e (Use fiona) energy (Use uneonverrfional energy “fo ork done) @ movers which run with hydravlic enerdy- energy produced by hydravlic turbine Gan be into electrical energy by coupling the turbine +0 onie generator: fon of turbines may be classified according to the lowing criterion: | Hydraulic Action 2 Direction of shaft 2 Direction of How of cater 4. Head 3: Specific speed pulse Turbine Reaction turbine se Turbine: Henee the available head is converted into ergy by passing the water throvgh a nozzle tolal head is conyerted ‘cioiSebenetl frm of‘adi «| #locu—+ Inward, Outward panel Plow —* kaplan Mixed floco turbine — Frangis turbine Ls entering radially but geting, out axiallyJ durbine — Net head is 150m~2000m Or more. Example- Pelton (hee) head —» Head from 30m~ 150m. J head > Head 230m , Kaplan “brbine, Propeller turbine Francis Jurbine ¢ Speed: mw speeifte 5 peed —» Sp. speed £60, Ex-pelten whee) — 60¢ Sp speed <4oo, Francis turbine — sp speed >400, Kaplan turbine Components; @ith co Temains @ onstant and di sel d Runner ha heel is fitled with bvekels h inge Changes ving Ihe ShapeF ®) vericl shaft —» runner horizontal (8) Horizontal shaft—» ruoner vertical is i Qooom Or i turbine —- Net head is \50m~: ae more. Example- Pelton lheel 15 Turbine (Medium head —» Head from 30m~ 150m, Franeis Th hi. ’ (9 low head > Head 230m, kaplan turbine, Propeller tur bin' CT Specifie Speed (Dlow specif (b)Medium High, le speed __. Sp. speed <60, Ex-peltn whee) —* 60< Sp speed <4oo, Francis turbine SP Speed >400, Kaplan turbine Pelton Coheel : Important Components; SP Besle aith corire) mechansim Jet velocity Temains conct n ge t v nN | :. ant and discha, Changes A elton whee} 1S Filled ath by kek of double- hem) a on spherical Shap cup s having She Shas2 oso : \g0' 1s avoidable. as thovgh if create " high efficiency, i strikes she budket e advantage of double-cup shaped bveket is that because of symmetry the axial thrust on the shaft is O- © Casing: Te prevent splashing of water 2°To Jead water to tail race $ To act 45 a safe guard against The hydraviie bla brake consists of a Small nozzle Ghich directs a jet onthe back of the bueket +o the Opposite direction which eavses breaking. (9 Defects: The sudden closing of the nozzle may eavse Cxeessive water hammer- To avoid this water hammer, the nozzle is closed Slealy by a movable stool plate known as deflects, PEVES SHS Boosssouvenn™las nea dhty LLoss of head in the penstock Bc ir 7 T= Pav [Var- (Vu, 81) = Pa vgk +VU,R:) ne= TH UR, e/ see = Pav (VuR+Vu,81) -Pav (our Vo, ui) —O sfay Weve — \urv (let > Pav {va Nr, 20s -uy tuee oe ot : 5 fav vi : 2 (v-¥) (14k cos). . | _ 2 4) (14K Cos Y @® ; N* d : 1, Gill be maximum, —— Ny, 20 , du 1 f 2) Line os@il 9 du , > : J , : Vs My , ( f 2(v-u) (14K du Ry = u) 0 p) u > > » > , i ? = Sls kee ; z Li+ Kees i VWPik=1, be. +he vanes are very smooth : } : dhen, Ny, = + li4 cos 9) 6 ; Lif g:0°, then My-looy © ; Buk > will never be Q-a5 ss O then > } iV Gill strike dhe bvelcet- @ 5 “The My is 1e55 than unity beeavse kk is always less than : Unity , > is not zero. . THhe work done by a pelton wheel may also be expressed as the difference of KF. at the imlet and outlet HMhe work done per Stand = 4 pay | Ny: $pav (v2-v2) $Pav-(v2) v2-v?)e SHP_ D power developed by chee) (P) : all efficiency sHe mien i Power supplied to the urbine(¥8H) sup, BP on = Mm XN, ---- -@ FE working proportions: of pelton wheel: J: velueity of jet, Vues eas head % Reval velocity, Vaex @v J 29n Oo Li coesficiend of Nelo city O-9%~099 retical power( Pi) q A-YGH ---- © angle varies from every a9. angle is \5*’ ppp SN ® Ney Jaga The large size OP the jet is about 300m. B Speed ratio (ku) Bis the ratio of she veloety at pileh civele (4) to the theoretica} velocity oP the jet, ee @ o \I2gH 2 Varies fre TE 0899047 6 Mean diameter of the wheel ( ) ‘The diameter of She heel measure d lp to the center OF the buckels is called the Ku mean diameter It may be obtain, U- NeDN F. Jet ratio, 3, 4 1) Yr varies from M1 to 14 8 Size of the bueke ds, The Polleciing Proportions of +h¢ ado'pted | Radial length of bucket bueket are vsuall, 2-0 3d Axial cidth of bucket 3h 5a 2 Depth of bucket ~ 9 Sto-}o4 ‘bck a d— diameter of +the jet - 4 9-No of jets oe Ordinari Pelton wheel hasa sin develop more than six Jets ‘ale Jet but to er of Seks- more Power it hasa numb ae not Provided.of Guckets(z) No of buckets should be a5 smal) a5 possib) 4o keep the-frictional losses to a minimum : But dhe Mo of buckels should ‘also be sufficiently large. So Bhat thez is always intercepted by nenarbueted ion Another. e sos ene 28880 ereeddsaagedadlThe Yet will always be intercepted by the buckets ifthe angle 4 behween the two suecessive bucketsis equal tv op Jess than 20 I Such thah eosp = Re f r wl end [ 2 { Sin = J1~cost® ev) _( Rade 2 ATE ( r ) For Small yalves of 6, 5ino~O o-[ 1) 7 Therefore, the no of buckels is given by > = , a 7 (eea® ed can be obtained from the Following ee tecun eeesges = O57. 415... © “| L—» jet patio VDIFOSHOV GS FVOVovseoovNU Also, the no of buckels €mperical en ula giveNelopng IoookwW Gorking under a head of rpm The peripheral velocity of head is wheel iS e velocity of Geb» Cy = 0-95 and the overall Heney 1S 257 «Find Jet diaméter, whee) diameter and buekets. : P= 1000 Ixy d>9 | Beésom Ne) N= 600 rpm zZ-9 Qs 0:99 NzO85 ky: tt meen = V33H N2x9:2x 650 ais 53 - ms" iL DBINQXe50 22:03 m)s B- ary aa CELA or ryetdiameter of a double jet Pelton whee! turbine is 2m and iF is corking under a head of 340m. The diameler of each jebis \6omm -The bucket deflects the Jet throvgh an angle of Jé5e After the Plow over the buckets 157. of the relatve velogily is Teduced -Cy= 0:98 Considering maximum eShieency , find the Speed of Yhe turbine and +the energy loss With the ext ater Given D> 2m N=9 H> 340m \oss oF energy by exit water =9 Q=190'-\65'= 15: d= 166mm Cy=0-98 neg Velocity of jel N° Cy TagH = 0-98 Vax5.91x340 = $004 ms-t Us Urs Ne = 40-02 ms“ us TDN 6 - pj: 60u N i) = 382-16 rpmNeo V-u = 40°02 K= 1-0-1583 o-¢5 Mea Us -Vr, cos ' * 40-02 - 32.94 FBG ms) Ma = vising * 34:02 Sinise “3-31 ms, , GO ape 7135 ms Ff Gsp 4 day. 0 2x 7FX [0-19 80-04 i 329 m3/5 loss by ey: Bh, . aaa zt a *1000% 3:29% (19.35) 100001-04-2015 a BS Radial Plow Turbine nS Vs Inward Plow nu? 2 Outward Plow > 3 Mixed Plow > fi2 _-Feaeis Turbine i> Hydraulic Engineer 4:8: Francis designed An invard flow | 2 Feaction turbine in (gio ; 2 Cohen Head ess < 150m ‘$15 used Me original design i! was purely radial fl for Compactnes: 2 1+ has beer Changed to mixed £I ring a Francis turbine, io Only & part of net head is tra 1 inte rene ene rgy at a2 inlet and the test fa r 0 A * t 4 'ns_in the form of pressure Cnergy. There is Ll 1if 13 ay. i pr re d ven the met Ard cba Enlrance and exit of runner: “Ty £4 ‘2 ence of pressure is Eha@ Known as the reaction pressure. This preset ha f 4 is responsible t2 for punsing of the reaction turbine {2 : ta Main components at a 1 Sero||_ casing to 4 ri. 2 Guide vanes . i 2 3: Runner i - 4 Draft tube (work as Energy recovery. the distance among 2 ng la B Penstoci< the cater level of waler and +the “ae 46 turbine creates Energy loss: DraPt ot tubes helps us tp recovery the energy I loss: Same ~ kaplan -turbine. But peltn whee] doesnt have)P purpose of @ vanes and-+tn prevent +he formation of ae little bubble. This is called eddies) fora Small adit ls head of concrete for high head it is head of el or east iron. B Guide vanes are of the shape of aw fils and cH | ae spaced evenly around the periphery of punners Each Walide Vane canbe rotated about ils Pivot centre. The i - discharge @an be varied depending upon the load athe | Passage between the adjacent guide vane ean be varied. The wanes are made of cas} sice } use ony, i Po of Vanes on runner Shovld be between They are fitled between hoo circular plates. Tes Cast Stee) for a small unit and of sta 16 fo 24, ‘They are made ‘inless slee) 4. The shape ters the : pm mek Bs 728 eaves an asia Units. They are keyed +, the Shaf Such thak the Galen en & i” 20 asing is tv distri bule Water enon mat eh at et i t q e ' SS ke te kek he hee hh eee. istribule Galen F casing is tv dis Purpose ° vanes and-+tn prevent the formation — saler goes to Vapour pressure, Coaler ret st litle bubble. Ths is called oe) fora dp Is head of | concrete for high head it is head o ye, Spaced evenly around the periphery of punners Each Quide Vane canbe rotated about iis pivot centre. The discharge Can be vaned depending vpon the load .-the Passage between the adjacent guide vane can be Varied DE Vanes are made of cast sice) yse ony, on! Po of Vanes on runner Shovld be behveen are fitled between hoo cireulap Cas ste) fr a smal) Unit and a Units: They are keyed +4, 4 16 + 24. Plates. They are made of Stainless see) he Shaty, The shape er enters he romper Outer periphery and leaves in an ae 1 ae iPheyy+ Droft Tube: Dan The draft dube is @ closed conduit Gch takes tho ater coming out from the runner exik and discharges if t the 4ail race @ Main purposes 1) A negative head is created at the runner exit by adraft tube the negative head created \s B® approximately vertical height of the Avbe- Thus Shot rbine’riay bevinstalled ‘abouelhe fail race without any loss of effectve head 2) Because of gradva| increase in its Cross Sectional) area, Q \ Portion of the kineHe energy of wat at the runner exit is Gonverded into Useful pressure energy. Thus the draft be dels as a pressure veeuperating device and increase +the effective head + Penstoek: Penstock Carries water Pom the SCro}] Casing of the turbine resepviour to the; : mou, Yok | Bydraulic effreiency, Ny Rea) 9H : A WP the velocity of wheel at the exit is not zero, then . Mo + Vins Us UY. = Tk Uys O85.~90 Tyee Se oh iy, | ™ Power developed (mvau) ; fe SHP 3 sue power develope Prat ea tag = Nm x, FOR~O.S + of Galen may be obtained from the Plow area and Plow. Umber of vanes idth. diameter and thickness # vai » acs at the inlknown as the vanes thickness factor. lds value is always less than ynity but vsually itis Laken as ufidy Discharge = Area of Plow x velocty of Flow = knDBx Vp Mass of waler striking per second is, m (8 =P kK DBNp Sinilary, the mass of Water at exit. is,m,> kD, 8 Vp FeGorking proportions V Ratio of width to diameler + S varies from O1~0-45 2: Flea patio, Vi oF a Varies from 15 O45 N29H 9: Speed paio, Ku = Varies from 0.6~ 9 V # Design of runner The design of runner consists of delermining the size of Fhe ruener and the vane angle. “The #iocing Procedure is Vsed fo design the runne, WM Assume sui Ns. Py and ange for the Qiven SHD Fable value of ne ( Calculate the required disch. fiom the eq? SSS EAA EASES SO PSVOSUOVDSVSOVUUUESBOELEY SHP= n, (8H)Obtain the velocity of the Plot, “P= Ene iKnn Ot TY29H > ean da, aye Si (TY2gu) (enn) DN (4) Obtain the rim velocity, U~ 1 » . UG | (3 Yeloedy of whirl . Vis He (6) tang: Saha a tan@: —Yat— Va- Wu h lic , of the dia (DThe ruaner dia at the oullet Dy is approx ty of ab inet p,- 2 and uu Np KDB. @ =. 4% 2 ‘hk DB (3) tan d= ve FE Waser enbers in & inward Pocg reaction turbine at Amy angie of 22° fo the tangent te the oulen rim Aan aire Firbine radially. The speed of the GR chee! 1s 300 rpm And the velocity of Flow is constant at ams-t Find the ‘Mecessary angle of Ihe blades when She inner ianeler of the yrbine ate 20 em and 66m, of the caheel at inlet is \5em, caleulele d leaves © « @ © ;@ @ @ a € 2 ° " 2 55999 999999225939 95r ‘Ap developed , thickness of blade may neglected. Given R= 22 Bz 30° WN >300 rpm Velocity of Plow remains constanty Vp. \._ = 3 ms D= oem = 0.6m Diz 84¢m = 0.5m B= 15¢m = 015m Son a) 1D NX 66x 300 (OS 60 60 = 3-42 ms"! uy 1X 03x30¢ yee 60 3 iy nM 51 = =80) m Sine” Sin gas 78 Ve@0sK= 3-0) x COS 29°= 4.49 ms 4 Yap tang: —Ve_ a ee Sethe picture should be, SPs) 9:42-8:01 x Cos 22° » > hs J t 1. O> 564s sy t—~vistel tan p= 3 ao Ga 2g? 39.5°dea AE : where G- MDBVe =X 0:6x0:15 x3 0849 mis 100% 0849 x 7.449 4o 746 “fin.reaction turbine is Svpplied wah | €r Under an effective head of ISom. ‘The dia of the inlet and outlet are 35 and 225 respectively. \f She inlel vane angle is 120° and bydrauke SFieieney 85% and the discharge is radialaih a velocity as 'Smst. Find the power developed and the speed of the Punner. Also caleulale the breadth rato and the Speed Fatio. Assume the breadth of the runner as Constant: Given S=100 cumees N= 150m D=3-5m D)= 235m 6 = 120 y= ORs Vi = Vp,=15ms-! Sol” puvve SPP FSHSOSHORKESSHEOOD ee P= WY8H > 0:85 X 9:8) x} obx 150 *125: 07 nwAtinlet, nD) B Vp = 100 ee 10105 ms, N* 3-5%0°903 -39ms-, aa |e S \20? hs. a] Np = 10-03 ms-1 P8019). Vy Uys PON 2+ _looy | Bee sang = El U- sg 931x150 aal SHSOOVVe wees vvovVVVEVUUECUUEEe PRP P2®IIIVI IVI avs vvevsee @gain, y. DN 60 Mh a13g2 SOON” 60 N=2I0 rpm Jey ~ 88.39 ae Oy NESorsr: +H Propelley Turbing he Propeller turbine 1 * Ssmalll'’ig of blad Jene rally kept hor by deviation ol locong pec ' t te )Iy . ae nota A Propeller + Wig eal D r enas p (nl 2) here the t digaeed he Wee or but h the blades are mounted and Dis the oulside diameder of th. runner Here, @ (D8 DENg = (O'->F)y Jagy A. DU-n)tagy The valves of n rangers rom 0:35~ 0.4 The : valves of Y is aboul oFUpon Becieral’ vei city of the runner vanes =e E ripheral velyei . jon» The la de radius of She Point under consider ablon nes Are angle Yaries trom the trim+tothe boss and the vai @arped. 2) The velocity triangle ¢ an be Constructed, at ary radivs The expression for coork done is the same asin the Fhancies dubbing P=m (Vv) L_recen velocity at the radiys i DWE Velvet, of Lie remains Constant Shrovgoyf. Propeliey furbine js Vide brbine, * Butit has tah) te When +he load of phe > Jot a Very low efheieney af Part load. Adjustab)e blade. The eally by dn oi) Pressure * Porely olla ae se turbine, ZE Commen Keauclens of kaplan Wirbing CFrom Books No of blades 7 Nelocity diag ram TS S455 oo..55ea2ee? eso POGIOISIVIIY9I9IV9Iv 998 SRSSSOSIIA HASSE LEVEE eOEE Eee The shape af the velocil, diagram remains same pe Both fo load and part load. consequenily © ficiency Temains unaffectedSOOSOHH Sse ooovosgsVUEGee PHSIOSSIHFHVIFIIIYSososse > Inek velocity thaingle at _perieher \+—u —| mee Vo a ey | af Wa ° Nex 6-094 ms! tan (ied @) = “ A-~Niy O=1 \ Nr, tanp 3.25 ve Ny New, wat mean dig; txdan 223-8 msi hydravlie eMHeieney ny Vow ; rr nna ueo te _ position of mean diameter Wat heart bub, U,- tLxdxN é 60 ~ sxexiho é 4 60 § =3U-66 ms i ‘Mo, = 3h 13-3 ms) é } » « < tan (180-9) = YE § ; 8 UN, ths 2 Oy n:i9.6.259 « fon dn - Nf uy (m heal 9 turbine bra GI Power prdvee wD Veit head. ‘i7 ** ' . . ' SERA R Herrmann ae eee ese enseaeenerewee eee eee eee on =The velocity Triangle should be geometrically simlar. From similap \E can also be Nis Wf, /3 og Eq"@ shows that the rato ¢ usely] energyto the Velocly of $e \s Constand . . . ¥ > > : . . . 2 2 2 2 2 e 2 a . a a a a a a |« 2 2 a 2 a ° a * » * * * s * 8 ® me a LaePOOP OCP SII WII A ASCH os sess wea evwoasevseevvvvl vse us eee OCS The speed ratio, kus —4 Y29H Ku, = A ney \J2gpu Ue V2 a yo ‘#0 u 7 Ku q I te, ERB Unit discharge . Neglecting +h Unit_ power ‘ (/gh)n ?Quby) Ls 2b Pa Bulk” fa She ~ at On and \s \known as Unit power.; parameters Lor Koowing the a given turbine under diferent heads: For rf ee of the turbine under heal Ho Can ertor man Bom Fhe unit auantihes ered fom Oa py Te 6-Ny- Nudip > cs 3 Pa Pu Sie = ar we FF Performance of specrhe turbines: Se erm paring the turbines of different types, the cooceph OP The Specific turbine 13 quite useful Dy Pspecitc turbine js an imaginary Wurbine cahich is cael in Shape, geometrical Proportions blade angle, gate F Ne a "ip Geta) turbine but Yeduced +p suche velopes One horse - powep Under A Unit head, Iher ords a specifre turbine is @ cha) ‘prbine, the dimensions of 4 iF Produces one horse oe seale model of © Mandrel are cue TPewer Under a Uni} head a b 84 — a Bs aD i. Srevihe-hrbine Pm eaeSince a specific turbine also works Under unit head, the Velocity Hetriangle under unit head is also 4ppheabe to the Speeifie turbine Therefore. Us= Ux Na = Vw “the ratio of Power Can be obtawed, Pu Gu Be! Qu Ps Ys ~ “Co. Also we can get te wt of water by Gu= YADBNe, Ynnd°N W. = YTDs @ Yon Be Vp Gu. PND Vf ay YOOD Ns oD Ds (i io 2 SCS This €4n indicales that the power of geometrica) similan furbine under the same head (onit head) vanies as the sauare Of the runner diameter As the specie tubing develops one hese power under a Ps! “therefore, Pu ey)” 0 o or, Ds~ unit head aia g _ Hn Wa [ewe VFBabeentecrre . ? 2 z > 3 2 > > 2? > 2 ? 2 @ 2 @ @ e 2 2 2 a la la la la |a \2 ” ” 2 7 ” ° > - a ° » . a a D> ~~ Ne ME He + Geometrical similar Turbine Speed who YW. ' Yagn* Const or, UATH npn u 7 DNXuU Or, DN ty Or DyMy , BNe Yi) dik DINE, 6 rear reins §-h DBVE @ ADBYS VpX TH Grom Bow Ratio) BaD Therefore gx > oh pe SAH Op, 9H > Const =)< ae i PAgH Paes: Ne 5), pa We Ne eg ee een -mt of the dimensions op size, of the aglys} He Specthe turbine: All turbines of the Same Shape and having the same efficiency Call have The specife speed. he peton wheel has an ou ahead of S\om, wih 29 we put of Ismw at 800 rpm under Js Flow. If it has tp be modelled 19 a laboratory where He maximum available head ts Tm and the precision tachometer has Caleulate the Furbnefo si; Given a maxinvm range of 2000 rpm, er output of she modole dischange and Pou ‘ipulak ho prolly pe rachng. Mo de} P= \5000 kw fe-9 Hy Slom p= Fm 1-29 m/s §2=9 Ne 300 rpm N2 $2000 tpmMTR NR ear en yh x UE _ 300% {15000 < Slo. = (si) _? > = 2 2 2 a 2 > oT > (@) : N= 35:3 rem ° Ss CH 2 Qu: e Ai) he e A ae Bc? Qp- SA 229% (2) < Vh \ 2 a 4 8 a . Ht Performance Characterish urve . Semehmes the turbines may be required tp ron ak a > Conditions different Thom those for which: this have been a designed. The curves plotted by dhs pttest re suite ane \cnown 25 Characterishe urve There types of Curves @ Operates @ Constant efficiency ‘ * ” * Q Main characlerishes Curves ° . a 4e Main characteristics eunves: @hen Speed Changes With the change In loads 0.9& a 2 @ © &@ 2 ” 2 o * » 2 a wo 2 wo ” o 3 i4E A kuplan turbine runner has outer diameter oF 4:5m. The diameter of the central bub is 2m and it develops 2Qo00 he @hen yuonng at Ko rpm under a head of a%m. The hydravlie \PAReiency js BY and the overall efficiency is 8A determine The punner blade Angle at inlet and xi at the bub, Periphery and mean diameter Given, D= 45m Di=2m SHP= 2g000hp N=\40 ppm B= 218 m Ny,2094 Me = O88 SUP 0-746 Meson tied, n> —o—— “YQH 8 HP O74 S YHn. — 28000x 0746 9-9) % BG x 0-88 =I o/s] +: iy -o) xV ainielag