VAAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING BACCALAUREUS TECHNOLOGIAE ENGINEERING: CHEMICAL ee eed Subject : Heat and Mass Transfer TV Subject code + 080507503 Date : November 2007 Time 2 3 Hours Examiner : Dr PO Osifo Moderator : MrD. Gina MARKS: Total marks 2145 Full marks 130 REQUIREMENTS: Calculators INSTRUCTIONS: 1, Answer all the questions 2 Start each question on a new page The question paper consists of cover page, 4 typed pages, and the formula sheet of 8 pages DO NOT TURN THE PAGE BEFORE PERMISSION IS GRANTEDHeat & Mass Transfer IV ~ Main Examination - November 2007 QUESTION 1 7 [30] 1.4. A very long, wide sheet of plastic 4 mm thick and initially at 20 °C is suddenly exposed on both sides to an atmosphere of steam at 102 °C. (@) If there is a negligible thermal resistance between the steam and surface of the plastic, how long will it take for the temperature at the centerline of the sheet to change significantly (by one 1%)? (b) What would be the bulk average temperature of the plastic at this time? For the plastic, k = 0.138 Wim.°C, and a = 0.00035 m?/h* (15) 20°C 1.2. Define the meaning of biot number in heat transfer, for a slab the Biot number is af ok For a slab 2.8 mm thick in size and originally at 78 °C is cooled by using air whose temperature is at 30 °C. The density of the solid is 1,200 kg/m’, the thermal conductivity is 0.14 Wim-°C, and the specific heat is 1800 J/kg-°C. The external heat transfer coefficient is 50 Wim?.°C, (b) How long will it take for the average solid temperature to reach 40 °C? (c) What fraction of the resistance to heat transfer is in external film? [15] Bi: a ee — oe a orHeat & Mass Transfer [V ~Main Examination - November 2007 Question 2 [20] Kerosene is heated by hot water in a shell and tube heater. The kerosene is inside the tube, and the water is outside, The flow is countercurrent. The average temperature of the kerosene is 43 °C and the average linear velocity is 2.4 mis. The properties of the kerosene at 43 °C are: specific gravity, 0.805; viscosity, 1.5 cP; specific heat, 2.020 J/g-"C; and thermal conductivity, 0.1514 Wim-°C. The tubes are low-carbon steel with 16.7 mm ID and 20 mm OD, and ky = 45 Wim-°C. The heat transfer coefficient on the shell side is 1702 Wim-°C. Calculate the overall transfer coefficient based on the outside area of the tube. Question 3 125) ‘A vertical tubular condenser is used fo condense 2,100 Kg/h of ethyl alcohol, which enters at 1 atmosphere. Cooling water is to flow through the tubes at an average temperature of 30°C. The tubes are 30 mm OD and 27 mm ID. The tube water side coefficient is 2,800 Wim*°C. Fouling factors and the resistance of the wall may be neglected. If the available tubes are 3 m long, many tubes will be needed? Data are as follows: Alcohot Bolling point of alcohol: T=78.4°C Heat of vaporization: 2.= 856 Jig Density of liquid alcohol: p = 769 kgm? y= 0.182 Wim-°C r= 0.85 oP C, = 2.84 Jig-°C ay Water: y= 0.182 Wim2C i= 0.70 oP we a KwHeat & Mass Transfer IV ~ Main Examination — November 2007 Question 4 [40] Crude oil at the rate of 150, 000 kg/h is to be heated from 20 to 57 °C by heat exchange with the bottom product from a distillation column unit, The product at 129,000kg/h is to be cooled from 146 to 107 °C. There is available a tubular heat exchanger with steel tubes with an inside shell diameter of 590.6 mm having one pass on the shell side and two passes on the tube side. It has 324 tubes, 19.05 mm OD and 14,83 ID BWG14, 3.7 m long arranged on a 25.4 mm-square pitch and supported by baffles with a 25 percent cut, spaced at 228.6 mm interval. Would the exchanger be suitable; that is, what the allowable fouling factor? The average properties of the fluid are given in Table Q4, For metal k= 45 Wim-°C. Table Q4: Fluid properties Properties Product outside tube Crude, inside tube Gp TEC 220 159 heP 52 29 kgim® 867 825 K Wim’ 0.419 0.137 Questions [0] 5.1. Show that one-way molecular diffusion for component A is greater than counter flow lifusion involving component A and B by a factor We (15) when the total molar fluxis: NV, =(V, +N, 5.2, The diffusion coefficient for vapors in air can be determined by measuring the rate of evaporation of a liquid from a vertical glass tube. For a tube 0.2 cm in diameter filled with n-heptane at 21 °C, calculate the expected rate of decrease of the liquid level when the meniscus is 1 om from the top based on the published diffusivity of 0.071 cm’%/s. At21 °C the vapor pressure and density of n-heptane are 0.050 atm and 0.66 g/cm’, respectively. Mw of n-heptane = 100.2 g-mol/g. e115] a ¢Heat & Mass Transfer IV ~Main Examination — November 2007 CORRELLATIONS SHEET Transient Conduction ‘Average temperature Slab F, at,/s? —— ‘Slob Eq: [10-20)) ~ Cylinder Eq, (10.2111 r= Sphere [Eq (10.22)) X, ww ao oot - 0 0020304050407 BOS IDI IZIS IAS Foo ort 2 28 Figure 1: Average temperature during unsteady state heating o cooling of a large slab, or an infinitely long cylinder or a sphereHeat & Mass Transfer TV ~ Main Examination - November 2007 At low Biot numbers T,-f, ner 30 T,-T, pyr Spheres, U=h pac wt T,-T, pCyr Long cylinder, U= A Fiat plate, U’ Figure 2: Change with time of the average temperature of a sphere, with external resistanceHeat & Mass Transfer IV ~ Main Examination November 2007 FIGURE Unsteady-state heating or cooling of semi-infinite solid. 2) 10) Figure 3: Unsteady state heating or cooling of semi-infinite solid.Heat & Mass Transfer IV — Main Examination ~ November 2007 Forced Convection — Internal flow Nu=436 Laminar, constant g, Gz <20 Nu =3,66 Laminar, constant Twat, G2 <20 ox Nu=2 oen( Laminar, constant Pyar Gz > 20 Avatt Nu=0,023-Re®® Pr* Turbulent, n=0,4 for Zvou> Ti n= 0,3 for Tuan < Ts or oy N= 0,023-Re™* Pr!) a Turbulent, L/D > 10 Boot Forced Convection — Extemal flow 8 Seed 8 86 2 4 2 Figure 4: Heat transfer to air flowing normal to a single tube Nu= Pr°? (0,35 +0,56Re°*) Liquid cross-flow over single cylinder ‘Nu =2,0+0,60- Re“* - Pr? Flow over single sphereoo : Heat & Mass Transfer IV — Main Examination November 2007 ‘Natural Convection Nu = b-(Gr- Pr) st Range of GrxPr b a Horizontal cylinder 4-10" 0,52___0,25 and cylinders: 10F= 10° 0,59 0,25 Vertical plates/walls | Horizontal plates/walls Heated, facing upward or 10°— 2x10" 0,54 0,25 | | -Cooled, facing downward 2x10" = 10" 0,14 0,333 Cooled, facing upward or Heated, facing downward 3x105- 10! 0,27 0,25 | Where, for cylinders: And, for plates/walls: For Gases Aad, and for liquids: 2 = Effect of natural convection on laminar flow in tubes: 2,25-(1-+-0,010-Gr'® Tog (Re) when Gr-Pr-2> 3000 Condensation | ‘orbulent region Weny-faminor region i e ww Re = AT/pHeat & Mass Transfer IV ~ Main Examination — November 2007 anono(Heie) Horizontal tube APD Boiling GIA pee = O15 A> pf? fo g-(0, = py MI we wv) ) Film boiling on horizontal tube: 4.) (Hey (aL, y* = ,069-“ |. h (os9+0, 9 I aca hep, (0 1 A)gy = Pe 2°8 ce ad ( a > n (etgeat) vend A, =2rr+ | a &:(P,~ Pr). 3 Figure 6: Correction of LMTD for 1-2, 1-4, 1-6 and 1-8 heat exchangersHeat & Mass Transfer TV ~ Main Examination - November 2007 Figure 7: Correction of LMTD for 2-4, 2-6 and 2-8 heat exchangers Nu=0,2- Re. Pr (fs Shell-side heat transfer coefficient Avait Cross-flow Exchangers Nu = 0,287-Re®. Pp. F Shell-side heat transfer coefficient where, values for Fe Ds Re = 2000 Re =20 000 0 1,25 0,85 1,03 15 0,94 1,06 20 0,95 1,05 Plate-type Exchangers Na=037-Re™. Pr u‘Heat & Mass Transfer [V ~Main Examination — November 2007 ‘ Mass-transfer Correlations Flow inside pipes Sh=1,62-(Gz)? ( Laminar ,023- Re! - So ‘Turbulent, Se < 430 ,0096- Re”. Se%# Turbulent, Se>430 Bo= D,C/a Figure 8: Heat and mass transfer, flow past single cylinders ( Other: Sh=1,28-Re™* Sc Flow normal to tube bundle Sh=2,0+40,6- Re + Sc Flow past single sphere t Sh=117-Re™ Se?” Mass transfer in packed bed