You are on page 1of 33

 

 
  
    
 
 
      
            

          
    
     
          
   

                     
        
    
   
          


 

                


 =
D

      !

 =0
B

    
  !
"  

 = B
E
t
 = J +
H




D

E

B

H

J


D
t

#     

      $C/m2 %


  ! $V /m%

  ! $T  V s/m2%

  !    $A/m)
  
    $C/m3 %
     $A/m2 %
&

    
  
    
'
   
 

 = 4
D
 =0
B


 = 1 B
E
c t
 =
H

4 
J
c


1 D
c t



2




) E(statvolt/cm)
 B(gauss)
 H(oersted)
 (statcoulomb)
D(statcoul/cm

J(statamp)

 

       !      


    
 q0
  (    ! E      

F = q0 E


  E  D  B
 H
 D  B  !  

 = 0 E
 + P
D
 = 0 H
 +M

B

 0 = (1/36) 109 $#)%  0 = 4 107$*)%     


   
    
 P  
   M             +

                    
    P  M  !            
        
 
 
      
 P  M     
 !            
 
   P  M            ,


*  
                 
    D  B       E  H     - 
  
  J      E         .       /
 = f (E)

D

J = g(E)
 = h(H)

B

    
  
    
0
"                       
                 E  H      1 
  D = 0 E           
 = 0 E
 + P = 0 E
 + 0 E

D
 = E

= 0 (1 + )E

2

      $ 


    %        3   
 
 = E
 = 0 n2 E

D



n=


= r
0

                   


 

J = E
2

             


     M = 0
          
 
 = 0 H

B



          

4     
 
            

    2
&   $
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'  2             
 
0   
2 = 0 J = 0
5    
2 = 0
6  7  2            
          !  2
 =0
E
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B
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E
t
 =  E
B
t

 D = E  B = H

(3) 

 
 
  

 

     D = 0 E + (2) E E +

 E
 +
E E

    
  
    
5


 


   7 
B !
    E !     1     
   
  ,         
    E $    

 % 4    
B
 = ( B ) = ( B)

( E)
t
t


= t
( tE )
 = ( E)
 2 E
 = 0    
   E
  ( E)
2

 =  E2
2 E
t

E       2


#
       
2

 =  B2
2 B
t

                


   
2 f (r, t) =

1 2 f (r, t)
v 2 t2

 v8  
 $ ./%     f (r, t)8 $  %    
                    
              
 
    
     !
4         
   

v = 1/ 

       c = 1/00


      0   
v=

= 2.998 108 m/s

1
c
=
0 0 r
n

     

    
  
    
6


 
   


               

  
    

 kr)
 r , t) = E0 ei(t
E(

 k           *    !   7
               *     
 r , t)                 E(
 r, t)
    E(
      
 9


               
 r)
 = E0 2 ei(tk
2 E

= E0 [ikei(tkr) ]

= k 2 E0 ei(tkr)

= k 2 E




  


2E

= 2 E
t2

k = 

                        
"
                 
 =0
E




[E0 ei(tkr) ] = E0 ei(tkr) = ik E0 ei(tkr) = 0


k E0 = 0

 !          
  $      B

#      


 = B
E
t
 = i B

ik E



!%

    
  
    
:
k E
 = B


  k E  B        


  
     
  B
    9            
2
E
z
E
k
B
y
x

"  
   B ! 

0  
|k| 
n 

|B| =
|E| =
|E| = |E|

               7    E   B 7    


   !     !               
    B
2
H


|E|
|E|
=
=


|H|
|B|

Z


    Z      ()            


   Z0 =  = 377
0

     
    

 9 
           ;  
   

   
    S     9 
 !    
      
  !
 =E
 H

S

     9 
  J/(m2 sec)        
7
            
    
 
! 

    
  
    
<
 E
 +B
 H)

U = 12 (D

      
    B = nc E
1
n2
r 0 0 2
B2
1
1
) = ( + 2 )E 2 = ( +
)E
U = (E 2 +
2

2
c
2

       


    (J/m3) #      0  U
    ! 
U = E 2

 
  9 
    
       
          
2

Wmech U
 dA

+
= S
t
t
s

Sin

Wmech

Sout

 9 
      ;   
$Sout Sin% 
   

A    
 ,   
   V         
 
  ! $U %  
 
     Wmech  

  
            
  9 
  
 = v U  v        U    7 

  |S|
 
    $           9 
 S     
       J    
   U         
   
%
               
      
 
; S      . 7 
/       S     
   I      7 
 
   
;  
  
        $W/m2 %
 


 =I k =In
S

     


     
        
  

   1015   1011 1015




    
  
    
=
    

=E
 H
 = (E0 H
 0 ) cos2 (t k r)
S
# k E = B H = 1 k E   k = 
 = E0 ( 1 k E0 ) cos2 (t k r) =
S

 2

E0 cos2 (t k r) n

-             



       
      $   n %   
          
        $  . 
 /       
 
 %
-    7 
  
;    
 


I S

=
=

1  t0 +T
 2
E cos2 (t k r) dt n

T t0
0


1
 2 t0 +T
E
cos2 (t k r) dt n

T
0 t0

> = t k r    cos2 = 12 (1 + cos 2)


1
T

 2
E
0

 (t0 +T )
t0

1
cos d =
2T

1
2T

 2
E
0

 (t0 +T )

(1 + cos 2)d

t0

1  (t0 +T )
 2
cos 2d2)
E0 (T +

2 t0

 2
1
E0 {1 +
[sin 2(t0 + T k r)

2T
sin 2(t0 k r)]}
1
2

         $T 109  f 1 ?%   


 
      $ 3.5 1015 *? 
 -2@
   
 60' %
1
T = 3.5 105
1 T
11            
          
 

 =
I S

1
2

 2
E
0

= 12 ( Z1 )E02

           I = 1 ( 12 E02) = v U $ 12  


  7 

% #    
U = 12 E02

    
  
    
A


   

  
        
        
   
  ;   
  
  7
     
              

  
  
      > ?  F = qE + qv B  +
   > ?   7
 
 > ?       
J = qv




  $)%  F1 = E + J B  -         
    J        
 = /0 , B
 = 0 J + 0 0 E/t

E


-   


 E
 + 1 ( B)
 B
 0 E B

F1 = 0 ( E)
0
t



 = E B
 + E
 B
(E B)
t
t
t


 = 0 ( E)
 ( E)
 + 1 ( B)
 ( B)

 E
 0 E
 B
 1B
B)
F1 + 0 (E
t
0
0

     B = 0   


              

 E = B/t
 
          V      
 

    




 B)dV

Ftotal +
0 (E
= [r.h.s.]dV
t v
v

-                   



dPmech dPf ield
+
= [r.h.s.]dV
dt
dt
v



Pf ield =

1
 B)dV

0 (E
= 2
c
v


SdV

            !  


       
     !  


  

 2
g = S/c


  
   

  
 

  
  
   

    
  
    
&B
4           r.h.s.     




T dV

T ds

1   0 2 B 2

T = 0 E E + B
B I( E +
)
0
2
20

 T     .    /    2nd      


r.h.s.             
  V 
4          
          
                   V 
            
|P |
|g |V
f orce
P =
= t = t
area
A
A

   t  
 
    ct       V
P =

|
g |Act
t

= |g | c =

= Act



S

C    
    
 


/c = I/c
P  = S


         
      #    
  
    1.34 103J/m2 s # 
      
 
 
        
       
      
4.46 106 N/m2   
     105 N/m2 



     

 
  


  


D        


        ! E  H 

    
 =E
 0 exp i(k r t)
E

 =H
 0 exp i(k r t)
H

     E 0  H 0               


 

  H
        

       ?  ! E
             !  
        
  ?    
      !        ?
 

    
  
    
&&
H

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;          #    
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  . /  

     ,         



   



D         ?         E0   ? 
7
           ,   2       !
    

 = E0 [
E
x exp i(kz t) + y exp i(kz t )]
2

  ei/2 = i

 = E0 (
x y) exp i(kz t)
E

         


         E 
   
     
    
    
           


  "     
 



         1      !      

     
          
    

                     
   


 

    
  
    
&'
H

       ?           


 
! 
          
 
    
!                          ?
H

       !     



 0 = (
E
xE0 i
y E0 ) exp i(kz t)

 
  
 

 
 



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                $     ?% "

         

         
    D          ? 
         
  ? -       ! E       
         E 1  E 2   E 1  
    
      ?

    
  
    
&0
(Incident wave)

E2

Transmitted axis
of polarizer

(Transmitted wave)

 E  
            
    7
  ! 
E1 = E cos

"         I1  


         ! 

 
I1 = I cos2

              #    ? 


    
                       
  ?     ? 
  (  
    cos2   12 
>
         ?             ?
    ? 
   
  P      !   
               ?
P =

Ipol
Ipol + Iunpol

          


    ?        

     Imax = Ipol + 12 Iunpol  Imin = 12 Iunpol 
P =

Imax Imin
Imax + Imin

 Imax  Imin                



   
      ?
"                  2 
  
    $                 
  % D     ? 
      
     ?

 
      "           
   
   

    
  
    
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Fast

Fast

Slow

Slow

Fast

Fast

Slow

/2

Slow
/2

Half waveplate

Quarter waveplate

 

  
    


     
   ?         
 0 = xE0x + yE0y
E

 E0x  E0y    "


      7
    
i
E0x = |E0x |e x
E0y = |E0y |eiy

         !    


        
 


E0x
E0y

|E0x |eix
|E0y |eiy

   ?    E        


 
            E      
      
     
   ?     

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  ?  


1
i

1
i

=2

1
0

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A
   
    >        
  B
      

 

     




 
           

a b
c d

A
B

A
B

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A
B

a b
c d



    
  
    
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atotal btotal
ctotal dtotal

an bn
cn d n

a1 b1
c1 d 1

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7
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>   9  ?

        
       45

1
0

1
0

#     ?  
#     45

* 7   

     

G     


D     ?

G

>

1
2

1 0
0 1

eix 0
0 eiy

0
0
0
1

1 1
1 1

0
i
0
i

1 i
i 1

ei 0
0 ei

1
0

0
0

1
2

#      
F 7   

1 i
1
2
i 1

1 i
1
2
i 1

    
  
    
&:



       !  " #




4         


      
 
       
     
       

   
            , 
     

i
ki

Bi

kt

i, i

Bt

t, t

#        7            ;


   
             "    7
       
             , 
        #        ;    
         #   

! " 

Incident

ni

kr
Reflected
x
kt
Transmitted

t
y
z

nt

D                     



 ,           ;         
 7                   

   
   2

    
  
    
&<
    
;  
   $ %  
                      
    t          = k r t         
                      
    
exp(iki r it)
exp(ikr r it)
exp(ikt r it)

" z = 0   

ki r|z=0 = kr r|z=0 = kt r|z=0


r = x
x + y y
ki = (ni )(k i x + k i y + k i z)
x
y
z
c
kr = (ni )(k r x + k r y + k r z)
x
y
z
c
kt = (nt )(k r x + k r y + k r z)
x

 x y  z        x y  z      (kx , ky, kz)


            ;        = i
r   t      z = 0
ni (kxi x + kyi y) = ni (kxr x + kyr y) = nt (kxt x + kyt y)

"                    x  y    




ni kxi = ni kxr = nt kxt


ni kyi = ni kyr = nt kyt
kxi = kxr
kxi = ( nnti )kxt

kyi = kyr
kyi = ( nnti )kyt

                  ;
                    
  x
 y         4        
      
!        
       ki      
         ki      
y

ki

kt

x
kr
plane of incident

    
  
    
&=
#          kx ky   kz           
>  !        x z           4
  
  
z

ki

kr
i

Incident
n
i

Reflected
x

t
t

Transmitted
kt

          (kx , ky, kz)   = i r  t


kxi = sin i
kxr = sin r
kxt = sin t

kyi = 0
kyr = 0
kyr = 0

kzi = cos i
kzr = cos r
kzt = cos t


   kxi = kxr   !                 
; 
i = r

" 

ni kxi = nt kxt   


 

   

               


ni sin i = nt sin t

#  
   
   


4          


             
  
            7     

    
  
    
&A
    
  

 ds = 0
D
 s=0
s B d

 dl =  B
 ds
E
t s

 dl =
 ds
H
D
s

t s

#       !     


  "    
                         
    
  
dA
i

dh

t
n

        i  t1 ds = ndA 


 i  ds = ndA

 t   !      
 

i n
t n
D
=D



Bi n
= Bt n

      .       D  B      


 / -   D i B i  D t  B t             

  !      i  n   
-       
              

!        
dA
i

dh

t
n

t            



 D = s D ds = 01    

" dh 0  ; B =

 i t = E
 t t
E
 i t = H
 t t
H


s

 ds = 0
B

    
  
    
'B
       . 
       E  H    
   /      E i H i  E t  H t       !
   
  !   i  n   

$ " $ 




         


        ; 
                  ,     
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$        ?   %
 
 


#    ?       !              


 
  
Ei
ki

Bi

Er
i

ni

kr
Br

y(y)
t

nt

x(x)
Et

Bt
kt
z(z)



  %! 






 "#$  


   
E
 "
#$  
   
E

    
  
    
'&
     2
 i = yEi exp i(t ki r)
E
ki = ni (
x sin i + z cos i )
c

  B i = 1 ki E i   

 i = ni (
B
x cos i + z sin i )Ei exp i(t ki r)
c

 ;  2
kr = ni (
x sin i z cos i )
c
 r = yEr exp i(t ki r)
E
 r = ni (
x cos i + z sin i )Er exp i(t ki r)
B
c

         2

kt = nt (
x sin t + z cos t )
c
 t = yEt exp i(t kt r)
E
 t = nt (
x cos t + z sin t )Et exp i(t kt r)
B
c
           $  r = 0% # 

-   
  7
                !      ? 

       D !        ! #     
       
-  $z%  B 2

   $x%  H 2

nt
ni
sin i (Ei + Er ) =
sin t Et
c
c

ni
nt
cos i (Ei Er ) =
cos t Et
i c
t c

+ 
      !        Ei + Er = Et   
Et       
ni
nt
cos i (Ei Er ) =
cos t (Ei + Er )
i
t

"

           !    
   
 


( nii cos i
Er
rs
= ni
Ei
( i cos i +

nt
t
nt
t

cos t )
cos t )


   !"

    
  
    
''
C 
   
    nt = ni sin i / sin t         

ni sin i
ni
cos i (Ei Er ) =
cos t (Ei + Er )
i
t sin t
t tan t (Ei Er ) = i tan i (Ei + Er )

  
rs

Er
(i tan i + t tan t )
=
Ei
(i tan i + t tan t )

 
Ei + Er = Et     
ts


    !   
 


Et
2t tan t
=
Ei
(i tan i + t tan t )

   # 


      !    
  
C                 i   t  !
    
                   
  7
   i t 1 4    
     ! I  

rs = sin(i t )/ sin(i + t )

ts = 2 sin t cos i / sin(i + t )

 
 


# 9   ?              


  !   , 
&
    
  
   i 0'       
   



    
  
    
'0
Ei
Bi

Er

ki

kr
Br

ni

y(y)

nt

x(x)

Et

Bt
kt
z(z)

#
           
rp =
tp =

   i t 1

i tan i + t tan t
i tan i + t tan t

2i sin i
cos t (i tan i + t tan t )

rp = tan(i t )/ tan(i + t )

tp = 2 cos i sin t /[sin(i + t ) cos(i t )]

   %    &


 '
 

Ai

Ai
Sr

Si
ni

i i
Ao

nt

t S
t
At

    
  
    
'5
 #  I                7

   ! E         !   E   
*                      
;          ?
    I  
              nt       
  
     I       ni     *
   
   !           
   
     I        
    
            ./  
    
 7
     
 .    /       
  
     A    W   
        

    


      ?
J   ,        ?              
          + !
          
A0    
Ai = Ar = A0 cos i
At = A0 cos t

   9 
 S $      
%      
   1    W  
 
      A  
  
W = S A

 = i r  t   


  S = 12  E2  
   0   = n0

#     

Wi =

ni
2

# ;  

Wr =

ni
2

#     

Wt =

nt
2

    
  ?   %

0 2
E A
o i 0




0 2
E A
o r 0

cos i

0 2
E A
o t 0

cos t

     

R
T

cos i

$       9

Wr
E2
= r2 = |r|2
Wi
Ei

Wt
nt cos t Ei2
nt cos t 2
=
=
|t|
2
Wi
ni cos i Er
ni cos i

!
   
   &
 


#     
 
          
   
     !   ;       
  
2

    
  
    
'6
n =1, n =1.5
i
r
0.2

1.0

Brewster Angle
0.0
0.8

Glancing incident
Power Reflectivity (R)

Field Reflectivity (r)

P
-0.2

S
-0.4

0.6

S
0.4

-0.6

P
0.2

-0.8

-1.0

Brewster Angle

0.0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

10

20

incident angle

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

incident angle

#          


       2
ni=1.5, nr=1
1.0

1.0

0.8
0.8

Total Internal
Reflection

Total Internal
Reflection
Power Reflectivity (R)

Field Reflectivity (r)

0.6

0.4

S
0.2

0.6

0.4

Brewster Angle

S
0.2

0.0

Brewster Angle
Critical Angle

Critical Angle
-0.2

0.0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

incident angle

80

90

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

incident angle

*       


        
    
   

 
          = 0        
        !            
!             9   ?       
        
     ;       
9   ?         < 10
 ;        I    = 0         
  I       0  
sin(i + t ) = sin i cos t + cos i sin t

    
  
    
':
  
2 sin t cos i
sin i cos t + cos i sin t

ts =

+ 
  >  sin i = nn

t
i

sin t 

ts =

nt
ni

  
2 cos i
cos t + cos i

"     i = 0   t = 0  cos i = cos t = 1


t=

2ni
ni +nt

 T = ( n2n+n )2      
i

+ 
       
r=

ni nt
ni +nt

 R = ( nn n
)2      
+n
i

    ?   tp  rp
             

    


           5K  
    ;   7
 
            
      

L&6       &B        ;   R = 0.04 
                   ;  

     7;   
        
$*  7;   
          %
   

  
       
     ;    ?  
  ?   
     
      .+
/ # 
    ;  I       ? 

)
rp = tan(
0
 i + t = 90
tan( + )
           
    
i

nt
sin i
sin i
=
=

ni
sin(90 i )
cos i

+ !
 
  +
 B 
B = tan1 ( nnti )

    +


  9   ? 
     
 
          ni > nt  nt > ni

    
  
    
'<

    


    ;        


 
     . /
   .  /    ni > nt  $#   



   % #    
t = sin1 (

4 ni > nt        nn


 
  nn sin c = 1   

i
t

i
t

ni
sin i )
nt

sin i > 1

> !   


 
 c 

c = sin1 ( nnti )

"     
             t = 90    
    
  
4 
 
           


Et eikr = eikt (x sin t +z cos t )

4        
sin t =

 

ni
sin i
sin i =
nt
sin c


cos t = 1 sin2 t = 1 (

sin i 2
)
sin c

-  i > c       


  #        
  
   


cos t = i (

sin i 2
) 1 i
sin c



c < <

sin i 2
) 1
sin c

               
Et eikt (x sin t +z cos t )
Et = ekt z eikt x

1+2

      
        $  
 x  %  
        z    $      
     %
             H       

    
  
    
'=
        
            
 
    
           z          
  1      
;  
 !      
             !    
     
  9 

#  ! E  H      $ 7 
 9 
% 
 
 = 1 Re(E
 H
 )
I n
= S
2

#   
; 
             kt E t
 
1
t H
 t ) n
Re[(E
I = St n
=
]
2
1
 t )] n
 t ( 1 kt E
=
}
Re{[E
2
t
1
=
Re[Et2 (kt n
)]
2t

 


kt n
= kt cos t = ikt

  
  St n = 0      

 
 
       
4  !       z = 1/      z    
      1/e   
  1        
1
1
=

kt

4         


   

 
   7
            !          
  ;   +             ;     7
             
       
    ;    
      
 

Variable attenuator

Prism coupler

    
  
    
'A
 ! ;  I    
  9   ?       
 
cos t = i  sin t = 1 + 2
#    ?  
sin(i t )
sin(i + t )
sin i cos t cos i sin t
=
sin i cos t + cos i sin t

1 + 2 cos i i sin i
=
= eis
1 + 2 cos i + i sin i

rs =

# 9   ?            ! 


    sin cos = 12 {sin(

) + sin( + )}

rp =
=
=
=
=

tan(i t )
tan(i + t )
sin(i t ) cos(i + t )
sin(i + t ) cos(i t )
sin 2t + sin 2i
sin 2t + sin 2i
sin i cos i sin t cos t
sin i cos i + sin t cos t

sin i cos i i 1 + 2

= eip
sin i cos i + i 1 + 2

           ;       &  Rs = Rp = 1 


 !
     
        ;      
4            !   
  
  
;        
   !         9
  ?    
sin i
1 + 2 cos i

1 + 2
sin i cos i

s = 2 tan1
p = 2 tan1

    
  
    
0B
180
160

Phase change ()

140

120
100

S
80
60
40
20
0
40

50

60

70

80

90

Incident angle ()

                    ;    


 
   1               
      .

/          ;   
     
      


4    
     90 
 
       
      ;       &   ni  nt    
 !   ;        9   ?       
      
                 D  
          4    
    90   
       !      7  
   
   
         
      
  
            
    
      


      ;     !
    
 
  
 
  ;  
  ;  
 

          7   #
    
       
       
 
        & $    
      
     &M%      
          
                    7
  (    
 
      ;        
    C   7       
 
  

$    i    &  ' 
  90%     7   ;
 .
 
    /           7
     


    
  
    
0&

 
  
 
   
 
  
   

         
      .   / 
   D = E  B = H     
       

                  


      !  
    4    
     J = E $          %
-        
 = 0
E
 = 0
B
 =
E


B
t

 = E
 + 
B


E
t

           


      
  
 = 
2 E



E
2E
+

t2
t

        !               .7

     / 4        !  7      

    #                 
 r, t) = E(
 r)eit
E(

       


 r) + 2 (
2 E(

i 
)E(r) = 0

   (                    


        -  !   
 
   
 = 

          


 r) = 0
 r) + 2 E(
2 E(

4            


  
 r) + k 2 E(
 r) = 0
2 E(



i
k = ( ) =

   1

 

    
  
    
0'
 n = n(1 i)
 ! 

   

   

       

        ?       


    
             

 z    
=E
 r) = E
 0 exp(ikz)
 0 exp(in z) exp( z )
E(
c
d

          
  d = c/n   . /  
 
n  k          
n2 =

c2

[ 2 2 + ( )2 + ]
2

c2

n = [ 2 2 + ( )2 ]
2

2 2

#      


  n22  c2  
2

d

   


  1/       
     
             10N
  

 
 

4  
 #       ;          
        &%            '%   
              #       ; 
                
  #  ! ;               

 t          
ni
sin t =
sin i
n
t

      ;  I          


       ;         ? 
  
      ?  ;        4     
       
             
 ;       
1 n
R = |r|2 = nn+1
n 1
=
+1
4n
= 1 (n+1)2 +(n)2

(n1)2 +(n)2
(n+1)2 +(n)2

    
  
    
00
-        
  
R=

n
= in

    

(in 1)(in 1)
=1
(in + 1)(in + 1)

  . ;/    


        
              
       
  $k = ( i )% "   
 ;    $AB  A6K%   
             
        

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