pen 97 vee nye ip ‘inp 6 os ae aga en once tS ian ie Cate a Contents Preface es of oma 1 Semicondictor devices 12 Pact semiombtor dds 21 Joti semiconductor dds 123) Reverse bveakslown 124 Sohty diode 133. Raings: 134 Devine bipolar anions La Mosrte 182 Characteisice 13 Rings ES Driing MOSFET switches incl ale par atrs Vn Stare and operation 62 Raines 16.8 ring tyson: 2 Thrmal management 20" Inrdcion 22, Transet of eat22.1 Terma! condition in the sad ste 222. Coovction von fa Hein 223, alae cooing of a hen 224. Thoma contact restnce 23, The thermal eet mal 24 Trae ffs 21 The lamped-component tera mote 242 Tamia thorma ane Semmaty Satamenmentguesins Relrence 13 Magnetic components 1 Prpetis of erromagnetic mati nd cores BI Hysteresis ad pemesbity 332 Ely cents ad te deh 34, Salrindscmce 35. The we ofa gps BS" Ags a ieaiy 452. Airgas and sre enerey 36 Traore ‘MGI peancetansfomaton 362A for ea stoner Sf asesnet questions 4 Rectestion and smoothing 2 Inte 42 Thefatwave oer wih eqns fier 43. SPICE smnaion of fal-nave eter ma capacitance fier 44 The fllnave rete wa a inca nt ier 415. The tanton rpms othe cance pt Hie 446 Domne cent wih cts ipa ier 13 Power lat {UR The sols double Simnry Satasesmentquesions Turi queions 2 6 5D. tnear regulators “ 51" Iason 6 52 Shin an sees euaors ‘ 53 Daten of any prams o $4 Tesh gate 6 55. The seve regular ” 5.6 Sulton of ses rg wh (ck ining 2 32 Overolge poston am Seary ra Selfaactanen questions s “Taal ute 8 {Control ot power by switching n 2, $Whching crn in an inv 3 63 Lome nthe outing emcee a 62 Onstate ses " 32 Stachng nos wi an nde a " 33 Les du orev every ofthe feewbeling ite #2 3A Sonching ls hae od 8 4 Switching jeory “ 5. Sticking sor thers s G31 Tumalt ver s 632, Tumen stir n (66 Sinus of shin wh an ndtv Kad = Setfaactsmen questions % “Tutor qoesion 0 7 Swtehing convertors 2 512. The ack conve down’ conver 2 13. The bot cone ori eoaerter 6 332 bacon crnt ” 14 Te ct omer ap down’ comer Ey TAL Contos caren ‘ Ad Dari ores i TEI hn ltd ck oe fran conser152 A pt-l forma convener 15% Am ivolted back os or Mytack covert 16 Conta he hase comers 162. Dynamic talrcharteiiee, Samay ‘Seleaevemen questions References, ‘Siteh-mode power suppiies 81 Intetucton 82 A simple bck regulon 821" Seleon othe inductor and capacitor 822, The power sith 823. Clg the fcc op 825 Review of the back regulator sign 53. Anlst Msback comes ELI Desig ofthe enerny trae sore 122 Leakage indctance and sues 833, The power sich S34 Cone! $35. Testing the fil eet 4536. Review of th Mybckregtor sign 4. Cont of eletvomagietc emissions Tats questions Reference Controtedrectitction St Inreicon 52 The halve cont cir 53. Single-phase cone dpe eters 9 Single pane alfconaedrectiers 9.2. Sine pas aly contol reiers 533, Conte retire witha ndtv lad and a 94 The power toro singles coer resiere 93 Commutinn in cine fetes 94 Simulation of conta wctiere Det Shlaion of hal-contle eter Power inversion 1s TO oreo ist 102 Voltage snurce ives 's1 14 Cond of verre 13 TU Sing pane medion I38 1082 tiple pase maton 159 1048 Sins ple wy ion tet {04 Mood snl pase th modlation 163 105 Siuaton oa sini plse-nih modulied inverter 163 Sion ws Sa ecee queston Nes Relrense 166 Drives for smal elect motors 1.22 Driving permanent magne de mes 113 alee de moter TA Varsbiespeod ves fo adution mats Witt Tho pase ndacton motors 11.42 Vanes drier or te pas dation moos 115 Syachramousa©- mies 11.6 Stepper mts TT Var ssacance epper meters 1162 Permanar mage pp mater 163 Driving sper as Sl-tsnment questions ‘Audi roquency power ampiers TE tron 122 Pace pl opt stages 1221 Clase A option of push pl sg 1222 Chae B operation of sul tage 123 Power dination in spl up sas {231 Power dian mls A amples 1232 Pome dition in lass B apis 123. Safe opertig ae 124. Geof eutpatdevies125 Dining cs A ands B sages 126 Design condone fr x has Bampliier 125 Darin aac 12 Sto af cls B antier 128 Gas Danton Sonnac Tal gestions feces ‘Rppendie 1 SPICE Hatings ALL Fula rectifier wt servi apc |AL2 Fullwave rectifier with dtc pt ter [ALS Seis repulstor AAI Pabewsdth medlte ‘NLS Mode forte feedback lop ofa buck ego [AU Halecontalld weir with an Lean oad [ALT Curette imei ‘ALS Clas anpliner ‘Appendic 2 Answers to slt assessment questions 192 Preface “the spe af power cleo ey wie, he power el conrad age Tom honed of epewat or Sens one) int power easisin Syuems down oa fo ate fr the col of ve more nsec mo pment With sich awd pet of pos simple do sie othe hese in sh ext ck a ths Hee he im nn apench tet From the low-power end of this spect Thin coe & refed in Oe Ipoliaton conied for exmple te dacsin af cond res is ‘Canc to snsephse caste The bik tds a sels sahng SKtwoiceagining whic many ofthe excl ex vale bo power Scaroics aponth the sts ho the wpa of tec poet oui Thee xs he st snaye ed ey mss ent We ‘Mere pra mon coated cps nd lectei exuen “fhe bok mo sige semester aeons wich a8 laop an thy oon senses jer Bachelor of gineering oe Sorjea Maser o apc dg The re ae foie semester {ot itces andi aim was to gre he sues a eve a te abet if fos inc th Tippy as eared ve hs wok nce eof mari soon sve ough a stom a een mae wo state same of the dite anaes tt may Be ed aoe teat har"we_ gral nica sed) Regeln “eet tee tes de wa sc fh ve ss: The Bt caer roids on over af ost pera somo sevice which fem heh oa mre pe elon see THe corer mes the soem ss bse endeanding of how jc dds, a aists Stet few was werk A stl Late the pgs mt ‘Cyua-Te an hc aw ot he port characteris of mer eon of these device ciel wi er fo iW DONE ‘che The sso caps ols te sito tom omer erm {blces and casts te singe sec otal sion The ed ‘ic tenons apc tment hr aor Te Smporem cbs il now pws stn sen an ee Sle ate tery an wi hom. However fr power eons an Snug ftps a ean eel‘The rmining ve eps examine seme te tei wi in power ‘ketones af aid 4 range of applicatns. The emlans pmer ‘upp, power toners and power teplatrs The klmaqes dase ian tone wedi electron equipment, whee the wes fry ese 40, athowgh eset these ech ar dat mc igh yc ch ‘nhs placed om sihing tes, wich Rave sins ney pe cise ftir igh everson toy Most power elcome ystems invlke thease of Kechack jn the oat system 11s motos within the consis fk ite ths o omer ont of switching power coors and comets in deta a any tees 'oid he se ager However. th espn ofthe pes ige il ly be stoi infeed bythe need 1 encase within a eedack op and hs rot ealy psi to eons the power sage mith taking to cout te reeds of he con system, In er tsa some nthe onl ates: wo esi ses hve hee put ogre to form Chapter kT lk at ange of ‘wes hat nso onsered nthe desma sithing ropa. a eof the most igen of these ics smo Ths shape ees the ‘ear fae sine asi: knowledge of cond they, td 0 wr the Sieicance of ples and ernie determining the ans anton» nse omever,heany use of athena aided by the snes phil (Bae haga) apprach To fein lp design Hf recess cher cl be ips Chapter 1 examines the ase of omer elastics ors he pet my Be encountered Insp compar ik ive, ‘leo ecordrs and sila equipment ‘The fl chaser tm alo. post ampli coversa opi nat wal inched 3 bck on power etn Iwever ope hai equal ite oem and cas wel ether ‘epics of linear and switching regular power amplifier oly ther specializes power enter! ‘Cit shnton has bn used investigate sre of he ccs dese ‘nd lsat tc Behaviour The si here i hte the bhai of the cuts wnier anyss and how eet analyst may wad Yo analy per cis and encourage the leat wo expen The snr wed we the Evasion Vrsin of PSPICE™, fom he Meri Copan ni 0 an "BMt-ompale FCT source welt given together with any device mses ‘wel in the sino. should be pee to ron the sno om thet ackspes with only ins changes. Simulation a ell io andes pscilly of nontnca ceuis, Dt Ts eny eel festive Hueneme lye esis, to comple the ot epee te ‘Ona more persnl e m gafal oy eens a he University Soutampton for any eefl dass, ove many cao ease. te Sent who he stn o my tres, ad wuitingy cinta bok ‘tir simaning question Fly, mol ie hotel thet Symbols “This ist conte in paola within thee In pcs ter subpart Tre cn pray varales, AL wih the sybase ae exoed she they ae wt A Arce constant of negion ‘Ac Indacance fn pee nds) 2 sve x dey 2 Remmence {Gms a harmonic, cosine cmon! in For seis Therma capacity Bry or bck of mor Soa. Foran varsondvtnse of tanconcte pn #50) f° Leva fag in mane cre fe Fervor rscondicnce (3 asisn) HP got td seat Ig Common enter iment ein bp anise fh Tear fonction 7? Glee cument cosa or svrage vale {lec cent saying wath ine ke EMF const freee motor ET ottoman's constant (3807 103 K-1 1 Indie Number of ene nurs oe tale, o alley tor or joneton de or neg wee (0 Esc charge or 0" fo for resonant cit ff Eka chap or lage ofa elec (62% 10-3)~spoee BapNegee epppeevseps ee ‘Thermal esitance Rectan Subanon for ‘rind oh harmonic sn component in For sees feat org Cen fine Gin iy Comet sie ime in sich) Vols ost or aerge ‘Thermal volage GP) Wola, varying with ine Ingeace ‘Teena impedance rom jaction to case fer 4 wansisor ott ag ae he a ammonite curent ain or tras, feasting Oveap ante ‘Thermal cnet emstiy Femcbity of fe sac (1.257 10-4 Hy Retaivepereatiy Resist spe esac of sho vege Angle ple displacement angle Retinal angular select Syteono guar ey ip spec fr yc mtr owprens Semiconductor devices 114 Introduction Power etnies concerted wih the cont and enverson af eet power sing letronic eens Te covers very wide ape of ower vel fn ewe ‘tats aor example nth ower spl er ects eqlpen gists for lg. wana cheer Many fncins tc nd cameron of let! power at were nce perfomed wane tating machines now te ‘sic convenes based Ypon scondctor device swith “Tat poe clones ha dele rpy seca eas ergy dt the evelopment of slid ae eletoie deve tht ew sch lage cents ‘nd witht lage voltages. The technloy tl vlog py an nis Shaptr oly the hac and wellestblned devices will te conse. The ‘let topo oer isi Rowdee dees et ‘horas to unrtand the ct nl ehncsto be eseried a fet "pers It isassued th te rear mae ith he prance tl Ted effet smo devies sue asthe joc dl, ase {ml MOS tans However, eae knowlege th semicon yaks the reader wishing o ern mot aot prc deve, Mon, Ueland and Robbins (1998) ve a gud overview, with deta of sts inn cain othe as pyc fora he mai cient device types or are Seed design ok the device phys an action ehaiges se Iya Bap (198), 12 Power semiconductor diodes 121 Junction semiconductor diodes The mot widely wed semicondctr rectifier ds ate Had the silicon pt junction. The vlog caent charceiates of thee oes generally bey the to=(on(%@) 1) wo‘terested crent Vo the is age the strato caren tbe thal rota 7) amd ni emia Contant known hese onerous tesbetven tend Fer pose Sst emt on ses eins eal beeen eves esas ‘lag cre penal reared ye Schley ego Ths "cimeqeerf the spied etl mod wed ee he can “The mt porn aig hat py to power ho ae fr ees lage an fra cae The revere vlag ing pray sel sheets ‘eve maxima vole Vn, This stan the tvs ean lage tnd short wai valle Shyer enue meyecasoaly fe lesa sei conto Fr he ora ec hee vr sveal a 2nd moinam vere forard ean, Igy atom on oad are oa emt ton Tema et ‘rg cent seid pally Tr asin hal cycle power eqn. Foe ‘ale ceaon noe tering sald teense 122 Roverserecovery Fora mato hae aring at inthe fara ston mie cai ae inte mote repos on eer sid fhe nto, Thee cae yet Ste large tte acy t remade by cone Sit whe ects Rectan wy the mae echng Fee the nde tall nen he sono oem bend ere nay ‘as mate removed to aloe confer cle de fese Bat he ete care ely cons cot ‘ie peti. we te che mb, sng ete eee ey ‘onion gre 11 sows pc vee ney eee secon ‘wpe down Three foal eso ite ven cae days ley Sowly reo whe abnpril he cane as ql Sh soy aay igen wed nici ccas tse get rluge anes ers Pett daethe al reverting eae ih te Stee mp sow fat eat promt whe he ene ‘ste ines wi oh eng tt of Sse a ero Dies we clesifed wording te vee cory mes Aft cy sae my ae 2 oe Wee Gama ae ey chee Ings wilde awe lis may hae aot Wye tee, Te we fa shwecovey ue fa sein at le ee wedi al ap once tt ay oe 123 Reverse breakdown Te bealdbwn mechanism im ower wir doles is geneally alate ruption As the fevene volage apres the beak slags he 4 rm crm anata, pre hence emcee de reves leauge current intents ply (Fete 1.) th power dsiation “Zener dae espe to operat at breakdown, wh the crea ed by 2 ‘ves renin, Aver ur of rover betdown fa de fo Uni he Yetlage actos an ic, and 10 asia sted ent, when stitching the lent Some diodes ae designed nd te for sip of aplion. 124 Schotty diodes {A Schoty sides formed between a semicon anda metal fy. The charge Storage that iis the eversercovery of jnction odes, does not cur fm Schthy indes and revese osovery very ft Sct dese charter by ome forward elage tan ion jncton diodes an a ager revere leakage ‘erent They te realy avaiable with caren riapr offs an 10D A and fever vclage ratings po aout 5 Vt le fora vlogs a opi revere ecovery they ate widely wed is Low volage switching power supe The caron ge characte ofa fond ced Schathy dde f sae fer for 3 jncton dd (egaton (1.1113 Bipolar junction transistors 131 Structure ‘ete of per pl atin wa (IT ds ve ay rect vr er ps ll a feller repon to nese the wilh of he dpcin Iyer f the ve elector into, ad ered elo HN! ces hi action he age cle ‘Seren ring is shies by having le deve we. 132 Characteristics tumor The commerce gin he eel fale hw rahigharvatsA pl per amir megs scent go sa TD 2 maxima caren Hih-fetemy psomane a pot with ly een fot te i lof ata "When a swith, sly these in ower tonic attr sy be ven nt strato Cth he bse emer a ase alt fron Greased Aste BUT ges a Tow vlage dap betwen clo and ais pay mah an) Hoeven {he ascent removed. ut ae ite sien ly he storage delay “hss om cen hg ted ete reon whith mt be removed ele the ans ont rn Te orgs delay ay be minal by ISpenng sce bas cen ft help i ed charge 133 Ratings "mina orig volo pts ad by he shoe That tse clr jc Thete ae generally Wo rings, Vou he reg clletacemnc vt wih th bse open cia and Vow, te ‘ToNtmumeatecr ae wast he emir open cit Vow exe Van ‘Want resume teecen thse ad emt, the matin cols wend Ghee wate fetcce these te les The maxim perine Eu cntciemense e y naing efse dven PUP fete ht anny Wie to ake eyo a8 he at "FE tet crn i he sj of maxima comtnoes ang, ahd rnc ge rang esr pes ith Tow day yet aon, hee ‘etapa bythe po ipo. A he ts covey eee he fe operating are dns. Tis aed on a gate reese cereale vol, own in ee THe sa ee sign ste erg coins the neato ort Et uma tThe vole erent nd ne ting ties ose, cia eer wns: ies atnting ne wih soe of 20 eo ‘ant a's de he econ! eshdbwn phenomenon, Sta Weaken ee itn cor voltae and es om bce eos of igh caret ‘Tacky un the wasn whch het ap letig 0 Teal chermal raw. Se tanger conn i tf contol Tis iy Fads the SI Siinc tamsuer rhe SOA, as wih all ratings saa specie ese ‘Eerste often 28° ie empties he power et mt ered Tic means peat va sigan ower dsp ony fr sot tenth i pratima Be xed shown ye Sted Tithe pion othe boundary is serine by he drton the Put, age esting weapons bt rrao rain of ples yt petition rl For very sb tees ply of ‘der 1) the area Boul ty the caret an voltage Int 134 Driving bipolar transistors ABT evithing a ge cet modes be drive cet suticet to eep the “tsistor ned on. The crest gan my Be quite low so the ase dave may well te TO ofthe facut. At tun thee wl he lage sre charge the ae that mst errors I there desl that reverse ola apied tothe ae tam tp reove thi charge By combustion teh he ase nection. In ation, t emare api tino ie desable to provide 38 Increased hse dive fra hoe te 0 0 nr the rt at wich the fase ‘haged. Fate 15) shows a spe cicit which maybe wed to provide (and V os. The bins rents nt by Van + 2. with an ital eae surg to cage ope bs ited agit by RV and dation by: At ‘the charge inthe eer dries the Rae meptv md pe the recovery. “Tose st swihing is bter ook th BT suring This mean a the fee ive mt eae tit he elt aie tages es Tow [sile o minimie lowes), whe rt allowing the ello bse jncion 0 ecoms fort ned. One ay of aching thir towne Baker’ clamp (Figare 15) The de wil onde the cle voltage alls blow the ese vllaeths ining th ase cue! alate ove the colle ase vole tout The dd D2 provides amo wtlag allo fr he sofage dp cos DI. wile oe DS poids a put raping ever ase exams ge 1a) tobe new provide the ne eve, wih # wae LL fe, o> 10 V nth of state amd 10 Vin he a le, The peak fra ase ‘hive ctrent at tum on sod ah DS A ate tie conta fo the king network shld aot 2, Choose stable values foe Ry, Re cae. ‘Asn tat te fas-emiter volage i about OV. Hence the ten ‘te ue cre given by 07 1 1 82 A thon Rs 4 Rs = 4650. The peak bse erent 5 and ‘hci ii oly by Ri, Bese y= (10-0705 oosing th nearest stan vale gives Ry ol to EKA and en wre Dering tron, ad daring the storage ine a ral he ase vane wl set conan. Ths to deze the ine conta Ry ahd Ry Ws conde ual pve the equlalentTheveni essusce fo therging or caring. the te constant given by hs ee 17 2 his ies C equ 18S, 0 should he 18 oF sess rut coed In the say st, with he tie on he fovwcedhsption wil be O77 Won Ryan 113 W in Hl he sch Tome on ant of rp then he mean power wl fe rede bythe charging and dscarging Cust also be come. 114 MOSFETe 14 Structure Lm omer MOSFETS ine aera cts in which the terest Now spar tore saface of the sion di wth oth sors nd ino he upper sure ‘Wie hs str can be cal wp ohne larger power, maker ice te ofthe slo sea Power MOSPET nly we vertical DMOS (illsed ‘MoS sce. A DMOS tans is faved ae re mmber of sal el ‘Ml cote im pale, Avene seston tro twa of hee els, for antone devie, is shown in Figue 16 Ea ll shave upon p-type gon ‘ise imo the son de. The mye source elon hen iio hs ‘ype mel The channel ofthe FET i fom the surface oth icon beneath {ie gat and und te periphery ofthe cel The device ie an enarceent IMOStET, so with om gle voltage ne souce dein cents ale to Mow ‘pbjng a pstve ae vlloe cette cane! and enables he caren low {rom the soue regan othe ain. The eure comstion on 1p ofthe whe thea tenet sha the cet fof eta Pichon! pes MOSTET. seal, wih ina strctr but th and» layers intaanged. The tnjoriy cares in a pchanel (es) have Tower ‘byt the lctons nan n-channel A eomsagaence fs tht p hae “vices no reste chane ith, and hence are device res fhe sane transconductance non sn estan Te ger sg res sure tnd pa dain comcitnce and nce ie device cot Gently, shamed Avice ae prefered whore orale ‘Wath te DMOS stacethe fa dde, the by dad, bene he we andthe ri, Thi ode cos wh he i-srce volge negative or a8 ‘chanel MOSFET ofthe voltae postive fra pshaael MOSFET. a some over MOSFETs thio configured that tay be na eves ode eto th transistor in mck case charter ar specie dl shee. ‘thre tis mvc ewire thatthe bed de never cons 142 Cheracertates [DMOS power MOSFET ar enhance devices, a the ace ents roi te pte snrce vgs Vg ess than th esl ge Vey Te ‘ple model foram caunceinen! FE qe thatthe dai ce tok rcrese quealy wih exer age ahve Vay ning at he ee ure tg ge eam that he ce nc ff an he in ae ie seated For power MOSFET th aioe oar jae the tu tls din eons the elation betwen din caren a pt vollage ‘We conaerog a power MOSFET a swith nthe on ste when the da voltage small he FE chan has ae» Yesance. The cham! este ‘itcases arte ie ole nee, bl the mini alo he sae feonse Rone by the vote of the mye ah shih he erent ow tothe dain termina "The higher the vliage rating of the Trarsttr the ler mathe the dango hs ye, a he Hither Ry The pte src capac Coy ad gael capacance Cop 3 Power [MOSFET rage. Foran matnne! MOSTET rate at IDA, Cos ol der TF fC of orks 190 pe when Vg te. Valun are greater for panel ‘vices Hence when he tamitr nim sch 2 iit charge mas Be Sarg to hep to tn the device om or lf theefre cece! to tse he deve 1 be come bythe ete charge The maar dla ‘Show fen shows graph of gate wollge aginst gt charge (Psu 17) when Siching speed a esse actos a pec opty vel. Tis ph Ina he toed toestimse tro fr Sly ine a he cet ise fll Tie The graph ay Be vided it ee regions. In gin Te asso of nde ste vlog ss with harem vein the rte ening, and the eaten copcance charg hain ag all nei thee ‘oltog changes sly slowly This amaniettion ofthe ile tle siting se tora ery ke eee nue capciine, tn opm M hewansitor fon the ha oltge cle to 0 and emote care spl othe gt, the gate ‘lage comines to sf therurce volge and source impedance ofthe fae hive cist are ow, this raph of pte vag asst pt charge may be sed {ott thee ie fal fcr in the ansisr. 143 Ratings As wih the BIT the tings of MOSFET ar consi elle nga nto Ta operating ea sag, Ths Hse npr an fora BIT since ‘eed eon nes toca nasty cir device. Apel example at Fagot oe aa esto dae 2 get Cn crc oa pon MOETthe SOA fora pone MOSFET is shown in Figure 4, The ane unde by he ‘maximum caret the oer dipton ie ne wih 9 soe aT) an he ‘maximum vig The pea eet ac the mac contins con eg ac, even fr te og pee highend ae 1 nite hy the ons ress. sing which may be tery Tow fr Ls ‘olg deve, bt incase rp for dsc rtd a ow ea a ‘Ate ira ratng fort MOSFET ute matin gate source vole “This bviwly mite bythe ean vlogs the pt oie. A el ‘ale forthe maximum gate sures voltage fs #20. sawn ofthe ne ce wil es in permanent dog otha care mu be exe hing he vies ald dag fom abe tc. 144 Driving MOSFETowitches To tum & MOSFET on or off qucly regu the gate charge t be chinged 2s ‘apilly as posible. Tis ental achieved y ding he st om slow impedance wage source wich can sources snk caret Toth om 108 IMOSPET may equite a gtechrge of shot 20 Tha tan (tf) time of rod 101i equedscaen of 012A neces with la ‘ing of shout 0-10 V The ver mas abo ave time wich compete withthe equited urs. (orto tine er he MOSFET. This fa ‘eairemen dioagh several mauler proce ICs spill for dine MASTET switches Unie UC70S). Aspect cape of rene pesfrmance fs showe i Fgte 19, whch we tw tans fo a epee ‘eofguation EXAMPLE |A.MOSFET svchost catenin lon. The data shoe forthe [MOSFET provides» pet of gate-source vllage gst Ete she Siro th stow in Figure 7. The vals of Qy and Os ae? 9a a = nun 16 9 repetition whee he dec ao oa a 2 gate vlogs of 1 VT pat ver may te represent by Thevenin. Edin cit comprising a ollge source whch is 362 hap sep {tom Oo 10 Vaal hat source ressance of SOM Estimate the tie Tetmcon the ogee ame ine whic he rane ally tre The ross of chvging the gle can Be considered in two pases I tae et cn le il a xen. ona curest. The isouce wage conan ding phase od Intel the oie ipa capacitance fe piven bythe inverse of the lope the soaps apie cong ine te Cy Oe. Ua The “horing ane conte rs hrefre 301 X10" 0 and wh the {ec vlage sharing expen to 10V hep vole i given by Ves) = 10(1 expt) “The time taken to care the ete 107 V is herefone 6 9. tn elo the chrgng cen sonst at (10 ~ 7¥S0 = 0068 an he tine ken to spp the charge =~ Osi gven by ota 17 10% “Ts hd time st fm 6 he i i 117 8 ring tal enon ne fF The eae an! iste eas, 3 fonction of ine, we esate in fgue 110. The vlge rs expnentiny ring pe and terespomcnly and th desc age vy. ey ‘Ciscn te appt pte alae an the Sioa age cng met on te‘Rone Teg souce aan carer untae GET oe The Mes wed in Example 1.2 may be ase 4 analy the tn ofthe ‘rns. cse he ete te charged io teat val ‘hen dss exponentially he ato the rp of eva aga charge sorters, when the tansr stato tm ff. "The gate role remains amc whith dei-sawlug rs te dts expel he 15 Insulated gate bipolar transistors 151 Sructure ‘A major tintin of power MOSTET a ectonic sche i tha th alo asin nsrenes as te volge rang of the deve crete. Ths pede tes beans te doping athe din gona the deve mst be edd he ‘ole eating is incesed, lowering is cmv, The inaune gte ta “aso GBT stems overcome ths tan by ning aera ised "json 4 jet minoity carts inte eepon 80 a tones he — “7h Manco pam Case sae J" end, Te srctre of an 1OBT shown in Fgue 117 ad eset ‘Sr f' MOST wih he dow of a yer Te owe pane ‘Toad ase whe the device iso and jee oles it the yer alsin He condactviy. The main cient low i nh the enancement ‘amet fora MOSFET. although soe fhe es wil ow tothe wel wing "an IGHT can be lod wing he cialnt ict shown in Figue 1.12 sku sone ofthe suet wil san fo tmp he caller of QU Te ‘arial esince io emphasize tha the fective resstnce bn ee wih th Asin ofthe MOSFET i ond bythe minoky cars inetd nto the ain terion The asic np-tanstr Q2, ae it sete junction sre ot ty eier ntl, Uns this sa! able sop Q2 tring om, postve ‘each ole pnp tansy wil cau the eve agin which as, the cren ln Tonge be come bythe gte. Ta problem has oe rgely ‘inated ram the pesen oneraen of Sevies There does nol seem to univers pee! yet aba he pop yl for he IGBT. Two syns ha are wed are shown in Figure L13. Thr also se BIT ype termincogy af emer and caller, thes we MOSFET 182 Charsctristice ‘The gate catos he collet (ordain in ety mach he same way a varethe ein carnt na MOSFET Tenia ile a he jet. ohino cies reds the on ste esas. Whe weds swith the device "urs on uishy ia manne ey sim MOSFET. bale too tne an ‘ie of mnt slower than theta oie, The sho tr a cuts bce lle inte mii airs tha eson wt ecto Ke aed ete the device en cht How f coer Driving IGBTs i ety sitar to diving MOSFETs They have ese a ‘spsctanes an aan ae et contre a hg cone pts have characrisics tht combine sme of the fetes of a ipl transistor ow forward volage dp) wih dane f° MOSFET (high pet Festa) They Inve und appicon atk tor desl sie huis, whee hgh volage, hgh power, ta sed a thin ae all ree 16 Thyristors ‘Toytsrs, o sieomcomtoed sects (SCR. ate the blest and het aie clectonic power switches. They lle hom asst a tht te fe lnebing devices hich ae tuted om Byte pe an then emnon embcing nl he cet fl to ver The bc sor wil emo fone deton and Hicks reverse wage. Thy ve ben cle may tomar drt-power ccs yee devin which can aye ae of However. hey cane contac with high volage ings (23 RY td oy lege cet ings (>8 4A) is anos vtage dap of any 13 Tete ate = amber of saratons onthe base tor.‘ le can te gee to ‘ct meter deton, and swell fr conling low-power a gn mtr. 1s ot suis for ue at hgh power. The gate tno iste GTO ss hr which may be aed ly spying a ater tags revere ‘oon pus hoop the gate. CTOs are extely asd in high power ys eens oftheir ait to handle voltages al caret mich te jen the ne sass The asymneatel thyristors ahystrwlach sone to wisn) ‘oe than abou IDV in he eves det, but ea To ta uly Gn few micrsconl) Here ly the Bas yr il be emir. 1181 Structure and operation ‘The thy ia Furtayerm-p-rp junction stat as shown a igre 1 ‘The cast way 10 unsan toperaton Ko cone te torn epivalen et shown in Fie 11S I the nde ostve and he cae negative thee ae two possible stable tee I hth transits ef he eter asso has any ase caren and so te device wil cain af Ie ofthe “otsistrsstumed on by netng a eaten ete th ead he ete the ‘pm ansisor wl spy the base cet fer he --passtn,tai ion nd in tn wl sappy base caren forthe npn rsh deve il refore Lach nto the om sine ad wil temain ow ithe bt eve tem, uo th hie te caret mt ee i elev cust un the ramon a ales fa at cnn emt mae {Sie wir or Te inocu mam cman icon xen Sie nye ove hy st ‘om ifr efawnd lg obec ihoaheBveeonng {te conng tine Te uel hye il sn uh eee ney Som sntaroeanconeer 182 patnge rir me al by ir aera or cr gy an nf en yee ire aly fea ye anton ‘pow Romy. Te age ngs ee pete pak frst ona he ive eke as Vag ford sed he eter ‘my feted ony» pe pa, by cate ge (weskdowe ps or ‘ihe cmiting su) by an cney phe vag i. Tae drt a minum of ogee ne ood oe gers Thee Sis nanimum alloc ee of cen Tee wn the Sec uel 0 tenets rar of coven ayo al elm Caen aon thoogoa te devs etn 1 clove sn parma ge.‘Tyree dvies, which esl hve sage eae igs of 1 en times thi aveape Fervor cunt ting To sme eaten they hn: Hees replaced by more recent devices lke the KOBT. However: ty a all eed devices a th hight power eves, 183 Driving thyristors ni nits ri ei ny sh hn nk i tetris tne ominous ascent nce ose aed it insenes te poe dpa Te Sone cone estan cee Sey ay ste sat hat ta Be gsr ane ese thal condos nhs eme ark ae tan spins son as sulin outs a a pe aa sete ne is fe wl ths dig sing een ms tyne cea a restless yer ofa eh reer so ei tel eve neni Sacto ast pub ries ony iri the tation covet vind 2 al ple ace k Sine ct that provides tain of ples howe im Fge eh hgh teeny plain seed pve hr tps when he cota ot ‘ih The struc herent i ote eae ie DU an! restr RI we nec o rg he ep ase Irina ide ofthe gfe Te pon swscng conc ‘nce lad wll eine Te Caper 6 Ressr R2 pos se iets ah or he ae te ist ep ana fs igen wen vols sig rapiay son te tytn and D2 rete eae teas ‘epee on tee Summary nti chapter the ost widely wid stve poner devices have Rint ‘The aim hs been show teste of hese devices od nde te nt important characteris so that hire fn th iets presen cr apes ‘nay heuer For ans thease onthe sic sine thi th way in which hey fe wally sed in power ecm aie ‘ery i consieratn he als en ven Bow hese vrs devise may Be thiven as ices ‘Tutorial questions 4A What ae te rai mais amd mito sion json ds td 6) Schthy aes who nl eters t ow bh eens? 42 Wat teat by the reves every lie of a jmction de? 43 Sloth the cross sacton of = power bipolar Insite. 4A Draw aagam showing the le operating ares of ipl tas ant tin teen enc of te traning ne. ‘What meant by station na pla taste? Why is gently sve ip swiching pede ae requ? 446 Die the epraton of th Bake slap cit wt aid station of bipolar sith 47. Shotch te conesotion ofa power MOSFET which we yeizal DMOS strcire Ine te flow of caer “18 Caplin why 2 DMOS iano sbays cont cote nthe reverse diesen 4.9. Why docs « MOSFET power sich aie a low impedance eh cutent tate over? $40 Compare the strc of a IGT wth hat of erteat MOSFET. A441 Compare he catve mere f iol tania, MOSFETs al IGBTs {442 Ung he transistor mel epi the eration tyes Relerences21 Introduction ‘nat poner elton cet poet wl sige i ah te ave ant pase conponenis Ths poaes be which mst be wafer acy fan neon td dye, lye a sera te epapens se ecto nthe power ey are whan sna ene te ple in tars the het Wot cme het exchange eto a Sanser pacer a he se onda estnderaeenepoue ches en te sac oth component sac! opis saga cog ii meas are mo eae ov sation devon hones we tos igri wo Fomne he fest are tgh eng to hee has lemprtroaraca ae tat aera ae ‘ote mento he mae tow ay eos eat Jumcon devs) This achive yew ov ean wicca at "yom te slate exo th dev ant han are ss ne eh spss te hea ino he ambien Hes eas eqns ede a ‘sis hte redo dates ower cers oe ae “he icine of sericonctr devs dese ry “eh increasing tempt ands ent th mamfers Palino oe temper n eced However a ly scape acl tema desiensnecnsry to sd eeene es era lk mg the tegen fr maxima tnperune The eet, fas spe ini te spied models tte ed cae We ema seo nae one carey 22 Transport of heat ‘Tete me ee mechan by which et is kang: '. Canton, whic acu inal moa seat wasp though he nein bythe imac the moles 2 Comecton whch oem M dses os hs balk meme the heated cer ds tothechngsuf deny ai empanadas rmxaal conection oy ewan orsmother men orcng he Md {ecules to forced conection 5. oan, whic he tarot of eat elector md ecomer mote spit se cea ere we sal pinay oni with onduton, which rsp the et ‘aay fot a semicircle ot ros the ean, We ‘tal also consider conten wich determines the lseny wily which te heatink can site the oat t0 the surouning aie Reon ty tually neglected, which wll i mos css Il to cocaine design. Nae, howeve Mar hen wanafactrr ly it hr pdt Hack elas aaa, ‘ich may make sigificn sont toe eat Sisto, £221 Thermal conduction inthe steady state In a er sofa mat ele pen lg te seston tn hh tay ed acl a ets eatin sha cae een ae ‘Sig tego crn oct me pes pan hed oben ope et fa rt ef tps pons ea a se rose hg er rs BE an tere Pas eal pne cone ise hema cnt Ticino cof tr Tegan a Spe ness ara rea a pe ‘Sin ae fot eager bas Soke ows inthe "Ae cowp fa en td © ma camps ses ir tenn ess acto lr ea two tu se ce ss it gre Ta ri pg cr ce eal een ‘mest nt sue semper sed a en orotate Sacer ca he om eae fo, Teton pale ate ttae Se ouch ira tarerone Senacd Pe Face aan ene en gi=ny ey222 Comecton cooling of ahessink Coneton is much more capex process thin condition. However, ii ered etperinently tha an ebje tliat sim emetic Inara fate which i roto othe diference between Ta th bert, lemprtre ofthe ni, Talent fest appoint) stereo sie ‘o-msign thermal esitanes Raat hs pes Te ft of fossa heat wll ‘pend on he safe ae ofthe eet a ell yn gener onthe evienaton Heatsinks usd io cool eeetonic dense eal Tabled ‘rm sted lamin, with ins intease the sac area The eats il are et "hemalresitance its mount sn hat he somes fetween te fi ae vial snd ai fee flow yp he erooves eal expr. Siete ra endif alanis Tow the theme resetnce oss te: hea ‘sly mocha the hcl resistance Fon te Heat tthe amb it ‘ee the asampson tat the eatin at nom tngerafore wl te asl. ‘Where heen of asin requied i exci te ee tc it Iy be rested then a fan mae wed to andes flow fe as he heatsink (ret cameton Thi may prey ee the sa esas fr opti prtrmanc he heatsink sl have mot sly ces ot fer etal eaveton 223 Raddative cooling of hestsiok ‘Te a at which sre yan om sic he ye Stefan-Boltzmann law, ” Ps = aatts 2) en whee os the Staats conta (3.67 10°99 Wag the Emisvy ofthe tte A the es thes temperate i Ro The ‘bet temperate. The esi varie fom les than fra poled Saface to abot 09 for 2 mt hak owe (eg bck ann. semi Ovi heat Foss sal propecia othe tmertineifltece sf ‘ate msde wo define he thermal resistance fr ran the vale bed Sill vay With the stint trate an! the terre fence, Fae ‘ype Heatsink wit a mat lak fn aaton may acon fe abt WP "Ne tol eat dspam at» ean temperature of TO and a anc semper of Wi sir ener ilrenc alan wie os 1224 Thormalcontact resciance When the snacs of two thermal contre coc thee wil athena reste fetwen te sarfaces which wil depend nthe surface rea moins ‘ontat and upon teen of he sue Miroseoictghes i dtl han expected A 23 The thermal circuit mode! tn teas can be mosey Since both confusion ad conection eng ra rertaneetspsi tml te hole hema sition poss Stucco cecal aco, pov aio sneer aed Ziidjuneanen ert analogs loge ad hal esse ‘logan wo cle rssance, me consi a pia stuaon of» wee ‘mtr mented om hess wing ater or atom (ge 2.1) the ‘emcee clea ca of Fyne 2 10). The erence we ie reel ty te sent suc rete to the flee me. Theta ‘secs Sra o yr! eta esis reise and he Fema ap The cern in any ranch the siz the Teal powe ow, Ste node aps ee tempat fe mons tween he aes Sreporens EXAMPLE 23 {Too ew trnssns 1 and 2 ech wh a ha sistance o o are Aparrtment smoSewn he mtn dee of 15 WC" eo Sn wing wn wh em te ea ee OCT WC" tanec one anh far he hae oe Thc of 60°C" HQ ea foser ar Ge 16. wha ate he jason empresa! era souumion ‘Te equivalent cei shown in gue 22. Pome rm bat assrs ows ou the hensnk, hence the hes temperature sve n+ B40 x36=<004C Aine Ry Ra Be mtn sin esac ae 27 W C=! Hence fergie tet ton ae pen by Tye Tt be2r=ure Tea T6027 los7e 24 Transient effects 2.4 The lumped:-component thermal model “he hema iat el maybe exe tole aint by wing he ant ermal cy Aor i hema thet es thal stances bt ao eal cacy. The heel cea ‘mass ofthe component muipted yt speci it of the mati om et ix. The cn ofthe thermal cpaity an oly be ed ie of ie amponeo tthe sane temperate tec gin Tengen feces ce vine hs cary api nee al awe 2s Etats ota terest Comer 4 TO. msabsivsd taster moun on a eink sng a ilng wher The bet geared tthe anion of the taosiston an ‘amp hh he fade othe css Mos of the tema esisiance wil be Tren nan coe tote son di whe ost ofthe her eapciy of he rt il be local he as. Thur a proximate thera model my Be {remedosbomn ope 23 The waist ae as a thal apo Ca theheabink a hss capt Cy we the jnction toc thera estan atte ensink esslanee Ray he teal ess ofthe eatin ‘atthe wane espns tockangesin he power dsp, Pan ely Be (ele or an lesa ea exAMPLE 22 [Restor oon ity om an aun heatsink with heat sane of 70 Wel and sof O15 He. The wanssor i ard ie 0 an dispar 15 WI hetk tly at dhe ambient terpeane of 25 fw an wil tke fea a ferrin 0 OC? The pic het of atin 5 9003 °C sounon : ‘Te heal cgay ofthe hess L185 90, 381°C ad the ‘TBs heat cei shown a Figute 2. The dermal capt of i nsttr cme has ec fanned not aeenay to know Ry 0 ‘edie the esi temperate ‘Weving Jom he anion forthe tempt of he easnk ves im ®the power is ted on a = 0, the at hs ie Ts val of 25, ‘the slo te farm 1, =25-4.90(1-exl-1/210) “he eink eas up expel with 2 ie conan of 270 40 i tempore $5 Sting Ta 242 Transient ermal impedance ‘The lumpol mote esng teal resistnes ad thr apie works well omy whee iti pose to dvd he thermal pth i set ohana each at rei ree rae ea un hm 9 Semiconductor device inte yckage the toa path ast be pit io 2 umber o tet ements cach witht thea capac an sept By heal tesstances, Us forming am RC Inst get A nyse model Ingh involve thee elements, the seo dy the fe, a the cae, ad ‘hstted in gue 28. The thermal apni he Se wil be sal ata oF the ear les, while he heal resistance beiwcen ean ait wl be age tanta between header and ease Tere refer range of ve cot "To moi the complexity intadiced y thi apres the concept of ann heel impedances atrotaced. The espe fhe unto pret sep Change im power coed. At =O the power ses fm 0 0 Pa, Then "suming te eae temperate emai constant atthe jonton wl each 8 temperate Fa une here T= Para) Te ey ‘he time dependent parameter, Zh he teal pence. Cems, 261 ‘comes lag, egitim reached apd Ze eal Ry Fr bit ines ha rein teeta hemal eagity and Zyl be fe a ay rahe tan ers28thvwsnet)nctepan (mia) eg tpn ying yf pe pe an pile een a be et enn ct emu cn re Tei nt nce cae rte pert essed 3 eee et ql keel onan, Te erate seat ay'a tau Rie 240) ew he ie ee ee tf selected ase a he scenes yen (2) he a Se yn patty ote aoe dara pra eee he parame 2.0 8 ce eer pgm ugh ony cali Fr wp Fansite er ere mem Th 2 aay on ete wa a 2 er zt he ee maa Sing em ce RaIh ptt proof te pts wt wu be slice et compe ih ermal ie cnn fc fe mais ts a a 2s emptied the heatsink temperate maybe seared esenn ee SEE, sean powcr. ton wl ermine te ewe a ‘suing ay se hs ten rehearsed nay be ete sing mean per and al eo ‘avss Tre power pus tt ofr sf the same peak powcr et lar shape, a eval tanga pe RerEy maybe Wied to ai an apo RxaMur 23 orice cera soLumon The pe jncton temperate is piven by Tua 04 D4 T= BET cis sumed tha th eas al tik ave ag ci so that the ese temperate ea ‘vn fund by taking the aver ai 25 mover dsp ne hema estan Te sxoaxs ae Hence the maxim junction temper is given by Tyme = 104 = toe ‘Summary 1 his chpter the basic etnies sed 16 perm thermal leswoie equipment have on described The he ee mesma modes based on omelet cat analogy i moat pores. The necesrythemal reste and tna ‘eed hy the manic of fower mar a eh a eal resistances for itary hens sili one iy deat for impedances ae Sett-assessment questions 22 ‘Amica water O08 mm in hikes is id onsen in 70-3 frets om aH the eevee ofthe cont sie the Postage is 00 mw the hl enn tore te poche the hin nosing te ce! sone? The aa coms men soow mi ‘Rees copper ed cick umn date Tesion ‘Standeched etecn the ds ad oles go al conat with hm ‘helen of he sie re oomeced to (otis ich are onan tnperatue of AP Te eth eal om each emia 0 he SSCs To nm Nogctng beat le yc thes ‘Stine te seas jncton epee he ower spat Sinoss23 W" Asso ae hal conc fern 80 ‘A waisr is montdon sink ing isn ahr neato The eater jocon ese. Rothe tans fC Wand the thea evan he wate, ang cont eit. Roe 6 PC Wiehe mer de 20 Wt sb tempest AFC on the junc empratre mst i exec 25. wha he mai hema stash ean ‘Toe eal tans ae outed on come Besin, which has & thermal asince of PE WT He heal esac of ech ante From ton toca. a 8 PC -t an he cont esac Btween amity anf Wain °C Ww te maim power it may eit) wih all ta power dcp ome tantra) wih the power ded equal btn the two ans? Ase an smn {cope of SSC and & acim onto engratr of 25 Artin temperature 937 Te cg: hs era vest Fonction wets, yf °C Wt thermal estan fem ie ambien Bearer Wt ana hema apcty fr the one of 028 C=" 3 Te Ste tyra case anton The power date ine amis 5 Wand sete ont nc 1H gw ae or ‘Netty Ge ows nis whan apie o 09 W. 9 duran of [msn ped of Wns Te aro eft thea fmpance tm pm oe, Zope hn ration ad ay fat OTC WT Wt tcl since eq forte heatsink the nto ener sm to eee 12°C when the aie tempt APC? Negi! he salen eter he asi Pend enn“Torial questions 24 Define tema resistance ‘Wy isthe me of teal reste apyopi wen hst i rnapon cancion snd conection ta 0 aoa? ‘Wy doe the nemo fet affect srl eins? What th ase of thea cmt resistance, ad hoe may a Beso npn he ode tn wl ceumetnce wef owe teal apacky ad thermal reece lo deace the tmpralrespse o's her ste? hoo 8 Reterence etl Ds nl en Wy Nes Yr, 1 Chg a owerens Magnetic components 231 Introduction tn tow-pome eleetonics somes and indoors ae wsly avoided These ‘Seon cma be negro it excep im very sal wales) ar ‘ae ram ea er hates Moder cc ip s eerly esa eaaromers or inactes the opal pth exc wf socal Tie poer cewtoncs however, asfomers and inducers te een See al ractomers ar sed not aly hee hey ar an eit! component fer dming he voage in, powe ystems but also Bsn they ate able eos igh Segre of clea flaton betwen he primary and Sein ‘stator, fe sed in several ways Ue two most common Bing a “Mat cory trage ad anfr lens aed as eset component in kom Te ihee Diced. power comer sate frequents make we of the thy ta ctr to tr encgy st ne volgen tvs Kat erent oe {Mgnt ows and vo Jos who Tse Cora Heal indo, Te genra mot posse wo prchae uae transformers ond off tie Heit nthe reerments ae 9 vee. While there are Tite ranges of ‘Mod components aaa cr fequety recess 10 have inde of Beitr Beugned forthe guar piston. The designer of ower ‘Keon equipment gees qo have an udentnding of de methods of ceeiettos the efter of taafomers and tacts 10 be able © “peste campos tht wl e equed and tian pin perma, ‘i cater nme fanny th Bsc beomagets is asted, The sino thee to eve some ofthe sie ery needed 0 understand the Teh of indtoes ad wansfoner 32 Magnetic circuits “simon and asfrmers win power lecronics te gene ae sing Trenogat coer wah rg lave yee or sch crs site reteset crit att seal simpy he caclto of wdc. ‘hemecel is bass up tes spy stron 1. Alt te magnetic Hs oni win he ee2 Me magn dey css ny ee sco eeu othe 3. Te la dnity is properionl the maple Fill sength Foc smption() oe va he lative permeability of he ie ms be {ange so that the fell ines ae concentrated within the core. This acasgtion fe sully easmate for feromaptetc ores of inn a hgh mea ee he > 100. Assmpin (2) wll et he wl satisfied esr ds ee eb wlth eats inodoed can be tle Thi avalon aed ‘ee the wa tex ote fo dest BL, am ‘The ting pt rhe magic del i Amps fiuaasr o) hee the tin ga is oun a hs ang a 8s the sam lhe ecie “ue ring tothe ag. Cos snp re th anon ee ‘es acanen {Taking any closed path ton the cre then Apes ae ai, fia n0 0) ‘Phe quantity A scale he magnet foe (a) ice dive the ax sean the mgt ath W's ath seen hich pss hl Ie cea af ‘x ross-seton ofthe cote, then H wl be poxinaly pal the fash si ons and he negra may be witen finat=tig ea) ‘Using assumptions (2) and (3) Hf may be replaced by , * me. The ial ssn (3) wl fe fs” ” 64) * Rent 6s R ae fa pass ough the coe seston sre then he elites a ke ‘estas In sve, coe stone rein pallel ir relcances 28 Uke EXAMPLE D4 An Bl creo th pe widely wel for snl pane ransom shown fr Figure. Cacune he eucanceof he cre fram mam prodaed tne shown in the gras ad the atv permeable 100. soumion ‘minis in seer withthe cel peo he cre with rlcance Bae hier le which eal Reon the to se tints of ‘eactance The magne path sown in pare 3 (0), fr he coteoe" eh LPR mes) YL “FH wSpetc ran Fore 34 rte Long) mp ee pola on oft ts. fe es hat th poh apc pa wee ‘of 25mm, hile the lms has a pathlength of 175 28.6 175.2 Hen te eas ma tay eae, pn by 1 cl =2 049" ne ax Toa a TO TTR ‘The te skins ain pr nd have these reac tol recone oft eee ne by “ RR 403%, =678 10H ‘The weltance is 2 ul pram fr core, sine 8 wl sown in Seton 34 ets the instanceof acl of wie wou around the ‘Set the mor tu in the el 33 Properties of ferromagnetic materials and cores, Femuagnetic marl show very camples magnetic characteristics in tat they Ie neato Sissy Hyer and he popes change with enperatue, In tes cache ae highly ends forthe sane find oF Ctnstomers Thre are two ups of foromaretic material wel) used im Itumnete cones for ower cece sistent alls asl based om ad frre, wich are come re Lame ali cvs a encase a power ie foyer apd wpa aot | KH AU higher teenies Fete trie da yp fo Feguency of al et 1 ME Metalic dt cores tc ef op tothe ow Me repon ha gery ve ae ow pemeni, 23 Hysteresis nd pormestity [A feranagietic mas show hysteresis i. the pesca ale of the a ln penis ny ni rs mm ed nh tk main fanny Apel syne ys cre sw ge Ths occu tuanedy apo sing sss age ed Taner he x eat fc rc of the cave ith he H = matte ommence Bane tne he BD ai th cosy He the emer he ea ex eyeing who the aging el i nautomaine fae, eon Te cory he maging el otc apie dr oe he ean magnet a est 20 Shoe two pets eases fh pr te magnetic tr a3 pemanctngn To male ssl penn map he eminence mst be IGgrtomalc annoy mon ecey ma lag sn tha he mae [Sealy maps ys wap hs Soh i ai Arnage mal ers gu nh ache note Feee35 Sareesrind cots, a shoul be asl posible The else prmeniy ofa eromapntc mater defned a th a of te masinn sees of B and 1 or a gmt hysteresis eve vied by te a en hte Hand Hy tea soem in Figue 35, Theil vle forthe elatse Fermeabliyn isthe aloe with sll Hy andi generally ite sal. crease ih ening Ht mcm, fen oad hse es th ia ‘be and thn eteases he matrlappoahes auraion This defnton of emesis apyepeate whee the dtr o ansformer| aries Foran incr eying with oly a sal a componca = more orortedfnton an 69 ere ant the pelto-peak amples othe 2. min of the ‘vn i men sie he es of Ban Hl ace ot 3 mio ys op The al of eel ken ha an ess wih tea meen Mystere leads to power dinigtion atthe fla eed. The red enrsy eos ina magne eld sven by cum» {nae 6s When spied t a yates lop the ery supine than the oy recovered the opi averse lhe energy le rome eee 1 the ‘es ecislby he op. Hysteresis es nreae fn propton th een. ‘An enpiial tion I fen sumed, which poe he hysteresis os per om Celome at feeney. fan aon ix des, Baste sisal 6.10) where and: at epitome fete mai hysteresis lose the hoimat los mectniem, and manufrs wll provide pag showing ‘mare es er ait volume a6 anton of fequny fora ge of maxim Pe kts Wie? 382 Eady crrene and skin depth Fee materi haven very igh resitiviy, Hence an alleraaing magnetic fa {slow an senting mapretie Max wil nce args ey cues which ‘mig pone. The colating cures wil lope a magnet eld which witlopose th rid ting the pens he ik nt he oe The [Pe Vins 5 on, weep ishe resistivity nde he angus quency. Frwy! eater hese! @ sf te ener of yma 0 Hr. Toros hee problems mete ‘Ges ae ed Inthe fn of thn fanaa Inalnedrom each ad Stated give th oie care dienson. The laminations ae sand 9 that the eld cs inthe plan ofthe laminations This Tres the cen oy ‘rents t fw in lop aro pth ae stown in Figure 86, reding the Image of cute ts sc hs The hikes of he ition ‘hk, ely ot exceed the skin depth ‘Te indacd emi the ey erent proprtonal othe at of canst finan ec th eee. he pes prt be mga he Entan ence tothe square ofthe equ By the se of very hin aio nd bighesiy sel laminated coves may Be sed upto ot 10 KH a at ‘hu eqn and bie, fries witht sey gh reiivy ae wl 34 Seltinductance Fora soil of Wms of wie araond 2 feromagctic core af reluctance 8, and ‘ving 2 cient the fit seabed hom the magnetic crit mole! tequatn (3.5) gen by eenin on Using Fray’ ow findton, hee ade he col wil Be ex ete aot chang fhe ik Sine, foram sel magni cre al he he il.be inked with cack ar, the eas gnc by e=Soie) ani oa ‘Th mlaion ten epi lad he cre a incre ue 4) ae Gomi eins (2.1) ad 2.18, a een a ind ous) Also using exston 2.12) and (15, th has al he eu nk by Lane 19) canbe sen from ston (315) hat te indian inser grep te Ban hei propionate ded in Seton 3, eae Ferment wll deine fr keomopete mar nce ah ie Sern in conten manner Incr mound oe frac se fap Sere be expert evry omnes nd ony. Fons ces ne ‘olin, which 10 ime on ar gap he magnet cc soe 5 Theuse of air gaps 51 Agape and inarty 1 rater ha ing continous high emesilty cr, nano gi (se xn lw pees ng mn) een Beaten a 2 ihctr witha feomaeneti ce maybe pay improved Cone Simple ct shonn a Figure 7. Tisha s soa ea tan magne Path eth ne creo witha naw a fp of nh Ifthe yap evry st compat with he Knsardmensios of th ere rs section he fl densi the gp il be the sme th te ie al he Maw cos te, wth mfx lesa In th the chan he agi cet pen by RoR eRe « at oa Tw gk ore Ri te relate of the core ad Ry the rte ofthe gp (whe the ‘ane permeability 1) gly mit Ry which cs notin ‘Sy ferrmgrtic mr sna yan be made ch ge han hen {hee tiariies of wil he swamp and moe a ind wil es Cone ei f turns wound sind the cne of ige 7 The fm tion 0.15) ae (Cty i the ito wl elmo lea, Ht indtnce wil Be ‘mat es than tu ave be fhe cr ha no Bap “he sie hea apt can Be sed inte by therm tha al the Max romes the gp Atego the el wile te the wa oh pp iste eld nc wll excape rm he cor Tis eee flag oa) exampe 32 The ere der i Excmple 3. eae po a Ea an # ton ne gtr tse making cin jot on magnets per (Or hick sere etveen the sections to make cove a Matted ie Figure 34. col of 10 us wou rod he co pole pour ns tnd Ry ate 9310" Wt and D1 Hain Exam whe te elute of the i aps ithe pate side iy, esp. reareas Upstate Fea x (07 519610 a, Pe By 139 itr The ttl coe ete sven by R= Ry Ry 4051) +R) 207108 Hence the insane i given by Noo! mets 1252 Ar gaps and stored energy “he cer ted in a apt ld sem by equation (39 the siping sumo made at conn tn he son ny fe inetd Be {or the stored energy density ‘ ff tat = 05011 = 058%/pn9 G9) ie oe fas masa working Ms of yan a ame V hen the maine store emery inthe cone sven by ms = OSE Monever, nt all the ener irecoveed the mms allowed of theta dy wil fal Be fmnence. The wl ed ener terete " = 050008 Yao The ue fa a pcan subst ines he abit ste and recover ery teal volume he ip sen the energy se nth ap = 050,080 2 tough Vg may be sch les than the cre volume Vth emery deny i eer by actor jy Furermae sac te ap does aot sow Ypres al he ‘ey sored in the gap maybe eave Tibet curve ie measured or 9c with an ar gp, i te on with repel the Boil curve fo the engaged eore Figure 10). The cowry i ‘changed tthe venancoe i ede. The tl ea enlosed bythe oop ‘changed ance the energy lst in eying the fin the cree wchang EXAMPLES Fe the incr descr in Example 3.2, cause the main toed “hoe ae two ay in which hs pole may te approach. The iss toe opin 16) uaNe The min os th maxima fs: des (7 my the (he waten comet fen by .& Siig = 05 4.4 1" x68 2m ‘The second apyoach, which yells mor information ab wre the erg str 0 consider the vue of the ae and the og) ssa. The volume ofthe ere, cle fom the dence gue 33.4610" we at ofthese apie De10- me Te ‘eresponding ales for he tered rey i th eo a th ap re gpa BM, UN ex = Bans FH TOR an TOT PHS TOY ca PT gig) as The ttl tr nee fhe LD wh cx ou ‘The wo method give ants which ills. This esse the ape iat theory makes assumption tou he usa th ‘the mses path eng is re The wo etic ma ce "Ssumptons ad sat agreement sold wt be expec Te ead ‘wth shows hat this expt at 70 of te ence sel 36 Transformers There ae ve main groups of wns wed in power econ Power ansormes fr power i feateey (50 oH 1 2 High regen power taafrers 2 Ke ot Bt) 3 alse usr fe olan fete plc to pe sche 4 een asfoner for messing pled cot incre wich 5. Smallsiga ison tansormrs fr we cool ope, he font tee types ae the most mp aed most wily used Power trrsorners fr 50 or te operation sins se laminated lees, he biehtemueney power tansfrmes use Ferite secs. Pulse tants ay se iter. depending om aplesien and teensy. Temfoame ence at seals ost with i Bp to minimis rela an a eae {inl wings na on (e310) The same inked to th windings. Neglecting the esstance ofthe winding imay oles ae the second volge a given by at o2) o w were ithe mura to the mary wining an Nhe ro th tela pry age: o20) THR ie the reluctance of the ee, RONEN 29 Fran al ranirmer he ecto the oe e050 hat hei fhe eee coun Einar coat teh 029) 361 impedance transformation Waal % is connected cross the come wining fan el tansorme, aM att an emats « Hence he iapetace sen athe inary i ofthe tanto is given by pee 02)362A model fora Yea rantormer ‘Tie ia transrms dics ahve i only sppoxinate hy el tansfomne Some ofthe more sige elect tat hve fren nel es 1 toes ae fs nin he oe windings 2 Te inicio hs ee ed a ein) 2 AI fs sso th he omy an sean a ap) 4. No stray capacitance has been included. " A cet model which sin aunt (1) shonin Fe 3.12 i ks in he windings det niente fee ne a aa A high rences thew sane may epee tan tide values de othe shin ec, whch ace cen fon sr, tific of the ie nan is etc, Te ine eaten a a lel oa nd fy sting eta py ee Sacto, of the at in he rimay sie othe een se ‘ces ane nate hy nd UN, wee Knee En saute f the ts atom Te creams Se tepeseted tt ee 708 the sh instance The vale ff wil Seen gare as tt yrs any ne ae ea ” [TH models not pic csy tue df a tanner wth ow x ‘estos and snail tse sinner on cet sot el ‘Sota poe nisin adic my te mr ny ifthe elastomer, roid he vase hide ty og anct the impedance sali latin IE cht sand sage de ge ‘Smpication of moving Ky an Rothe np maa spew BI whee beet B= bl 4 L(t bye? Kee Ree Rye om Wis soi cuit oe sien 4 ait he ose serie oe sham me, a. af tomer fate Par cists tant te me rare Spicer impetigo bya fone, Wl is singed mel einer ‘She ay Oe Seay sca noo eooqmen te megs cet ‘ ale bl cowens ssl by feng ough th ttm Te eee coe npn oe ad er ths "Apia onion per tus oly dete oat he toni meee His monies te stain ae or coe when be may vlog a vale, Ths ner of mining zoe cone ee A consequence tha he astra ud et es ‘tig hi on ang rn i Vea a ml te cv stion Lower age ay e Sta my er ye tn aa he tc hey staat salt ye tri power deere Te ger the teeny te fw he 37 Ferrite cores Arnie ioe ig fe we eign eon Ao stn tne te ey wee nema ea eh has ened een ee ee es ‘rn es ui fcc ev kagome i © ‘ie fe ce tn eee ig of re 1 Te coe fit acon A which dering he rece if 4s Theteine mage pth eat 5 Mh nee me wich i cy args teeep oy © erat Teeter coe ‘heaton fcr hat me reget calle the sags pets of he rea the properties of he ie atrial, si dese fen spo i pica {ur A wt quai len supied the mdactonce fart estes led the sei indctne. Thi ithe ndcane oh ee wn with single a, anda the epoca the rlotnce 18) Hence fora of Mes (macore with asp ndctance A he inte ven bean ‘Summary “This caper ated ove an overview of ome of he str which aft tie perornianee of induce and transfor and which must be taken in scour inte we. The magnetic ect mel he be fr onsaning Inductors sng Faromognetc eres May other praca hws hae tobe ake no ase inthe desig of hese ope fr example the psp oe ‘ofthe crea the chs of wie fr even oper sri) fr he wining. These ies ae ted what ante aes The bos in nie Rett si ve dead information on the pact apts of fdactor a sre sin. Core manufacture dita books give well iforation om proper of tras, cove haracterstis and fen bse dsig neato Self assessment questions 2A coe mae fom two shaped estos hs a tl magnetic pth eth ef 100 mm and a unos resection 10 m2 an, Calelte the selucaoe ithe cove ha lative pest of 23080, 32 The ere dese n Quon 3.1 ase with omnia Sacer Teroeen th woes he cr, so ve 0 05m a as. Wha 33. es of 2 tun mond und the cone deserted ia Question 3.2. clan, andthe maxim working caret he mas fi denay 357 _— inde fo, oe th ce? 135, Theco doen ctw 34 ey no i (O7S7 tat the mas mal emerey ta ye sexed the 3.6. ia anni i md a te witha inane fact 2000 the pemay Ince si be 10a he aston {et 21 He ony the rguted ore wilie=? ‘ulorial questions 134. What se the key assumption on whic he mgt ccait ml is aed? ‘32 Eps why Hysol nama ce ar poptiona to Freeney. whe ey cent sc re poportalY the eure of he 8.3. Why must ste! cone or a tasfrmer te anit wile eit oe me epi why indore geerly we coe with a ai 20. Inc noite ies eto ees ino £86 Wy do tansfonners gnc ot mel a 29? £82, Who wil th vet freuen at whi a anf yb we ‘38 What il int the maxim pry vege tat my be pid to 3 ‘tomer? 39. What eth principal source of power ipo in ateanstome designe fore a 30.060 7 as References Ae Wi Land Caer, Cf, Btn Tomes and Ce, eon,ety, WT an dcr Des Mandbr, Mat br, Now Yah MeL WT Mat Cre Sect fr Trea cer MD, eto nM natin Peas Care Ani overens Rectification and smoothing 41 Introduction Resin orth conversion fa to depts the longest stable, he simplest and te rst familar fonction performed by power seta. The ‘hjecine fis chapter analyz the performance stl phase ies md to asia stmothing ites. Two gpyroximate anais sppsces all be fonder which tate tan methods of hunling te ye ad the "ull be campred withthe re fcc silat, ects ate wsaly considered in two prow, hall-nave retest caren is day from the supply rng one hall of the cyte and fllwave ‘tiers where th postive an net alec ae aired. The fa Toe single pine hall wave rete cc is shown ty Fge 41. Howeven ‘cep at very Low power eves half wate racer every ttl ed Thi Fay Decne they soe ager caren in the ond than fale Fels more troy the al erent Hows the ena 9 he tandem ‘This tay be 2 tonstormer inthe upc othe dition taneme of the sippy copy. Unlestheasfrmer dine ity de ‘heh rama he ay well ie ston te anfomee cso wth tsscaed power los and ston the vege wal, Heme, hall wave ‘tier wil be conedred mo Fes “Tee ae two fs fl nave reer, shown in Fire 4.2: the ie reir nthe tape rato. Th tcc wil pode tesa vag tnd curr wavelnms ut tae et spa eens, oe te es ‘eer cet the te curently fs nag wo dls etl in ‘rics The oa vege wl reine les tthe sae vas ye lage It ces the to forwarded odes "This will Yoce the elem oe}eA Fare42srsetar tien Bg omen nical a ow vope when thee Fewa rp i a ch es than he ‘ed voltage, Ths trod astern has oly one de eying sane rg iter tle ba the sin resone sage acs ede mea are wil hae vale of wise the pk ea rhage te hat rhe ‘cui. Thus he ppd anon might ew ete ce oe ee while he ge cit igh be eld hgh sone 42 Tho ull-wave rector with capacitance fiter ‘snl hse msi wit sinus voltage sare wl pee ae votage ich the modal sins Ustly ua reed Stoo sole ‘oshiee this emry mu! bestedin ier fete tci at a ‘Te silt way i which this cam be achieved swith a espe soo Fire 43 The capctor ses energy while the ie lags ne teak ‘then spies the lo cent fete vet the eee Pe tn cn eae ‘ely calle a reser capac. th dine fra lage ahd ee th kad volag wie shown n Figs 44 Te pa tape silt here Wis thems, vale ofthe sore vole Dering he enon une Yong 10 the cance wl cps, whe ding the pil fy stv och ‘The gent the apc, the ss willbe te vit pie Howeren eee te caramel ao rede the cotton time ofthe dk Got increasing he pk cure ‘The chit may be analy using a pice wie cotinios ape. Assming tthe dine frond vole may be nel, and tate row hese loreanc. th cits epeseted bythe two eqivaen lear creo eow Fipwe 45. Figwe 451) shows the myroprine ciel while he det el Faret3 noire nteqnctan te cn nea eee EY ft ry ‘nore 4s fgumtetcrer tin 9 Dn orang y= ‘citing and Figue 406) the approine chest while te capacitor “TPIT sad at he ed cen com, en il the doe nt , a= hls —h) (aa) tn wie he de is cntacting the unt ithe expat, gen by i= C8 = ViVuC mut (42) ie the sac wll has ang Feeney wand nmap Vis “arctan memes ag ute in ine and inn See n= ata? Stating eqn (4.2) ies = VV in) a ‘Secnton nly css ard the voage maximum ten oui (4.2) ay te ppoiated to pve jee -vvecH) a nding Ht Gores uC rh psn ough 0 at heret Caran namar at ole masini = 12), The matimu vale the capac, i ar td the minum vale wll Seen nord find hepa cent ssa to [scaly done se nthe stays the al hg eg eth ching ems cel he charg rome con doko tne Frewe tte rir clager mot . angular ae abot = Das whee cach al the eps aa fee he sve Weer eee mln smo de cn sr mss st ther tan a) th hang, sored Sn ‘arin plein byte wes of te nah ee a= Ml0/2yT/(2) sk ching ctv ihe contin al ihe id nt, The ce spiel ye sapere a ile OT/08) «a Combining eqns (45) a (4.65) ges a (a7) 5 th om eatin (1) farther euain iki iy n= VvaC0 a) Combining equations (47) a 1.8) gves an ogaion fri seman gone ug th 2e eth 0 a) eulieantivcaa 1 aw 10st compared with follows thai sch fee than egton (42), and hese in = amliveci aun) ‘Siig from equation (4.11) nto cqution 4. ge the coacton angle ° any The cent daw rom he sappy wil the ester i conducting is ven by any dis 0 aoe tes, The ans vale ofthe sue cunt ie ven by inn fe fae fll) Je Tie ey sen) = en) +h, aun) whee gu Yate fam 0108 The peakpeak rip vllage i ound from enon (4.6 «lear ovat gues (as) Comriders simple ul wave rectifier sapped fom 210 ¥ ems nasil {8s The fier eapcior ha ae of 47 athe lad reine 169 Neploing the seuce peace and he de forward Sotige, estimate (the peak caren fom there, (the ans source ‘See and (6) the pe vale sownion arent wll have ale of aosinaly 10/216 A. rom uation .11) th peak curt may e sited byVivien tox tor nate twxom8 (© The condom mle ded fom equon (12) 51 dan ‘Herm. ss le ested Ia an ei a= SOR TETOTTOR (©) The le hae df tin 4.15) ise by ay = O88 e051) 20 Se it eg ek utente by hissing amlyse is Seis ta he tet of en sal vale tsar eee, lov 49 GRICE simulation ofa ful- wave recter with capacitance ‘ter samtrgianhs ome wide and vrai ot wed in te dg Sct eesti cuts Phys te mt willy esd eat indcactih tow seal na vant femme on ee inhale te nds here asthe Eaten Vera ere et {& Missin Caperation whch ne ne SPICE nts odes hs ence ro et and rds in Example 4.1 has bon silted with Tings ns wih he pny. The SCE ncn sen an wt et te me ate id hs sng Wil oe eat ers ey fer, which would mal eee fea EOI sil ale oF O01 Ts hash ee of main eat comes dee wit wad wage tan cae The simian were mn wang Las -sma ‘eee 4? Theses hooves cinacinnd sy bw seg ages ee oes Fence sl elas eth pac changing the peak-to-penk ‘Gromer ig anny be eed or per te Poarameete arta le aoe Scot sib soy al ye mney of es Se sneha sen inion we pried ve) ‘Soe inh ston fo Jens te se emt any hn Neato ong ok rset a enn te otto wale44 Thetull-wave rectifier with an inductance input fiter hts with exacts fker lel po ce 2 ow: ker witha nace i wa ange £9 a ete cu ds cen may eed stanly Wah ce fle a a ait ks option te al ae a srerton ast st hve peak and rns sou Sen and ete rag ‘i on tendo revere she caret ontines flow cg he ‘aucitance lth de oral ase, an tnt crent fe onslened ‘rns domi,741 Continuous current ‘he omstie (DT) the dtr tern wl ese “ne aneylt =v omy nd while the sich if the cen wil Seay wan ey leit ah = ya Or ox _Bives the ratio of foad to source voltage: o om Mp %--25 on "Noe at Van Vs ar of posite ign a the ao may be reso es ha 742 Discontinuous current tn coms cet mode the fo ' ola can te decd tee by inca hdr coment aig ace nd nae tt se ret An aematve spc tee sae) cry Wis one sconce mod etx neces te seh imc tera oA Wen he che tesa ‘hie hoch oe ctr nea ney sven by ny yor 0 (29) he al oe Sa a mcm, of eoergy from the inductor gives Peres Yi tw'r eke 25 75 Isolation of load rom source Sure aH along the omen ie Fr many pps eo Leen many fps ston betwen rsa esenaThican be aceved ymin tc he eee 751 Antooated buck or forward convertor 11 Whee sch Sem the spy vel appt tos he py th meme hich nin er age te we Doth fete Ln he Ta’ When he switch a of td caret ‘pe andthe nce cent cat hy the heewherting ne DS a the Slope boc camer. Als ae fr the Simple buch cove, ities nd Sicominanar wider epraton eile‘ a alge can fe mae rer ors thn the mare wig by sable choke of ar hi enn the ine forward comerter fen prefered ray be views ac die to te magneton cant wing te framay Indice) oh nsirmec an an arate path ste provided while Saenz. A celine together with semen esitans (Rcd he sed cross the primary to provide ph forte cen a peri ngaine ele ars the pms, they allowing the cen fn the ary nde Todas witha tine constant ‘eter sli shun in Fe 7.7, The hed wining (he ot wining) ‘ool votuge, a a negate voltage wil psa css he Uansformer ‘rosary. DP prevents the nepuve ologe fm reaching the iditor and Ireewberting dine ie darting fr which the power switch is ante peak haga nos theat Sich wile vice he source olags. The peak sich wll may be ded by instesng theme of ws on he xt wining, at hs wl cen tee te The eed ore th tetra te i ai "Sich volgen te ati dey at, ually Wess han 0 75.2 Apush-pullorward convertor ‘The cw conte sie inte vis secon cane que i et then stron stanton ene adn pr soe Howeee iit ope at iw day A, io ero ‘simi oe nage fe ap ote masa waking Sey Ban ie rte ior canon lr mac ee fee wig Sate ee By to Ban ong tae nd weg fe ead ‘wong th et for ys it at he eee, ‘ipl dive te teed me he pl ofp of ie 14h ho power wa and Sneed atom The see ae timate on Gig sense hates he Eh sh mn eon rt than hia yet ava fasts conn sean te ey tno at sen ath al se of DY abl Dt my meth ma. A seas tenting dda eed te crest eee ong DS {ni Asie schema eco and ages shen ge 78 “he caren wing gh and ng tel fel ob speci i eon yt ty sm on toa caren il fe muha the gestion cae ete tanto The evens dnd DI an D2 ae meena cay Re Cet te lage oe nme ‘rao the ps pl oss sth he ek voltage as Be sitchin was wee he sou a Tar a fn eeing poet Sip the de. sance may Sve 8 paca fat 80. whch Pl Be Voluge ring ofthe sicher of he rng af he more cna pe rvef eS tenho rene Ata mado MOSFET In this case x bal-vidge contgwratio, show in Figure 7.10, may Be Prlered, sn for his cofiguratin he peak sich vologe she oe ace vlage Walls al-idpe swsching cies wll be conser fn Chapter 1783 Aniolated buck-boost or ybackcomerter ‘Apel iaed converter for ws to maa powe eves isthe fetkbot rdch conn The Rak cet shown in Figure 711 The temtmerT combines the oe transformer hd ener) sore cement. While Utena ism the creat hue op ath ensermer eny srn e ‘When ie sch ars he polity of petmy and Secondary WoaB eeehe ode sts to cond nd the soe ener stated the serie ‘acto C-The comers really aed ime st tha Tso, psto zero while the sch ico. This he surat a dcntnegs earn mole. However, the contr cold te aptted i 4 node cesta emtinious caren me, in which the Tht nthe cove i alwape nonnane ouph, of cose. either inary rss cunts seach contre ‘Aer sappy Posed on hs converte Wilf be Utne Ce 78 Control of the basic converters 761 Steady-state ranstrchoractoritics The sendy site (Le) wants charters of te hc conver, ie he ‘esos etaeen input voles, day ratio and Ka sage hae Ke she fr te Isic converter toposes in Sexes 72 9 74 Cenely. see the onvers ae ed K wil be nev to cle om n't een es onto te oad olge. The dt rat re oon he fava, al ‘ecping the swishingreaneey can Vans Sealine ea tne ty ato an he simplest and the sly eet be cited hoe es ‘mth, which acon voltage, Ve tw tn col tes woh The most common frm of pals eh maar sets ty orig the miol_volge withthe ole fom canta hepoy seca thee gett x sawoth waveform. This ihsta nthe mca Pgs gure 7.12.1 the votag rm the ilar ies ame cocoa wee ae ie compat op ihiph theres ow. The mance se Me gue 7.13 heap ofthe samlnth waver a thon tees ot ‘he molar i vem by pate 029) Stine fom eqtion (726) it th appre ter charateitc reste mea ad len ms he el ae Ve Ter sasee ee ere? Mewanomera puso wth etek converter wih cotinous indir cre the elation ketene fa aap Vand the cota olage i ean ‘hareton ies the tve in fhe omer saan i. crete mn nt sl ee ‘von vage ad ie ple wah ir, Hever ths {ert nln clans me he efetne en wl depend on the sae ‘oli te had voltage, abd the bad cere ‘Coir, fr exam the buck-boot converter wih iscontovous cen (eqaton (28) In ths case the tanser anetion coe Pisce nom nea trae tt cnt wit ony nah 1 ratnhip To design fda contol stm ts ml sie ‘ston by omssng smal devin fom he seal sae 182 Dynamic wanser characteristics Sea ome win ol cel ind Shame tera tthe etc bop. One cine sich hs ben iy poker sna, align ya nel power cee set eSpace mig Tt of gs 8 tpl ceo {ea A good inaction oe we sepa vcraing s cn Hy Mc,« rl Unt ad Rabins (195), ba me dei cription af the mating of ameter dyna fs gen by Kiva, Redland Sol (991). Kes ‘SchccandVerphese (191), Here ana apprih sake o analy te Feckcomerrin continu caduton athe itack comer aeons The bork cine shown in Fgwe 7.14, wen operating in cots entice canbe mods velivey spl. The salina motel wc ‘ich sible (cuen ora age) fees by thes of een “ale adits smal value, The qucen value is constant, le he al ‘ipa ae font of ine. Ie far asad Wa he lial vas ‘ange only slowly compared with ie ne seal repented by the swichig Pert, and ths may beveled hy ther average values. The sscapng Petrol over complete sching cycle. The contol vag is eset the sum af ts qiescon aoc, Vand ts sain aveae veh Te lend voltae represented yt quecet ele, Hl essere aie ( quale shown igure 7-15. Noe he iclson of he ant ees fesse of he cpt a is fs a sight effet onthe ase Tain, "This simple ml obi esas the fier inde epacor and a nly hans inthe evel ct ring the switching pei the eee ‘hangs nthe vole athe apt ofthe LC ie The single mode of Figure 7.18 may be jai prope y the we ofthe stespace aveapng techgu.h tisontonous cent moe ia del ds ok werk, Note pee Ino he te converter oolpis in sch ile manne, sb det eltdo the egal cca Using the mel showin Figute 7.15, he taser futon of he come ray be deed interne the Lapa nfo af he sal signa le ___ tale, 0.9 Tayo hast om ete) an cs) at he Lalas tars of he nd and col wolages a “Te impasse fntion when pil a pris cramp a over il he coma a Chapter wxanrte 74 hee cnet pening inn cet a ate ao {eV ant td ge of 2'V hs ad stance 0121. The nunc hs» ae 50 pt cgur has ae of 470 ‘Than oquveet sees estan 100 mil nd te suitching equ 2 Kt The pulse nh mle hs sates aver ampli 83. Sho ht he cen in the indice wl be rot and cleat he salina anf fmcton af the converte ‘Son cool ong td soumion ‘he day ato wl be 128 = 025, hence the sch wil be olf fame W075 240 ys = 30 ps, Hence, suing conan ndctr cure the pesto peak igle save the Indice eve by Fae a0o tos) (S00% Ht) = 072 A The fal cient is 1A which tothe th pea-t-peak in ate, the cation of “The rans fneton even by equation (7229). Sobsiuting n vale forthe aro compent gies uy = 208310) v= 211 and @ THT eflectie ain VV = 473.8 =137. Hence the ase ston legen by An Lssaniots (rears Fae) Foca cone ope in dco mode he intr cent i iste! vase uv shige sine ms il 0 0 Eee ec, Tenet nd esr ex eat ‘Sriomin ethan every sa ee i he ching ee. Tisens ht in dsconious condaton te pi of complex poles ore Fre Tiel constr in comin sufatoncld wat be aed. Whe the bak omer me normaly sed wih dations cmon in he inde, Astor convent egueny wot in hs moe nd wil erfre Be aa Pe the yock comer grating be donne oe he ene toed in hear doen oly on the ty toa th sac wt A ths emer) ‘Stan th a dring the send bal fhe ple. The age arte depend onthe ad ola. Assing a Toa osstance the sey a ‘ua aes may be biol fom equation 725, and en By 1 _veve [1 a= Vy YR oo b= v0, ht fhe switshing Keqncy (7) athe dy rato een exes Term ofthe onl ag, Yo and the mpd of he sath waveform ae ae with modular sl signal me! of the Aytack cans, i which the voages and ores re cmsere o be averaged ov the sitchin pero, c be red toning he power tansfer wing cre sors m paral wah restr Huthcempenents ay be on ica The ceo ml state ie ge 716. The pow spp bythe nore aod ante he ea eq the eves loc the ide om xen (720) mii by te eqn, an Soc by yp uy This sult oan ep resistance Ry even by ae nant The vl Ie ony resistance, Ree Fund by deeming eqtion (725 ‘respect he nad Sen O_O Mg sn Sice the opt reine equals the lal este, the equivalent cent seertor mat have vale, J elf tic at ven hy enon (730, in fer obtain the crt oa cet elo The la corte depends ety cm the iol volage oo lineaizaton i raqited. and sce i uly depends em the cml wage dering the single ching pri tht willbe ho dependence om previ vlc ad ence icone ependeee, subj to he gem rgurmen hat the ees, onset ch Test thn the swig query ese the salina ‘rent sours bars vest bp 2s 60 e em -Aralying th ict the tami forte comer i gen by 9-8 tlre) os she a at ven hy os) nich been sumed hale gut set rests fe caer ey tc es than the a esse, Agim dso aye esi ne Summary Tis caper ha consider the ce ase cick toolgis fr siching toner he hack covert, bt converte nd tck-bnt nvr Tn ech faethe rato of ead vetage to source vote as ben fund fr tt contin ‘dscns indutr cen has bon son ta Fret conet te ‘St teh s como he Watermain rato depend oly oe ‘ay, wile he cet commun the rato depo bh te day “Thea of tamlrmer to lt he soc ad sles of fowl and Ato cinerea foen Sete rey othe few comer te‘eso eperates in the usual way, a device framing the olga eres while also provi aon nthe fyback comet the waar tetas an eoegy stage dvi, ands perhaps fier sans a es Hel ‘A sinplisc approach has been apd ain dhe tase funtion rm otal kage fad wllae forthe back converter with como cate and the Mytack cone with dominos cen, These nse anton il reid nthe nest hater to aaa te sty of cones replated ig ted ‘Sellassessment questions 7. Abuck convener hs sure wage 20 V an an indtance of 0. ‘Theswitching tegen i 10 KH What wlth la tag he | ‘io 07 nesting swith ese, asamingcotnau conto? Wha the minim ean Fo cet fr hich he nds 72 buck rego is required to pase ad vokage of 10 fe a ous voltage inthe range 401 0 VI the ior oad erent is 20 at the minimum ae othe inductance the ewchingeeney sO Me an the icter caren i aay tobe comings? 18. Aboot converter witha sitching tequency of 25 Mr eps wp a souce ‘ole of 5 V foaled voltae of 13 Vth indict ae alco ‘hits the isin fond erent fr sot omc, stm th onvertr ses may te need 74 Achctoosswitng comer which pee wth decontingus ees inthe incr i sed generate a 15 power py fm a #13 V ‘upp the inductor hs ale of ma the such quency 30 BL har wl be he ree yeti te fate it HD (oepcting oss)? 715 Forte rmener dessin Question 7. what wl the maximum ‘urn or the nda erent sin cotinine Fequied day ti if the eure i cortinas) 76. Abuck-boot cometer which operate indcotinaos cents equi ‘osugly a had of =25 Vat Atom a soe of 19. The sting regency TOD Kt. How uch emerey sat he snd ino fe Sing each eye? (Nee ses) 17. Te convert desebed it Question 746 dy eat whic ms fe es than he vale hat woul! be eq i he trem ete te ‘ominos:Calclte th i tie oe whch te etch aye fa hence oe theese dace the maxon alae thence i a ‘hong othe sequedctersy. TA Anil few conver, a sown Figure 77. ha sf wh ‘arms onthe mary wining, 20 tums om the secoary wining an $4 ture onthe cert wining, Te sce voltage 100 V. Whit the Imire day vi? Hence doce the asm lead we (sting the earn he iter nde cmt ad the mani vole tro the switching anor ‘Tutorial questions, 7A Focabuck contr hth the cron waveforms inte nda, sich ad Frewhesing ine, sami the due cet connor “2B Sheth he wich cone ad wage he dds ce Toa bt Converter ndicminaus cores, ‘28, Elin whys fora nt cover, the can Sue cient mus eee all the peak tops carat in he inductor he actor arent st be 7A Explain why in an ltd forward covert, wih single svtching intr, is nessa provide a et ores! he lhe telomere 125 Foran ned fsck converter in dsconnnos caem operation, sketch the cet in the piary and scary oe afer and hc he felage aco he riching anise. “26 “The afer fenton ofa buck ve in continous conduction as ‘ial eo aa pif comple pole I the same converter were peated inncotinare me, how many oles mip be expect? (in: conse The erample ofthe dscominanarcament mote in he Mk conven) Relerences a Grouchy Por Sper Me New York, 1988, mubin 6S ansVareae€Prcpss Powe Er Aion sad Sn NO, Pn aso Ss saint cant Md ein WP or Eons: Cmerr Aonowerene Switch-mode power supplies {81 Introduction ‘The ojtn of is ape show tow tides declines Gad ‘hy palinopeti Tis doe ype two Tet $1 lla sme ofthe many ss at mf conse dao Sich omer sy By many sees tle eee ramp how cones med near ches ay be mshi {Be pone svichs, the desi mig coponcts a! he a sales ‘oyna owe dp oar ewe Involves the we ofeach. Te deg of fed sont ems ea td sme towel of bse cml hry te maumed nthe cae ate ‘suo ht he rear i air with he te ot ples an eto lp Soe isamly= conte ston pons Th ein cigar ced noe Erm otelp aay lop prfaance wha man sf malate ‘shed he sets on he dino the frac op maybe om ‘Too examples of siching fears ae considered, and cuts deed hil ot reese compte wel proce power supp ae mt Theft example tosen fa tnehek rent hee btn 1ST and 10 Vd price a ested py 3 Yan a ca ee 25 ‘nd 2-A. The cond example san i-inr to ote Shy ‘olage of 5 V tna. Ths reaator wes anata Tack poy td Ahties per in ees of 15 fend (2 Suhre des sod r tpopuar PWM cot the SGIS24 THis IC pence by scr maa and ete ns "siemens of an xl, ple with oda er ampli age ‘ete: Moreen contol Cs pve ve spiced falc, chon 2 ley lee ikig dr tg sh down soo tick (ite the ds of rele and roeat switching pers However he 824 wa chosen at temp an vie th Be tae 82 Asimple buck regulator ‘The spesifation sor aswiching reguter osoply $V a tween 025A a? ‘toma some tween 15 ad 30 V. The nil din i to hth ‘feces, Sine the regular nl eq Yo ee he vole ‘hv or forward topology ithe eo coe. Aln Wf generally es 0 ‘eh ck vege in Continue m,n hse ripe 0 ‘mut voliage an ves po comer elfiency There are anamber of tt cts os lech in ne hh et Teta provide all he facies requ, excg a power such cage of a eee cetne repeats st fe chwen so tha enh ht it wl tet ale me lve ahat 5 EH), The higher the quency, he lows th vale nosed er the ‘Saw pe nk te en atime Hoc thie es emeeiet frequency is around 100 AH, since a this frequency switching sss im te vant swith or inthe ceiling Soe should mt e xcesive Ie ao 21 Selection of he inductor and eapactor ‘sing hl he indict cent x continous he dty ao Dis gen oe wn sere Vu ithe sure votge and Vou the na vgs $V. No allowance Tettca mde forte wage dp acto the such and te feeberting de “he dy ni may be expected nthe range 171903 depending om the it votage Ifthe esching Freeney be tine Fr whic he sith ol eth yc a en by n= (0-D/F 2) etn the voltage drop acon the fewhesting die, he cent al in the ‘adr, drag he me sen by Yate a ‘Trepstopak ripe cient mas mo exceed ice th ea oad caret i the cen i he nde t Be comic, 20th the minum vale of the Incace given by a) er the minim yale of he mean od ere“Taking th sitchin Hequency’ as 190 lend enim value oF ‘he masimur ome as 83 x. Since the miiman mean ferent i. fsuition (6) ges isin sl fr etc 89g The ‘ale of inctince gtr tan 83 pH which wa realy aaah as a | enc a8 0 so tae a en sen Tent The maximum ipl erent x abot 5 A peo ea, 1 hep the ge ‘lage down to ae SD MV the neve othe capt 10 ea ced 100 rf The vale ofthe capacitance detain! Ty bythe re have low equal sete resstnce (ESR), sie tt eee 10 ee ESR will dominate th impede for an cect capctor, Reference a tess guess tat 470 pF cigueitrdestand for high ney se hs ES ‘ht 00 mf oth ave was chosen, Note tha he estan of 2 10 ‘space a 100 bi nly oat 34 822 The power swich ‘a switching teeny of 10 A itera ipl taser o a MOSFET at te eed asthe power woth Beate te replay be desgned ht oninon sive he (or ground) a phe! MOSFET wal be qe ‘dco voi themed or lain of the gate dive cra wht od ‘emptcns. As pchanel MOSFETs tobe more expense tha chm vies was died we a ipl device tea Rae than ea perp Seve as te power with cmpomentay fdr pu as wed sta The mp gover tami. Ql cit tit inc it elect pi anc lle elena Hower, te pen pve vant G2 ca ‘riven in ration. nee tao ths and he ome seedy Bera comping ds Dad? eda the cfg ‘ote bose lage The foe of 2 scaen chive timp he 2A eae ta changes in spl age eas Ti se ve eis ists msc I han pro seer i fo bss he isos um ff The tose ara he 24 we seo aera Saino flar he leroneeaze of pa pll sng ete) By Sancti in les pl bo or ny plo he wer Ths keene Ue mit be eter 3 Sy de ot aseey mc te si vee vlage of sen 30. ABNOR ren {tai fom canto 3 al aevone vag 10° wa chosen 123 Closing he feedback op puter wthsiancandotee oS aan ete a eran MA Jowsjeny yoe and ae at Heqensy somentat elow the fesonamtoT Sa, aw Freamcn gee #3 tated air tnetrhcon 33k was chosen with copitice a 5 Eo ve nao equeney of 92E br anf a pole a 22 He The Bode plo ofthe taser fnction of heer plier shown Figur 83 "Combining he Bo pos nFgwes 82a 3 pve Bode lt othe kop ‘in ofthe feck for he rept (gute 4). an be seen hat while Be os sit eaches lms Pj above the resonant eee the ie, he Pliner puta tack to allow a comfotbe phe mars a the unity sin Fregcey ako 0 fe) inteting to nt tht ths pase magi nly thsond bocwse ofthe er uae hy the ESR ofthe ier apc. With tho tow, i mould be weesary 10 abl anther veo 19 the enor apie "Toconfi he performance fh eth op th pier ai power stage tse been mtled wing the cc shown Fze 83. The SPICE hising Bnenin Arps Seton AS). The perp gains wg SOV, The wa analy sng SPICE ad thecal anf caer ie the lop ae showe a Figure fT ted phase magi aboot 7 which & Roweht SCE smite ane roe tout vie reasonable sep response. Reding the SR of the capo, fo tome 10 of ve ae magi of only, which woul give a fectck tpt th neg of Ins. A ster design sreey woul few itace nae eo the compensation. pac, this Js sem a De nese ving set opt SPICE santo fhe cuit sel nw a Figo BS. asprin te tal eh esp ep change he a ea Ti ‘dnc by comming th vein np met the tp ofthe 5 od esisi an he oon ening ne 0 82.3 V se, The se i a cuent wt ‘Mal by rahng ex al eitace of 19 An pr wih the 32 ere es are shown i Figure R. Thi sows Ur» fssnate stp 124 Testing ie dosin rig ad fear teins: ad eed. The eg id 5 V nce, sey Scent coat of p02 A, an with th ree ‘Shans he age 1-0 The ieny ih nse ee of Va ia ce ofA war mene! be 70%, ering o 6 wih 3 ue ngs er 0¥ Thetis abe doen wih ceed ol ek coda sie The peqeey cet wate es esr Wi owt ‘cue wane This a contted sing et tr with singesarn eimay.cnssting the wie earying the cate oe ened and 925 ‘cethn area of 318s and was made fn 2 pate fie The sacondy inductee was abot 2 and wa comnts esse bdo TO ping psn inyedace of ely ound 20 A rence of $042 was ed in series th the conical he ieee t pening the cae "The cent inthe fcwheeling dine we mere hy posing the die Awoagh the tid. The vlage aos te de sl the cet thigh He show in igure 89. These wale wee cine witha elage 0120 0 fda oad volge oS V. The sampling ate fhe illness Soh otecord he de the ring an fling ge the ae a vag ‘nhs tine tse ange. The eased with iy ra fat. preter thon he ato of the la--sore vlogs (029) The dts nnd et ring the fccuhesing paws 46 in 63 yoy or SRI" AS whch {ars ewart wage of 75 Vad acon had care © for his he ‘jel, cores 4 meat ose lst af 0.5 W. The pmer switch has @ fern wtaoe ri a1 V an caries a mean cate of foe tied the eye, cmresponing tafe of D467 W. The dive fr the power Switch the PWM comer Recent ab 9 A gin from ofthe ee ‘swrespoding tt eon perf aout 60 me the Heel draws at Ua. Ths he al owe fos am tat and om tate ese aot 1.21 ‘The stl pone lee dou fon te ileccs between he pat power ad he ower dlere the tad 21. Tn nd 1 estimate he switching loses, the vlage acts the fcewheting se an econ tug kav een cone as shown mee 810 fr he ‘ich tn tsi The cet nthe dd st etre the sition 6 082 Rare iy race ens corn feet dat eben ere ‘Nee teminnny ase Besar tmerene Sahrarets uj ace heratge aces feng dh van ee ‘enianeren rg tire de Bas Aas srr mr ‘Asan the crent reversal in these ding revere eovery can ley be ce, ‘The cuentin the sich sf 77010 125A efor the de as and the wotage clas This tansion lat ait 60 a. The ene, Bos ig the tna maybe estimated om aqeation (5) a Caper which ives B= 05% Stating fo ts Yer td fom tes Froeemy a 100 Le he tr’ os "The volage actos the fewhsing dle athe cen rh ia the swith ues off ae shown in Figure RI, Te ever wasp cos he de es ‘oval ply at mig be expt fom the dcnson a Caper 6, The cue inthe sing nse fale vey sly a ir. nah 3 consecnce tha he tds ees sky fr tra 5 othe sta casio an the “apace ofthe ie sacred. Whe he vollge fl the cue! m he ‘ranistr wl emai lost ont at about 12 A Te area under te switch elas a inreans maybe estimated by raga ipa nd the ney Tot fod by mailing th sea thc, Thi pves an ecrayof 3 a The fs tie of te sent athe dnd sb TD 1, Ree the meray hs king vray los of st 750 a. AU State abot 7S mW oe ta tis phase cam he clei in he sae way a or tenon a i 12 ph hostel ey Ia ot tm 2 a he yest W. "ta oss acount ae 8 WK sth hes, DT W For state hse a 124 W for pcr opted ithe HC a the ch diver sence out 0.39 W of sana for The ot ely explanation Ahistow sada the hystei a opperlne nthetoran es Tee ot the responce of he eploen te changes nd cuenta 15 ‘ater was sth pals ith the 9 oad ota 0 poace @ ep chinge of 0.38 A. The response of the ad volage i stow in gue 812 The spt vollage duc tothe swing has a pesktorpeak ampie of sot 20 ‘nV. Eling an ESR oat 33 fl forte copa, her than the 10 ma {Soimed. The pe vale ofthe ance fe much higher than pected by the Sint theory (igure 8.) and alo varie depending om hen the watson ‘rors with pt othe shingle Iie car tat theres ine sch tt pose osu a olages ad cuenta change sty on he Timescale ofthe siting porno Bete greene sould at be expected The fn cut peace swt 0 rss rm thse in te conerer which ee hang indy at witha change tedster Fran ‘vero rotstion proved by a pier which sens th volge across ‘te 1 festa nse with tbe mea spy I this exces 200 the fue wth cece, ting the caret The stresses Cinnivantaes its nea rsstnce sre nh the negative sop. hich ‘eset fe aconmon in, i ds met he peak sath cet, nly he 1825 Review of the buck regulator design "The desin that is teen oer fora asc bck repuao delivering up 0 10 War 3 V- Wath 929 V sours vollge the caret inthe indoor remainsominous down 10 4 fad cient of 02 A, though will work quite ‘actly with & mh sale Toa caren. Theeeney as 2 maxima Cale of about MS Atalyis shows th the Foster are exonably veal Asad tween several tree Smal provement elec ae possible ‘yang Scbotky deo ede he dnd wa ope, ad by wing str ‘Sith erage MOSFET, osc swing tes an psy he ose The stability fhe eck a bas oo cn ine dal cco the cmplestyinoend hy the pl ofthe Le Titer The single pole a > leo forthe tk eg. One svt he conta sce dried tha wie gves ged fulton to clang i a! care, gives per ‘eglaton ith veagect to changes inthe source vote. This case or Fer changes im the power fs, we cages it sours Yohae fe re ‘hanger ty ano, What f see i Jedomard cet imei er ‘Shanes sore ologe There fe alerntve com tzpes which may prove beter cose ap revformanfretamp thee arent modeConf the ple with a it fd ape he pie wit swe comrallel ety hy he com! vlogs inca the pls ih cole cont the maxima duct caren Ts Str) bas wo adres emoves he epee pls fen he db 1, sd eles them with single eal pol nl poids Fela 83 Anisolated flyback converter “The seso design ny fran ltd comer o delve apr fat eat 35 Watabou 12 The powersouce etn beac aca pominal vtape of 115 Vm. “Thien example of oie vise per aps wich he nto the revi may cong dey to the sop Te nomial sup vlog CEILS V nav chine or eso of sft when ering he experimental Sein ad ‘Soo eae alon-cou MOSFET swith a Be used 8220-20 V supply would rere ich witha wlan of at east 700 V. “ie simplest topos fr ow. power fine switching pwc suppis te fund lgck chet I ver the fest component of ay of theft "Sithig comers an ed in ccotnone conduction, te Feeds sy {0 iplenent For hse reser ths oly mas chase “Thvaf-tine swing replat rst tt power forthe PWM conte and the swatch de, ta volage stanly fe than th fof the eed eA Simple way to shee dhe 0a ey wining on the nsec (F ouple infact). nich wil supply power a aout 12-18 V fo he cont ‘Sot The tat orth power sty shown in igre 83, which te the et snd in Chater Seton 758. ce = pret tice in cor staat airy pve will sail, Wek stan” cic rca tciply pcr di the ching spp x pean Tis eve Fhe wnsistor QU which saps power at bt 115 VW the cone i he over sri fom the switching sappy eves fase DI, cating ff the et {831 Design ofthe nergy storage transformer "The key component inthe ised bork comerer i the emerzy storage tne tc nd ihrcfore, appropiate w conser this Slraponca it some detail In err ave ae complex user func, ‘tii wo smpensa sa to bain tbl fsdback, walt Trove the anfomer with dct cent This ean hat he second ens) tov aen to ee bsere th inary winds ener the Sof the est ple, Alenatvely the ecay storage awsome sxe ey ‘i he vary energized then wafers his egy to the fa ring the end pro he ete “The ney steed po ys, wid hy the switching quency fives she maximum posible power taser othe la In pte te convetr may Ive an tf ey att 7, sn the oer slr may en be ot (O78. the ese power tafe 38 Wan the eae 80 KE the Mowing for an liiensy of only TO, the requ eer tat mst be ed ‘Schell The sod enrty eof th acts th ene these ‘cone qe ad he eer ra equate widow ae othe wing and ‘june est dsipaton ole tenet is. “the cig ofan energy rags ansorme ae with techie of cote. THe vam coke of free sire fv comple ad beyond the scope (Fis too. Hee an ETDS cone made om feoncbe 3 Ferite was che ‘hiscoe i ats er etx, bt area aval. The Tei is Shine Tr eat fences Hon abr 20" and 130 AF, The cre istrc fom two Eston, which maybe sept by a stale space to wove an i a. “te dataset fr the cae pis the ese geomet am magnetic Magnetic pth eth. = 92.2 wm Eres re of magni pth A= 25 a? Elev agate wlume = 1 500m" Speci ffactance = 27 i pe tm ‘stron fx at TF C= 0327. “The spc nfetance isthe oioeal ofthe rtctane ich gen by Ung th vas specified forthe ote ies vale of 0.002 frp. Thisallows the mas enry hat may De tr he cre, Bt calcul a Va ses fosmiy = te Vite ven a te main wigs. Ting ssn ein ei ye ne Soieha Se st ear "Me aaa an Ges Es ee on nee te tive volume fhe gp th ive aca mid hy ce hepa hg. The ator two ies Rea fee wo ap in sees oe in thee an on in ech sd nd ofthe coe The yee a he al {he Hdeimbe ie tethaprosinay eal abe eet coe ses, Sabstating Forte asin working Thx dey, forthe cre aes and ep ge5 Che tm selene inthe gap ae HOS the maximum et sed eer Is Tl the the maxima ney sre inthe gp is 074m and the 3p wih 83 iim. The spr wed pe of mafia he spec ndtance de ‘ee with he pce in place as meas to be 87a pr The hicks te ocer dace fm he psc inductance wt 4 fm ig he maine stret ene). "Th inary of anor was wound with 2 wa ft stands of 036 rum cope comes n orl whic ave riary inde of 250 “hi wl give a energy soap of I aa tent of 267 A, Assuming that he Aen oh egret volgebtween 130 and 160 ¥ the ine en 0 ‘orp th coh rae etn 47 and 58 jo Ti ees abot 1 tocducarge th cer wb the sch The scary was wound with four treo give an indctane of 101 hon the primary sch tod ff he cern lows nthe sendy. Since thre ae ower fn He secon caren will be 28 tines reer than the may rent, nealing ay leakage ffl he Gal primary amet 267 ‘Rte ital secondary oven mst U4 Ato suport he a Wiha sandy fetiag of 2 ¥ th caret wil docay in ba 1 yo confining dat four Tm practice the tet winding which athe sme umber of tu a he secondary. as wound oe he pi insu by sever ayes of pe. The ‘re larotr was 0.6 The primar ad tetany windings were sult with {Sve ayers of mylar i hen the sewiniay winding as wound sing 2 entre om seven sand fill 6 mm wie tite peter ‘hi Lin wie comtrction hp to wiimize the rnstance tthe swiching ftequcny. wer the shin depth all “The tamformer snot of optim size, since the windings do no te indo ofthe cre and we the temperate sof the cr sal A salle Tis coe ck have bon ud Ina tanformer fr vena ine apetion ‘ie necory 10 pay pac atleton tothe Tsun. The tikes of ‘rel andthe ese phe is moe te appa egies emere Must flation ol the vay a tetany windings Irom the sscomry 32 Leakage inductance and snubbers Nota he i th ina wining of th cnr straps indte wil be ink ‘ithe cody a erry wings eng to ekage tance When the ‘hitch inthe primary opened panne he provided dare the ney Sorel inthe pray leakage dane, This maybe achieved wing DI, CH ad mE _si one anya attenTae with no Tesage cance ald hve value of, hres era primary tre to econ tors forthe transform ad Ve the ssconey ola, which changed y the reser capoctor a he oa. Wh tee Icaag instance the primary vote wil nese aera eee inthe lelageiactonce This cages the capacitor Cth the sd Dl abing the erry sored in he eaage indir an clamping the pak vith Toltage, Wher cent inthe sks natance fa to er the lage acts the inary winding ft tck ton The energy stored nthe captor spot ‘anaciorvoliage emi shve mY though the el Th ents tat the Side D only conducts wo discharge egy Waser the capac rom the "Te vas cnn for CV and RI wee 33 amd 7H, The mae sing edge ofthe vlage waveform aco the sich how Fue BS, with the ‘apply consedio fal esntance of 47 Alger ae I wou phy Ie desabewdctarge te lage inductance more ply a the expe of 2 ger pea solos seas the swt “Te uno smb, which compres C2, R2 and D2 Fig 8.14 isthe tne of ise af ws cos the sehing ans I ao serve 0 an the "nging when the clamp de Dior tenia inte sconce ceases “omdaton, When Di et ofthe alge aso the primary encod the ae ‘ermine bythe em ced hy the crn Mio the secs” Ae the Nolage Wiest rebut toe equltiom van the every sed inthe may pactnce wil scale withthe leakage inane, and peace ringing. The Suber adds exe capacitance, C2 hut i ako aids damping de to RO The ‘ining observe when he clap de eat ff lel enn Tape 4.15. ‘reflect ccs when the scory torent cease. Inte case He tt ‘inary ihdaance reson wit? an the ay capstan of bth he ay Sd Seconda cies. Adele damping of thre resnaneslp 0 mnie ‘eeomagnei inet, an ean as pt problems with he contol Toop The ales chosen must provide a eave compe of ade ening wile aon excessive egy les te suber 1833 Thepowersiteh The maximum de. vl er the resi shout 170 V. When he cent i owing the secondary the wll a reverse wage of run 0 V sco the ‘wimay, ving maxim sage acon the sch of 250 V. The may be tenly gree mie th enery sted i he emake inductance ‘dzcared 0 resonable minimum vetage rating or the sich 00 V. The ‘deve hose ws a RFR, ow cont MOSFET va ania dean vgs ‘9500 V and» maximum dain cant of 45 A. The cat stage of SOSS2 provides 4 ass which may be ase ak aint em the ct sown ie Figure 8.16 was sed A tn the [MOSTET ptf ule op though the de sd the asso QT ie ff. At tam the ransistr 1 tn ca ely chaging eg, Note that al oe ‘te ct ass ofthe 3524 fe el. This its he dat aw ess han Sir and reer at te eer Frequency be tice the dese withing 824 Control ‘he cma lope alton tween he cnt IC a the ead cit. There nea varity of ways of achieving ths Two poplar melds ae to we ote ‘otto ofa moat ih requeay care dan ation warfornet Hevea ft simpler Fes flee method war chosen The Fedak oo contol he Saliage ofthe aur supply tothe pulse wath mots. I the weee m Ieaageindcance ad no restive Insc nthe secondary windings this would {hero onl of he ad woage. To mpone the aching of he wolage 2088 the oe econ wings, a etance wih vale of 1001 connected 2088 tte aoiiny sop. The mimic he let of the leakage nda spe ‘A diese Cher The back convener pers hs 2 Simplei ie eeets Adoptee natin scream aati 358 ond resistance and Ci the stoi cpaitance, The fa resistance ant fpicane te ssi winding can be une to en parallel wth he oa ‘Shtumce aol expectane fr the pp simple aayse. The gin of the ‘inverter io gen by eatin (3) nopleting the rarer th ansormer ‘Pinte i vokage tbe seed Wy Be wane (221, and th Tndotance il the scomiy sadn Since only ome of the et rnin th cont she powe sch is nl peated om aerate {pets the ube witht finite th ac day rat, a the ‘Ge vviton ody rata whee vliage mlb ede by a tof 0.0 Atevalu of ane in thecal me pce by Vy. Amin hat he Inn ern ange’ 3 to 380 the power sage pn rote ange o 2435 2 down 7503512. The reservireapactor wed hs va of 470 fF ing ote a 007 othe 1 ft ad an 7 Wr for be 3 fod The ESR of he sco wil ad os eon he aero a9 eqn of aun VA “ne ampli copenstd with pte at 10 Hz and ero a S09 He sing» {00 Kf esac sees witha 3.3 a capt hatecn te compensation sd ground To ensure tn the oop gn ta alent nro a a quency wat {tow te switching quency a furor pol need aa freuen of 4 {ite by aera of 120 pet th compensation pin ahd rd. A Be oth op a oe se fal estan fs Figure 35 Testing ona cut “The fil outs shown in Fg The suply was sted with onal 15 Vin050 ten source a a alice etme Sand 3.35 The mean a foliage seas frm ab 144 V wih he Gad Yo 1.6 Vata fad of 34 [nT ont esstance ws almost cota 09 ars ths ange of lod. The tual age sippy tenuined amos constant a the and was aid Contig ta te vl rp rece he valigs acs he wo Seana eh GFF s Hee ‘eweki Teletype bo otek very wot. Aer ek ition eget equi i ‘matinam vale excess of 75% when the ka restince 339 Stat {mers tn the clap reir which sips he nergy sore nthe sage Tectence (203 Wa load) te estates he iy Sey ot "he vols ars th sith and thsi caeat show Figae 1819. “Thi e wih fn of 78. Neti the sep the cen the ith ns tela caet sexing and he swith welts alls ack oe vale of te a. 26 Review of the fiyback regulator design “The fuck regulator described performs adequately forthe prpseofstaing the picpes. The cca snot a complete switching power supply, The cat Ting forthe MOSFET wes the shown inom the 3524 and fe rerhowe tt vstge srs OSes (0 ee een he MOTE oy: fata ering needed the outpace vos ip and an Tani segat te Sock hg quency esos fom resting he ait “tin ps, Ths could te se tt la option is cney Is oie exo pr, Th eal SF wane aniseed fark cit 9 cn he oa velse SSAct eer spy The wafers cry es ha ri ef el ha emt owe trees wri Sige rsd een manta power init the nd creaming conics (ih makes he oe op amt) oe mice ior wit 82 Sey ‘yc spily her vt ie stir usin ice he eee 2 MOSTET ology ssh 23 flea thse a ssp ‘aod. A ig strmance ‘SRE tesa eae een heyy, ch tage Tena comeror might eee, st fr ese cats he ete el th mhng aos nel tt fe mach rer Inannsooly vag {84 Controlof electromagnetic emissions Swing persis poate te heey ‘ten ef ey cs a sc we msc olen een ey sha ine la SUPA oe tentang cont by te ares enie rom dees wr the ahs pte ot CE ee ee dom ah mn il ey Om Ahead RE cmos. oyu with cel tetion ta whe th hi soy eens ws tw is cm The rea of Hp in wich te caret mt How Sa Be Iininzed togetber wih the ny gnc Gelso tw Tek, ows inductors Earth eps ae apa polen. Any iin emetic compe, tia ae subjected vlogs tat changeup the convener apres cl ‘es male ay sal as pnsie since even smal, tay apne ey nae sigan cclating cent. Eectostis slg wil belp bt cartel cise {the ering pit never. ‘The spy tims othe convener shoul be kee a lose a posi w he {wp ofthe convene. The cect of Fie 820 eee The sts “nde, which might ave a ale of abot 10) poe ah imac {ecutive powcr apy ols fr cman eae cen ‘iclating though Bh power eae a ein vin god. The cana ese ‘iva nis soc earth ten creat tend o hea paiclrpesn th inpedance1o common-mode caret Bu anak ingen cela ‘uot With swing supplies mach the mise ily to be aa vey igh ren (around 10H) athe nda shld tne Be nau on eae mati sui Fr we th eqn. ome qe) spa ae to he Hockey. the sichingIrqueny sean 100 He) en my be ‘avsahle To hive te laces in erie, one high equ). bt Towra indcte an the son ahh ahs et with por hgh eens "The capacitor sco he power ile prov a owned path rth ih frequency curentecfting though the powcr ris the echng SIP ile the capaci: wo ground pass the cling comand The ‘hunt apuctrs aos he power ines may have vale of und O1 a we toe ground may have value of and IO a. The cation he eth cr onmeton fr the capacitors cay the common: cierto 1 be *hosen with care. The event letra caption between thine pats the eeu hat tae aly changing vl an pounds hgh Reqs "unsfomer with an elecrstae sil fewest pinay anf Secury ed then hi shied wl cary the bul fhe cult cent Hence he capac ‘tou earned his bc Mow th na caine duh te yer pret eatersfe MessHExreoMLECMENS fies ogound wi tr va the cpsitane betwen pray winding, wit tga hanging volgen the sie “Tutorial questions ft fr ck oe wa face se ae fo it wen Foie a eng een? aa er haar lr tae esi pow vih ad Tigi de ay tem ‘se aw love Exam Yo 3 Ete abot vamos mit pil 8 So ego co scythe

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