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2 - History PDF
2 - History PDF
Progress
Revolution in Transportation
Road Transport in the 18th and a major part of 19th century
was mainly horse carriages.
By 1890 we had Copper, Bronze, Iron, Steel , Aluminum
and Rubber in addition to Wood. This paved the way for
series of inventions leading to a paradigm shift in the road
transport from horse carriages to motorized vehicles
Karl Benz in Germany came up with a viable motor
vehicle called Velo in 1894
Ford Motors made the first assembly line for mass
production of commercial vehicles
The Ford T-model was the first successful and affordable
commercial vehicle
Materials had a very important role to play in this
transformation from Velo or T to modern cars (see the next
slide)
Invention of Aeroplane
From Wright Brothers invention in 1902 To todays Aircraft
Materials played a very important role in this case also
Use of advanced materials - Stronger, lighter and better
aerodynamic design, greater speed.
Boeing 777, for example, used 75% aluminum whereas half
of the materials used in the advanced version 787 is fiber
reinforced composite.
Total materials used by weight
Boeing 777
(Source: Boeing)
Boeing 787
Impact of Materials
As the aircraft design improved, the load on the engine and
hence, its operating temperature also increased.
Need of materials that can sustain such harsh conditions.
The advent of High-temperature materials (Ni base super
alloys) has made it possible.
(www.cmse.ed.ac.uk/AdvMat45/SuperEng.pdf)
Failure analysis
Formation of brittle sulphide inclusions due to Low Mn:S
ratio
High Ductile to brittle transition temperature (DBTT)
The steel became very brittle at low temperature
Impact property testing of the titanic steel exhibited brittle
behavior.
Brittle fracture on collision with ice berg in the chilling
water temperature (-2 C at the time of collision).
Breakage of ship and sinking
Further reading
Katherine Felkins et al. The Royal Mail Ship Titanic: Did a
Metallurgical Failure Cause a Night to Remember? JOM
50 (1) (1998) 12-18
Zygmont, Jeffrey Microchip: An Idea, Its Genesis, and The
Revolution It Created (Cambridge, MA: Perseus, 2003).
http://www.computersciencelab.com/ComputerHistory/Hist
oryPt3.htm