg!lC. Fe3+ ..rrult ofi :1t(ii 4s


    .[FeSCN]2+..l-;*!t rrrK:t il:j-y'l al.:tJt s;fl .d.,SlJl J^-!l Jlq ;"4

    qsjJl [FeSCN]2*

    Fe3* +

    .a

    SCN-=[FescN]2+

    uut .i
    (z;t'tDSCN-.:Uyi tV! .q
    (3 ;/ll) KCI ait;! 'e
    (1

    .C3ulf ,[FeSCN]2+ &.J,.,si ai{S


    .Ci ut |, [FeSCN]2*

    tr

    #i

    ;rill)

    Fe3+.rur4i

    t+i:, A.!

    a#s qJJ' &.it

    g'lt
    I sJ t

    .i

    JtjiYl Clj+

    Orji v I Crj+

    86

    '3.d

    ;"5:'

    L.r;-e aJti

    Ci- 4$Jl .rl;ttJl jb'4

    :CVt"r*,| .ts

    J!.t-,t

    .1

    4gJl ,.r$fu:f .;.r .lUltt3 -U.-. U.r:e airiEi F t


    lr4i Lr;*; .a-b.;Jl a1-{ Ueri,-a oltA & gp- CV),ya-cg'-a-,
    a;;Jl .rlr: Jla"biJl A-F r!4 ,a;w^ll .:lrj,Jl oj,o {'.*;Jl ,ii al;ll
    .r_J5Jt.:tp, uuJt
    AgCl

    ngo+clo

    ul.,*. ti.:. ,:tlVt .r<-,- #Jl i


    a*';:t *--t-F ,i"-*-t -r:-c .rfJt}l 6r d;"u.,- Y OljYl
    u...-.rJl 'tAqo p;t
    .rlytJ.Jl d o.r'.r a;.rJl a*i; J^ Jr[i:Jl U^ ,:ife-,J .)-,-,!l J!Ct-Jl Jy-",ui $" .."KuyJ ,jP -e;rll oj-o 4l? ;a;J;J;l4r-tJt q2l5 a'-*-:Jl
    (f;,::Jtlt ;^tL^ d e7tJlW.rljq.;*f :il-->\-.)
    U.6

    dlj ,J.lJi c.

    .+r- J,

    !S^er,(,JtjJt+

    -al?jjr +sJj

    .rll$lSJl;fi

    AjS:f Jr.:i

    ,=

    -1JilSJl

    a-,'.il\ atlJS

    - ..f-.-"JJSf tgLAhIt illJ!


    nlJ! ,lls

    JJSj .an-,{.i.Jl

    ,r*l-!l L t"i .+.r+ ir" "+

    illJtlijjl L

    "1!lJ{!1C
    .ptlA.iJllrLi.r

    ;JLr.-51 .e;S ot|:A{FjJl

    o.ral ai)i:Jl

    ,l;.-!l j oE :crlqbr-rl S# e
    ..rlr5Jt

    J!3 .Orjil

    ajb e r3*.3r ptta.r +JEtEAgi


    .J*frt

    87

    4iu

    oj-o

    6^+ JabJ

    6i;oS; 4r=C

    6-r--l-9

    Jti.6 {lJS+ L,r;-c,

    ?9t"t',' g;Ul oQi:f I dt.7t2:a-

    lljJYl

    i. U

    erljl

    o,ttt.F.+l Ko\
    .

    ;"s

    it

    j,-,s i:u's fi il r#

    .zir-;)t1+lt

    ;t*Yt

    k _/r.,rt4 .
    .Jr;r j our*lr f ;". {- }r hr- .

    rrr"^ r_ri

    .:u,--4J u;,
    .d1t

    #r.}

    alUr#t}t d HtO* ft
    -!1

    eJ a.ijl
    .

    a-)\*JlJ

    Kaa4

    "$;^r

    uk

    c1.0

    4-5

    ,C_talnnJJl

    \-irq .

    ;..!t .:t,tr""!,.ih .

    a.ditf

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    J.;*yl

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    HCI cd!-,1;51t.t dl ;z-* if #B el)et'
    e (4*; oze) CH3COOH
    re:g,;,*)
    f t Aa )cf1$ Or*- er-,rJl .rl,;;t;lldr" .uls
    'St;4
    .Kou,.lJ.-,L--- ,!r.JUt l e!.-!t
    ,.:t;;1i
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    l.61

    .eJ-rlrl

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    *;it-.

    drt^,-!u .rrzJt r; ;r;l.rL; cKo crloJt dlk; *r-i


    u;rAtt .6-# KoJ re # oe cLli*r 4k; +.it ;r^-!r 0i u, .,tlr
    t-3-1.r;j-1r5r",a.,.^otll od\pLt) a!.-_Jt5 ,,jJt & i.:tll 6r.ri ,./r r^i';
    Ct

    or iu

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    ElJ.n:}r Jy-:"

    J111

    cpl-9.rJl

    .,te u.errr a1$.Jr g;a

    ;-

    ,-|1ll+ll/rldl +'i
    ;" -50 mL ,o.:-:t .l

    0.1 M

    t:- !,,,t:;gl5rlrrall
    4.3 mL,

    i o*uls 4+.S Jl Fy'l HCl.}.


    .JrHr iF 50 mL;r J-J ,Ul
    ..p 0.1 M

    1f

    :Jr.r,,-

    ,-t btElib

    .ioit 5

    a!*-)l;t-.-l

    i;.6--i .

    +.ts,-hrv a
    (.:l,tli) jtJl u,pr et-ov a

    asr, afi

    .A.;UaS arU

    +r(-;r

    .srJ

    ir-i,.,-.!

    ei^L

    t -,' g

    M CH3COOH,dJ+.-!t
    1.0 M HCI cd-!.1fr-.,-t"dl

    1.0

    '+
    (;j- 24) ;lt Jt-- '+
    o^*

    -50

    mI- ,+,^-tJ .2

    \'

    .'-':,r.

    ilr,sla

    .F-

    rJ- 2.9 mL, :. ^l .n^).t-":t


    a+K ++X,..t1 *=L:lt JL+-)r
    -*
    .&-Hl J- 50 mL;t J-t ,Ur

    k)Ll"lt

    @
    )

    3-

    I i.
    )+:.sr.

    J'.

    rL;' '.<- J
    ;-ff;rl cr;1 +" a4.19i 11-"6
    4t )+!l :9- k;f
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    .-r+tr
    2
    Je)l
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    -l-:S
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    _;o

    , ,l .L)LJI :lelr-l

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    ,:r I rU-

    .l
    ';P; raij

    ilgsl'g rfCl

    88

    d.tjurti.J dJitt'-y,J r,Jjlr

    :;Jl i

    (HCl

    j$lj J:+J JkJl JJr4l 6t .l

    J+lrill
    3r

    rlr^tl a.)l*Jl dltl.Lni

    .
    ,l5,lqa-,!lajl irLIJl
    . .L
    -i"o*
    '
    yi;-l.l &!r,9 Jl+ J9,y'1.9 nljl::rl
    klS a-YJl el.,l.r-i lrsl .

    i3l3-1tir9

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    p_ .
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    ;l 1;I arJ63 _'.cl .:'<...;ll irLll
    J-F .U { r ,-.. -.1,-:1r .i
    L+--, J+ I'J:- L.i.*19,'l+-J!
    .oLt;;tl L:l- 4

    ilUir)L

    1.0

    '

    l0-3 M

    1.0

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    lOa M

    **

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    ' l0-r M

    rQ \ ,ti

    1.0

    '

    .r<4 rtQ a
    .Xg+

    CH3COOH

    1.0

    M CH3COOH J-Je'.1.0 M HCI Jrt4

    U6,}u20

    JJJrS

    j- 6-rIj

    .j4EJt

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    10{ M

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    U;-}l20 eb 2

    g;$t9 cF

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    l

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    .-rq:tYl _rk* .:tEi Jtll
    pl c;l=;Yl -r'r .JtbJn +;t JqtYl
    "UU
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    18 jr..-zJl p ,.r 'c-'

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    39)ij+ 6d* 4 -;,.j JjJ

    I JS

    rrd-Jl &;rr;.

    -)lL9*

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    r ,Jr!l .;+ujt e.;*

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    .e-;J;l JIL^J.J

    l-,11- dr'J 6 al

    ,y:itlJr-r.3 k ali.3ti,

    G0.10 M HCl e c2ep;-JJ

    j't -,atr ar=lrr { -c;r s


    i ais l:; ^. -;l --)'
    ,l+;r..!Jr
    .-rf
    ,r ;. rsL .rl;)r
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    .jFL+Yl JL i:. 6 100% a-i:'ti.

    (.,jtjjl -,i.+ult
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    lor.(:;i ;*.l,Jt -L:,=


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    o1l6flr, .i:Jtj:, ,--l+U ..rLJ--e "l:-" lt F g


    G Ft;:t i+ t-:fl .1.0 x 10-6 M r. sp-J 1.0 M + i+ Jt+ d,^i [H3O+] l-i
    .$Ut* JfJ*,-';!l :;Jt

    r+19,

    .4:FJl

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    LJ-y otU- f- a1)+ll ,ri
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    89

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    jv 7.vgy r-v .;:!r js.ilt Jl.J'!r

    &il4 JCt-ll ,lS ibt-,.fe1


    te ,<..r .l M NatCO-,

    JP G )Vl Ut-l,.r;r d,r.-J'k


    ..t.cll 'U! tt+;Yl .,1k+ .:Ll+ clkil f -r'+ cpl .(gif .Si 3 dJS.-!t
    o1 f6UrU1'lr o,( u"ro .Q-r;rl, +*.t loJr-r) $,r >g-^- gr;r-re
    'F rk-l

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    A s.&8|g t.ijlAj:rl

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    ".;d -;Jt Qp

    JlJlt.ri -=*; .rici-&. (dr.-!l


    J-/s pH s -.^-Hcl
    .gL\ ,^:,-311-6*, JfuY

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    J!6e 6U*L e;

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    ) .dJJJ ^44A1+;llt .J #rlrr .rUr=q5Jr J, ,)"J;.,/-!'
    Ylq:Ut .:t1UJl ..lt-lb 116_)Atj.:rj\-.fi oll,l: Ji.5*i
    .Fl ,k;;l -r+l4AteI-,,.:u J+ l'r.- .-!+...1*;t .rlJt ,aty.
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    ,;.t' vi

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    Jr4 fur"*o;U :rlt;r-!:Jr,^lj .f


    .dr,t-!#e .1.0 M CH3COOH

    Jl3i 1.0 M CH3COOH dg,l'..

    LiB

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    9lr r,.;+ HCI d3'la. LJgSl'l i3$rr+}r .!,Le

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    90

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    NaCl J.;'l= J!NarCuH s}j'll';!;U L;\J cairy't i,jrz 4f -r-c NaCl J
    3.21r-

    o.r-.c NaCl

    &tt

    '

    :s:c-ojl
    \.-

    Jl / rt3il,l,,;X+i;i
    ',S: aJ lrl .l

    :l ;-

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    ,

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    ' 4!u'JPl
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    '.i..S.:o:c.ajl
    J
    tJ-

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    ...grrgaJl
    u-o p ,i-isc;r4Jl
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    sy-.r;i . p,9,ro--Jl +r9,

    \'. '
    :l+>5#

    .>orc,ajl iLL J .:o:o-ojl

    3l:0...i .p,9,:*-Jt

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    l@

    d4*l,:-f l

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    tur.fur

    ici.i .lJ{+FJl

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    e@ a)irr t$

    frtuz.s!l.'!f.#t+u

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    .

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    '
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    100 mm x 25 mm

    c1!il ?i\ .
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    j4 o-ts'

    0;+..gJ tt+
    + J+IVS o?. ?d .
    AA-t G^- J-t-- '

    ,G? f -f.qb

    dJr.:.,

    NaCl .
    .llj- '
    sr-c c150 mL c4*t+j aV .
    a;';4 L;L'

    o>-t '

    glF u 4,-t+j ctL- .


    l0 mL ,E1-u -.,13 .
    i";e ZiA' '

    Jy--*e.rl-lLi.iJl

    L:llreu.r5r

    .ifS3rrrrJ gi "tLr OrUt

    15 g ajL;lr cNaCl

    .,tll;r, 25 mLJ!6Ur U
    ,+ Ji.-a., .alf dr, +;-tl ,--r;ii

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    *=,..r-

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    .slr.:-V. '!'.,-

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    t-d-l r-:-l .!>tl ..rf+Jl
    .

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    li lrra -u

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    ,i,(Jt tt . ) J*.JI
    C.tJ.'Ju

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    a.)l*tt nU.!:.-

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    .{i5.,,"l*; Ji r#Jl j^p 4i Jt6trr iJ- e;L.fij .aj<-ll eit:;Jl
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    16* tr,.ig..al ) :i!.-$

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    -;-:l
    .;s]Jl ll:o( r !i '.
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    x .a-ltl rp)ule JJLJI |'Jl
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    9 3 Jtu

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    rr;:-l .ai",. ^:rl
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    Gul t' :yu
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    a;r.l^, )^...<tl -LJl 'F Fl-;Jl

    .a-L;

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    fit

    r1s.?.rlT

    94

    gAjittg s.:J.tl dfkiij


    btu

    LrtiJt ,n,'.;Jt j^*"'dS

    U:IrNaCl

    JP f

    NaCl g /;:Jl

    J,+

    aJS

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    ilS

    ;r;J

    .(i).,$tr ,f ,;*9 L5 o* 4sqlJll J-tIt 3,


    y .=+llt z'J'-, ,Jg.:lr;.:;- a'-b'.7t;'11._& OU-6 e-r2q ;"r'fle)+JlJ
    +tJ,L:r NaCl Jjt ;;.,=+Ut,,t,-i_, c;.r,Il e,);^lr Js. ri-!t J.q
    .gul .:l,pjJt";+ ,ti Jll,[l ,y -fu"oi J1;o;;lleu jtJt
    i'-rJ. &i*rJlCU: r'.r- i;;; al,;
    e4.*Ul S-tr- ,iV {,iUl .:t;jJt .r4 t:!
    .,--aLt{ F.A\ O-+ G Krs cai-pt! U ot ?+i{ d."-,i .,si\;ti: 10

    .6

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    f.

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    .JItl-). jrr- .!'rt

    -.,t+;il

    v:*i

    J_rr.

    Gz,',Jt aJKt'JL

    JlNarCuHrO r.2HrO
    .,.ixii ,,*t1 .-rjS4

    JySJl c!!3 !r ari'3ti,


    ;i ..rr"e+ i*J.Jr .1i ,.y rS't:
    + 4-4n;.t4 e+iJl JrLf

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    ;'tJl

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    =:i
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    L rt
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    Y es- ,.t ^tt
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    fr
    1 J,e"rlt
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    -t

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    . ,;-;Jl

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    ;rjl, : t'..Lill aL;Jl
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    -s JL+ 4 La:5JJ r 4+-:!
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    el;3! r9s9...;-:l a.+. -! C
    (!l !..:Jl lcl'll f NaCl
    d:-.
    !.YL.
    .,i jr ,i lJlo .r.L;;l
    ^r;:;
    LoJ

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    ..',',i. -uJ >!r:,j

    a, t-* ri ,-;;j
    jl-i..di{,-+ 4Jlr)l Jl ;l i. jtL Ftj

    .;3!iJl os 2

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    Jl

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    .otlt
    rJl .:tqtiJl 4_)V G NarCuHrO r.2HrO ri NaCl O, ;rjtrt

    ,f,t- .l A

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    .NaCl g.
    4450

    :rs t--*>l gi cNaCl J 4-Jl

    g-

    3.14

    95

    g,

    $ffi

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    U eattiSg ' taE'iitt


    !liJLaiJl

    4136 g = 3.14 g NaCl

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    -s Jal;:JJ a:9L;yli"X ;+

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    .Ul

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    o.osrz,;5ff-,ry=537M

    mL,J t'-rYlt

    10.0

    Jjr*r ..rj( 6jJl Nacl .k"J

    *;5lr

    aJ:tJt .151

    :lKii

    c'Ir

    .4

    "2
    e+ll drr'Jl 09q Jtl NaCl,'r(f il' SljJyl thLr.

    tga

    NaCl(s);= Na+(aq) + CY(aq)

    4.r*:J 4 "r!l ,J i:.,l-eJl aJrtJty


    cstJ-tst! 9a NaCl -Cl- 9 NaCl i*fr

    puf-t

    .:;t;Jl

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    ;p

    I :1

    zr.i

    4'rirrr p lJr blr ix.6

    ell

    .is,-lgr,-r3;r;g3E

    .[Na*] = [Cl-] = 537 M

    .4

    rJl

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    :oUta

    *!s
    'S,t\
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    c3 ..rlJl

    aJ:UJ oliYl c-1ti

    r.'; -!Sr :1Klirj"J.i

    .6

    K,o = [Na+][Cl-]

    .NaCl

    JJ

    KspJ

    i*iJt l+Jl ',tJ

    5 ea-rJl

    '.-.vlp-r-.-l

    :cJUt*

    JJi

    K-=(537)(537)=28.8

    ;)LLIG,dXLt-),
    jSJiJf

    ,J:rrrJt ,ttjYr p:es"--'- :dJt Jh,JJ4


    .NaCl JJtr Jl NarCuHrO'.ZH.O u*bl t rt ( 11

    ,b,641

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    e+rt NaCl dllr', sJ! Na3C6HsOr.2HrOAAlal

    .K,pW +.r? !'. ,nti31!t jSt-1j &t-

    '*:NaCl
    sl-nr

    -l
    11

    fi

    *;

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    orjVr

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    p-rl)J"ajl

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    .p34r3rcl I d3l-,f.ti,pgr3rcl t d3 t3je. JS#

    96

    JhU

    L-6J ou"rt-

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    ,l-,1.:u

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    "!a

    j J*tt rrrl.li a?is A $v-F

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    .\l)l4-.rr f

    97

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    '+ i,l-W..r";
    a4lU., aj-2LL p-u':*; +Jl oJ^ .J .6.r-eli dJ" oLiU :"'"t' 45
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    4L-lJ{
    ,J Mtt;JJii :-r-e dli +Jl oio er.r-+ L-r:-e .MnOi ,J:s',,l $Ul
    lr^ ll-r;j-l JJ<r. .bJJ;<+ ."tr ..ir 4JJ1<i* 1 ,2+ )!+7 ,f ris tutnO;
    c.lrr-;Jl"[^.(1 r-.r:r .Jt;:-t-;g\rtJ.otirJ ark Jl 4t; .,b aJYJJ olr ; j;:lr
    .*trrl s\(-.o:f, ,.trt+' *** J"t-tl + Jl -lubi Mno; u Pb,ii olj
    .:uu
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    ''a.!t
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    .7ti.it c;d.:J.lr.

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    sltt+Il lstglt *2n

    .l
    .0.0200 M KMnOu
    KMnO* ;* 3.1 6 g ,- , :.'i

    )+;J

    ;r

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    uJ.

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    .0.15 M FeSO.

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    100 mL

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    sl,l;.l,rr-Y.0.1 M H,SOI
    .y 56 mL,L" *l .d-)LJl
    JF a+ts:j-s Jl jsy'l HrSO.+
    e- 1.00 L Jl J--:J i.;rt ,Ut
    , :"ai9. L,i J"tsJl , :.:l .J}l=,ll
    !K,i! ji-,r >l-:l .1et-.tt .r:]*:.1

    9W '

    l'

    r&t

    .2

    t!.b-:]

    FeSOl.THrO;- 41.70

    .Ja

    .i,-rrrJr

    fuIr"lt

    at1.f1ir.

    a;+r 45 ,C=Fill c69ll

    e;

    .,:J.l'r

    rt.rltf

    .rlyL. oUi!'., -U"-'

    &lgrltf9 sfJtf

    tis)t .
    2 )rs 250 mL 4.-taj.ri5 '

    4 )r-e 125 mL

    *:f

    400 mL

    {*t+j

    e/
    98

    tc:1"r..:/)ti a-t--, JS

    t';

    ft

    csfll

    .ttFeSOa)) +

    d"'t<Jl1 tr0.0200

    M KMnOoD -t25O

    iCuil a.t*tl ill.Lti:r

    FeSOnp;-

    FeSOrp;-

    ).rjJl

    *L.rk o_* 3

    (mL) urta4xt

    orglr

    KMnOo p;(mL) urg:rt

    c;-, JIJJa ljgy'l3 crul;:t1


    a.y,,.rr orr.'r;
    .

    i;r

    r<is

    .i+.L:f l 6" k;3U9

    KMnOn p;r
    (mL) orrrirr

    .r13,!l

    )e )e-t

    .a."t ll

    ../'til

    k5-t1

    .i.-r'tl

    .,r'r(Jt

    ,y Q* 75 mL u"t
    Q5-r: FeSOo J-Je u Q7 lS

    0.0200 M KMnOo

    .4

    .:t ^(JtC.r:l .0.0200 M KMnOo;,. ,:.',lrill, ar-;o,.,>l"y dr>li ar-U-- J-jl s


    if 4li ,.:t^( .rl-,, er>ti a;iV i,-t**Jl pl .,.:)U;Jl .rk d aLJl
    ..r)t*a;Jt dK
    G.rt*.(Jt oj,og.+19 ,FeSOa Jf
    U Q* 50 mL 1 6J-13 )-.1 .Jd', .rgJ*:J tli d4it**i 3, .6
    .FeSOo J-P ;rti-;6 50 mLr cs;-!r'>\-lJ 0.0200 M KMnOo
    J.. ,fti ,r:- KMnO o U*on +*ifj a,-t *Jl i,b .*.:>\;.;Jt dK y .7
    .FeSOo Lt-*1. 4^,Jt ob )'f .)i,l Ji a-t-.*Il6;Jl .-rrJJl tli
    U -E 4l .i->1 t cl25 mL ,"P : f o y' J! i;lt ,Ut dr, 50 mL .-*i
    u'w ,*-:.qr"lj il;6 a,t-n:-y (rt+ 6..ll U-o C; .0.0200 M KMnOo
    S

    d/'

    l0 mL,-h+1

    e'5

    mL -P;1 .t

    99

    ,')t

    .S

    ,vSt JJ <,FeSOo.iH2O ttlt GI) +"rlr .-hrt J:ts


    ."v-)t l_t.o.J FeSOo JJtr J! 1 M H2SO4

    +'"-.r

    Jl>

    Ly4;l .:r<...;tl ;rLll

    ada3

    .L I r5-o -b*;fl .i

    J+ ljl-: |.a ,el9,rl+*ijl


    .c,!Li.;ll 4i9L

    e$i;tte s:tsJl

    4_

    nliii

    tq.;St rlr rtSxl,:l,l ,.r,4

    srj ,,.r-,

    ....,1rll
    'p;2s9
    alr;il 4.-l-Jl
    .-Y

    -oi.-Jl .:l,1rL.

    !=

    oLl*Jl

    t.rl:-:6i iyt;rt j: .;e|-;:t


    4*L;Jl
    -Y

    drkJl :l :i:ji

    -J'{:ilt d!3 L. " r:aU,


    ciJ- -, Jrj;j-l-;JJ:r
    19<;. u;u
    .'ri
    _vl,

    c,)LL::l ,'r rgjl lr.d,'So

    1r<*

    6+l-r .Arl]l

    cJYrls

    4lxJ;JlJl -L# 1.

    .d$t >li nJ.r"Yl a--t-,.*Jl ,>t"tlJIut* Jtr- ,f J*-

    dr-:ll
    t

    1r;:-l
    -l<...i1
    r,.-'r "y,g3i :rr,-;l_.e a,t3
    ,;r

    ^r

    .tu-kJl a-L.;;

    rliJlJa{3lrl ;JlL:ll *J,,."-J .

    rlyc .tt.rilzi)) r 400 mL rr'5 O,* .3 c2 tl + c!;11.: a,)j


    .rrFeSOor + s7\t1<KMnOol +

    a--t-*-,

    (mL)

    .dIU-). J.-*:J ol;t* Jf.ra ,Z- .t


    j;, ,VrLt-i-, ;tlr4 50 mL ;a>t^r.-, ,:io Z
    ..rtirJlr aJlr) la;ll'tJq (Ji!l .,l'

    a-:rb4_,

    4l;n

    ;4ll

    e:ji
    ,....;ll

    ."1tj;;t-;,...<!t

    .f

    C!.rtf a.ar-j.

    ,*ffo elJ5 ,L,ii c"Le;Jl j FeSOo J!a-t"-*Jt;, KMnOo '4.;;1 Z


    t
    .ts11: s!<&
    c8 6j,L.ll
    C 6-b di} !F-t#Jt Ollf J-#t o-rJ.ft!e -r:c
    ..rt-l-**lJ ijk Jl .rl,lflJIUtc Jrr* ,?,j*
    z)*e )"f ..r)|;,iJt./'tS C ;lYt,c:attl 3
    C2 s | 6rLl-tj;/tJl

    ,b-)l

    .3

    s2ii.f'

    Gtsnl

    .1
    eujs.-<-l .elhj a-LAt rjtlt j.r)u.;Jt u,\S ol-3..* c F
    .,6\
    Jtl:L;, J+ l'"r '!+;;.*;r .tyt}t oro ,J *r"Fl ,trJJl ,v1 aye Y
    .Fl't-6!l "t'ry a=l

    .KMnOo 9 FeSOa

    ;o Jr;-r-;.r--S!r J'U:J ul)-)l aj:t lt

    MnOl(ae) + 8H+(aq) +

    SFe2+(aq) --+ 5Fe3+(44)

    .51

    :1lK!i,*h"

    o
    -.aliill r-.llAiilt

    ijbLailt r,'.

    .1

    J+"239

    +Mn2+(aq) + 4H.O(I)

    d*lt3

    4 r;&1t9,

    ria'ditl
    C,9Lairl

    ..:>{:Jt

    .:Yt}l

    .,|

    lJ**flMnOl f,o EF ?.---l


    15.0 mL + 145

    mL + 15.5 mL

    .WtFti lt
    r5.0 mL KMnoo

    #,
    .t<j.r'Ji
    3.0

    ' l0{

    tvtno+

    oY-r :-\c '--->'l

    E9#&=
    cj ,l'
    mol

    ,>4,6 J:ie (q;Y-r)

    Fe2+

    3.00

    , tor

    :c;U1"1

    :c'ruto1

    J'-r'lt

    .-*-1

    .dJ

    Liii

    rldl
    u:"c 'J
    !-!'

    f"F 3

    <]-,

    FeSOa

    Jet*

    .,.l.,r..rJijl J,rJ!Oi J!
    .l .0 M NaOH ;sL:L

    .e!L;nl aiJL 4 a;r:rl ;iul

    ;el.!r9i ;.o-1 -F-';':t J:le


    ''i -.lt 1.0 M
    9 o 5.'* oH
    .at,ll
    -

    mol KMnoo

    .rY-y :J-e., -*+-l :c.rb3&e $4

    .t P),

    = 15.0 mL

    5 mol Fe2+
    1.5 x 1g-3 -o1
    I!InO; '
    l mol MnOl =

    F*

    .elLiJl ,.J",r-1;:! i-ru i*


    ,,.:l +lL-Jl ,r!:f dLJl J+lJl
    J.+I-JI jts r:r .q,i*;r<.;i
    ,&+ 4:J!,,' i,;3r.lt lt9+ri

    s '.e +45-lt

    .A

    P"2+

    :c.rtab:-rl '.iiJ"

    .(D +-t}t
    15 " 10-3 mol
    = 0.15 M
    0.01L

    100

    .i.u

    ryJ;'rb)h'r
    .Cu-ZnUf ab

    .*r1 ,ie-*d4i!4

    3r-.

    cfrltf

    d-s &-.

    3t&i,

    a4!r: 45 ,C-j;tt c.39tl

    .itJll U),t!t ::r<+,,.on- .


    Jt;-Yt trg ,J +jlt.:ralty !)ulJ a*+U :;all il,k ltrtr; .
    .a*r;lr
    . a->\*JlJ

    il4jbe); .:t*:1 ,; c)lptt;.rJi

    .rt"t-rr.l,.;;L- .

    ;r!t

    .4rJe:Jl

    -V

    '.J-r;ill

    .ilr

    .el-rI,r.ilsp L-tJ Ft
    ..:J.fr, ,,+i3

    g;r

    Jltlilll

    ;i :r'- gt )s:

    Cl+j.t

    cpl3.rJl,,le..er.;Jr 6lrlulr

    J"I;.JJ ;"r--s!r
    g.a

    ar_)F c*"i3

    a.ditf
    ,r^ 144

    [.-p

    ,. 1.00 L r+;-:J .1
    g-;i ,0.5 M ZnSOo

    500 mL s=ZnSO..'1IIrQ

    .,r^,r-11

    ,J"-l

    4$; t-.;*.j.;f t .Ut ;.


    .iat ,gr ;. t'+;.:,;i
    .&J-rl Ji 1.00 L;t

    AAyL,llll

    cF 1.00 L

    rd

    cf*ry.

    1i

    Or.rr-

    e., jrrlib .ioi!.j

    Arb ;{f

    d,.}

    )+'ta 2

    6^ 125 g-ii ,0.5 M

    .
    75 nrL c0.5 M CuSOo .

    I rr-Jl ..:$-i

    cm.prJl a,; .

    cm x 8

    cm x 8 cmr,g,"t*j

    t*:*.i^;f

    u.

    "Ut
    ;- r+;, :.' i
    .$qr:r 1.00 L Jl

    ,i.;.r.t .Llr

    ilt3slttg .rf$f

    75 ntL c0.5 M Al2(SOr3

    75 n'L c0.5 M ZnSOo.

    CuSOo

    t1,-ra 500 mL r= CuSOo.THrQ

    ';-::

    ,. 1.00 L ro;-l 3
    297 g-)1,0.5 M AI2(SO4)3
    4A|2(SO4)3.l4HrO s^
    ,* Qr- 500 mL

    .t.;lt

    "Ut

    6J .

    : i ..t^,r:Jt .11'a; t*:0.


    1.00 L Jt !L-r .t;-tt .Ut g.

    (".tb -l:3.
    3 r-t-e 150 mL i,at.aj.l'6 .

    ,+siiu{lrill .Li lll .4


    i5t 75 mL,i.-till fdJts
    I I g Jl.1J+b-. -J.b .1.6j.
    9 g e ,ZnSOo.THrO g. t+';:
    W22 g t,CuSOo.THrO g-

    Cl .
    p;- "V .

    I cm x 8 cm,,;y,"tB
    100 mL

    $pn jtJ '

    aoS-;ps .

    101

    tij

    ;), ,-oia.:)pUi o^/:l+J-dl tr)llt..J

    ."Pt lj,o.:U;gi & e-*"JrV j tF,S"F +c.";rs


    t-6-+1 .t-*t1Jcu:l Jr;:-Yr ,.sL# t^1,$ Jt' ;/:&iJr jH i- C'

    .ei.,Ut

    dittdl/rtClr'r&n
    a!3rJl r!;!3.|'1

    :rc

    b!g ,!*t

    -;;J1r'
    rJ>t-,i .

    tt;,

    '&il^'tl

    dJ-

    glli r( rl aj-a .A|2(SO4)3. l4H2O


    .q+i-,)^

    .:,t

    Y3."

    c,ll ,|!Lf

    'q: YJG ''...',t a;1e-rll

    ""o

    otpYgtl;

    Js+ jz-- .l
    6)r.Ls?*;,!t3 ,,1-*.sullJ u,l-*jJl3 fJtlll / j ;r.r5!r .+U J;i 2
    .l-6-l.r;j-Y (yV
    d- ait* *r'ltCtrll y-i-t .rl;eJl

    .ql; u-yt e,>t Jr

    J*ltiJl

    JIIJ;.-){." J.:.*:J -uV.

    .ttZnSOo>; ttCuSOotr

    -9

    <tAl2(SOa)31r 150 mL

    ,.r>\i,l;*c 3

    d)f

    0.5

    M cu2+

    (V) a.clritf

    0.5 M CuSOo g-75 mL

    -9

    ZnSO

    4,-rg d, 0.5 M ZnSOo u75

    mr.-(-t

    .CuSOo ,_rK

    J* gd-[r ;]il e] s\ g> 2


    .CuSOo JP G cr"t"dJl a_)sZnSOoJ"P 6 ,:*ltlt aj y 3
    cli)tll e:^;-- .n
    a)':*'.;uJl eJLJti spr$t a) .:h. i)-!l o\'b
    "/r
    ,P-; itpl v\ *s sre.,tLt aA J.-*t dLJJ ':pJt .l; .u"t*iJl
    i\t J"-.,/t i-h tr;e1 ,u,\.Jt a).1JJ:I ell*lj'+t iPt j\; .j.:Jll
    c;l*Jl ,q;u,.S-/ l5l l,i .;a*Jl ota.;tr .l;Jll ;A!",# Ji.-+r .;AP
    itlL. J)\-\tl k: *"rb
    d,Uur+ Jrr* i q'Jlt oJ] J;.j-Jll
    "-<ru
    .ZnSoo

    JP gil

    ..,JlJl-e ccusoa

    .;rUJl

    Jetlt

    .p$td!]!! \A.b; l(; n-rt, #el f i b


    j
    J*;Jr "u C..?t j;t "l.llg, lL Ui a*5-. Jy)uLlJ Lr"t-nJl g J;t
    pl .ZnSo 4,.rK 6 *o1Lt Cl J.;lt "L1 CuSoa ./i5 .J .rtxlt 6l
    .{;rr ; "tjjt G} u j.b ,f
    .:;alt .:tJ <,JtLJt vt:f,J 4+r.rll ir"t*lJl Jt;-Yt ::<+ Jr-t+ lrii-l
    cuy,olJ-l9 crrt-*;Jl ll.r;j-t t<*+ OiJJ<l-lt g;;!t !)ilJ ir-t "Jl
    .

    .6

    ll.rtf

    .t

    5
    .e

    air-Jrl-

    t*]l,l {5 Gj!d,-i.=lJ .5
    [*i ':t a-L;Jr
    ,L'lr
    ,.*
    v
    g't;.o'Y-t
    .,,U" rs,:.tt
    ,t-"r-"a -.r+lt
    .,;utt qirt" ",...1 0.1 M NaCl
    ;.J6-jnl a4l ;. ^l i.l ,t,: u11;
    ..* i J fu,lo! I ;t,JY ..' :, a.*Il
    J9i-4+.U.* aL!-* a:;pt 3,:9
    =; Jl .i rc 2- J. >i -"r. .NaCt
    L-J
    .-o.J.tl9gl-iSl 6bl rlF. iJ:l\l
    :g.
    .a',,Ut
    -iSt ;Vt
    l;:..J-

    ;.

    -ri

    100

    mLr*,-:;.1 .6
    1.0 M NaCl

    ,a.*lr ; J-iiu

    r'" a+sls a5 >. ,NaCl .-t" 5.8 g


    .&J-Il Ji 100 mL J! eL-jJ .Ul
    aI

    e0^tt

    ar)*Jt dlu.l+,

    eliJl_ri;ltl ;Jlr::ll C;9,..-J .


    .J.;-Jl s3_9 JlJl JiJy'19 oljt;:tl

    elr*',;i;1 .
    .A-l,:.tl g k;!rU.r
    ,i!-xs;ut9s al*i'-l JL e='
    i.---r'r-.r,rir
    t<k *Y--,rr

    .7

    ,,^+ e -Elsrr

    LLI':.=

    .4Jtir{SJl gLr-Jl

    Jl I ;r',>l3Lll G.- L^r;a4.P: c!)Lft oj-o.grl .frJ!t:

    r02

    .-<-.-+,-

    .CJjJ

    '^-Let

    ur*' j.:)u;Jt aV o\F

    .,-lJl ,l+Jl .r+-: fAt ;5rrto

    lr.-

    J.

    ".kJt

    oalfrttg, :JE'iilf

    .1

    -3

    eJ:+('.1|*;t

    tss ,* Jp-t .i;*t g Jcl;J.:Y:t ,,t<+t, Ll- Jn -"S' :1t(iipls


    4 fl fJ \$lJ ,1-9 J;41 J. e:;4!l g>\cti:lJ 4r-t=rJl al.lt ;-.";
    ..:y:dl
    Zn(s)

    --->

    .t

    Zn2+(aq) + 2e-

    Eo = +0.76Y
    Cu2+(aq1+ 2e- --+ Cu(s)
    Eu =

    Eo

    =-0.76Y

    Al(s) --+ Al3+(aq) + 3eEu = +1.66 Y

    Al(s)+Al3+(aq) +3eEu = +1.66Y


    Cu2+(aq1+ 2e- --+ Cu(s)
    Eo =

    al.:t

    .,rle JJ*-JJ

    (a;;.a-Jt tJeLi:Jt

    +034Y

    <,WFtalr Jng"-+l :c.rU! FF 2


    'dWlJot;:]l
    Zn(s) + Cuz+(aq1 --- Znz+(aq) + Cu(s)

    2Al(s) + 3Zn2+(aq)

    --->

    yfied{b3
    gAiltg s;Jrjl dlliEJ
    *Jl .I+ a,4*-; ,4J9, L,l',u+r
    ;.,oL-l a{:- .'ry.LJr +;*
    t
    t '!,lts.rFr .,idiryi? llr lg.:t
    ,l.jYl P-;,1:Jl L-o:'-trt :*
    ;!e,:[e;-K.l!l ;tr:t ;L"Utt
    ,., i,,, .A< a]r JJ
    .-iJ)t*)r

    +034Y

    Znz+(aq) + 2e- --> Zn(s)

    2\l3+(aq) + 3Zn(s)

    _{rtilJ

    J1:jJl &3 laA/;'3l.J,l


    .t,,
    -lr-J;)l-6 irJ)r :)lcL.i] ul-.

    t-En-l .elJJ;jl tt)LiJL 1.6:3).t 9


    po",-: ;*9; -iI=S Jx+J t+ r9-;r-X'Yt e,Jc !L-n : lt.. j :11:Jl
    .J!^;L' 4!:,=-l--j + JlFl
    .\r -tr i 'rtr
    i) :LJaJail
    lJ* tr iGr-l
    4-43 4-4rt
    :a-lrrll _,;rl
    n)tal;:ll
    - e+i-rl -ibrl
    -YrLr LbS -lj .LJL*-(. *<Jl
    $r:i9 L,lrJl -!l ^ll 3).{lL;
    ',:!Yl rc<+ a}^ !){-Jl \Jd_ll
    -yr,:,rt 3i ;* r3i: .a-ro:rt
    &L"Jl LUS;rLl ;i ;-eS;4

    ;r-X:t a;*^ Jlj;)U ui^ijl

    -'i .;rL;)r 4'2s;

    JilJre J F;.Ir J.L,J' o"re;

    i9,39+,'lll;f l eL+l .,:..9t1


    t".l+
    J+
    ur+.t: sJl !)t;lt rX+
    .

    2Al(s) + 3Cu2+(aq)

    --->

    2Al3+(aq) + 3Cu(s)

    j'all rL+ rrJl

    oattiJtg..a+Ej:rl

    J""-LilrL3L'a
    .a=l-

    Jn

    fl 'U ,f

    z+at,r)t-etirlJ

    fl

    lr;i-l

    :JKiiF}s 3

    Eo (Znlcu) = +0.76V + 0.34 V = +1.10 V


    Eu (Allzn) =

    4.76V + 1.66 V = +0.90 V

    Eu (Al/Cu) = +1.66 V + 034 V = +2.00 V

    i;

    isL :;ULijJr
    ;rte! -|"'J.Jl L:-, :.= .$JaA
    -lSJy

    ns

    ..ir^:,

    jlb

    -lSJ

    jS-+JULrl Li .k-lGj-l

    -S+ asL-Jr :l:-, +(ll".l,!)++


    ;rt4) llr;_u JD .kalrd-l
    .*i,.
    ;
    nUJ
    r3>, Jl1:.'1i
    + llG:-YJ al:+a ,+s '9t:tl
    o.u..uJ,i!l ;o* e.*, a;V ;i
    I

    +JiJHl oja.,.(...: Y .aJ '+ll


    -l-',LiJl os e-:; X .aLJl o *
    +a.bl+l 3h +ur ,i .11urr,
    .ot='LJl L-9L

    103

    rJl

    !)Lr i.-uJl )J4.|l g. k# Ct t yttt

    .1.0 M dl{tta.

    r=l-rJ'

    :r*41

    rr;lri :c.rb.t{.F-iJ

    fB):-lir"

    ,:,i t;tJ.

    tJr.6L F FSI' ai+lill lrlaill s3g; ff .tsi ti9{+ lJ,altilt

    -j

    .4

    .3

    s//4344

    .:uJln .1ttaiirt &.rr.-r "r39,d3tjr*$ bc-'Lyc*1 allr ti.j.all

    ,Jt-Li

    ei qF Ei ,\.*i Cl rJ++l .,lr lLj-.

    :d.rbl"n,rl.rlr J).r:-,t .f

    .(2.00 V)-115ltr

    -*'F

    o9,-l,:1)fa;!r J;AlJ-Ul

    .Lcsjtr

    &t"rJa

    ocl,'JJr

    f"PLi

    .,el;ur*

    l3uatr6:ii

    &lrljji/ll

    trs!r
    AVCu aP

    )r-il--a- :1t5oi6"!r .2

    fa;!tJJtlJ-Ul

    &ritj .Il)jjl dlljlall .l+.t931'r d;ill &L'llia frriflt


    .de3!t

    ;Wirdr

    u->urr

    ly)./,y,p.:uirS3)r J's,,vtrl

    :1r(1i.9-Jo-

    ..:Ut.,ll

    JrJ.

    r04

    .l3UJ

    ''W

    '"3i ,.r."si::

    r,rgJ, !>$r cS; b! ,.:)\at iJt 6-* ,6 ,t* :Efro gi .f


    s:lr ilrjlitr ''ii&!i .'ll GJ.IEU t.t-Ui+/b,zLg" r+){iJr c6j rit
    .JJii$ sil I j$l

    I d3Li3gl

    !l W d

    a-'Jll !>ult g" r$tt g-ua; aL-p fe :./tS F#./, 2


    Al-Zn4X;'.i-2Jli!drr'q t ,J,'U :a-E->{-) ;;*is ,n;.i:F a;j ,y ts
    C,tV.* y;l dLLz,.lr JJ^1,, jil: l)l .gu-71i);1
    tal AVCu ais .in Jrifr iitr$r Sdfi
    s!A. .Znlcuzlu,g.\l/Zn alSS;;-g; ?#

    r-*

    ,1,

    10s

    J3ii .a'iljiJl ;rl,.rj &frrdaL+ ,lln& dlstr lJ)l'irl I oleg

    13!

    ,n+i tJsta+ 6i l*.Uf

    at3t;l

    .i. ll

    e.*rlJl

    | bAarLcJI

    CSU!

    I
    ^..rYl

    t L>ut

    r.r.-JI(sl

    .+-tbs,;P1,*J:"i! ,* e-# $:;5J{qlt,.r*


    d,-r*J- q5iJt"fsl.u

    k-:6

    .
    iT";A F,Y-Ul ^*Jr;n)t dllte.r'.r*r .
    6:-2- 4-r.'.:l,J.r!l"Ft ,y +J;h&Il .rl"$JtJirrrr- .
    .

    q-r+Jr

    Jr;*yr

    r4ip.

    r+r-irll

    ffO'fj

    MgG)

    +lct(ad

    --*ivlgCl2(aq) +

    a43:45 ,C-Fatlc.igll

    zt!,stt

    J<-q

    st$l
    ddtt+Il / rt3il.Xraii

    Hoz(s)

    &l*

    rF *l ur:; ,yl"Ji 6
    .

    z1i-s a;.y.,

    *uP .Jl; Ji J"eui lr

    atthy

    t-S';..liroL---!l#t.}
    'e y fpr-^lJ Jl,,r;"Ylrfcw ...:t;J;lt ;z'.q
    .eU5
    YU, p-t+ $:F
    ,_&

    cf.r*f

    .rr;ux

    gft

    ur,Jy'jI .J +"Ji evrl JtFy +';t{,'6<Jr aiLbJtCr,uJl,ir,_,a(lr,>r-U-tr


    =.-lr-**ll )Wt Urou:i;Jl 1i;..,$..1r .rir<J-,rr* &,b4;;

    a)" 1.00 L

    )+*x .l

    olLt1;.!t .r.-),Fecl3 .t1tJt

    .a.rutr
    e* 40.0 g
    900 mL >= FeCL.,.6H'O
    .Jtt+:l
    50 mLe..t;tt .Ut

    -;i

    ;r

    ;-

    J--:J .Ul ;r aa.S, :.' i


    JtJaa Ja 1.00 L ):;*:.l .1.00 L
    rr,. 50.09 -;i .ZnSOo ,1!:r
    oJc

    NH4CI 24.0 g,ZnSOo.THrO

    (Ae)

    oi)\t

    :lr.Ll

    .1 ,>UJt

    .t9+r.)t crl ;r-;r 40.0 93


    900 mL 4 (NH4)2HC6H'O7
    ,Lll ;r aeS, ;,.' i .,i-;f t ,Ut ;.
    .l .00 L eJ4 !L--:t

    :t).t ;I;Jt ::J;!t

    Ag-Ag* +e-

    -*-|t :jtit
    :

    (Fe)

    Ag++e--Ag

    Ilt,Js,,til
    t

    0.1

    M HCI (Ji q- >t5

    .dl*{Ir1

    ri'.; ,r .,;t.tJ.l .:l"FlJ ,>t;"e ,Zl.: j- qVJloi,r;;


    J.(U Lsv $ttr^ t6- gi4-rxJ

    ,ilif EIJ .&t Jy-t;u111

    ...:lJL..rrt1 t{.[*;t kl cJ*y,

    1f Or.l-

    c;t.9.rJl

    ef

    rrr**1f

    alr,

    eT

    1$ @
    u..l t
    @

    u"errr 3lrla;lt g,.a

    e., ,i-rib .i;r*5 a3r, qT

    .i*W
    .l*"o*r

    ,J,

    eK-;r

    "r,rJ

    clL er-,'

    ;r-* | :t;lfgry!+ sl; t

    At)l-'lt

    e
    @
    106

    -F Jtv '
    r -r

    - rt.

    oltEj .

    1jl-9
    t

    t.

    1.0

    ZnSOo

    ,tl

    FeCl,

    \.lA,'aO:S),.,e.llLlro
    'v
    !/
    A-t--a

    1-!r

    \t --ll

    49ua.l

    .-i"ia.:lJ

    cli

    "*

    3:-tc

    yd"

    E)lr.tjy,!L
    iir>l'1 ti)\,

    '->1F

    J-F

    airu+
    Q!-art olj,t! Lt ,) 6 v

    Jt-tl ,.,*UiJ-1.- .
    3 ;-t-c c6,6J lt-:;t .-tUi .
    (Jtj,Lt) a!.r'.

    8 cm

    ;ll a-eL, .

    ,,i5 eLu .

    cm qly*orv Cj
    8 cm x 1 cm c-t-.t- 6j
    ..)lj.l

    o
    a

    c150

    rnl. crriS

    JJL
    ,.Yt-tt

    .rl-rl,ii .

    .,r r...r

    .a".-9,urt

    "J td

    vr{rjrlr

    ^i

    ')r>r

    4;-;lt

    .,-1;o .5i . -'-:t,,tt

    ;jJl ; jlsrl .C..rU-;rs.- ot"-;lt


    grr... g. a1-r3nJt 3[lotrl lj9

    ir-

    |
    9v .

    mL.;;i

    L;),1 J39i9.l^.,. Jr-.Jl . ;

    a
    a

    t-

    HCI rr. 82.6

    i.:tr .Ut o. +ts 4+"s -J! -Frll


    .&Hl .f 1.00 mL.J. ,.je;.t
    Lr!J+J JJ.di

    mL,r,,l5

    :rp cl0 cm d*',f6

    it. 1.00 Lr+-J 2


    el,tt2;)l J;-),1.00 M HCI

    400

    ilt3.rlttg rfJr.lf

    M cHCl .

    f.tli

    .18

    .r.l$4

    .g-rt

    .x.rF gtt+;1 ' :i:":ll

    t't
    jF jl
    -9

    asits lil .4-lG:-l d:;-l.l

    ,';-. ;i --=+ .i.J J<,!

    4,

    )+ijl

    ..}tJl q JUI Jl+.iY-Xl

    cr^l

    .1.0 M HCI :L LarLi;l J+ +J+

    i'

    2,fit

    lt}.t

    .,F

    .rljui g4l1caal1i.tV

    Y .1
    of .ZnSoo '.6?\lJFeCl, + L-ol-r--i 150 mL #K ot' .2
    '/K
    .11.:!Grl r 400 mL Jl
    .(0.77 g) aKJIJ (10 cm) Jul (./ aiiL.r.r"l-i J>\-i t>t fu 3
    .lFI+rJ1*{ 6}a}:.,,L' ,,.,r .4
    .dlUk J:r- ;i ,I(Jl ...1L .".U1 g>\-i .r--i atS.rt*J,n:At ol; p"u-l 5
    Jy--rs

    */l
    JJI*IJ 6r:Jl -rpl LIL Lt)l)cr,r-.jjl ,!L LD,r ;AlJl*Jl ";p'"t-\'L rt .1
    .(-) +Ut alru+Il g-b.
    ;\ xp L.iL ut)tt c+-rll a* Llj$.#rill;JLJI'6p';-1L;tt 2
    -r,-rlr 6J li,i-l .ou:i (.:) JiJt ,f ;* -;* tJ c(+).-*y'1 qrt4l ip4

    Chttf

    .cr"tdJl CIL ;r,o

    drs

    L.aL

    g-till c..,rl

    !"L

    .. L;ll c+:i
    qiJs l2iL

    a->t-,ll

    rlrL;;l i;sl .

    :'
    . i -',t u IQ;!U9
    .-.Jr.:.f

    1-rll a+lll ;Jll:;ll l4jlr e; '

    .FjJl

    t"-r.."+

    rlgll 6sl gl<.

    .11

    +J_rr)rl

    iJL '? o
    .i.,il:r:{l

    :o;-j;61r;:-l
    f. +f :tr;rLlr d t+;r \*;.
    ..i"o 2- :L .1. 2 l,Jill L-cl
    4.;j rl,3 -:+i e.L aarj ,rli-ijl
    e=
    -t<;1 ilL 4-.n)L.dl al.r-rririrr o'
    \Mr@.&r@'
    _l..>il

    ;-r.,

    -L;L

    ..r:"1-

    C,

    ,.-lrj .:Jl-

    GDds,'t
    107

    t<is

    | 4..).{*J I iltLt{:r

    9i .

    ,yS-. LA-

    rr<i-)! Lat
    \r<*-)'\i

    ljlt.r

    aAr-JrL

    '

    ,'t i" L, c,-'".,

    ;'

    ':ri

    uu

    '
    'l
    .kd4!r.LJl+

    .FeCl, Jl u"'t5

    FeCl,

    JF

    .-l-t 3

    80 mL

    ,y

    +.rltC;J:.rt-.'ll dJL ui.; ,*;1.-rW .-lt4yt a-"u [.r*,1ct ir<.:-),tJl lJyll p.E-t .J-#l 6rt- al;"r,fl .Li)lll ,-,ii oi ,* ert

    ...riil

    .,-r'r(Jr

    .4

    _)+ &cjt*Jr
    -r+ 5
    .Uti t.O .7;i

    cK

    k".4r,rl

    .,.:t1ult

    .rK,J J.*Jt

    G sn-crtLt oVf
    ;'Jt JF ,.:Jl*Jt

    q:UflLr"t-jl dL +

    ,t;lt ,UU u,txJt dJL J*;I


    .dJjuk J-rr- ul JJLJI Je- J.ttL1,
    "t- C"-?tJ

    ,J*s,w_sAt

    Clg. 6-l

    jLtt

    ,->t

    jf

    .6

    .7

    * ;, "it .J', +r-,./Hi JLJ ZnSOo Jt


    a*;.;^'lt,
    ku

    -* 6iJl

    F :,J,"t-njlelL

    oi

    *l \l.t]' i)-!t e.2 a


    J*, iJY-!U JL*,t ri;L',-ui;..li ,Ss .-* JL;1AL-tj:Jy-yt .;;"Lo"r-i.r,-!

    Y e-=.*., culAl

    ,;

    150 mL Jl .r"is

    ..,liirFJl

    Jrr*

    "rtt<lt

    tdLa

    J;J

    ..,,jltllej"t-nJt

    ,A-'e's;i ,i)\-!t 4_nr.r+ .g

    nFteitt

    c$U! Jtr*

    C Cu Jt dJlJ
    .Cu Jl

    4-!r

    it-(Jr

    ;rr;ljC 5)153,!1:1i.-

    .5)|.lJI

    e Lfi lLU,r;+!r

    .#...............

    YI

    & t--

    clk;yt .#ui u F ul J>\-\rl J,tLt) e.l2


    .Q* 6u's -Wt.HCl Jl J,j
    c.irlJ; .etrti;Jr./i5.J J:;Jr,t C.-?tJ !;Jr,tlt klil: :J)-!tf.)l.13
    ,b l5o mL Jl ds e ijy*lry ..)uut J:-r+ G':J)t-\rl J;- ej,r!->t
    ,-l&Jr J j ,t\yt-b JI ,fi Jizr.J>\-!t -L .r*>rs y e.r-..1 ajrJl
    0_$; d1*.r

    ki, y' c;U: tO J


    .(g) HCI r4 dLJl ilS'-bp,J
    ils'J*,J $ut
    L|J;J J)\-\tl
    aJs ni .14
    $uL.,., Jrr- e
    J)\-\rl ils
    C t4J;J
    o\#t *"'Ft J# ,tr.:t-La:Jl ;*l^J4-;b,-,t:r eti,. S-*.ts
    "^

    .fu

    Ct q--, tyt}t .J -.r1,-yt .*tii.r HCI Jt .<- F"..:t_uJtr,'K


    .,.:t1G:Jl ./i5 .rUJs q*i

    eL3LJl g*.rlrsJl

    ;sls

    ZnSOoJt J!*l;st99
    HCI Jt3.:,!t iiJl qr"is c,tJi,J

    .1L;i)l ,,'ril,i
    a*;U.lt aX-!t , :rL::...*r
    t3:r:r'jj tdt...:l ;[ll3;911. rL

    ,i,Flr:fl iJ.bJi

    lrpcl L-:...1 ;rLcY

    lli ,- Lro"' ,i!


    ll,::...1 ;rtel,.Frr

    oir]l

    o-r.',+-i:-.

    .i-:Lell

    .4J,r5

    r3,'r,.s;;i u ol-:tl cl).t-i


    .4jl_, 1.0 M NaOH, c.-l3e
    .4.r^tl9i ;,1-;titt til+ Js t{jc

    a.sJl rllLr ^ l' :- , - ?r


    . t{rl Jii-l
    ;; ls! q4-t liJ 19

    4pr;il .gr.tl HCI Jl ,,.<..1


    e$lsJl I- :....|*.iJt .:.ly-Yt a-:t .
    .:iLJru Oi old:i! :.
    \!l
    , :.. i .c,L[ixl
    o_k
    1.0 M NaOH
    C.rL e)^

    -e

    .r.n,

    Yi :.:rLl : :ll

    gJ-l ;sr3,"r;.il

    FeClr.:t

    rei .10
    ;+-r-lt

    qlrirJL!:'l 3 ejlt
    ,J ;t",-Yr .-,uiy .1.0 M HCI r Qp W: Jlrq*yr .--.,Uir,-k y.r .f f

    aj

    .,i+

    J. ..fFi aa;L:-.:.L3L 9i
    l'.blJ
    lGL"l ai)L:Jl drrl;. rl
    ;t .r>.t-! t,sr,,ol-i.lr ..1>l-!
    ;e .::>t-l l,5l-r_, .+-JLjJl

    ,.;+;

    )r'e G (g) elLtl

    !, s.t;:tl

    c,L3L.*

    .i,,i;:!

    gr

    ilKJt";;*"..J gUrr

    a,!-Jtr Jrt_,

    l.rl.r f<,i

    it+l {.^i C;ri .,"..r1t a,-rtr orl


    4 k "n::raJl a+rHL c.ljJ".,"ll
    )lJo,,.?j .::l::Jl ld1-itt fsjLi
    ,,'tlt ..r 16 ..;'.;Jl Jt;.jiL JS
    *'lSt :1a.; crdf .,g ,-U,<l;i9
    &l* .'" 1d... ". crl.J:ll :L--,
    jl+,! ...+l .a,1,)., ,F,jl.l .r>.{J.Jl
    1d...:'. crli.Sjl 9:
    Jli:-il crl;t>
    l
    rrf
    k
    dr.
    J)U._, ubJ Oj
    "4

    .{l}t{

    .ill

    pl

    ...r-:..,,....tjIt

    .(u

    n!ii:

    gn.l:.tl

    e^[l r3i"

    +,!+J:Jt?

    JI6',b,*,tIl .:;rlt;L .4-rll Cls"o-t;ldJl*Jl ertq:;ti:5

    Jl-

    Uai|tl

    r
    ,,.i.
    - -tr.
    '-i4r
    (}a Su
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    crl.gJ.pr1,o

    "t!

    s,-,,p *iSt

    c,,q|,;:

    .ol-tBJl3

    asrl

    t-r ejll p;

    $lc,o:
    6i

    ;1

    1.0

    g [<ir-tr 9 r

    .c.!l.a';ll 2-,,....1r1

    a,L;ll
    g-l

    H3PO4 +
    5 .l+ pH Jl

    .rtttl

    sb

    ,4r

    108

    \rlle, drl^J rtJJl


    ''l't'P

    \rllr, !,rb,J cll-,

    {.t}tl

    ttllf

    Cu

    0J7

    0J7

    299.00

    301.00

    0.89

    0.82

    037

    300.00

    300.00

    300.00

    0.77

    0J7

    0.77

    0.77

    (s

    (g)

    dLJt al:r

    +ti)

    ')lJlir.l

    (g) eJl*lJ ;+.r-f t aL(Jt


    (s

    At u)

    +ti) HCIJI 6

    (g) HCI Jl -t+;JLJI al5

    :rrtlir){r

    .q

    Ar.ilitr &rr(j ai ta+-r

    rlt

    .;;i

    Cf--rtitr

    .Jr<.1+

    aSf

    {;f

    tr

    ..tll*lr

    itJ' F{]UA'}.4Aifr ilg!+ o..iij

    rJ#-r i.3r t iti r+d* +Jattl ..lJy-tlr

    ."rrt^tl &ljJ.ill .l.

    )l+13

    dz#-.HClJl gr L+lbll J+

    3i

    ?+i

    sf., a",l'.
    -.I-r'bJl

    o.

    ,*: q'Fl .-1"nl 6b drJ.+ t+'",'tl ,.r)\pL&jl .:Y:t . "5t :6iG.i..Ja;


    ,y F j :;!t l#. gl . ZnSoo Jli FeCl, Jl iF-i5 i ,t"Ul eJLJt
    t;4ai(Jr u ,F ;; rit<Jl W ,S\: f;a."KJt
    qF:Jl

    #ed*l'3

    rrii,Fe(s) --t Fe*(aq) + 3e-

    '+.I-tt cC
    + 3r --+ Fe(s) ,s{lrilt .:ll-

    rl3l5,Fe3+(44)

    s$i,Zn(s)

    ii35

    :J)\-i,)\!

    j.:^rf-

    Znz+(aq) +

    ,Zn2+(aq) + 2e-

    2e-,Ot-st1!t tgl

    Zn(s)

    gg-sVl1+.r.!l,-f .:Y;rtl1 .rt,lr.fl U

    ,o"b;ltdJb
    :g'Utd JiJ4
    fer"l-'uJl

    ... 0.12 g Zn ,0.05 g Fe

    18

    '

    L(F3 mol

    Zn,9

    '

    104 mol Fe

    -.i;fHcl 3; l-tl-:: J,i!l c-;tS.rlli 1l"FAI :Eus JJr


    ',-;1
    ![Jtirh ai$.lt .:J)-ltl &';J t Jb .U.t i.i d3]l Otl5 Ctbf l'l+i /.,Lt jtt .:.ll*Jl

    .eJ+r:;:-t

    -iil.tii {3J.!- <,Jl tJ{i.

    109

    iltelaa

    id(i

    HCI

    L +J+tlJ

    a.b A$fj.ii;,ll

    i.

    ll

    e:*rtJl

    a3ttu-giitistltt ,r-i g, ?9>rif d^c,liS

    ilBKtltt r

    ;
    .f

    r.^'

    :-lt

    u;

    rf.rftf 3t;''hirl

    ItJffit:.-T;ff
    q^'*

    1.r"|r
    JP aL-t1,^c.l.ll a3J U-ttt or+Ar{*Jl
    e.,

    a-)\*JlJ

    :r;r 45

    dJ.{

    ariift

    rrt;! rs o:3,+rlt aL".t)t Ly *oki


    Jl oU_yf s.:r*Jtp*i;
    ,-'UJ4f il41 ar J!
    o*; t:t-i btst ,* 6 ,5-# 6Jt -t|y.f 1.,+*JU
    3.,i kj

    o-r-S

    o_,,

    Ji

    Oj<;

    e-*

    (saturated hydrocarbons)

    a,;Il

    ';^ O-;'(j "ri .(alkanes) .:Ut(J!l a-riJt oi.a ;*bsy .,si1,.:l_,1: 1. ?*.,*L-j
    ..rl;i lhd Jij<{ jn .(branched)zs'p:i (linear) L&., JF-)t-.rUt(J!t

    t;;l- 6; G oyflt
    ;:rt c;g1yr{l ,>19 6' A j*ilt LJJI ,ri, .j't4 Y }l eV j;f 32-t
    & e* a;,iJl oj.aj (unsaturated hydrocarbons) a...1- F of y.f s*
    ck*; orFl .:l.,! d^.r UU ktst s_r j We;+ k
    C, c(alkenes) ot JJlr
    oy.-fr|ol;:;s +>1, I'1tr-, r-*.r. k,t+r- k Ct (alkynes).rqKllf ,rle1
    ad

    ui .lgysloalkanes) a;l.Il .rUKJlt

    c:Jt;

    )l (.,^*;i

    aJl

    't{+

    \JlSl
    ;'r-" J\ t-15 )1g;'r;r .lU
    :

    k-

    f..iij

    .:)\pti:Jl ;r.. 6:i,:,

    Lli!

    -'U

    J.t

    c6jil

    .WotFl
    q.:t--i L,t-r,

    ,C_.F-aIl

    ..,:,r

    ;..!t .rt'tr-!

    f ilr/t Ca#

    &Jl+ll / rt3'tl.xAl
    >c Jl

    lal*

    JLJ .''S, J ljl .l

    J)Li -a)n :- ' 't :< 'o:' , lili rtAl ,: >o Jl to-tz *ir:i
    aljLi3 ,*:Jl9 ,a>9 ul?-_9 ililg

    ajlj; L

    JL.-l_,

    .->4t^

    Jyys

    't'+i

    tiCtlt a.){*rl AUc!:.-l


    l{;.3["9 t6lS <r).l-Jl

    oL=.I; lasl .

    'ir'L:Ll e"

    AlLaiJl rrr c,.ch:tl

    ..y,-U.:tl;49U *.-t :-i.l i*


    .4.G:-Jl :ljll .r5ts9

    "l4lL.tt

    Jr.,r*j f.rJl substitution reaction Jt.r.:-Yt J.etij .

    ..:lr: aot4

    11

    ,6;1.rl-p

    c.:l-15

    Uf ijL;!4Jy; e g.iJr addition reaction aiL;ylJ,et,i; .


    sD &y deln "l)4lr l-';;-' c\f-ll o$ .J .*L"rla+1.: f/ ,*
    *
    cdL
    ,*
    Jgf
    :Q&5
    dr-<^
    .3S i tiliJl (sitt
    s.:+":r J-e!t
    -p
    culL
    Ot*<," cg* ttyf j.,rJtr..,y ,-;UJf
    J-F:
    .CH2CL2rot* St_#
    "|.oLi;lf1
    ..jJru'Jl uYil_tw qf i.J1!r .pu'tl i l$:-t dJl pl,Jt
    "(5-F JI,-F ,J

    .cJ+Ir: dlie i{rJ -&t JttrrJll lllJt..J,


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    NaOH JeL+ pt.ur-lf::-;Jtll or^ J)\r .
    "ill
    ..:l1L-, gp + d.t-\U +*,.,f1 a;.-utillr)

    ;J-t;

    slju3 .ll . .rll

    AJ+irl Jr+Jl

    .rt

    .rt r' i

    ClbLaiJl

    a39g e-a.at$ t gfgr otilr+

    ys etu
    ill i.-irKJl () uJ

    ilr
    airr

    cgt -LJl

    .J .irt<Jl

    (ihit tlt j);:tilgr


    (... ,6.1'rJl 4 us/l
    a3

    ^t?

    J
    ,-tKJt

    Jl

    s. c,-luJl

    NaOH -lt &J*. cr!U' JrLc

    di ,.J.* 1.0M.;-. asL:L


    ,pH lr i,-"<*;- ,.i!l ,U:i -,rt
    pH Jl JL .!:.rJl ,+ .9 e 5 *
    ..f^1 Jrt fl 3tt^;tt tia{*+
    .rldl o;'a 4&f-fl ,, <...
    4ir;n-C JJ;-ll,'lt:.. )tJ| .rr:-|
    .+.:$Jl ijJl +.tjl.f,:f l

    i,tt
    :;i
    e*ltiiJ 3 g;J.tl ilrr

    aJlr!e?ru

    cb 4ii+ q.r

    .,ijt<Jl aJlr!.:i-9
    /

    r'

    r-

    , :.r.ts ..rl*rj i}-"si

    a-L ;1cJ

    ?J\l1-r+t Ja'' Pe-

    tg,.ut<tt

    .o94l,:-tl

    ,u.JS--,'(:fl

    J' u'

    J-)!

    gi

    46'i+J
    f S..ri

    llr;-l
    J+!:f l zl,:*+- JsJ,
    -'3b .a,t^9 L-irl eE> u-li;l
    .,0
    ,i -0 .,^L.. ,^;] .* rf ,i
    *Ul l gtJl cJc -. JS-e FiIl

    ;!l

    ...11

    Jl

    .e$-ry

    .rt--L*, 10 j.-,l1tJl c-rz-\c$Ut*1 .,i aiJl 6i i-+.:cruta,r+tas


    ;.l.i-)tJl J' lbLn i.: *:, LL*, j -,llLJl"P !,r:.uJl -r-- .a.il.r'

    .1

    CR_39
    3+4+4+5+?+7+4+3+8+
    10 ctJi'

    --s})t,aI st*9v dli4ll

    A=;,rr2 = (3.14)( 0.l7cm )2,----=-'

    jll.:r'Jl ,.-----l

    t 0 J 1 ga-uJl Q F: $i

    c-,uio
    rlS3i
    g
    , -iEJl
    i",!19

    .-*J',(J .46- t,#\j)l JL Jtl, ..rlrLJl :-rc c.=o-i :oula g.h's .2


    ..-'tJ JiIl .,}D l$i-l .#Il U.6 a.-t- *,e &-[ ,cm2 ,! elJtJl )rt
    (A = nr2 cd = 2r (6 jl)rplt :aL>\,) .a--Lll

    ,.b

    J#h39 cl+lt'3

    .rra-i

    z: '

    ;-u-l
    ."

    53JL"r0.023 cmr

    l0-2 cm2

    :cJuUt

    Fls 3

    G,JIJLJJ

    =230 ,t</cm2

    :jlG

    rl;l

    JJEi,:Il JA-Y l)l


    l^l lt.-+ ji

    e{,l,e

    l3a;* l9Sr..1l9 ,a+l

    .:4-y

    , ,.- -i
    rx ,qj+ J' rs"./ f<+49 .)iJt-l
    .|'-9lSJl &l-ll
    ;'" t+j';j ):i ail*"

    i.,- aleL( a+J, .Ql


    )L,r;r -.r+i Js+6.25 M NaOH
    .b l<i.. ,1,-....yJI .Jdi,J*

    g>t Jp Jrll l^;l^


    -il,: LalL
    fata-lat31ll

    L:lqJ3)

    t"6t-) ii-!:f l iri ar. J3'bX


    .*Ui Jcr CR-39,,1r' -)r!t:
    .,urrl.i -b;t, Jf
    j;!l JJL JJa
    ,,t,:...!Jl u-tiJ e@ Jlt:l)l
    .NaOH -:r + tt": CR-39
    .{\vrt-o'o$l) -'tSlr -:t .U. t.^i
    |-:
    _.L; j:- ..Ul 2 )L;!)l .. i.L:j
    !uJ! arr ,gli: ea .Ul
    t".,'^-f,E
    i'"
    1A 3 .::oa; lQ
    ..5;9r,t1:. .Ul

    124

    ,* "^r; a,Jt .:lrtJl s-w c1y-i63 F v 3 rrt ,J c..,..li^ f*il bts lst,J klJ .ijl,/.-,-t(lt eb; -t;J
    .Cll../ .jrt<Jl yr

    ,r
    6,rll

    :l-u,l

    fUi :.rr,rle

    r.r,Jl

    CR-39

    J::

    .),lJl

    ,t+i! JrI

    cUI

    ,-J"i.

    r9
    .st
    L.-jJL.
    ;.!t
    ".*.
    ls 2 ;;etl L)l;ll rttlr:Jal .i,:ll .ai)LJl p,,.s;L-9 ,;-ll
    4+L&l .=,'.-4 Lr- 9- rz-L;)t
    ,-t)t a-:.Li.l a.ElJl ,ri iiil-b
    , ;o<;3[, .;r-tt _;;;.t !-.jLX g9:l;Jl ;t
    ^r .=i;
    rlxu :l^rL;Jl a,& N r>S-i
    -ri" cR-39 .4{i->trjr 3\ t;t\
    Jr 4:?L"-J;r!+lJ#l ;- J.:>+
    .4-lG:-l q4.;1L;Yl
    : :1:,r : ;,r^
    d.c NaOH Jt !"J.;
    ol;Lu, :.:,<J e!i),1,,.11 ,y
    .:,L1..,- uiil, .Ui rL3,1
    ojr ll3al,Jl q;r+. rj J13 Bq/L Jl
    Y l+JL Oo .(o4-.j-it nLl. . ll
    ei-",i.d::-ut c;.i-

    .1b9

    2301tuftm2
    24.19

    pa

    =95 stulc 2l?gt

    ,dL.J .s;!r ,iJr d; .:Utc g. dJ;Ut* g.--l :c.,ul* FJti 5


    6:'.r':, ly qCitL :BqtL+ rty:l.rJl +L:; .:t-4.*; J,I:iI"I k;:*
    tf"Le y'-tls

    -p
    tu3rylf t ecjfi

    ,i_.rL"!
    J3

    a-J61.:.;ll ..rl

    ..rtst+

    "Jll2373 ;l*1cm2
    dtS

    370 pCilL

    r"l,:rl r$
    -,o)r

    17e,

    u. e*liJ r:s
    .( I

    3.69 Bq/L)

    Jt .Jr 'j -L-_J ^G_t


    I

    .4J

    e-

    e fu

    ,yjt v

    t'

    .ft"i 3.823

    &

    t3?nn J ep-Jr

    r^r :1r$i6og .1
    t,.1,9.:lJl ;r. 6:1,v I
    et

    .nt+i 7.646 ,*;i

    d-i

    *;J,ee

    .r+

    a:<SJr Cl."r

    d+

    ,b .C';+lill $v * 6;1 J.tp rr-e:lJl .:tiL;t ;A u :e1$p*+*oi 2


    j ;;r*iJ.t Jb./ ,*1 o,& oiJ^i,-,. c..rl;*Jt e.t-J"il; ;rr;'ur ,>totriJl
    a;l*rraGll-,,!-Y \-i
    f .(.:UJr ol).;;,!r 4;"-rtsl-*,iJl
    'i,";"u e-JJ,t)t) ,LLA: & ,9"u e,>ti ;:i, Lwl,*u e,)if ,ri'!
    ";l tly a ;!t
    u 7,!4 dJ^I,.
    ;tylt
    .

    .!+3

    .Lr-rlr;tr a'c:l*fr lrrtriJl eir+ ll--$*i A{jU.t

    e.'c Oi

    J. J3ii ..I.L:f

    OJ,r.i

    .AJeLdl 6.layr_J'+i

    12s

    aJi:i

    S 7fuJt

    a{--l

    Lte iibEi:r.,f

    a;jJt1t*)U lLY
    JJ^l*.

    ii

    dJt-)tJlllr;i-lg<{ :.JJVer"".r 3
    ti1 .4ult g)t*l -r-l ,-ru*-Y qr4 & .,*,-b;1*^{ or,=,-9
    e,,.1..+

    #, CR-39

    .\*lt

    -\b

    tdLLs

    .t-eJi.rL..q diU2j .

    .a{ll ,J ,r;:lJl
    .CiL^,all

    dF a.r-rfr.itr ar)l-tr iirrt

    -lt

    gr+

    .r[i)\g

    l--girg3

    ,}:-.

    tu

    niUaLn

    jLjJl
    Oi .l'o

    Lli)J

    +Lii

    ,*eL.l,)l tt*LJl .

    .r5ii ..l.rbilr &:nr eini

    .r3Jir..dl o.ta+r-.1+4

    gl gLrtllt

    126

    ^lrtf

    ?g$ti,b-

    ,i.u

    rYl

    C..*rtJl

    e'cttlf eeletl Ara)lt


    a.c[c

    ol;lfl

    ..lj, ..t-.t

    iG-21

    :l'J-ol

    ""k Jf

    .dJ5.i a;r,

    .:t-.1J''.
    aJuJl

    p-E-l
    .)'t& l-dLjl ,r:Jl

    dlJ*J;Jl*j-Yl

    ,t;!l u ,f

    t i3 .1

    oj.a

    ,cV\f

    tb-r\l
    e-lrdl

    4i,Il k+l

    .:t pJ a-;Jl .1.rt-all

    ol-.;1) +il-r.ai-9 e---Jt

    Lyy J-?),)til^+ j;s-tt

    iI^+) .>=JJ

    t-f H
    (4;,;'>.'"U)

    ;_b JISt-f Jt- ,JJ .l-F.,rlt f :t ,71p,I i$l


    .CJjiS t-F.rru $*
    ir"l_Jl

    irJterg

    <,;>Y g-.rU;r 6:.r-e

    ......UrYt4t(tt

    iiiiri&ll6elll
    4jl,pt ar*rJl rl.trl

    adftl AfJrlairl
    J--,uJt \tS Fi l,Jj'

    gyI

    iiir,6JtiJKJt

    tta-'ry.1i /u,t.iJt

    6plt

    ---------+Aot
    128

    e.lrtl

    JIC+ lts a$.a- s;jJl 'ifl

    129

    k+

    J'J-.r.i:tl a:|gs

    J4' ili.-:fi

    .qlrllEt:(i

    q!? 4{

    r,,#JJl

    a*[.c ar?lJ,r

    tCt

    e"l'sl lLlJ

    a1t5;4;; oi -ra
    L^1;: r55lg .'rl.4!

    i*Jc*l
    arUSJl
    2
    .
    -J.
    a,."};) 0*tairst*--,Jt brLtt

    s\ ,Jsl

    W yla-,-;4Jt,lj;l
    &r_Jli

    :qJtJt

    r;!tj^Si

    ,.:--Jl

    !13"-c

    a-.r;ll

    e-'.-Jl

    Ua;L

    f-'-JJ,iJlz*Jt
    .

    'J

    l*J

    a.r)|ll

    i*";rl

    ,:tJl

    130

    i. ll

    i--.lJl

    f*Yl

    (atFtt, agyc drfl) fL+df Jf


    e+

    o-K Ji ,-& er).0.1t -,

    "*-l
    .

    f.,i"f

    ^J

    aUlt

    \f

    .Jt

    'p y
    ^L;lt

    ciJ=q

    ) L: AU

    L*y 4r/ r'.r


    ;V at)\e il.:-\tl
    &J'.1

    t,r:" t;r1i ltSU fd/ :pL6i!,Yl ol;.:i lU;j-tJ

    ;.liJ:-\ gtJ
    .La.,;:L^a-. ;Stt ,)y*t CWst (.:ll+il & J:,;t -r;-e fl:tl

    lsl rU

    s'!tt)l

    oL;:i J3-r-ft

    ..JlFl
    .t

    131

    zJJ,*'\ 3

    ,i.u

    z;..

    f*Yl

    'ljjl

    Cl'a.JJ

    r*+3!

    t TSAJl.l AZI+J-

    .4

    J)t t-$'^- Cl )lll ,rtr .--Jt * f n


    r,.ltJt ..:Q,-ll
    3,J .t-6.4.:.l; Jl WV S.:te! 1i ,;y't , c-'-Jt Lyy j ;:;l;Jl
    ..--Jt Lf y U;* +s f #5..':.r*l lt+lJ
    :;n:JUJt aL-)\ll .,:iU4
    6,*t * tsL-)\. .-:fl

    ,Kilt

    F.r.;it

    oa;L

    dlJi'Jl

    J<r-

    .\--Jl ,lFl

    a)*e

    fe+ Ji ,* grls ci,i,ilj Ctro St,o>\-oi ;a:LXfl .&


    .c

    r<t,pbs1,!.11

    <a;71a.2U;,tt ct<JJJ.rJ a,F+j)

    .d,

    Cr 15!4:iL;! al-ts

    4s

    a;y',_& o,e( oi t\

    cttJ! a;L';)t*,

    &,-lJlFi

    t':t^:et

    .',.ilt

    J- k1

    rK'i*

    c'l1ol

    ,14

    lJ;jrl

    rtt))t ,4b!

    132

    ri.r

    (cili

    'lJl

    f*Yl

    {q{41) ar?ljlj d,.s.Jf

    isg+;.ri3

    iLi d;iJt 3i) cr.rri g;jJl e^*-Jl :,,r3z _sk c{tjJl il.blt J. Jt,r-Jt J!.^rr-r
    c6:y.2-U ;.:!t ;-talt r
    ,'*Jt Jrf .:.* c+ J! r g" l-r-ct-a:Il lErll 6-ur,-, (,-t).1
    ,ri c!o ,,rlo!r
    C)l f ,k et \>.Jl l$i Jt- ,J: ...rfr!r lrnjl + ;)t ,F-:

    .r=i

    .J.81

    4321

    t-s ttrl
    lz'=;e

    &-Jt a,ztt *-6

    JSl

    _1>l^a-

    A;

    e .-Jt or;L .&",y

    ll-t;i-t

    &=Jl

    yJ ( $

    .r

    los*.j a!J-- rii:L,a cqit5ii1[3:.;,l:

    cgL"-a)u

    -*S g.lS.:-'=JlF 3

    fa{

    !.*L,
    i:;l;Jl .rt

    a:Jl ar.U.*,UrJ

    .=*1J $JJl csy*ItJ1.a

    -$l; rKilt e--Ulr^; J," S


    fc-.'.-Jt

    L*!u;rrt., ai)\r e-*Jl j

    4321

    .rL;JJl

    fadll

    133

    .4

    ,>t-a-

    6ilt

    u^L G

    ;.:llll .rt ;JJJ Jra .6


    fc-*-J,rdllLt,

    y yv

    "F Pi J^
    fa*ult a.^r\tt

    ,.-JLi .r,-i pt.l-.:-l f J^

    .S

    .i.

    ^J

    "rYl

    'lJl
    ar?fJrf

    e^,.]t

    6:y

    ,1s.ii

    ob:v

    #tj

    alrlt a;*,lt Jet4",Jylt .,t" u'*


    .u..rtJl

    ,fu

    z-iaJljfgrJt

    L34

    . i. ll

    riJ

    t*YI

    'tJl

    a+$'tlJ

    | 8*l2,zJl .6

    | 8il23ll
    ,r5-#l pl.u*Yl1 r.cllijl -,Yt4 g

    Lyy +b e.jifl ;;s

    a:-"-e

    J:;"ct lt

    u)

    .-.-a:Jl9

    .(e-"-Jt .rW
    (r.h*Jt1

    it

    ;i of

    ,.:>K-:Il Jtijl JJJ-+I i

    irli.rJt) i1l,l

    -rer.rJl Ara-$Jl

    &-JlJ erd..Jl)

    J*-

    '\r*ll ,)*t c&taaJll a+$t)


    ' Cl Jt,!l Lru JK;J &-Jl
    it5.,.l.It.i..o-l

    @'ro<rl'.ttr

    iJIl

    pl,ter:-,)l ut-P

    t Jelpl

    c,,t KJt

    a'trj+rll

    il*.lr.i..r:

    ir!..J1

    J&ItJ<J
    '}i*,a,lt1

    J:4t j

    ;:;l;Jl .:t-;JJl Jl :L:-Y!

    ,!i)J ,* $"ri JiV ,*

    iet$ll

    U",,n

    ,fu
    .o)\pi

    135

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