Nang Cao Hieu Qua CCD

Nng cao hiu qu cung cp in
Khoa H thng in HL- Bin son TQ Khi
CHUYN NNG CAO HIU QU CUNG CP IN

Chng I. Nguyn l chung
I.1. Cng tc vn hnh li in
Cng tc vn hnh li in gm cc cng vic:
1. iu khin li in ang lm vic trong ch xc lp bnh thng theo
chng trnh chun b trc.
2. S l cc tnh hung s c: ngn mch, thit b phn phi in b hng t
nhin do gi ho, do thi tit hoc cc yu t ngu nhin khc.
3. Lp chng trnh vn hnh ngn hn: tnh ton chn s vn hnh ca li
in, tinh chnh nh thit b iu khin, bo v...
4. Sa cha, bo dng ng dy, trm bin p...
5. Thc hin cc cng tc ci to, nng cp li in.
Chi phi cho 4 hng mc u l chi ph hot ng v bo dng
I.2. Mc ch ca vn hnh li in
1. m bo cht lng in p
2. m bo tin cy cung cp in hp l cho ph ti.
3. m bo hiu qu kinh t cao: tn tht cng sut trong ch max v
tn tht in nng thp nht, phi hp vi ngun in m bo chi ph
sn xut nh nht.
4. m bo an ton cao cho li in trong ch bnh thng cng nh
s c.
I.3. Cc thit b dng cho mc ch iu khin li in:
1. Thit b dng iu khin trong ch bnh thng
- My ct, dao cch ly, dao cch ly t ng.
- Thit b iu chnh in p: my bin p iu p di ti, my iu chnh in
p, my bin p iu p ngoi ti.
- T b dc, t b ngang, khng b dc, khng b ngang.
- Thit b FACTS: T b ngang (SVC hnh 1), t b dc,... iu khin t ng,
tc thi bng thyristor.
- Thit b cn bng pha hay lc cc sng hi bc cao ca in p, dng in
Cc thit b ng ct v iu chnh c th iu khin t ng theo chng trnh
cho trc, iu khin di ti t xa, iu khin ngoi ti t xa hoc ti ch bi
cc nhn vin iu .
2. Thit b dng bo v v iu khin khi s c
- Bo v r le, thit b t ng li ng dy in,
- My ct, dao cch ly t ng,
- T ng ngun d tr, t ng xa thi ph ti...
Cc thit b iu khin c th iu khin ring l hoc tch hp trong h thng
SCADA (h thng iu khin gim st v thu thp d liu - Supervisory Control
And Data Acquisition).
My bin p
My bin
in p
Hnh 1. 1.
I.4. Phng thc vn hnh li in
Cc tc ng iu khin gm 2 loi: iu khin cc thng s ch : dng cng
sut tc dng v phn khng trn cc ng dy, in p cc nt, t cc mc
tiu ni trn bng cch:
- Thay i cu trc li in: thay i s phn t chnh l ng dy in v
my bin p,... tham gia vn hnh, thay i s ni dy ca li in, v d:
ct bt my bin p trong ch non ti, a ng dy in no vo trng
thi bo dng hay d phng.
- Thay i thng s ca cc phn t iu khin c trn li in: in tr,
cm khng, h s bin p, trng thi t b, khng b, thng s ca cc thit b t
ng, thng s chnh nh relay... S lng v cht lng cc thit b iu khin
quyt nh hiu qu iu khin.
iu khin li in chia lm 2 giai on:
- iu khin tc thi nh cc thit b iu khin t ng nh: iu chnh kch t
my pht AVR, dng my b tnh SCV, t ng ng in lp li (relay
autocreslose), t ng ngun d tr ATS, my bin p iu p di ti t ng,
dao cch ly t ng... Cc thit b t ng theo di lin tc thng s ch cn
iu khin v t ng thay i trng thi mi khi cc thng s ch bin thin
qu gii hn cho php.
iu khin tc thi nhm bo m an ton cho li in, m bo tin cy
cung cp in cho cc ph ti yu cu tin cy cao, cht lng in p;
- iu khin chm do nhn vin vn hnh thc hin: m bo cht lng in
p, tin cy cung cp in, gim tn tht in nng. iu khin chm c th
thc hin thng xuyn tng gi di ti hoc theo ma trong nm, ngoi ti.
V d: thay i u phn p ca my bin p c iu p di ti ng ct t b,
khng b... ng ct my bin p, thay i u phn p ca my bin p iu p
ngoi ti.
Chng II. iu chnh in p trong li in
II. 1. Cht lng in nng
Cht lng in nng gm c: cht lng in p v cht lng tn s.
1. Cht lng tn s
Cht lng tn s c nh gi bng:
- lch tn s so vi tn s nh mc f = (f- f m)100/fm
- dao ng tn s: c trng bi lch gia gi tr ln nht v nh nht
ca tn s khi tn s bin thin nhanh vi tc ln hn 1%/s.
Tn s c m bo bng cch iu khin cn bng cng sut tc dng chung
trong ton h thng in, thc hin trong cc nh my in.
2. Cht lng in p
Cht lng in p gm 4 ch tiu c bn:
a) lch in p so vi in p nh mc ca li in
U =
U U dm
100 [%]
U dm
(II.1)
U l in p thc t trn cc cc thit b dng in. U phi tho mn iu kin:

(II.2)
U- U U+
-,
+
U U l gii hn trn v di ca lch in p.
Tiu chun: 5% ni chung, +5% - 10% cho li in nng thn.
Nguyn nhn gy ra lch in p: tn tht in p trn li in, s bin i
theo thi gian ca ph ti in.
in p nh hng n cng tc ca thit b dng in:
Khi in p qu cao lm tng dng in trong thit b dng in, tng pht
nng lm gi ho cch in, dn n gim tui th ca thit b dng in v c
thit b ca li in.
Cn khi in p thp qu lm cho cc thit b dng in gim cng sut nht l
n in. in p thp cng gy ra pht nng ph cho thit b dng in quay,
lm gim tui th v nng sut cng tc, lm hng sn phm... nu thp qu
nhiu thit b dng in khng lm vic c.
n in l thit b nhy cm nht vi s bin thin in p, d chy khi in p
cao v gim sng khi in p thp.
lch in p l tiu chun in p quan trng nht nh hng ln n gi
thnh HT.
Gii hn cho php ca lch in p c quy nh Vit Nam l 5% so vi
in p nh mc. cc vng nng thn cho php +5%..- 10%.
Cc thit b iu chnh in p trn li in nhm m bo lch in p
trong gii hn cho php.
b) dao ng in p: S bin thin nhanh ca in p c cho bi cng
thc:
V =
U max U min
100 [%]
U dm
(II.3)
Tc bin thin t Umax n Umin khng nh hn 1%/s

Nguyn nhn gy ra giao ng in p l: khi ng ca cc ng c, ch
lm vic ca mt s thit b cng ngh, ng ct t b...
Dao ng in p gy dao ng nh sng gy hi mt ngi lao ng, gy nhiu
radio, TV v cc thit b in t....
Dao ng in p cho php trn cc cc thit b chiu sng:
V 1 + 6/n
(II.4)
n l s dao ng trong 1 gi, t l thi gian trung bnh gia 2 dao ng - pht.
Theo tiu chun ny nu 1 gi c 1 dao ng th bin c php l 7%. i
vi cc thit b c s bin i t ngt cng sut trong vn hnh ch cho php
V n 1,5%.
Cn i vi cc ph ti khc khng c chun ho, nhng nu U ln hn
15% s dn n hot ng sai ca khi ng t, v cc thit b iu khin.
Tiu chun dao ng in p cn c cho di dng th nh trn hnh 2.1.
Hnh 2.1
Bin php gim dao ng l thit k li in ng, tnh n cc dao ng in
p c th, hn ch bin ca cc dao ng in p di mc cho php.
c) khng i xng: Ph ti cc pha khng i xng dn n in p cc pha
khng i xng, s khng i xng ny c c trng bi thnh phn th t
nghch U2 v th t khng U0ca in p. Trn hnh 2.2a cho thy thnh phn
th th nghch lm cho in p dy v pha u khng i xng, thnh phn th
t khng lm cho in p pha khng i xng cn in p dy vn i xng
(hnh 2.2b).
Hinh 2.2.
in p khng i xng lm hiu qu cng tc v tui th ca thit b dng
in, gim kh nng ti ca li in v tng tn tht in nng.
Tiu chun quy nh trn li sinh hot U2 khng c vt qu gi tr lm cho
in p thc trn cc thit b dng in thp hn gi tr cho php. Trn cc thit
b dng in 3 pha i xng U2 v U0 khng c vt qu 2% Um. Trn cc
cc ng c khng ng b U2 cho php c xc nh ring theo iu kin pht
nng v c th ln hn 2%.
Bin php khc phc hin tng khng i xng ca in p l cc thit b cn
bng in p.
d) khng sin: Cc thit b dng in c c tnh phi tuyn nh: b chnh lu,
tiristor... lm bin dng ng th dng in dn n bin dng th in
p, khin n khng cn l hnh sin na, xut hin cc sng hi bc cao Uj,Ij. Cc
sng hi bc cao ny gp phn lm gim in p trn n in v thit b sinh
nhit, lm tng thm tn tht st t trong ng c, tn tht in mi trong cch
in, tng tn tht trong li in v thit b dng in, gim ch tiu kinh t k thut ca h thng cung cp in, gy nhiu radio, TV v cc thit b in t,
iu khin khc...
Tiu chun quy nh:
U j = U 2 5%U1
(II.5)
j = 3,5,7...
U1: tr hiu dng ca sng hi bc nht ca in p.

Bin php khc phc l dng cc thit b lc sng bc cao.
Trong cc tiu chun cht lng in p trn y, lch in p so vi in p
nh mc l tiu chun c bn. iu chnh lch in p l cng vic kh
khn nht, tn km nht, c thc hin ng b trn ton h thng in. Cc
tiu chun cn li c tnh a phng v c iu chnh cc b x nghip .
Cht lng in p c m bo nh cc bin php iu chnh in p trong
li in truyn ti v phn phi. Cc bin php iu chnh in p v thit b
cn thit thc hin c chn la trong quy hoch v thit k li in v

c hon thin thng xuyn trong vn hnh, cc tc ng iu khin c
thc hin trong vn hnh gm c cc tc ng di ti v ngoi ti. iu khin
di ti c thc hin t ng hoc bng tay t xa hoc ti ch.
II.2. Mc ch v phng thc iu chnh in p
1. Mc ch iu chnh in p
Mc ch iu chnh in p l:
a) m bo lch in p trn cc thit b dng in trong tiu chun.
b) Gim tn tht in nng. Tn tht cng sut v tn tht in nng ph thuc
mnh vo in p.
Ta c cng thc tnh tn tht cng sut:
P =
P 2 + Q2
R
U2
Nu nh P v Q bin thin nh th P t l nghch vi bnh phng in p

trong li in cao p, nu in p vn hnh cng cao th tn tht cng nh.
li in trung, h p mc gim P cn ph thuc vo s bin thin ca cng
sut s dng thc theo in p, nhiu trng hp in p thp c li hn. li
in 500kV cn phi xt n tn tht vng quang, tn tht ny t l thun vi
in p, khi thi tit tt tn tht vng quang nh th in p cao c li, nhng
khi thi tit xu in p thp li c li hn.
c) m bo an ton cho li in v h thng in: Thit b phn phi in:
my bin p, thit b ng ct, s cch in... trong ch lm vic bnh thng
ch c th chu c in p cc i khong t 5 n 10% in p nh mc, do
phi iu chnh in p sao cho khng xy ra cc tnh hung ny.
i vi nt ti ln v h thng in, in p nh hng n n nh in p v
n nh tnh nn cng phi ch khi iu chnh in p.
2. Phng thc iu chnh in p
Xt li in trn hnh 2.3.
0, U0
P0 + jQ0
X = XL, R
P = P1,
Q = Q1
a)
1, U1
P1 + jQ1
0, U0
P0 + jQ0
R, X = XL - XC
P = P1,
Q = Q1-Qb
1, U1
XC
P1 + jQ1
B dc
Qb
B ngang
b)
Hnh 2.3.
iu chnh in p y l iu chnh mun ca in p. Mun in p ch
yu do thnh phn dc trc ca in p quyt nh. in p U1 ti nt 1 khi bit
in p U0 ti nt ngun 0, b qua tn tht cng sut trn ng dy l :
U1 = U 0
PR + QX
U0
(II.6a)
Ta thy in p nt 1 ph thuc vo:

- in p ngun U0;
- Dng cng sut phn khng Q v tc dng P trn li in;
- in tr R v cm khng X ca li in.
Nh vy mun iu chnh in p ti nt 1 ta c th tc ng vo 3 thnh phn:
* in p nt ngun U0.
* Dng cng sut phn khng Q v cng sut tc dng P.
* in tr R v cm khng X ca li in.
Trn li in cao v siu co p: in tr nh hn nhiu so vi in khng do
c th vit li phng trnh trn :
U1 = U 0
QX
U0
(II.6b)
Ta thy in p trn cc nt h thng ch ph thuc vo dng cng sut phn

khng Q. li in in p thp hn, in p ph thuc c vo dng cng
sut tc dng. Tuy nhin ta khng th iu chnh dng cng sut tc dng v
l cng sut yu cu ca ph ti. in tr ca li in trung, h p c nh
hng n in p nn c th chn tit din dy bo m in p, cn trn
li in cao v siu cao p in tr t nh hng n in p do dng dy tit
din ln, nn khng chn tit din theo tn tht in p m chn theo iu kin
mt dng in kinh t (Jkt). Nh vy iu chnh in p phi da ch yu vo
iu chnh dng cng sut phn khng hay chnh xc hn l iu chnh cn bng
cng sut phn khng trong li in v cm khng X. Nu ngun in l my
pht in th in p trn cc ca n c iu chnh bng cch iu chnh dng
in kch thch (gi tt l iu chnh kch t). Nu ngun l my bin p trung
gian th iu chnh bng cch iu chnh u phn p. iu chnh u phn p l
iu chnh dng cng sut phn khng, mun iu chnh thnh cng th li
in phi c ngun cng sut phn khng. Dng cng sut phn khng Q trn
li in c iu chnh bng cch t t b (b ngang- hnh II.1b) ti nt ti
lm gim dng cng sut phn khng ly t ngun:
Q = Q1- Qb
Cn in tr v cm khng th c chn trc theo iu kin in p, i
vi cm khng X nu qu ln c th dng t b dc (hnh II.1b) gim bt:
X = XL- XC
XL: cm khng ca ng dy in
XC: dung khng ca t in.
iu chnh in p trn li in c th thc hin di ti trong khi li in
ang lm vic hoc iu chnh ngoi ti: dng cng tc ca li in iu

chnh. Nu vic iu chnh phi thc hin nhiu ln trong ngy th phi iu
chnh di ti, nu trong 1 nm mi cn iu chnh mt vi ln th nn iu
chnh ngoi ti v l do kinh t.
Trong thc t vic iu chnh c kt hp gia 3 hnh thc:
- iu chnh t ng theo thi gian thc: nhm p ng tc thi cc bin thin
nhanh ca in p bo m an ton cho h thng in. l iu chnh kch t
my pht, iu chnh u phn p t ng cc my bin p trung gian, iu
chnh my b tnh SVC.
- iu chnh di ti bng tay: iu chnh u phn p my bin p trung
gian, t b.
- iu chnh ngoi ti: iu chnh u phn p my bin p phn phi, my
bin p trung gian, t b ngang, t b dc.
Nu li in c ng dy 500kV th cn phi dng thm khng b ngang
iu chnh in p cho ng dy ny.
3. Phn cp iu chnh in p
iu chnh in p trong li in c phn chia lm 2 cp:
a) Cp h thng in
mc ch iu chnh in p ca cp ny l:
- Gi in p u vo cc trm trung gian trong cc ch vn hnh
sao cho vic iu chnh in p cp li phn phi c thun li.
- Gim tn tht in nng.
- m bo an ton cho h thng in v li in.
b) iu chnh in p li phn phi.
Mc ch:
- m bo cht lng in p cho ph ti.
- An ton cho li in.
- Gim tn tht in nng.
II.3. iu chnh in p trn li in h thng v truyn ti
Trn li in h thng v truyn ti c cc thit b iu chnh in p:
- My pht in.
- T b c nh v t b iu khin n gin theo bc.
- My b tnh SVC.
- Khng b.
- My bin p iu p ngoi ti v di ti.
Cc thit b ny c chn v cng sut, v tr v cch thc iu khin theo
tiu chun ti u: m bo iu chnh in p hiu qu v c gi thnh r nht.
Qu trnh iu chnh c chia lm 3 giai on:
- iu chnh cp 1: do cc thit b t ng thc hin tc thi: iu chnh
kch t, svs... nhm m bo mc in p an ton cho h thng trong mi
tnh hung.
- iu chnh cp 2: iu chnh chm hn bng tay hoc t ng nhm
a in p v mc yu cu, cc iu vin tin hnh iu chnh
bng tay, t xa hoc ti ch cc u phn p ca cc my bin p, ng

ct t b... sao cho in p cc nt kim tra trn li h thng t
c gi tr yu cu.
- iu chnh cp 3: iu chnh gim tn tht in nng, iu chnh
ny thc hin cho cc ch xc lp ko di, nng in p ln mc
trn gim tn tht in nng. Ring ng dy 500kV phi tnh n
tn tht vng quang khi iu chnh in p, nu tri xu nn gi in
p thp gim tn tht vng quang v tn tht ny khi thi tit su rt
ln.
II.4. iu chnh in p trong li phn phi
1. lch in p trn cc thit b dng in
Mc ch ca iu chnh in p trongli in phn phi l m bo cht
lng in nng cho ph ti in, trc ht l lch in p so vi nh mc
trn cc cc thit b dng in. lch in p l tiu chun chung, quan trng
nht cho mi ph ti in, c iu chnh chung cho mi li phn phi in.
Cn cc tiu chun khc l dao ng, khng i xng v khng sin c
tnh cc b c hn ch n mc cho php nh cc bin php iu chnh cc
b nhng ni cn thit.
lch in p so vi in p nh mc c tnh nh sau:
U U m
100[%]
(II.7)
U =
U m
U l in p thc t trn thit b dng in.
Tiu chun cht lng in p (vit tt l CLA) quy nh: lch in p
trn cc thit b dng in khng c vt ra ngoi phm vi cho php:
U- U U+
(II.8)
-,
+
U U c quy nh bi tiu chun CLA. Thng U- = - 5%, U+ = 5%.
lch in p nh hng n hot ng ca tt c cc loi thit b dng in.
in p tng cao lm tng tiu th in trong thit b, gy pht nng tng cao c
th lm hng thit b. V d n in si t d chy khi in p tng cao. in
p gim thp lm gim tiu th in nng, gim nng sut ca thit b gy h
hng sn phm, v d in p thp lm gim mnh quang thng ca n in,
n hunh quang c th khng khi ng c.
lch in p l tiu chun chnh ca CLA, n nh hng rt ln n
cu trc ca li in.
2. nh gi cht lng in p trong li h p
Li n phn phi h p ( vit tt l LPPHA)cp in cho i b phn thit b
dng in. Trong LPPHA ch no cng c th u thit b dng in, do
trong ton li phn phi h p v trong mi thi gian in p phi tho mn
tiu chun
U- Uxt U+
(II.9)
x- a im, t- thi gian.
Tuy nhin s c 2 v tr v 2 thi im m CLA c m bo th cng s
c m bo trong mi a im v thi gian cn li. l im u (im B)
10
v im cui li HA (im A, l im c in p thp nht) (hnh II.5) trong 2

ch ph ti max v min. Phi hp cc iu kin trn ta vit c 4 tiu
chun, trong quy c s 1 ch ch max, s 2 ch ch min:
U- UA1 U+
U- UA2 U+
U- UB1 U+
(II.10)
U- UB2 U+
Th hin trn th ta thy lch in p phi lun nm trong vng gch cho
trn hnh 2.4 gi l min cht lng in p.
B
U+
Min CLA
0
U-
Hnh 2.4. Min cht lng in p.

Nu s dng tiu chun (II.10) th phi o c in p c 2 im A v B
trong 2 ch max v min. Trong im A rt kh xc nh, mt khc nhiu
khi ch cn nh gi k thut li phn phi trung p. Do ta c th quy i
v nh gi cht lng in p ch im B l im u ca li phn phi h
p cng l thanh ci h p ca trm phn phi.
Ta bit:
UA1 = UB1 - UH1
(II.11)
UA2 = UB2 - UH2
UH l tn tht in p trn LHA
Thay vo (I.10): U- UB1 - UH1 U+
U- UB2 - UH2 U+
U- UB1 U+
U- UB2 U+
2 bt phng trnh trn l tiu chun nh gi cht lng in p im A quy
v B, 2 bt phng trnh sau l tiu chun nh gi cht lng in p chnh
im B.
Chuyn UH1 v UH2 2 bt phng trnh u sang hai v:
U- + UH1 UB1U+ + UH1
U- + UH2 UB2 U+ + UH2
U- UB1 U+
U- UB2 U+
Ta nhn thy nu 2 bt phng trnh trn tho mn v tri th 2 phng trnh sau
cng tho mn, cn nu 2 phng trnh sau tho mn v phi th 2 phng trnh
11
trn cng tho mn do tiu chun cht lng in p ch cn l

U- + UH1 UB1 U+
(II. 12)
U- + UH2 UB2 U+
Trn hnh 2.5 l th biu din tiu chun (II.12), ch max ng vi cng
sut max Pmax cn ch min ng vi cng sut min Pmin ca ph ti.
Min CLA
U+
1
2
2
-
UH2
3
1
Hnh 2.5.
UH1
Tiu chun ny c p dng nh sau: Cho bit UH1 v d = 5% theo tiu

chun tn tht in p trong li phn phi h p. Bit Pmax, Pmin ta tnh c
UH2 = (Pmin/Pmax)UH1, sau lp th nh gi CLA nh trn hnh 2.5.
Sau o in p trn thanh ci trm phn phi trong ch max v min tnh
UB1 v UB2. t 2 im ny vo th ri ni chng bng 1 ng thng, l
ng in p thc t. Nu ng ny nm gn trong min cht lng th CLA
ca LPP l tt (ng 1). Nu c phn nm ngoi min CLA nh ng 2 v 3
th CLA l khng t yu cu. Tu theo v tr ca ng in p m c th rt
ra cch thc iu chnh. V d: ng 2 khng t yu cu nhng c th ci thin
bng cch thay i u phn p c nh ca MBA phn phi, c th l dng u
phn p cao hn, ng in p s tnh tin ln pha trn v i vo min CLA.
Trong trng hp ng 3 th khng th thay i u phn p c nh m ci
thin c, v nu ch max c ci thin th ch min s b hng. Trong
trng hp ny ch c th dng bin php xoay ngang ng in p bng cch
iu p di ti trm trung gian, hoc dng t b c iu chnh.
3. Din bin in p trong li din
Xt mt li phn phi trn hnh II.6.
ch max, nh iu p di ti trm TG, in p u ngun t lch
E1. Tn tht in p UTA1 lm in p trn thanh ci trung p ca trm PP gim
xung (ng 1), nhng nh c u phn p c nh MBA PP nn in p
tng ln thm EP, u ra ca MBA PP in p li tt xung do tn tht in p
trong MBA PP UB1, im A cui li phn phi h p in p xung thp
na do tn tht in p trong li h p UH1.
ch min cng tng t (ng 2). tng p EP do t u phn p c
nh gi nguyn gi tr cho ch min.
Nu ng in p trong li h p nm gn trong min CLA (min gch
cho) th CLA ca li l tt, ngc li l khng tt cn phi thc hin cc
12
bin php iu chnh.

T s c th lp cc biu thc tnh ton:
UB1 = E1 - UTA1 + EP - UB1
UB2 = E2 - UTA2 + EP - UB2
UA1 = UB1 - UH1
UA2 = UB2 - UH2
E
(II.13)
UB
UTA
UH
UB
A
UA
1- Ch
Max
1-Ch
max;
2-Ch
min
2- Ch Min
EP=7,5
UB1
5
1
UTA1
UB2
0
2
UTA2
-5
UH2
UH1
Min CLN
Min
CLA
Hnh 2.6
4. Phng thc iu chnh in p trong li phn phi
a) Phng thc chung
Trong cc cng thc (II.13) ta nhn thy ch c tn tht in p trong my bin
p l khng th thay i c, cn tt c cc thnh phn khc u c th thay
i iu chnh cht lng in p.
Cc bin php iu chnh in p l:
1. iu chnh in p u ngun E1 v E2 bng cch iu p di ti t ng
hoc bng tay MBA trung gian. Trong mt s trng hp cng c th t u
phn p c nh cc trm ny nhng ni chung l phi dng my bin p c
iu p di ti.
2. t ng u phn p c nh ca my bin p phn phi t c tng
thm in p EP.
3. La chn ng dy dn iu chnh tn tht in p trn li phn phi
trung v h p. U trn li trung p v h p phi nh hn tn tht in p cho
php tng ng UTACP, UHACP.
l 3 bin php chnh c s dng phi hp iu chnh in p.
Trong s t trng hp ring m cc bin php ny vn khng hiu qu th c
th dng cc bin php ph thm l:
4. B cng sut phn khng ph ti.
5. B dc trn ng dy trung p
13
6. Dng cc my iu chnh in p
b) Tiu chun iu chnh in p
tng in p E1, E2: c 2 loi iu chnh:
+ Khc thng: gi in p u ngun li phn phi trung p (thanh ci h p
ca trm trung gian...) ch max: E1 = 5%, ch min E2 = 0%. Trong tnh
ton, chn gi tr gn nht c th theo u phn p thc ca ca my bin p.
iu chnh ny dng cho ph ti sinh hot, ph ti th, nng thn c
chnh lch ph ti max/ph ti min cao. Thi gian ca cc ch xc nh theo
iu kin c th ca li in.
+ iu chnh thng: Gi in p u ra trm trung gian trong ch max v
min bng nhau, gi tr c th tu thuc kt cu li in v th ph ti, trong
cc khong thi gian khc nhau gi tr ny c th khc nhau. iu chnh ny
dng cho li in cng nghip cp in cho ph ti c th gn bng phng.
c) Tn tht in p trn li in phi bng hoc nh hn gi tr cho php,
trnh by trong chng 6.
d) u phn p ca my bin p phn phi c chn theo s li in v 2
tiu chun trn.
5. Phng thc iu chnh in p my bin p trung gian
Tt c cc my bin p lc u c b phn iu chnh in p, c 2 loi iu
chnh in p c th l:
- iu chnh ngoi ti, khi iu chnh phi ct ti, iu chnh mt s ln trong
nm.
- iu chnh di ti bng tay hoc t ng.
a) My bin p iu p ngoi ti
My bin p iu p ngoi ti c 5 u phn p c nh nh trn hnh 2.7.a.
UC
UH
-2x2,5% -2
-2,5% -1
0
+2,5% 1
+2x2,5% 2
UC
C
ZB
U'C
U
H
UB
a)
b)
Hnh 2.7
Cc u phn p c b tr pha cao p, u phn p 0 l u gia cho h s

bin p K0=UCm/UHm trong ch khng ti.
Khi dng u phn p n h s bin p Kn tng n.e0/100 cn khi dng u phn
p - n h s bin p gim n.e0/100 so vi K0. e0 l tng,gim in p, vi my
bin p c u phn p c nh thng e0=2,5%.
14
K n = K 0 (1 n.2,5 / 100) =
U pa( n)
U Cdm (1 n.2,5 /100) U pa( n)

=
U Hdm
U Hdm
= UCm(1 n.2,5/100)
(I.14)
(I.15)
L in p ca u phn p n, ngha ca n l: trong ch khng ti ca

my bin p nu mun c in p pha h l UHm khi dng u phn p n th
phi t vo pha cao U C ( n ) .Gi tr ca UCm v UHm ph thuc vo loi my
tng hay gim p v nh ch to.
V d:
my bin p gim p c UCm = Um ca li in pha cao cn UHm = 1,05 hoc
1,1.Um ca li in pha h, v d my bin p h p 2 dy cun 16000kVA 110/11 c ngha l UCm = 110kV, UHm = 11kV. Vi my bin p ny ta tnh
c Upa(n):
u phn p
Upa(n)= UCm(1n.2,5/100)
+2 115,5
- 1 107,25
+1 112,75
- 2 104,5
0110
b) My bin p iu chnh in p di ti
Cc loi my bin p iu chnh in p di ti:
- MBA ngun thng c trang b iu p di ti (ADT) cho php thay i
u phn p trong vn hnh t in p ra cn thit. Thay i u phn p tc
l tng hoc gim s vng dy nht nh ca cun cao p do lm thay i h
s bin p.
C 2 loi iu p di ti:
- iu chnh dc: iu chnh mun ca in p;
- iu chnh ngang: iu chnh gc pha gia cc in p trong li in kn.
My bin p iu chnh ngang dng iu chnh dng cng sut tc dng
trong li in kn, cn my bin p iu chnh dc iu chnh dng cng sut
phn khng v mun in p. iu chnh in p dc v ngang c th thc
hin nh my bin p b tr u vo my bin p chnh iu chnh in p.
Trn h.II.8.a l cch b tr du phn p my bin p dy cun, cc u phn p
nm pha cao p dng in nh d dp h quang sy ra khi iu chnh u
phn p. Trn h. II.9b,c,d l cch b tr u phn p my bin p t ngu. C 3
cch b tr : trung tnh (h.II.9.b), iu p cun trung (h.2.8.c), iu p cun
cao(h.2.8.d).
Trn hnh II.8.e l s my bin p b tr iu chnh ngang cn trn hnh 2.8.f
l s my bin p b tr iu chnh dc, l cc bin p c ghp ni vo
cc my bin p thng iu chnh in p. My bin p b tr iu chnh
15
ngang c my bin p ph 3 ly in p ph thm t pha B,C ca my bin p

lc cng vo in p pha A trong my bin p ph 2. V in p ph thm e2
vung gc vi in p pha A cho nn n lm cho in p ny quay i 1 gc
tu theo nc iu chnh c chn. My bin p b tr iu chnh ngang dng
trong li in kn iu chnh dng cng sut tc dng. My iu chnh in
p trn ng dy: my ny ch lm nhim v iu chnh dc, di ti c th
u trn ng dy in, c dng rng ri trong iu chnh in p. Trn hnh
2.9; 2.10 l s my iu chnh in p.
T
T
Hnh 2.9.a,b,c,d,e,f
a)
c)
b)
d)
Hnh 2.10.
16
My bin p iu chnh dc dng ph bin

mi cp in p iu chnh modun in
p. Hin nay tt c cc trm trung gian u
dng my bin p iu chnh dc.
My iu chnh dc ly in p ph thm
trc tip t cng 1 pha vi in p cn iu
chnh trn MBA lc v cng vo n trong
MBA ph 2. V 2 in p cng pha nn n
lm tng hoc gim modul ca in p c
iu chnh.
Hnh 2.11.
c) Cu to ca b phn iu chnh in p dc.

Cc vng dy ph iu chnh bao gi cng t pha cao p dng thao tc
nh, d dp h quang. S cho 1 pha ca MBA ADT trn hnh II.11, c 2
loi: hn ch dng in bng cun cm X (hnh II.11.a) v hn ch dng in
bng in tr R (hnh II.11.b). Trong s : K1,K2 l cc khi ng t, T l
cc tip in ng, TC l phn tinh chnh cn SC l phn s chnh. My bin p
2 dy qun iu p di ti c nhiu loi, v d loi 19 u phn p vi e0 =
1,78%. Nh vy h s bin p thay i c 9.1,78%. V d my bin p
115/11kV:
u
phn
p
Upa(n)=
u
UCm(1n.2,5/100) phn
p
Upa(n)=
UCm(1n.2,5/100)
133,4
-1
113
131,4
-2
110,9
129,3
-3
108,9
127,3
-4
106,8
125,2
-5
104,8
123,2
-6
102,7
121,1
-7
100,7
119,1
-8
98,6
117,0
-9
96,6
115
MBA 220kV c 17 u vi e0=1,5%, min iu chnh 12%.

d) Tnh chn u phn p my bin p trung gian
Ta c th tnh c u phn p cn t cho tng ch vn hnh khi bit in
17
p u vo trm trung gian UC v in p yu cu pha trung p Uyc mt cch

gn ng nh sau:
Ta c th tnh chuyn i in p yu cu Uyc v pha cao p:
UC = Uyc.kB + UB
kB l h s bin p, kB = Upa/UTm
Upa l in p ca u phn p cn la chn, UTm l in nh mc pha trung,
thng bng 1,1 hay1,05 Um ca li phn phi trung p.
Gi thit rng in p ny phi bng in p hin c UC:
UC = Uyc.Upa/UTm + UB = UC ta rt ra
Upa = (UC - UB)
U Tm
U yc
(II.16)
Sau khi tnh c Upa ta chn u phn p gn nht.

Vi Upa chn theo cng thc ny v vi UC cho trc th in p pha TA gn
bng in p yu cu Uyc (ln hn hoc nh hn 1 cht).
V d:
my bin p trung gian c Sbm = 16000kVA, c 16 u phn p x 1,78%,
115/11kV.
in p ra yu cu: E1 = 5%, E2 = 0% tnh ra Uycmax= 10,5kV, Uycmin = 10kV.
Ch max c: UCmax = 118kV, DUbmax = 4,5kV.
Ch min UCmin = 115kV, DUbmin=2,2kV.
p dng (I.16) cho ch max:
U pa max = (118 4,5)
11
= 118,9 kV
10,5
chn u tiu chun 119,1kV.
Kim tra:
U T max = (U c max U b max )
U Tdm
11
= (118 4,5)
= 10, 483 kV
U pa max
119,1
t yu cu.
Cho ch min
U pa min = (115 2,2)
11
= 124, 08
10
U T min = (U c min U b min )
kV chn u tiu chun 123,2kV
U Tdm
11
= (115 2,2)
= 10.07 kV
U pa min
123,2
t yu cu.
e) p dng MBA ADT trong HT

MBA ADT hoc MBA b tr cn c s dng tt c cc trm KV v TG
cp in cho li trung p. ADT nhm t c mc in p ngun yu cu
cho li phn phi trung p, m hai gi tr tiu biu l lch in p E1 v E2
trong ch max v min.
- Nu trm mi t th dung ngay MBA ADT (hnh 2.12.a).
- Nu ci to trm c th t thm MBA b tr u ra pha trung p (hnh
2.12.b).
- Nu yu cu in p 1 xut tuyn khc yu cu in p chung th t thm 1
MBA b tr 1 xut tuyn ny (hnh 2.12.c).
- Nu cc xut tuyn chia thnh nhm c cng yu cu in p th c th khng
cn t MBA ADT, m t MBA b tr cho tng nhm xut tuyn (hnh
18
2.12.d).
- MBA 3 cun dy: ADT ch c th tho mn yu cu in p 1 u ra, vy
nu cn phi t thm MBA b tr cho u ra kia. (2.12e).
Hnh 2.12
II.5. u phn p c nh MBA PP:
Trn hnh II.13. l s PA c nh ca MBA PP v b chuyn i. Cc PA
ny ch c th chuyn i khi MBA c ct khi li. MBA c ch to sao
cho, ch khng ti, nu in p t vo pha cao l UCm th, nu dng PA s
1 th in p pha h ng bng UHm, nu dng PA s 2 th UH = UHm(1 +
eo/100), eo l tng thm n p gia 2 u phn p k tip tnh bng % UHm.
Nu dng PA s 3 th
UH = UHm(1 + 2 eo/100),
Nu dng PA N th
UH = UHm(1 + (N- 1)eo/100).
Nh vy tng thm in p EP
ng vi PA N l:
EP = 100[UH - UHm]/UHm = 100[UHm(1 + (N- 1)eo/100) - UHm]/UHm =
= (N- 1)eo [%] (7.14)
Bng sau y cho EP ca MBA c 3 PA vi eo = 5% v MBA c 5 PA vi eo
= 2,5%.
Hnh 2.13.
19
3 PA
N
E P%
1
0
2
5
3
10
5 PA
N
E P%
1
0
2
2,5
3
5
4
7,5
5
10
nh gi cht lng in p v chuyn i u phn p thc hin hng nm theo

ma, khi th ph ti thay i nhiu
II.6. Tnh ton iu chnh in p
Tnh ton iu chnh in p gm kim tra CLA mt trm h p no ,
chn u phn p c nh MBA PP, tnh cc bin php iu chnh cn thit khc.
Do o c v tnh ton ta bit: E1, E2, UTA1, UTA2, UH1, UH2, UB1, UB2,
Pmin, Pmax.
T cc s liu ny tnh UB1, UB2 sau xy dng th CLA.
UB1 = E1 - UTA1 + EP - UB1
(II.15)
UB2 = E2 - UTA2 + EP - UB2
+
Min CLA b chn trn bi U v chn di bi ng ni 2 im: (U- +
UH2,Pmin) v (U- + UH1,Pmax).
t im (UB2, Pmin) v (UB1, Pmax), ni li ta c ng in p. Phn tch
kt qu, rt ra kt lun v bin php iu chnh.
V d 1: Chn u phn p cho MBA PP c cc iu kin sau:
E1 = 5%, E2 = 0%, UTA1=8%,UTA2 = 4%
UH1 = 5%, UH2 = 2%
UB1 = 4%, UB2 = 2%.
U+ = 5%; U- =- 5%
MBA c 5 PA vi eo = 2,5
Theo (7.15):
UB1 = 5 - 7 + EP - 4 = EP - 6 %
UB2 = 0 3+ EP - 2 = EP - 5 %
U- + UH1 = - 5 + 5 = 0 %
U- + UH2 = - 5 + 2 = - 3 %
20
Min
CLN
Min
CLA
(cht lng in p)
U
5
4
0
1
3
2
5
-5
6
1
Hnh 2.14
u phn p 1: EP = 0,
UB1 = - 6,
UB2 = - 5
2: EP = 2,5
UB1 = - 3,5, UB2 = - 2,5
3: EP = 5,
UB1 = 1,0
UB2 = - 0
4: EP = 7,5, UB1 = 1,5, UB2 = 2,5

5: EP = 10, UB1 = 4,
UB2 = 5
Trn hnh 2.14 l kt qu (ng 1 ng vi PA 1...). Ta thy PA 1, 2, 3
khng t yu cu v ng in p c phn nm ngoi min cht lng. Cc
PA 4, 5 t yu cu. Ta thy chn u phn p s 4 l tt hn c v ng in
p tng ng nm gia min cht lng.
V d 2: nh gi CLA ca TPP c cc thng s sau:
E1 = 4%, E2 = 5%, UTA1 = 8%, UTA2 = 4%, UH1 = 6%, UH2 = 3%
UB1 = 4%, UB2 = 2%.
MBA c 5 PA vi eo = 2,5, ang dng PA 2 c Ep = 2,5.
Ta tnh c: UB1 = 4 - 8 + 2,5 - 4 = - 5,5%; UB2 = 5 - 4 + 2,5 - 2 = 2,5%
ng in p l ng 6 trn hnh I.15. Ta thy CLA khng t yu cu v
khng th thay i PA iu chnh c. Cch iu chnh duy nht l soay
ngang ng in p, c th l iu chnh E1 sao cho UB1 = 0. Ta tnh c E1:
UB1 = E1 - 8 + 2,5 - 4 = 0 suy ra E1 = 7,5%.
Mt cch t nhin, nu khng iu chnh th in p ngun lc ch min ln
hn ch max (E2 > E1), nh vy khng th m bo CLA. Mun m
bo CLA phi iu chnh sao cho in p ch max ln hn ch min
(E1 > E2), nh vy l phi o ngc xu th t nhin, ta gi cch iu chnh
nh vy l iu chnh ngc. iu chnh ngc ch c th thc hin nh iu p
21
di ti.
kho st ch in p v tnh ton iu chnh in p trong LPP thc t
phi dng MTT v cc m hnh ton hc c bit.
II.7. iu chnh in p bng b ngang v b dc
Trong mt s trng hp U trn ng dy trung p qu ln th c th gim
bng cch t t b ngang hoc b dc bng t in.
1. B ngang
Trc khi b (hnh 2.15a):
U =
1
10.U m 2
(Pi.Ri + Qi.X1)
ly cho ton ng dy.

Sau khi b tn tht in p gim i
1 lng l:
Ub = (1/10.Um2) Qb. Xi
ly n im t b
Sau khi b: U = U - UB
Hnh 2.15.
Bn cht vn khng thay i nu ta coi U ca li vn gi nguyn nhng

a thm vo u ngun tng thm in p Ek:
Ek = Ub = (1/10.Um2) Qb. Xi
Nu biu Ek ta tnh c Qb, nu ng dy cng tit din:
(II.17)
Qb = 10.Um2Ek / X [kVAr,kV,W]
X l cm khng t u ng dy n im t b.
Nu cng sut phn khng cn b qu ln th c th chia ra nhiu im b (hnh
II.15b). Ta c phng trnh v nh:
(II.18)
Qb1.X1 + Qb2.X2 = 10.Um2Ek / X
Cn nhc 1 s phng n ta s chn c a im t v dung lng b hp l.
Ch rng b ch c hiu qa khi X ca li in ln (ng dy trn khng)
v khi cos ca li trc khi b thp.
22
2. B dc (hnh 2.16)
Hnh 2.16
B dc l t t b ni tip vi ng dy, lm gim cm khng ca n, do
lm gim U.
U = [P.R + Q.(X - XC)]/(10.Um2)
Nu bit tng in p cn thit Ek v Q ca ph ti ta tnh c XC:
XC = 10.Um2.Ek/Q [, kV, kVAr]
(II.19)
Bit 1 t in c in p nh mc l U0 kV, cng sut Q0 kVAr ta tnh c
cm khng:
XC0= U02.1000/Q0 [, kV, kVAr]
Bit b t gm m hng, mi hng n t b (hnh 7.17.b), bit XC ta tnh c m
v n:
n phi tho mn iu kin v in p:
n.U0 Ut
Ut l in p thc trn t in: = S. XC /(1000.3.Um) [kV,kVA,,kV]
Xuy ra:
(II.20)
n S.XC / (1000.3.U0.Um)
m phi tho mn iu kin v dng in:
m.I0 I
I0 =
Q0
U0
;I=
I
I0
S
3.U m
S.U 0
3.U m
n.X C 0
Q0 XC
(II.19)
II.8. Cc bin php gim dao ng in p, khng i xng v khng hnh sin
1. Gim dao ng in p
Nguyn nhn dao ng in p l:
- Khi ng cc ng c;
23
- S thay i t ngt cng sut ca ng c cng sut ln.

Theo tiu chun Lin x c dao ng trn n in t 1,5% n 4% khng
c ln hn 10 ln trong 1 gi. Nu dao ng ln hn 4% th ch c php 1
ln trong 1 gi. i vi cc thit b c ph ti thay i mnh, cho php dao
ng in p n 1,5% khng hn ch s lng. Nu in p gim ngn hn n
15% th khi ng t c th khng gi c, gy ct in. Dng khi ng ngn
hn ca ng c khng ng b (c thnh phn cm khng l ch yu) c th
gy ra trn li in c cm khng cao (thanh dn, ng dy trn khng) v
khng in gim p ln lm nh hng n lm vic bnh thng ca cc
ng c ang lm vic hoc ang khi ng. Nu in p gim thp qu th bn
thn ng c c th khi ng khng thnh cng. Cc my bm nc phc v
ti tiu gp hin tng ny.
Bng kh nng gy dao ng in p U% khi ng c h p khi ng:
CS(P)
25
MBA
kV
A
TA/0,4kV
Cng sut
ng c-kW
4,5
17
7
10
14
20
28
40
55
75
100
40
-
63
-
8,9 3,7
13,6 5,6
15,5 6,4
9,9
12,
8
100 160 250 400 630 1000

-
1,9
2,9
3,3
5,1
6,7
1,1
1,7
1,9
3,0
3,8
0,9
1,1
1,7
2,2
0,9
1,2
10,
2
15,
6
5,9
3,3
1,9
1,4
9,1
5,1
2,9
2,2
1,6
12,
3
15,
3
6,9
4,0
3,0
2,2
7,7
5,0
3,7
2,8
10,
4
5,9
4,5
3,4
S dao ng in p s nh hng n nh sng nu n u cng mng vi

ng c, l nh sng chiu cc b ca my cng c. V d: nu ng c c
cng sut 28 kW khi ng 12 ln /gi th MBA phi c cng sut ti thiu
630kVA.
24
Dao ng in p trn 1 nhnh li in s nh hng n in p ngun v gy

dao ng in p trn cc nhnh khc.
hn ch dao ng c th p dng cc bin php sau:
- Chn cng sut MBA ph hp vi ng c v my cng c c ph ti
bin i nhanh.
- Gim cm khng ng dy v khng in.
- Cung cp in cho ph ti c cng sut bin i mnh bng ng dy
ring.
- Hn ch dng khi ng v t khi ng ca ng c.
- Dng t ng iu chnh in p cho ng c ng b cng sut ln.
- Cho ng dy v MBA lm vic song song.
- C th cp in cho chiu sng bng ng dy ring hoc MBA ring.
- Nu ng dyc cm khng ln v ph ti bin i mnh th c th dng
t b dc.
2. Gim khng i xng
khng i xng do ph ti 1 pha gy ra v nh hng n cc ph ti 3
pha nh ng c v n li in. Khi xy ra khng i xng ln hn cho php
th phi dng cc thit b i xng ho. Thit b i xng ho trung p c s
nh trn hnh 2.17. Nu cng sut ca ph ti 1 pha ln hn 2% cng sut ngn
mch ti im u th nn t thit b i xng ho.
Hnh 2.17.
25
3. Gim khng sin

Ngun gc ca khng sin l cc b chnh lu, cc h quang in, lm vic
ca tihrystor... hn ch ngi ta dng cc b lc cng hng gm t v
khng c chnh nh cho tng sng hi (hnh 2.18.a). hn ch khng
sin, ngi ta lm cc b chnh lu c t 12 pha tr ln v u chnh lu qua
MBA ring hoc khng in (hnh 2.18.b).
Hnh 2.18.
Chng III. Cc gii php lm gim tn tht in nng
III.1. Tn tht cng sut v tn tht in nng
1. Phn loi tn tht
Tn tht gm 2 loi:
a) Tn tht k thut
L tn tht sinh ra do tnh cht vt l ca qu trnh ti in, tn tht ny ph
thuc tnh cht ca dy dn v vt liu cch in, iu kin mi trng, dng
in v in p.
Tn tht k thut chia lm 2 loi:
- Tn tht ph thuc dng in (ph thuc I2): l tn tht do pht nng
trn in tr ca my pht, my bin p v dy dn. Thnh phn ny l
thnh phn tn tht chnh trong HT.
- Tn tht ph thuc in p (U hoc U2) gm c:
+ Tn tht trong li thp ca my bin p
+ Tn tht trong cun p ca cng t in
+ Tn tht do d in tn tht vng quang
Tn tht k thut khng th trit tiu hon ton m ch c th hn ch mc
hp l hoc mc cho php.
b) Tn tht kinh doanh (cn gi l tn tht phi k thut)
L tn tht trong khu kinh doanh in.
26
2. Phn b tn tht k thut

HT c phn chia theo s sau (hnh 3.1):
Ngun
Li HT
Li
TT
TTG
LTA
LHA
Hnh 3.1.
LHT - Li h thng
TTG - trm trung gian
LTT - li truyn ti
LHA - li h p
TPP - trm phn phi
Tn tht cng sut c phn b nh sau:
Mc phn u
Mc cc i cho
php
Ring
Ring
Tch lu
0.50
3.50
4.00
0.50
5.00
2.00
0.50
4.00
8.00
8.50
13.50
15.50
Phn t
Ngun in
Li HT v trm khu
vc(TKV)
Li truyn ti(LTT)
Trm trung gian(TTG)
Li phn phi trung
p(LPP- TA)
Trm phn phi(TPP) v
LPP- HA
0.25
1.75
2.00
0.25
3.00
1.00
Tch
lu
0.25
2.00
4.00
4.25
7.25
8.25
HT c xem l rt tt nu tn tht cng sut di 10%, cos = 0,95 - 1,

cm khng ca MBA di 6%. Cc nghin cu v kinh t - k thut cho thy l
khi tn tht vt qu 10% in nng sn xut ra v cos = 0,9 - 0,95 th cn c
cc chng trnh gim tn tht v vn u t vo vic ny s thu li nhanh. Khi
tn tht vt qu 15% th nhiu kh nng l c tn tht kinh doanh,lc ny cn
tin hnh tnh ton tn tht k thut nh gi mc ca tn tht kinh doanh.
Mc tn tht cao ny e da s cn bng trong kinh doanh in.
27
Trong li phn phi trung - h p th tn tht in nng ch yu cc khu:

- Trn dy dn li h p.
- Trn dy dn li trung p.
- Thnh phn tn tht khng ti ca my bin p phn phi.
3. Tnh ton tn tht k thut trong vn hnh
Trong vn hnh vic tnh ton tn tht in nng rt kh khn do khng c
thng s ca li in in ang vn hnh. Nu dng cc thng s tra cu th
khng ph hp v sai s rt ln, khng c gi tr nh lng. Do mun xc
nh chnh xc tn tht in nng trn mt li in c th no th phi kt
hp gia o c thc t v tnh ton.
4. Cc bin php gim tn tht cng sut v in nng
Cc bin php gim tn tht cng sut v tn tht in nng c th chia lm 2
nhm:
a) Cc bin php i hi vn u t: Gm cc bin php:
- B kinh t trong li phn phi bng t in.
- Tng tit din dy dn ng dy hin c
- Lm thm ng dy mi.
- Hon thin cu trc li c th vn hnh vi tn tht nh nht, lm thm
im ct li, ng dy in ni...
- Thay th li in in p thp bng li in in p cao hn, v d thay
li in 10kV bng li in 22kV.
- San ti trong mt ng dy hoc gia cc dng dy khc nhau, c th
phi lm thm cc on ng dy in ngn hoc thm tm bin p.
Cc bin php cn vn u t trc khi thc hin phi lm lun chng kinh
t - k thut cn thn, bo m chc chn l c li mi thc hin.
b) Cc bin php khng i hi vn u t:
- Vn hnh kinh t trm bin p c nhiu my bin p.
- Vn hnh kinh t li in trung, h p nu cu trc ca chng cho php.
- Phn b ti u cng sut phn khng trong h thng in lm cho dng cng
sut phn khng vn chuyn hp l trn cc ng dy cho tn tht nh nht.
- Chn ng cng sut my bin p ph hp vi yu cu ca ph ti, trnh
hin tng my bin p qu non ti.
- iu chnh ng in p trong li in.
- Gim khng i xng trong li in h p.
- Bo qun tt li in hn ch d in (s cch in), kp thi pht hin
cc im d in ln v khc phc.
III.2. B kinh t cng sut phn khng trong li in phn phi:
1. Cng sut phn khng
Cng sut phn khng do ph ti yu cu mang thuc tnh cm, sinh ra t
trng cn thit cho qu trnh chuyn i in nng. T trng xoay chiu cn
mt in nng dao ng - l cng sut phn khng c thuc tnh cm Q,
in nng ca t trng dao ng di dng dng in, khi i trn dy dn n
gy tn tht in nng v tn tht in p khng li cho li in (hnh 3.2a).
28
Ngun in
Q - QC
a)
QC
Q ph ti
Ngun in
b)
Q - QC
QC
Hnh 3.2.
Mun gim c tn tht in nng v tn tht in p do t trng gy ra
ngi ta t mt t in ngay st vng t trng hnh 3.2b. T in gy ra in
trng xoay chiu, in trng cng cn mt in nng dao ng - cng sut
phn khng dung tnh QC, nhng ngc v pha so vi t trng. Khi t trng
pht nng lng th in trng nhn vo v ngc li. Nh c tnh ny m khi
t cnh nhau in trng v t trng to ra mch dao ng, nng lng ca
chng truyn qua li cho nhau, ch c phn tha ra Q - QC (d in cm hay
in dung) mi i v ngun in. Nh vy dng cng sut phn khng gim i.
Cng sut phn khng dung tnh i v ngun cng gy tn tht in nng nh
cng sut phn khng cm tnh, nhng v in p th n lm tng in p nt
ti so vi ngun (tn tht in p m). V th khi t b cng phi trnh khng
gy qu b (QC>Q).
2. Phng thc b cng sut phn khng
B cng sut phn khng mang li 2 li ch: gim tn tht in nng v ci
thin in p.
C 3 loi b cng sut phn khng:
- B k thut nng cao in p. Do thiu cng sut phn khng in p s
thp. Nu cng sut phn khng ngun thiu th b cng sut phn khng
l cng bc l cch duy nht. Nu ngun khng thiu cng sut phn
khng thi b cng sut phn khng l mt gii php nng cao in p, cnh
trnh vi cc bin php khc nh l tng tit din dy, iu p di ti...
- B kinh t gim tn tht cng sut v tn tht in nng.
- Trong li x nghip phi b cng bc m bo cos theo yu cu, b
ny khng phi do in p thp hay tn tht in nng cao m do yu cu
t h thng in. Tuy nhin li ch ko theo l gim tn tht in nng v
ci thin in p.
C 2 cch t b:
1. B tp trung mt s im trn trc chnh trung p.
2. B phn tn cc trm phn phi h p.
B theo cch 1, trn 1 trc chnh ch t 1 n 3 trm b (hnh 3.3). Cng sut
29
b c th ln, d thc hin iu khin cc loi. Dng t trung p nn gi thnh

n v b r v cng sut n v ln. Vic qun l v vn hnh d dng.
B tp trung
ng trc trung p
my bin p ph ti
Qb
Qb
Qb
Qb
B phn tn
Hnh 3.3.
B theo cch 2 gim dc tn tht cng sut v tn tht in nng nhiu hn
v b su hn. Nhng do b qu gn ph ti nn nguy c cng hng v t kch
thch ph ti cao. gim nguy c ny phi hn ch cng sut b sao cho
ch cc tiu cng sut b khng ln hn yu cu ca ph ti. Gi thnh n
v b cao hn b tp trung.
Trong thc t c th dng kt hp c 2 cch.
B kinh t thng p dng b c nh hoc l ng ct mt phn hay ton
b. Nu dng thit b ng ct th chi ph vn s cao v vn hnh phc tp,
lm gim hiu qu b kinh t. x nghip c iu kin u t mi p dng t
b c iu khin theo thi gian. Mc tiu ca bi ton b l tng i s ca cc
yu t li ch v chi ph c lng ho v mt th nguyn chung l tin.
Cc yu t khng th lng ho c v cc tiu chun k thut th c th
hin bng cc rng buc v hn ch.
Cc li ch ca b l:
- Gim c tn tht cng sut v tn tht in nng.
- Ci thin in p.
- Cc chi ph: vn u t ban u, chi ph vn hnh khng ng k.
Hn ch: nguy c t kch thch cc ng c ca ph ti, qu in p, cng
hng vi cc sng hi bc cao ca dng in.
Bi ton b cng sut phn khng trong li in phn phi (LPP) l bi
ton phc tp, v:
- Li phn phi c cu trc phc tp, 1 trm trung gian thng c nhiu
ng dy trc chnh, mi trc cp in cho nhiu trm phn phi. Cu
trc ca li phn phi pht trin lin tc theo thi gian v khng gian.
- Ch lm vic ca ph ti khng ng nht, ph ti tng trng khng ngng.
- Thiu thng tin chnh xc v th ph ti phn khng.
- Cng sut t l bin ri rc. Gi tin n v b c quan h khng tuyn
tnh vi cng sut b t.
Trc cc kh khn c th gii c bi ton b phi phn chia bi
ton b thnh cc bi ton nh hn v p dng cc gi thit gin c khc nhau.
Cc gi thit gin c phi m bo khng c lm sai lc qu ng n kt
qu tnh ton, n phi m bo c li gii gn vi li gii ti u l thuyt.
30
Cc gin c c th c p dng l:
- Bi ton c gii ring cho tng trc chnh.
- C th cho trc s im t b ch cn tm cc bin cn li.
- Gi thit th ph ti ca cc trm phn phi nh nhau v ging nh
th ph ti o c u trc chnh. th ph ti phn khng c th
c c trng bi cng sut phn khng trung bnh Qtb hay h s s
dng cng sut phn khng Ksd = Qtb/Qmax v thi gian s dng cng sut
phn khng Tq max.
Cng cn nhn mnh rng b kinh t khng th tch ri hon ton b k
thut.V b kinh t lm gim nh b k thut v 2 loi b ny c th phi hp
vi nhau to thnh mt th thng nht lm li cho ton h thng in.
3. Phn tch nh hng ca t b n tn tht cng sut tc dng v tn tht
in nng ca LPP trong cc trng hp n gin nht
a) LPP c mt ph ti
Xt li phn phi trn hnh II.4.a. Cng sut phn khng (CSPK) yu cu
max l Qmax, cng sut b l Qb, th ko di ca CSPK yu cu l q(t), th
ko di ca cng sut phn khng sau khi b l:
qb(t) = q(t) - Qb
Trn hnh III.4b: qb1(t) ng vi Qb = Qmin.
Trn hnh III.4c: qb2(t) ng vi Qb = Qmax.
Trn hnh III.4d: qb3(t) ng vi Qb = Qtb (CSPK trung bnh).
Hnh 3.4.
31
Tn tht cng sut tc dng do cng sut phn khng q(t) gy ra l:

q(t)2
U2
P1 =
R [kW, MVAr, kV]
U l in p nh mc ca li in.
Tn tht cng sut sau khi b:
P2 =
[q(t) - Q b ]2
U2
R=
q(t)2 - 2q(t).Q b + Q b 2
U2
Li ch v tn tht cng sut tc dng sau khi b chnh l gim tn tht cng
sut tc dng do b:
P(t) = P1 - P2 =
2.q(t).Q b - Q b 2
U2
R=
R.Q b .[2.q(t) - Q b ]
U2
(III.1)
Li ch do gim tn tht cng sut tc dng ch c ngha ch max ca h

thng khi m ngun cng sut tc dng b cng thng, gi thit tn tht cng
sut max ca li in trng vi max h thng, lc q(t) = Qmax v:
P =
2. Q max .Q b - Q b 2
U2
(III.2)
Ta d thy DP s ln nht khi Qb = Qmax:

Pmax
Q max 2
U2
=R
(III.3)
gim tn tht in nng trong khong thi gian xt T l tch phn ca DP(t)
theo (I.20) trong khong thi gian xt T:
T
[2.q(t).Q
A =
- Q b 2 ].R. dt
U2
2.T.Q tb .Q b - T.Q b 2
U2
R=
T.R.Q b .[2.Q tb - Q b ]
T.R.Q b .[2.K sdq .Q max - Q b ]
=
2
U
U2
(III.4)
V [ q(t).dt]/T = Qtb v Ksdq= Qtb/Qmax

Ly o hm ca (II.23) theo Qb, t = 0 ri gii ta c gi tr ca Qb cho
gim tn tht in nng ln nht:
A/ Qb= [2.T.Qtb - 2.Qb].R/U2 = 0
Rt ra:
Qbopt = Qtb
Khi
Amax = R.T.Qtb2 / U2
Nh vy mun gim c nhiu nht tn tht in nng th Qb phi = Qtb ca ph
ti. Trong khi mun gim c nhiu nht tn tht cng sut th Qb = Qmax.
Khng c lm dngs tng cng sut b v nh vy li ch do b s li
gim.
b) Li in phn phi c ph ti phn b u trn trc chnh
Xt li phn phi trn hnh 3.5.a.
Trong trng hp ny c vn l a im t b nn u hiu qu b l
ln nht. Cn vn gi tr cng sut b c gii quyt phn trn v vn
ng cho trng hp ny.
32
Hnh 3.5.
Gi thit rng ch t b ti 1 im v phi tm im t b ti u sao cho vi
cng sut b nh nht t hiu qu ln nht.
Ta xt ch max:
Tn tht cng sut tc dng trc khi b l:
P1 = r0.q02.L3/ (3.U2)
Ta t b sao cho cng sut phn khng QN t ngun cp cho on lx (on
0B) cn t b cung cp cng sut phn khng Qb cho on cn li l L- lx (on
BA hnh 3.5.b).
QN = lx.qo
Qb = (L- lx) qo
S d dng nhn thy rng mun cho tn tht cng sut tc dng v tn tht
in nng sau khi b l nh nht th trm b phi t chnh gia on L- lx,
cng sut phn khng ca t s chia u v 2 pha mi pha c di (L- lx)/2
v cng sut phn khng Qb/2 (hnh III.5.b). V tr t b s l
lb = lx + (L- lx)/2 = (L + lx)/2
Tn tht cng sut tc dng trn on lx l:
PN = (lx.q0)2.lx.r0/(3.U2) = lx3.q02.r0/(3.U2)
Tn tht cng sut tc dng trn on L- lx l:
Pb = 2.[(L- lx).q0/2]2.(L- lx).r0/(3.U2) = r0.(L- lx)3.q02/(12.U2)
Tng tn tht cng sut tc dng sau khi b l:
P2 = PN + Pb = lx3.q02.r0/(3.U2) + r0.(L- lx)3.q02/(12.U2)
=
r0 .q 0 2
3.U 2
[lx3 + (L- lx)3/4]
gim tn tht cng sut tc dng do b l:

P = P1 - P2 = r0.q02.L3/ (3.U2)
r0 .q 0 2 3
lx
3.U 2
+ (L- lx)3/4]
(III.5)
t o hm ca P theo lx ri t = 0 v gii ta c lxop:
DP
l x 3
33
=-
r0 .q 0
3.U 2
[3lx2 - 3(L - lx)2] = 0
lxop = L/3
T y ta c v tr b ti u lbop = 2.L/3
Nh vy mun gim tn tht cng sut tc dng do b ln nht ngun in
phi cung cp cng sut phn khng cho 1/3 di li in, t b cung cp cng
sut phn khng cho 2/3 cn li v t v tr cch u li in 2/3 L. T y
cng tnh c cng sut b ti u l 2/3 cng sut phn khng yu cu.
Ta cng d dng chng minh c rng c gim tn tht in nng ln
nht vn phi t b ti 2/3 L nhng cng sut b ti u l 2/3 cng sut phn
khng trung bnh. Trong li in phc tp v tr b ti u c th x dch mt
cht so vi li in n gin xt y.
Hai trng hp n gin trn y cho thy r v cc khi nim nh: gim
tn tht cng sut tc dng, gim tn tht in nng do b, cng sut b ti
u theo cc iu kin gim tn tht cng sut tc dng, gim tn tht in nng,
v tr t b cng nh iu kin cn thit gii bi ton b.
III.3. Mt s bi ton b n gin
1. B c nh trn li phn phi c 1 ph ti (hnh 3.6)
a) Gii phng trnh mc tiu:
U
Qtb
Qb
Hnh 3.6.
Hm mc tiu: F = cA.A - a.cb.Qb max
CA. A =
F=
C A .T.R.Q b .[2.Q tb - Q b ]
[/kWh,
1000.U 2
C A .T.R.[2Q b .Q tb - Q b 2 ]
1000.U 2
kWh, h, , kVAr, kV]
a.cB.Qb
Hn ch Qb Qbmin trong :
cA- Gi tn tht in nng [/kWh]
cb- Gi t b [/kVAr]
a- Li sut % yu cu.
T: 8760h.
Ly o hm ca F theo Qb, t = 0 ri gii ta c:
Qbop = Qtb - 1000.U2.a.cb/(2.cA.T.R)
(III.6)
Qtb l cng sut phn khng trung bnh ca t b tnh trong thi gian T.
V d p dng: R = 2,5 (nu b sau MBA th bao gm c in tr ca MBA),
Qtb = 300kVAr, a = 0,1, Cb = 200 000/kVAr, CA= 500 /kVAr, T = 8760h, U =
34
10kV, Qmin = 250kVAr.

a = 0,1 c ngha l nu em tin vn u t vo ch khc s c li 10%
nm, i hi khi u t cho b cng phi t li .
p dng cng thc (7.19) ta tnh c:
Qbop = Qtb - 1000.U2.a.Cb/(2.CA.T.R)
= 300- 1000.102.0,1.200000/(2.500.8760.2,5)
= 300 - 91,32 = 208,68kVAr
Qbop chp nhn c v nh hn Qbmin.
b) Tnh theo NPV vi gi thit chi ph cn li = 0,
Ch tnh chi ph khu hao:
20
NPV = [ TN t CPvht ]
1
Trong :
20
1
1
= [ TN t CPvht ]
t
(1 + r)
(1
r)t
+
1
1
(1 + r)T 1
=
t
r.(1 + r)T
t =1 (1 + r)
T
Nu khu hao u trong 20 nm th mi nm phi chi 40 000 000/20 = 2 000

000.
Ta tnh cho v d trn cho 1 phng n b 200kVAr: gi thit A khng i,
thu nhp 1 nm chnh l s tin gim c khng phi chi:
500.8760.2,5.200.[2.300- 200]
C .T.R.Q b [2.Q tb - Q b ]
=
TNt = CA. A = A
1000.10 2
1000.U 2
= 8 409 600
20
NPV = [ TN t CPvht ]
1
20
1
1
=
(8409600
2000000)
= 54545696
t
t
(1 + r)
1 1,1
Phi tnh cho nhiu phng n b ri chn phng n tt nht.

T s thu nhp/chi ph
B/C = 54 545 696/40 000 000 = 1,36.
Nu b 300kVAr th: NPV = 58 330 000; Vb = 60 000 000
B/C = 0,97. B 300 khng hiu qu bng 200kVAr
Cch thc khu hao c nh hng n NPV, v d nu khu hao nhanh hn
NPV s khc.
Nu cht ch cn phi phn tch ti chnh bit hiu qu ti chnh, khi
quyt nh u t s chc chn hn.
2. B trn trc chnh
Nu t b mt im trn trc chnh th cn chn a im: mun gim U th
nn t b ti im xa nht, mun gim P v A th t b ti khong 2/3
di li in tnh t ngun. Tnh b kinh t nh sau: Chn trc cng sut b,
t vo mt im gn cui li, tnh A ri x dch sang im ln cn, tm im
cho A max, sau c nh im t b v tnh cho cc phng n b khc
nhau. Nu tnh b gim U th cng thm d mt s im, trong cc im b
35
cho cng gim U c th c im cho gim A ln hn.

Cch tnh A cho 1 phng n b: Tnh Ai cho tng on li theo cng thc
(II.3):
Ai =
T.R i .Q bi .[ 2.K sdq .Q i - Q bi ]

1000.U 2
(III.7)
Trong : Qi,Qbi [kVAr] l dng cng sut phn khng v cng sut b i trn
on li i.
Ksdq gi thit nh nhau cho ton li, Ri [W] l in tr ca on li i. U l
in p nh mc [kV].
Phi tnh gii tch li in 2 ln, mt ln tnh Qi, mt ln tnh Qbi. Sau
tnh li ch do gim A cho tng on li: L0i nu tnh b k thut th tnh
cho Tb, cn tnh b kinh t th tnh theo T la chn. Tnh cho nhiu phng n
b ri lm php tnh so snh nh trong phn tnh cho li c 1 ph ti.
3. B trong li in x nghip
y l bi ton b cng bc: Phi b t cos1 t cos2 ti u vo x
nghip trong ch max. Nu bit P ta tnh c cng sut cn b Qb:
(III.8)
Qb = P.(tg1- tg2)
Qb ny c phn phi xung cc trm PP tranh th gim A trong x nghip.
Bi ton: Xc nh Qbi ti cc im t b sao cho P l min, P min khng c
ngha l A min, tuy nhin lm bi ton d i nhiu.
R1
N
Q1 - Qb1
Hnh 3.7.
R2
Q2 - Qb2
R3
Q3 - Qb3
Cng sut cn b l Qb.

Ta c hm mc tiu:
iu kin:
Do :
P = (Q1- Qb1)2.R1 + (Q2- Qb2)2.R2 + (Q3- Qb3)2.R3

Qb1 + Qb2 + Qb3 = Qb
P = (Q1- Qb1)2.R1 + (Q2- Qb2)2.R2 + (Q3- Qb + Qb1 + Qb2)2.R3

iu kin ti u l:
P/ Qb1 = - 2 (Q1- Qb1).R1 + 2(Q3- Qb + Qb1 + Qb2).R3 = 0
P/ Qb2 = - 2 (Q2- Qb2).R2 + 2(Q3- Qb + Qb1 + Qb2).R3 = 0
Ta nhn thy:
(Q1- Qb1).R1 = (Q2- Qb2).R2 = H (hng s)
Hay l:
Q1- Qb1 = H/R1
36
Q2- Qb2 = H/R2

(III.9)
Q3- Qb3 = H/R3
Cng 3 ng thc trn ta c:
Q1 + Q2 + Q3 - (Qb1 + Qb2 + Qb3) = H(1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3) = H.Rtd
Hay
(Q - Qb).Rtd = H
Thay H vo (7.25) ta c:
Qbi = Qi - (Q - Qb).Rtd/Ri
(III.10)
Thit b b c ng ct theo bc v theo thi gian khng xy ra qu b.
III.4. Mt s s thit b b
Trn hnh 3.8. l s t b cho li in cao p (hnh 3.8a), trung p (hnh
3.8b) v h p (hnh 3.8c).
Trn hnh III.9. l b b tng hp c iu khin dng chi x nghip cng nghip.
Nh c b khng iu khin bng tyristor cng sut khn khng ca b b lun
cn bng vi yu cu ca ph ti theo tiu chun:
QL + QC + Qr = Hs
QL - cng sut phn khng ca b khng c iu khin.
QC - cng sut phn khng ca b t c nh.
Qr - cng sut phn khng yu cu ca ph ti.
B t c ni tip vi khng in to thnh b lc cc sng hi bc cao.
Cng sut ca mi khng in c lp c iu khin c lp vi nhau. B b
ny tc ng rt nhanh, lin tc v chnh xc thch ng vi ph ti i xng v
khng i xng, c tc dng trit tiu hoc gim n ti a mi dao ng in
p, c tc dng loi tr s cng hng trn li. B b ny cho php khng cn
dng iu p di ti cho li x nghip, lm cho li ngun tr thnh hnh nh
v cng ln.
37
Hnh 3.8.
Hnh 3.9.
38
III.5. Vn hnh kinh t li in

1. Vn hnh kinh t trm bin p
Xt trm bin p c 2 my bin p vi thng s nh nhau:SBm, P0, PN; cng
sut ti l Smax, Smin, bi ton l xc nh s my bin p lm vic trong ch
cng sut ti thp sao cho tn tht cng sut nh nht.
Cng thc tnh tn tht cng sut ca 2 my bin p khi cng sut ti S l:
P2 = 2.P0 +
PN S 2
2 S 2Bdm
Cng thc tnh tn tht cng sut ca 1 my bin p l:

S2
P1 = P0 + PN 2
S Bdm
Ta tnh cng sut ti Sgh sao cho tn tht trong ch 1 my v 2 my bng

nhau:
S 2gh
P0 + PN 2
S
Bdm
P S gh
= 2.P0 + N 2
2 S Bdm
Rt ra iu kin vn hnh 1 my bin p l:

S < S Bdm .
2 P0
= S gh
PN
(III.11)
Nh vy nu cng sut ti nh hn cng sut gii hn Sgh th c th ct 1 my

gim tn tht cng sut, cng l gim tn tht in nng.
Nu c n my th iu kin vn hnh n- 1 my trong ch min l:
S < S Bdm .
(n(n 1)P0
PN
(III. 12)
Nu tnh tht chnh xc th phi k n nh hng ca tn tht cng sut phn

khng trong my bin p n tn tht cng sut tc dng trn li in:
S < S Bdm .
2P0 + k.Q 0
= S gh
PN + k.Q N
(III. 13)
k l h s gim tn tht cng sut tc dng do tn tht cng sut phn khng,
i vi trm trung gian 110/TA: k=0,15 ch max h thng v =0,1 ch
min h thng [10].
Q 0 = S Bdm
I0
U
; Q N = S Bdm N
100
100
(III.14)
DQN tnh cho ch ti bng cng sut nh mc ca my bin p

V d: 2 my bin p 110/10kV c SBm= 25 MVA; DP0 = 29 kW, DPN = 120kW.
S gh = 25
2.29
= 17,34 MW
120
Nu cng sut ti nh hn 17,34MW th nn vn hnh 1 my cho tn tht in

nng nh.
2. Thay my bin p ln bng my bin p nh hn
39
iu kin thay th l:
S2
P02 + PN 2 2
S Bdm2
S2
<
P
+
01
N1 2
S Bdm1
(III.15)
My bin p 2 c cng sut nh hn my bin p 1.

2.Vn hnh li in
Ta bit rng nu vn hnh kn li in th tn tht cng sut v tn tht in
nng s nh nht. Tuy nhin vn hnh kn ch c th thc hin li phn phi
h p vi cc mch vng n gin do mt ngun cung cp.
Vi li in trung p vn hnh kn mch vng 1 ngun l c th c, tuy
nhin mun tn dng li in ny v mt tin cy cung cp in th phi c
nhiu im phn on vi my ct v r le c hng, iu ny lm li in t
tin, t hn l li ch do tng tin cy cho nn hin nay li in ny vn vn
hnh h vi cc thit b phn on l dao cch ly c trang b iu khin xa hoc
m t ng. Nu li in kn vi thit b phn on thng th khi ngn mch
my ct c 2 u ng dy in s ct gy mt in nhiu hn l vn hnh h
khi ngn mch ch c mt phn li in b ct in.
Vi li in c 2 ngun c lp th khng th vn hnh kn v khi phn b
cng sut cho cc ngun s khng u v khi ng li sau s c c th gy dng
cn bng rt ln.
Nu vn hnh h th cn chn im ct ti u sao cho tn tht cng sut nh
nht.
Xt li in trn hnh 3.10. Ph ti phn b u vi mt p0[kW/km]
l[km], r0[W/km]
N1
A
p0[kW/km]
l-x
N2
Hnh 3.10.
vn hnh h, li in c ct ti im A.
Vi im ct li ti A, tn tht cng sut trn li in l:
(p 0 x)2 r0 .x [p 0 .(l x)]2 .r0 (l x)

P =
+
3.U 2dm
3.U 2dm
Tm x sao cho tn tht cng sut nh nht:
3.p 0 x 2 r0 3p 0 .(l x)2 .r0

d
P =
=0
dx
3.U 2dm
3.U 2dm

2
40
2lx - l = 0 x = l/2 (I.33.)

Ta thy nu ct li in im A tn tht cng sut s nh nht v bng:
Pmin
2(p 0 l / 2)2 r0 .l / 2 p 20 .l3 .r0

=
=
3.U 2dm
12U 2dm
(III.16)
y cng l tn tht khi vn hnh kn.

V d trn nhm minh ho s tht l c im ct li in ti u cho tn tht
cng sut nh nht. V d ny cng l c s chn im ct li in gia
cc trm trm phn phi h p, v cng sut dc cc ph c th coi l c phn b
u.
Vi li in cp th v li trn khng bi ton c gii theo tnh hnh c
th. Bi ton chn im ct li in c gii theo ma v th ph ti cc
ma khc nhau nhiu.
3. iu chnh in p
Tn tht cng sut v tn tht in nng ph thuc mnh vo mc in p (gi
tr trung bnh) vn hnh ca HT.
Trn li cao p n 220kV, tn tht cng sut ph thuc dng in (tn tht do
ph ti) chim u th so vi tn tht vng quang, tn tht ny t l nghch vi
in p do mc in p vn hnh cao c li v kinh t do tn tht nh. L do
l khi in p cao, dng in trn li s nh lm cho P, Q v A nh. Cng
sut phn khng do ng dy sinh ra s ln nht.
li in n 110kV h thng vn hnh in p st trn gim tn tht
in nng. Mc in p trn cao hn in p nh mc 10%.
Trn li siu cao p, tn tht do vng quang in l ng k, c th so snh
c vi tn tht in nng do ph ti nht l khi thi tit su, lm cho vic
iu chnh in p kh phc tp. Khi thi tit tt tng in p c li cn khi thi
tit xu gim in p s c li.
Trong li phn phi h p, tn tht cng sut ph thuc vo c tnh cng sut
ca ph ti, nu ph ti c ng c khng ng b nhiu th tng cao in p s
gim c tn tht cng sut. Nu ph ti nh sng v sinh nhit chim u th
th gim thp in p s c li.
4. Khi nim v DSM(Demend side management):
DSM l tng hp cc bin php nhm tit kim in nng trong s dng in
v khai thc ti u ngun in trn c s qun l ph ti .
Cc h dng in c khuyn khch s dng in nhiu trong cc gi thp im
ca h thng in , gim tiu th trong gi cao im bng cc bng gi in hp
l... Nh gim nh c sc p i vi ngun in trong gi cao im, ngun
in c s dng hiu qu, gim gi thnh in nng , em li hiu qu kinh t
cho x hi.
Doanh nghip in in cng c th iu khin trc tip cc thit b dng in
ph ti nh iu ho nhit , un nc nng, l si in...ng ct chng theo
quy tc nht nh va p ng yu cu ca khch hng va tit kim in nng.
c th thc hin cc bin php trn li in phi c trang b thm cc
thit b o xa, iu khin xa, cng t nhiu thang o...
41
Chng IV.
Thit b t ng iu chnh in p my pht in v my bin p
IV. My pht in v cc b iu chnh:
IV.1 Nguyn l lm vic, phn loi v cc c tnh k thut ca my pht:
1. Nguyn l to ra sc in ng xoay chiu 3 pha (hnh IV.1)
Hnh 4.1
S nguyn l my pht in 1 pha v biu hnh sin 1 pha
Khi cho mt khung dy quay quanh mt trc trong t trng ca mt nam chm
vnh cu vi vn tc khng i th trn cun dy s xut hin mt sc in ng
hnh sin. Nu trong mt giy 1 sec khung dy quay trn v o chiu c 50
ln th sc in ng hnh sin ny s c tn s f = 50Hz.
Nu c 3 khung dy ging nhau c t trong cng mt t trng v lch nhau
1200 trong khng gian th trn 3 khung cun dy ln lt xut hin 3 sc in ng
hnh sin c tn s f = 50Hz, c tr s bng nhau nhng lch pha nhau 1200.
Cng sc in ng - e
ph thuc vo:
Vn tc chuyn ng ca dy dn v.
Chiu di thc t ca thanh dn phn ng l.
Mt t thng - B.
e = v. l. B (Von)
Phng trnh sc in 3 pha:
ea = Emax sint
eb = Emax sin(t + 120)
ec = Emax sin(t - 120)
Hnh 4.2
Biu hnh sin v biu vc t sc in ng cm ng 3 pha
42
Nh vy nu c s chuyn ng ca thanh dn in t trng hoc ngc li c

t trng quay qut qua thanh dn u c th sinh ra sc in ng. Da trn
nguyn l trn ngi ta ch to ra my pht in xoay chiu 3 pha. My pht in
xoay chiu 3 pha c gi l my pht in ng b. Sc in ng cm ng E
chnh l in p trn u cc ca my pht trong ch khng ti, U l in p
trn u cc my pht khi c ti.
U<E
3 cun dy stato thng c u sao gim nh in p t vo cun dy ca
my pht in.
IV.2. Phn loi cc my pht in ng b:
1. Phn loi theo s pha:
1. My pht in xoay chiu 1 pha: c ch to pht in 1 pha, loi
ny thng c cng sut nh t 1kVA n 5kVA - 220V.
2. My pht in xoay chiu 3 pha: c ch to pht in xoay chiu
3 pha c cng sut ln n 200MVA - 18kV.
2. Phn loi theo phn t quay:
1. Loi c t trng quay:
Loi ny c t trng t trn r to, phn ng l cun dy stato c nh. Loi
t trng quay c c im:
in p ca phn ng thng cao, vic u ni phc tp. Cun dy stato cn
n t nht 4 thanh dn u ni lin h vi mch ngoi ca my pht.
Mch kch t dng in mt chiu in p thp (220V 440V) dng 2 cc
bng 2 thanh dn in.
Cu to ca cc mch t n gin hn so vi vic ch to cc t trn phn
ng.
2. Loi c phn ng quay:
Loi ny c cc cc t t trn stato, phn ng l r to. Loi ny t dng v ch
to phc tp nn ch dng ch to cc my pht in c cng sut b.
3. Phn loi theo nng lng ko my pht:
ko my pht cn phi c ngun nng lng khc, my pht c phn
loi theo ngun nng lng khc dng ko my pht:
1. My pht in tua bin kh:
My pht c ko bi tua bin hi hoc tua bin kh. Tc ca my pht in
tua bin kh cao vo khong 1500 3600 [vng/ pht].
2. My pht in tua bin thy lc nc:
My pht c ko bi tua bin thy lc. Tc ca my pht in tua
bin thy lc nm trong khong:
100150[vng/ pht] vi my pht tc thp.
10001200[vng/ pht] vi my pht tc cao.
Cc my pht in tua bin nc thng dng kiu cc n, nu tc
thp th dng loi cc li.
43
3. My pht in chy bng ng c t trong:

My pht c ko bi ng c t trong chy bng du diesel
Loi ny c tc nm trong khong 1001000[vng/ pht].
IV.3. Cc c tnh k thut:
1. nh hng ca dng in 3 pha vi sc in ng my pht in:
Khi my pht c ti, cun dy phn ng ca my pht in c dng in chy
qua. Dng in 3 pha i xng ny sinh ra t trng quay vi tc ng b c
vn tc tng i khng i so vi v tr cc t v gy nh hng trc tip n
sc t ng ca t trng dn n thay i sc in ng cm ng phn ng c
gi l Phn ng phn ng. Phn ng phn ng ph thuc vo:
c tnh ca ph ti:
Tng ng vi ph ti l in tr R, in cm XL, in dung Xc.
Bin ln ca dng in ph ti.
H s cng sut cos .
Trong vn hnh cng sut tiu th in ca cc ph ti thng thay i, do ph
ti c cc c tnh khc nhau R, XL, Xc nn h s cng sut thay i. c tuyn
trn hnh v biu din 3 trng thi khc nhau ca phn ng phn ng:
Trng thi ph ti thun tr:
Khi cc t tin n v tr tm cun dy phn ng th sc in ng t gi tr cc
i. Do ph ti l thun tr nn dng in trng pha vi sc in ng t tr s
cc i. Sc t ng ca phn ng tc ng theo hng vung gc vi mch t,
phn ng phn ng sinh ra sc t ng hp vi trc t trng ca cc t mt gc
giao din 900 (/2). Hiu ng ny c gi l tc ng t ha giao nhau hoc
phn ng ngang trc. Trong trng hp ny li st cc t ti v tr b tc dng t
ha s xy ra hin tng bo ha t. Tuy nhin tc ng ny khng ln lm nn
sc in ng suy gim khng ng k.
Trng thi ph ti thun cm:
Trng hp ny dng in ca ph ti thun cm s chm pha sau in p
mt gc /2. Khi cc t chuyn dch qua cun dy phn ng, dng in trong dy
dn s t gi tr cc i khi dy dn chuyn dch ngc v pha trc ca gc in
/2. Phn ng phn ng lm suy gim t thng ca cc t v lm suy gim sc
in ng cm ng.
Phn ng nh vy c gi l tc ng kh t trong phn ng dc trc.
Trng thi ph ti thun dung:
Trng hp ny dng in ph ti thun dung s nhanh pha hn in p mt
gc /2. Phn ng phn ng ca dng in c tc dng tr t lm cho t thng ca
cc t tng ln.
Phn ng nh vy c gi l tc dng t ha trong phn ng dc trc
44
Hnh 4.2
Cc trng thi ca phn ng theo c tnh ph ti
Trng thi ph ti bt k:
Tc ng ca phn ng phn ng c phn nh qua gi tr ca h s cng sut
ti thi im xt. Tc ng ny ging nh tc ng ca cc in khng ni tip
trong mch in. Thnh phn tc dng I.cos c tc ng t ha giao nhau v
thnh phn phn khng I.sin c tc ng kh t hoc tc ng t ha nh
nu trn. Phn ng phn ng c c trng bi in khng- Xa() gi l
in khng o. Trong my pht in cc n hay cc li phn ng phn ng
ging nhau. Do c im cu to my pht in cc li thng c t tr nh, sc
t ng phn ng Fa c chia thnh 2 thnh phn Fd tc ng dc cc t gy tc
ng kh t v Fp tc ng theo hng ngang trc.
Dng in lch pha vi sc in ng cm ng Eo mt gc,
Sc t ng Fa t l vi dng in I,
Sc t ng Fd t l vi I.sin,
Sc t ng Fq t l vi I.cos.
Sc in ng cm ng Ed trong cun dy sinh ra bi cm ng t Bdl:
Ed = I.sin.Xd = Idx. Xd [V]
Trong : Xd c gi l hng s t l.
Cm ng t Bq c phn tch thnh sng a hi bc 1- Bq1 v bc 3 - Bq3 (hnh
2.5). Thnh phn c bn Bq1 cm ng ra sc in ng Eq trong cun dy:
Eq = I.cos.xq = Iqx.xq [V]
Trong : xq l hng s t l
45
Hnh 4.3
Thnh phn dc trc
v ngang trc ca dng in
Thnh phn dc trc
Thnh phn ngang trc
Hnh 4.4
Biu phn tch sc t ng phn ng
2. Hiu ng t thng r phn ng:

Nh nu trn khi cun dy phn ng c dng in chy qua lp tc xut
hin phn ng phn ng, ngoi ra cn c t thng mc vng cun dy phn ng.
T thng mc vng ny khng gy nh hng n t thng ca ton h m ch gy
ra hin tng t cm trn cun dy phn ng v sinh ra sc in ng c ln
ph thuc vo tn s ca dng in chy trong cun dy phn ng. T thng ny
c tn l t thng r. T thng r xut hin trong khong khng kh ngoi li
thp, rnh cun dy phn ng, u v cui cc bi dy. Trong khong thi gian
dng in c tr s ln t thng r cng tng nhng sc in ng sinh ra li c
chiu ngc li vi dng in v chng li s tng ca t thng. Ngc li, trong
khong thi gian dng in c tr s nh t thng r cng gim nhng sc in
ng sinh ra li c chiu ngc li vi dng in v tc dng chng li s gim
ca t thng. Hiu ng t thng r tc ng n sc in ng ca phn ng. Tc
ng ny c c trng bi in khng r phn ng Xl().
46
Hnh 4.5 T thng r phn ng
Trn hnh 4.5 :

t l t thng r trong khong khng.
s l t thng r rnh cun dy phn ng.
c l t thng r cc u v cui cc bi dy.
3. in khng ng b:
Trn my pht in ng b tn ti hai thnh phn in khng:
a. in khng o Xa c trng cho phn ng phn ng.
b. in khng r phn ng Xl
Xs = Xa + Xl
Xs l tng ca hai in khng Xa v Xl c gi l in khng ng b
Tng ca in khng ng b Xs v in tr cun dy phn ng ra c gi l
tng tr ng b - Zs.
Zs = ra + jXs
Nhng do ra <<< Xs nn in khng ng b Xs coi nh bng tng tr ng
b Zs. Trong thc t vic xc nh in khng o Xa v in khng r phn ng Xl
gp kh khn, nhng ta li c th d dng o c tng tr ng b Zs.
IV.4. iu chnh in p my pht in:
Trong vn hnh in p ca my pht in thng b dao ng theo dng ti v
h s cng sut ca ti. duy tr c in p u cc ca my pht khng i
phi dng n s tr gip ca b t ng iu chnh in p (AVR). Mc iu
chnh in p ca my pht in c b iu chnh in p thng thng t 15,18%
n 18,25% i vi h s cng sut 1,0 v t 25,30% n 30,40% i vi h s
cng sut 0,8.
Mc iu chnh in p l mc thay i in p ca my pht khi pht ra cng
sut nh mc, vi h s cng sut l nh mc c gim ti mc khng ti,
khng thay i dng in kch thch hay tc quay. Mc iu chnh in p c
tnh bng t s gia hiu s in p khi khng ti Uo vi in p nh mc Un v
in p nh mc Un. Mc iu chnh in p thng c tnh theo phn trm.
47
Uo - Un
Mc iu chnh in p =
Un
x 100%
C 3 phng php tnh ton iu chnh in p:

1. Phng php dng biu thc trn p dng vi cc my pht in c cng
sut nh.
2. Phng php dng kt qu th nghim ngn mch v khng ti.
3. Phng php sc in ng tnh ton da trn in khng ng b ca
my pht.
Th d:
i vi my pht in cc n. Da trn s vc t hnh 2.7 xy dng c
cng thc sau: Eo2 = ( U.cos + I.ra)2 + (U.sin + I.Xs)2
Nu gi Un v In tng ng vi cc tr s nh mc ca dng in ca biu
thc trn th tr s sc in ng khng ti Eo c tnh:
Eo = U2n + 2Un.In.Zs.cos( - ) + I2.Zs2 [V]
Trong cos l h s cng sut. = tg -1(Xs/ra). in khng ng b c th xc
nh theo ng cong bo ha khng ti v ng cong ngn mch. i vi
phng php sc in ng, tr s ca iu chnh in p thng ln hn gi tr
thc t.
Hnh 4.6
S vc t tnh ton iu chnh in p
IV.5. Trng thi t kch thch ca my pht in:
Khi c ph ti l in dung (t in) s xut hin trng thi t kch thch.
Dng in mang tnh in dung Ic s nhanh pha hn in p ngun. Dng in
in dung c tnh nh sau:
Ic = 2fCU [A]
Phn ng phn ng trn cun dy stato do dng in in dung c tc dng tng
cng thm dng in t ha ca dng in kch thch v lm tng thm sc in
48
ng phn ng my pht. Sau dng in np (ca t in) tng thm, dng in

kch thch li tip tc tng, sc in ng cm ng li tip tc tng. C nh th
hin tng ny lp li nhiu ln cho n khi in p ca my pht in t ti gi
tr n nh. im n nh ph thuc vo gi tr ca in dng C. Nu in dng C
cng ln th in p ca im n nh cng ln. iu ny nguy him cho cch in
ca my pht in. Nu mc in p tng vt qu gii hn th cch in ca my
pht in s b ph hng.
Trong thc t khi ng in khng ti cho ng dy c chiu di ln th xut
hin in dung tnh c tr s ln ng k so vi in khng ca ng dy. Do
khi ng in khng ti th nghim cho ng dy cn phi xem xt n nh
hng ca tnh trng t kch thch.
bo m an ton cho my pht trong vn hnh cn phi ch n t s ngn
mch Ks. Cng sut a vo ng dy cng ln th t s ngn mch Ks cng ln.
C th dng cng thc sau tnh t s ngn mch:
Q
Ks =
Un
[
] (1+)
Q
U
Trong :
Q l cng sut a vo ng dy [kVA] ti in p yu cu U
Q l cng sut nh mc ca my pht [kVA]
Un l in p nh mc ca my pht in.
l hng s bo ha mch t in p nh mc ca my pht.
Hnh 4.7
Cc ng c tnh ti in dung
a. ng cong c tnh np.
b. ng cong bo ha ca my pht
in khch thch bng dng in
phn ng sm pha.
M l im tng n nh ca my
pht.
in p cm ng do t d l in
p trn cc my pht khi cha c
dng in kch thch v vn tc my
pht t nh mc.
IV.6. B t ng iu chnh in p my pht AVR:
1. Nguyn l lm vic:
B t ng iu chnh in p in p AVR c vai tr duy tr in p nh
mc trn u cc my pht in. Nguyn tc iu chnh in p ca my pht l
iu chnh dng in kch thch mt chiu trn cun dy kch thch ca my pht.
49
Hnh 4.8
S nguyn l ca mch in
iu chnh in p bng b AVR
Trn hnh 4.8:

G l cun dy stato.
KT l cun dy kch thch ca r to.
AVR b t ng iu chnh in p
TU ca my pht cung cp ngun tn hiu in p cho b AVR.
Cc Thyristor( hnh 2.9) c u theo s it chnh lu 3 pha c
iu khin.
Ngun in xoay chiu c cng sut ln cung cp cho b chnh lu.
Hnh 4.9 Cu to ca thyristor

Thyristor thc cht l it cng sut c iu khin, n cho php dng in ln i
qua (ti 200A). Nu trn cc iu khin c tn in p kch thch th it s m
thng, cho dng in mt chiu lin tc i qua trong sut thi gian lm vic.
Nu tn hiu in p trn cc kch thch di ngng chnh nh th it s khng
m, khng cho dng in i qua (hnh 4.9).
50
Hnh 4.10. S khi ca b AVR

in p ca my pht cho php dao ng t 80% n 110%. iu chnh c
in p trn AVR c trang b b chnh nh (90R), Tn hiu iu khin c ci
t sn c th t ng iu chnh c dng in kch thch qua rto (hnh 4.10).
Chnh lu bng Thyristor c iu khin bng cch ng m cc xung vo cng
t PHC (hnh 4.11).
Hnh 4.11 m t mi quan h gia xung iu khin v dng in chy qua
Thyristor. Tn hiu xung c a vo PHC to ra tn hiu iu khin m
Thyristor, dng in qua thyristo lin tc ngay c khi khng c xung tc ng. Ti
thi im dng in xoay chiu i qua im 0, dng in tt, nhng do in khng
ca mch kch t ln nn dng in xung ny vn trn kch t mt chiu cho
my pht.
Hnh 4.11. Quan h gia xung iu khin v dng in i chy qua Thiristor
2. H thng AVR k thut s:
H thng AVR k thut s hin nay ang c ng dng rng ri trong cc nh
my pht in da trn s pht trin ca k thut vi x l. Chc nng c bn ca
AVR khng c g thay i nhng n c my tnh CPU tr gip v c cc
phn mm ng dng, cc mch dy c thay th bng cc bn mch nn AVR rt
gn nh v lm vic rt hiu qu.
u im ca AVR k thut s:
51
Cc tham s chnh nh rt n nh theo thi gian, d kim tra. Cc loi AVR

khc d b thay i do nh hng ca nhit mi trng (v cc bn trong b
phn thng c lp t in).
Khng dng cc phn c chuyn ng nh ng c, bin tr. Nn khng
i hi bo dng, dng rt t dy u trn CPU.
B xung thm cc chc nng: T kim tra ca CPU, t ghi, kim tra tn hiu
xung trn CPU
Nhc im ca AVR k thut s:
Khng sa cha c khi c h hng.
Chu k thay i cc th h sn phm thng ngn, do khi cn thay th cc
phn t gp kh khn thng l phi thay th bng sn phm mi.
Cc phn t trong h thng thng nhy cm vi sng in t, sng hi bc
cao, sng rai do khi vn hnh cn phi ch n nhng nh hng ny v
phi tm cch ngn chn.
Cn phi c d phng cho RAM bo m cho b nh c khng gian
truy cp.
H thng ny d dng chnh nh trn my tnh do cn phi ch n vic
bo mt password sau khi chnh nh.
C 5 h thng AVR k thut s c s dng trong nh my pht in. Mi
kiu h thng l mt phng thc ng dng.
C th l:
1. Phng thc n (bng 4.1) c p dng cho cc h thng khng i hi x
l ngay c khi c h hng xy ra.
2. Phng thc song cng ng b l phng thc c hai h thng CPU cng
song song hot ng. Hai u ra c kim tra ln nhau v c gi n PIO.
Vi chc nng t gim st, khi c mt trong 2 CPU b h hng s c pht
hin kp thi, CPU ch v con c thay i to ra tn hiu u ra chnh
xc. Nu v mt l do no y s h hng khng pht hin c th u ra ca
h thng s bo v kt qu tnh ton s c gi li.
3. Phng thc song cng cn bng l phng thc s dng hai CPU cng hot
ng song song, mt CPU lm vic v mt CPU d phng. Nu mt CPU gp
s c th CPU d phng s c a vo thay th. Nhng do PIO l h thng
n nn phng thc ny khng i hi PIO c tin cy cao. Phng thc
ny khng thch hp vi cc h thng c yu cu iu khin nhanh.
4. Phng thc song cng d tr cao l phng thc s dng hai h thng CPU
v PIO cng hot ng song song. Phng thc ny ng dng cho h thng
c yu cu iu khin nhanh.
5. Phng thc tam cng vi la chn gi tr gia l phng thc c kh nng
ngn chn c sai s, chng c nh hng ca ch tc ng sai. Khi c
52
h hng mt trong ba h thng CPU v PIO lm cho u ra khng bnh

thng th ti u ra ny logic la chn gi tr gia, khng gy tc ng n
my pht.
AVR k thut s thng c ch to theo kiu nhiu lp hn ch khu vc
h hng v cho php tc tnh ton cao hn.
Mt s th d minh ha v CPU, PIO trong AVR k thut s:
Bng 2-1 minh ha v phng thc n.
Bng 2-2 minh ha v ng dng CPU, PIO hai hoc ba lp.
Bng 2-3 minh ha th d ng dng CPU, PIO dng nhiu lp.
53
Bng 4.1. Phng thc n

TT
Cu to ca CPU v PIO
1CPU + 1PIO
CPU
PIO
Mc ch thit k h
thng
Trong h thng
khng i hi x l
ngay c khi c h
hng
V d
B iu khin
chnh AVR k
thut s
Trong h thng
khng c dng khi
CPU-A
CPU hng.
PIO
CPU-B
Trong h thng c
th b qua h hng
CPU ch v con c thay i ca PIO
theo kt qu t gim st
2CPU + 1 PIO
Trong h thng
CPU A
khng c dng khi
Dng b iu
PIO
CPU hng.
Trong h thng c khin tun t.
CPU B
th b qua h hng
ca PIO.
Kt ni gia CPU v PIO c
2CPU + 1PIO
2
thay th bng kt qu gim st

2CPU + 2PIO
CPU - A
PIO
4
CPU - B
PIO
H thng chnh/ d phng c
thay i theo kt qu t gim st.
3CPU + 3PIO
La chn gi tr trung bnh, 2/3
logic
5
CPU - A
CPU - B
CPU - B
PIO
PIO
PIO
La chn gi tr trung bnh khng

lin quan n kt qu t gim st
B iu khin
Trong h thng
khng cho php CPU chnh AVR k
thut s
hng.
B iu khin
Trong h thng
khng cn can thip chnh ca b tua
ca nhn vin vn bin hi
hnh ngay c khi
CPU hoc PIO b h
hng
54
Bng 4.2 ng dng CPU, PIO hai hoc ba lp

H thng c cu to n gin
(gi thnh thp)
H thng c tin cy cao

(gi thnh cao)
B iu khin h thng D- AVR
Trong iu khin tun t

iu khin giai on th nht(AVR,
UEL,PSS)
Trong iu khin tun t
iu khin giai on th hai
iu khin giai on th hai
(AQR, etc)
(AQR)
B iu khin chnh D- AVR
B iu khin chnh D- AVR

Trong iu khin giai on
th nht
Thit b pht ng (khuch i xung)
UEL,(khuch
PSS)i xung)
Thit b(AVR,
pht ng
Bng 4.3 ng dng CPU, PIO dng nhiu lp.

nh
my
Loi trm
pht in
Thy
in
Cng sut pht nh v

trung bnh
Cng sut ln v thy
in tch nng
Nhit
in
Hn hp trc sau
(Tandem)
Hn hp cho
B iu khin chnh
ca AVR k thut s
Phng php n
Phng php song cng
d tr cao
Phng thc n
Phng php song cng
d tr cao
Phng thc song cng
d tr cao
B iu khin h
thng AVR k thut
s
Khng ng dng
Phng thc n
Phng thc n
Phng thc n
2 CPU song song
+ 1 PIO.
55
IV.7. B n nh h thng PSS trong my pht in:

PSS l mt thit b quan trng trong b AVR dng trong cc my pht in c
cng sut ln, ng dy truyn ti in c chiu di ln. PSS l mt thit b h
tr cho b AVR to ra kh nng kch t phn ng nhanh hoc rt nhanh. Khi c
h hng trong h thng in th in p ca my pht dao ng, loi AVR phn
ng nhanh c trang b thm PSS cho php hm li s dao ng qu ca h
thng in.
lm c vic mt cch hiu qu cn phi trang b mt h thng kch t
phn ng nhanh v phi c vai tr ca PSS v AVR.
A. Khi cha c PSS trong s khi:
Hnh 4.12
Mt my pht in ni vi
h thng thanh ci c cng
sut v cng ln
Hnh 4.13
S khi biu din tham s ca cc phn t c trong mt my pht in
ang c ni vi h thng thanh ci c cng sut v cng ln
56
Gii thch cc hng s v h s trn s hnh 4.13:

Tdz l hng s thi gian t trng c ch khi mang ti.
M l hng s qun tnh.
D l h s m men d (dumping).
F(S) l hm truyn ca h thng kch t (my kch t + AVR).
etref l bin thin gi tr chnh nh in p u cc.
efd l bin thin in p mch kch t.
fd l bin thin t thng theo trc d.
Te l bin thin m men in (trn cng sut tc dng ca my pht).
Tm l bin thin m men c ( trn cng sut tua bin).
Ta l bin thin ca hiu s gia m men vo (Tm) v m men ra(Te).
Ts l bin thin m men ng b ring.
TD l bin thin m men d (dumping).
l bin thin vn tc gc (tn s) ca r to.
l bin thin gc pha ca r to.
T l m men in.
K1 l h s ca m men ng b ring th hin s thay i gc pha ca r to khi
ct bi t trng khng i theo trc d.
Te
K1 =
(Vi fd khng i)
K2 l h s th hin s thay i ca m men in chng li tc ng ca t

thng xuyn qua theo trc d khi gc pha ca r to khng i
Te
K2 =
(Vi khng i)
fd
K3 l h s th hin tng tr ca h thng

Xd + Xe
K3 =
Xd + Xe
K4 l h s th hin tc dng kh t do s thay i gc pha ca r to
efd
K4 =
K5 l h s th hin s thay i in p u cc chng li s thay i gc pha

ca r to khi t thng xuyn qua khng i theo trc d
et
K5 =
(Vi fd khng i)
K6 l h s th hin s thay i in p u cc chng li s bin thin ca t

thng xuyn qua theo trc d khi gc pha ca r to khng i
57
et
(Vi khng i)
K6 =
fd
Hnh 4. 14
S khi khi khng c AVR
v t thng ca mch kch t khng i
Trng hp 1:
Nu s khi khng c AVR v t thng ca mch t khng i th s
khi n gin nh hnh 2-13. M men in c tnh nh sau:
T = Ts + TD = K1 + D
my pht lm vic n nh th K1 v D phi c du dng.
Trng hp 2: (hnh 4.14)
Nu s khi c b AVR v khng c vng phn ng phn ng K4 v phn
ng phn ng khng c quan h trc tip vi tc ng ca AVR
Hnh 4.15
S khi khng c vng phn ng K4
58
Vng AVR hot ng nh sau:

Khi xut hin dao ng gc pha
Thay i in p u cc et
Thay i in p mch kch t efd ca AVR
Thay i t thng
dc trc d - fd
Thay i m men in Te. M men in Te c vai tr
chng li s thay i gc pha .
Ta biu din mi quan h ca m men in v gc pha di dng o hm:
Te
GE (S) =
K1K2K5
1 + TdzS F(S)
GE (S) =
1+ K3K6
F(S)
1 + TdzS
C th biu din di dng hm phc:
GE(J) = GR() + JG1()
GR l thnh phn ng pha vi c tc dng dng m men ng b tng t nh
K1. G1 l thnh phn sm pha 900 so vi tc ng ln h thng di dng m
men d (dumping) tng t nh D.
Ta t:
K1() = GR ()
D() =
0
G1
T y ta c s khi n gin ha: (hnh 2.17)
Hnh 4.16 . S khi n gin ha

Trong :
Ta t:
59
K1 l h s m men ng b ring
K1 l h s ca m men ng b ca AVR
D1 l h s ca m men d (dumping) ring
D1 l h s ca m men d (dumping) ca AVR
K* = K1 + K1
D* = D1 + D1
Hnh 4.17. S vc t ca K* v D* khi c AVR

Khi c s c trong h thng in cng sut v in p ca my pht b dao ng.
Lc AVR loi phn ng nhanh s xy ra tnh trng tn hiu u ra ngc pha
vi dao ng in p v AVR tc ng qa nhanh. Nhng sc in ng cm ng
bn trong li b tr pha 900 do thnh phn in khng ca mch kch thch ln.
in p u cc gim khi gc pha gia sc in ng cm ng bn trong v ti
tng ln. Nh vy khi AVR tc ng li lm gim cng sut cu my pht mc d
tc quay ca my pht c tng cng bc do dao ng cng sut.
Trn s vc t hnh 4.16 khi c AVR phn ng nhanh th vc t m men tng
ln vi h s m men ng b ca AVR (K1) ln ln theo chiu dng nhng h
s mmen d (dumping) ca AVR li tng theo chiu m s dn n m men d
(domping) tng ca AVR b m lm cho hot ng ca my pht khng n nh.
B. Khi c thm PSS trong s khi:
Trn hnh 4.17
Hm truyn t TeAVR sang Te c biu din theo biu thc:
GE(S) =
TeAVR
C th biu din di dng hm phc:
K2K3
F(S)
1 + TdzS
K3K6
1 + TdzS F(S)
60
Gp(S) = GPR() + JGPI()

v c th c biu din theo cng thc:
= -
1
Te
MS
= -
Te
MS2
Cc th nh ph n c a PSS cng pha v i K1 v D.

H s t ng c a m men
ng b K v m men d D c a h th ng:
K =
M
GPR
0
Hnh 4.18. S khi khi c AVR v PSS

D = M GPI
C th biu din di dng:
K* = K1 + K1
D* = D + D.
Trong :
K1 l h s ca m men ng b ring
K1 l h s ca m men ng b ca AVR
Dl h s m men d (dumping) ring
D l h s ca m men d (dumping) ca AVR
S khi n gin ha khi c thm PSS c trnh by trn hnh 4.19
61
Hnh 4.19. S khi n gin ha khi c thm PSS

Khi chnh nh hp l (b gc pha) th PSS c th nng c h s tng ca m
men d (dumping) D*. H s tng ca mmen d (dumping) tng theo chiu
dng c tc dng n nh hot ng ca my pht( hnh 4.20)
hnh 4. 20 S vc t ca K* v D* khi c PSS
AVR loi phn ng nhanh c kh nng tng n nh trong qu trnh qu

ca my pht khi xut hin s c trong h thng. PSS c vai tr tng cng s n
nh tnh ca my pht chng li s dao ng ca h thng in sau khi s c, b
m men d (dumping) do AVR sinh ra. S phi hp ca AVR phn ng nhanh v
PSS s duy tr c s n nh in p trn cc u cc ca my pht.
62
Hnh 4.21
Biu din tc ng ca PSS v AVR n s n nh in p ca my pht in
1. Phn loi PSS:
PSS c phn loi theo i lng u vo nh thay i tc quay ca r to
, thay i tn s ca h thng in f, thay i mc dao ng cng sut pht
ca h thng in P. Mi loi u c nhng u v nhc im ring.
C th l:
1. i lng u vo PSS l thay i tc quay ca r to - :
- u im:
Loi ny p ng c c dao ng v c v dao ng in.
- Nhc im:
Loi ny chu tc dng rung do m men xon trc.
2. i lng u vo PSS l thay i tn s ca h thng in - f:
- u im:
Tn s f (Hz) c th thay i c bng cch s dng in p th cp ca
my bin in p .
- Nhc im:
Chu nh hng ca s bin ng ph ti trong h thng in ng thi
cng chu nh hng ca kiu s kt dy trong h thng in.
63
3. i lng u vo PSS l thay i mc dao ng cng sut pht ca h

thng in - P:
- u im:
Vic o cng sut pht d dng thc hin trn cc thit b o lng in
nh s dng in p th cp ca my bin in p v dng in th cp ca my
bin dng.
- Nhc im:
C th lm thay i ti mc khng cn thit ln ca m men c.
2. ng dng ca PSS:
Hin nay PSS c ng dng rng ri trong AVR ca cc nh my in c cng
sut pht ln. Mun a PSS vo s dng trc tin thng qua qu trnh phn tch
trn my tnh bng cc h thng th nghim tng ng. Cc b PSS ch c
a vo s dng sau khi qua th nghim tng ng vi mt ng dy mang
ti, ng dy chuyn ti h mch.
IV.8. Th nghim p ng iu kin ang mang ti:
iu kin tiu chun l dao ng cng sut c o vi gi tr chnh nh AVR
ca my pht thay i 3% in p my pht. (hnh 2.23)
Hnh 4.22
Tn hiu bc dng cho
th nghim ang mang ti
Trong ng dng thc t AVR s c cc tham s b cho lch pha, mt tham s
b cho vng rng ca tn s PSS-1 v mt tham s b cho vng tn s ring PSS-2
l cho dao ng ca cng sut gim mt cch nhanh chng (hnh 4.23)
Hnh 4.23. Minh ha kt qu th nghim my pht mang ti
64
IV.9. Th nghim p ng iu kin ng dy truyn ti h mch:

Mt ng dy truyn ti c cp in p 500kV gn nh my pht in b h
mch t ngt trong iu kin my pht ang lm vic n nh. o dao ng ca
cng sut pht.
Hnh 4.24
Mt ng dy 500kV b ct ra khi my ct
Hnh 4.25. Minh ha kt qu th nghim vi mt ng dy truyn ti b h mch

Qua th nghim nhn thy PSS dng tham s PSS- 2 c c tnh iu khin tt
hn so vi PSS c tham s PSS 1. Tuy nhin trong vic iu khin mch kch t
v cng sut phn khng dng PSS vi tham s PSS-2 khng hiu qu mong
mun.
IV.2. Cc b iu chnh in p my bin p:
1. Cu to b iu chnh in p kiu khng ti:
B iu chnh in p c nhim v iu chnh s vng dy ca cun dy s cp
cho ph hp in p u ngun gi cho in p pha u ra ca my bin p t
nh mc. Mc ch ca vic iu chnh in p l hn ch c qu in p v
hn ch c tnh trng km p ca my bin p, gim c nguy c s c do qu
in p v gim c tn tht in nng cho li in. Trong my bin p thng
dng thm b iu chnh in p 3 pha kiu quay bng tay c t 3 n 5 u phn
nc t cun dy trung p 22kV, 35kV.. B iu chnh in p khng ti c
hnh tr nhiu tng, tip im 3 pha xp chng nhau v cng chung mt tr quay.
Mi cp tip im 3 pha u vo mt u phn nc my bin p. Cc cp tip im
c hnh dng ging nh cc li dao ca cc b cu dao, li dao nm c nh bn
ngoi, m dao ng nm trong. Khi lm vic m ng quay theo mt gc nh
tip xc vi li dao. Trong vn hnh m bo an ton mi ln thay i phn
65
nc bt buc phi ct in my bin p kim tra tip xc bng ng h vn nng

v cu o in tr mt chiu. Vi cc my bin p kh th cc b phn p c ch
to ring cho tng pha. Cc b i ni iu chnh phn p thng t cc v tr
d quan st, thng thng n gn ngay bn ngoi cun dy di dng cc cu u
dy.
2. Cu to v nguyn l lm vic b iu chnh in p di ti:
Tt c cc my bin p c yu cu n nh v in p u phi lp b t ng
iu chnh in p. B iu chnh in p kiu mang ti t pha cun dy s cp
c cu to c bit cho php iu chnh c in p ngay c khi my bin p
ang mang ti ln. V cc b iu chnh in p ny u c ch to theo kiu
phn nc nn ch iu chnh c in p gn bng nh mc. B iu chnh in
p di ti 3 pha thng c ch to 19 nc (115 9x 1,78%) trong nc s 10
l nc nh mc. Cc b iu chnh in p di ti c thm mt dao o chiu 3
pha c tc dng o ngc chiu cc tnh cun dy iu chnh lm cho t thng
ca "cun dy iu chnh" ngc vi chiu t thng ca "cun dy chnh", mc
ch gim bt c mt na s vng cun dy iu chnh, tng c gp i s
u nc phn p.
B iu chnh in p kiu mang ti c t tn chung l b iu chnh in p
di ti (CADT). C nhiu loi b CADT do nhiu hng sn xut, mi loi
c mt cu to ring:
Loi PC-3, PC4, PC9 dng cho cc MBA 25MVA 110kV.
B AT ca hng ABB nh loi UCGRT 650/400C dng cho cc MBA
125kVA- 220kV, loi UZERN 380/300, UZERN 380/150 dng cho cc
MBA 110kV, 220kV.
B AT ca hng MR nh cc loi kiu M, MS dng cho cc MBA
110kV, 220kV.
1. B AT ca Nga loi PC-3, PC4, PC9:
a. Cu to:
Gm c 2 phn:
B cng tc P cn gi l dao la chn lm nhim v chn trc phn nc in
p ca my bin p. B cng tc P nm trong thng du chnh ngay bn cnh my
bin p, cc u dy ca cun dy iu chnh my bin p c u vo cng tc
P. B tip im la chn gm c 3 b: b la chn chn, b la chn l v b dao
o chiu. B tip im la chn chn gm c 5 tip im tnh X2, X4, X6, X8,
X10 v mt tip im ng. B tip im la chn l gm c 5 tip im tnh X1,
X3, X5, X7, X9 v mt tip im ng. Tip im tnh c ni vi cun dy iu
chnh, cn 2 b tip im ng c ni vi b dp la bng in tr.
B cng tc K cn gi l b cng tc dp la nm trong mt thng du ring
cha khong 100 lt du cch in c vai tr tng t nh mt my ct in. B
cng tc K gm 13 cp tip im, trong c 1 cp tip im chung i ra s trung
tnh. Cc tip im ca cng tc K c cu to hnh khi ch nht, khi lm vic cc
tip im to ra tip xc mt. Mi pha ca b cng tc K c 4 cp tip im, tng
i cp tip im c lp in tr hn ch chu c dng in i qua t 200A n
66
800A cn gi l in tr dp la. Tip im u v cui b cng tc K c u

vo 2 trung im ca dao la chn chn, l sau i ra u s trung tnh.
b. Nguyn l lm vic:
B AT 110kV c th lm vic t ng hoc bng tay. B AT c ch to
c nhiu kiu dng khc nhau, cc tip im thng lm vic theo nguyn l tip
xc kiu ng thng. Mi b u c mt c cu truyn ng ring.
Thuyt minh (hnh 4.26):
Khi lm vic th dao la chn P chuyn ng trc chn u phn nc in p
mi, sau b tc K mi chuyn ng. u cc chung ca dao la chn h l
(1,3,5,7,9) c u vo cc chnh 32, u cc chung ca dao la chn h chn
(2,4,6,8,10) c u vo cc chnh 31 (vi pha A s mang tn l 31A; 32A, vi
pha B mang tn l 31B; 32B, vi pha C c tn l 31C; 32C). Cng tc K chuyn
ng theo c cu kiu cu lt bin chuyn ng quay thnh chuyn ng thng.
B cng tc K c tc lm vic cc nhanh t 45miligiy n 50miligiy chu
c dng in ngn mch tm thi t 200 n 600A. Thi gian ngn mch t 0,1
n 6miligiy, y l thi gian hai tip im chn l thuc dao la chn P cng
ng mt lc v tip im u cui ca cng tc K b ni tt gy ra ngn mch cc
vng dy ca hai nc iu chnh phn p, nng lng xut hin trong thi gian
ngn mch s tiu hao qua 6 in tr. Su in tr ny c tr s bng nhau R=4
8 . Nhit lng sinh ra ti thi im ngn mch s tn nhanh ra trong du.
Gi s my bin p ang lm vic nc 2, nh vy tip im s 2 ca pha A ang
ni vo cc 31-A, nc s 1 ang ni vo cc 32-A. Mun chuyn v nc 3 th dao
chn bn l phi chuyn t nc 1 v nc 3 trc, sau cng tc K bt v 32-A. 6
in tr R ging nhau dng hn ch dng in ngn mch ti thi im nc 3
v nc 2 ca cun dy iu chnh b chp tt, lc ny cc in tr R ng vai tr
ph ti.
B cng tc P v K dng chung mt b truyn ng. Tt c cc chuyn ng ca
b iu chnh in p di ti u thc hin bng truyn ng c kh theo mt
hnh trnh c nh sn. Mt l xo th nng nm pha di b cng tc K s
quay rt nhanh (4550m giy) b cng tc K khi dao la chn P lm vic xong.
Hnh 4.26
S nguyn l b PC
67
Relay dng du Np y
Hnh 4.27 Gin chp sng b cng tc K
Hnh 4.28 M t cu to b cng tc K
2. B ATDT ca hng ABB loi 110kV UZERN 380/150:

a. Cu to:
B iu chnh in p di ti UZERN 380/150 c kiu u dy hnh Y
chu c in p xung l 380kV c dng in max lin tc l 150A. B ny c
b tr trong mt khoang ring bn ngoi thng du chnh my bin p. Du ca
khoang AT v khoang thng MBA ngn cch nhau v c ni thng vi 2
khoang dn n ring trn thng du ph. Mi pha ca b AT gm c b tip
im l chn, b tip im o. T b o v b chn c cc u dy ni ti s
xuyn nm vch ngn cch gia khoang thng MBA v khoang AT, cc s
xuyn ny ni ti cc vng dy qun ca cc cun dy MBA. B AT dng cho
cc MBA 25MVA - 110kV tr ln c in p iu chnh 115 9x 1,78%, c 19
nc iu chnh v 3 nc trung gian 9a,10a, 11a. Nc 9a, 10a, 11a cng in p, nc
10 v 10a l nc nh mc. Sau khi np du vo khoang AT phi to mt khong
m khng kh trn nh khoang AT trnh p lc t ngt khi b AT chuyn
nc c ti trong vn hnh.
K hiu: E, R Kiu u dy, N- 3 pha u sao, 380, in p
xung 380kV, 150, dng in cc i lin tc (A)
b. Nguyn l lm vic:
B tip im la chn H (tip im ng) gm c 3 tip im (1 tip im chnh
v 2 tip im chuyn tip). Tip im chnh m trc ng sau tip im chuyn
68
tip v hai in tr hn ch M1, M2. Tip im o gm tip im ng R v hai

tip im tnh 12, 14.
Tip im la chn tnh gm c 12 tip im tnh t 1 n 12 trong c tip
im 1, 2 v 10,11 ni vi nhau, kch thc ca tip im 12 tng ng vi 2
tip im. Trn hnh v MBA ang vn hnh nc 10 tip im o ang ni
vi 12 sang 13, tip im la chn H ang tip xc vi tip im 12, mch in i
nh sau: t cun dy chnh
tip im 12
H
15
N
Nh vy nc ny ch c cun dy chnh tham gia (y l nc nh mc), nu
tip tc tng ti nc 10 (cng l nc nh mc) dng in i t cun dy chnh
12
H
15
N, ng thi lc ny tip im o chiu chuyn t 12
13
thnh 12
14 o chiu t thng ca cun dy iu chnh.
Nu tip tc chuyn ti nc tip theo l nc 11, lc ny tip im la chn s
chuyn sang tip xc vi tip im 1, mch in s nh sau:
t cun dy chnh
12
14
i ngc chiu cun dy iu chnh
2
1
H
N. Qu trnh tip tc chuyn nh vy n nc 19.
Hot ng ca b la chn ng:
Gi s MBA ang vn hnh nc 1, ta mun chuyn nc t nc 1 n nc 2 qu
trnh din ra theo 5 bc
Cun dy chnh
:
Cun dy
iu chnh
Hnh 4.29. S nguyn l b iu p di ti 110kV UZERN 380/ 150
Bc 1: Lc u tip im ng H ang tip xc vi

tip im tnh 1 bng tip im chnh (ton b dng i
69
Bc 2: Tip im chuyn tip M2 tip xc vo tip

im tnh 1v tip im chnh tch ra, dng in i qua
in tr M2 v tip im chuyn tip.
Bc 3: Tip im M1 tip xc vi tip im tnh 2,
lc ny dng in u i qua c 2 tip im 1 v 2,
khi cun dy iu chnh b ni tt v in tr M1,
M2 c tc dng hn ch dng ngn mch.
Bc 4: Tip im M2 tch ra lc ny dng in i

qua M1 (dng ti chuyn hon ton sang nc 2).
Bc 5: Tip im chnh tip xc vi tip im tnh 2

v tip im chuyn tip tch ra, nh vy dng in
i qua tip im chnh. Qu trnh chuyn nc ca tip
im chn la hon thnh.
3. B ATDT ca hng ABB loi UCGT 650/400:
B iu chinh ny dng cho MBA 125MVA -220V(iu chnh cun dy 220kV)
K hiu: R- Kiu u dy.
T- Loi 1 pha
650 - Chu in p xung
400-dng in max lin tc
C-kch thc b iu chnh in p
My bin p c 3 b iu chnh in p di ti loi UCGRT 650/400C t 3
pha cun dy v mt b truyn ng chung cho c b 3 pha. Mi b CA c
mt b tip im chn nc, tip im o v b chn nm trong thng du MBA.
T cc tip im ca b dp h quang, b o v b chn c cc u dy ni ti
cc nc vng dy qun ca cc cun dy MBA. B CA c 19 nc trong c 3
nc 9A, 9, 9B l nc nh mc. Sau khi np du vo khoang AT phi to mt
khong m khng kh bn trn ca b AT trnh p lc t ngt khi AT
chuyn nc c ti. B tip im ng A, tip im x,v, hai im trung gian y v u
ni vi 2 in tr hn ch dng R1 v R2. B tip im o 5 gm c tip im
70
ng R,20,10 v 2 tip im tnh 21 v 22. B tip im chn chn gm c 5 tip

im tnh l 2, 4, 6, 8,10 v 1 tip im ng H. Tip im ng c th tip 1
trong 5 tip im tnh. B tip im chn l 7 gm c 5 tip im tnh l 1,3,5,7,9
v 1 tip im ng V. Tip im ng c th tip 1 trong 5 tip im tnh. Tip
im ng ca b dp h ni vi cui cun dy chung tip im Z. Tip im
u,v ca b dp h vi tip im ng V ca b chn l. Tip im ng R ca b
o ni vi u 10 v 20 ( xem hnh 2 v hnh 6). Tip im 21 v 22 ca b o
ni tng ng vi u 9 v u 1 ca cun dy iu chnh 2. Cc tip im tnh
1,2,4,4,5,6,7,8,9 ca hai b chn ni tng ng vi cc u 1,2,4,4,5,6,7,8,9 ca
cun dy iu chnh. Cc mi ni trn thc hin bng cc dy cp ng bc cc
in. Trn hnh v ta thy MBA ang vn hnh nc 9, mch in cun dy
220kV c ni t s trung tnh N qua cun dy chung 1, qua u 30 n tip
im v ca b tip im v ca b tip im dp h 4 ti b chn chn 6 tip H v
qua u 20 ti cun dy ni tip 3 ti u ra s 220kV, nc ny cun dy iu
chnh khng tham gia vo machj in nn cun dy 220 nc trung bnh. Khi
MBA nc 1, mch in 220kV t s trung tnh N qua cun dy chung 1 qua u
30 n tip im x ca b tip im dp h 4 ( tip im ng A ca b dp h
ang tip pha x,y) ti b chn l 7 ang tip V-1 ( lc ny b chn chn tip
V-2) ti nc 1 ca cun dy iu chnh 2 i xui ht cun dy iu chnh 2 ln u
9 sau qua u 21 ca b o v qua R ( b o ang tip 20-R-21), u 20 ri
qua cun dy ni tip 3 ti s 220kV. nc ny cun dy iu chnh 2 tham gia
hon ton vo mch in, cng cc tnh vi cun dy chung v cun ni tip nn
in p cun dy 220kV mc ln nht. Ngc li nc 17, b chn l tip V-9
v tip im ng R ca b o ang tip u 2 nn cun dy iu chnh cng
tham gia hon tn vo mch in cun dy 220kV, nhng ngc cc tnh vi cun
dy chung v cun ni tip nn in p cun dy 220kV mc thp nht. Khi ta
thc hin chuyn tng nc t 1 ln 2 th trc ca BT quay c 1 s vng ( 2 b
chn khng chuyn) th tip im ng ca b tip im dp h chuyn t A-x
sang A-v nn mch in cun dy 220V s t N qua A
v
H
2 ca b
chn chn
2-9 ca cun dy iu chnh
u 21, R ca b o
u 20
cun dy ni tip ri ra u s 220kV. nc ny cun dy iu chnh ch tham gia
7/8 vng dy nn cng cc tnh vi cun dy chung v cun dy ni tip nn in
p cun dy 220VkV nh hn nc 1. Khi ta thc hin chuyn nc t 2 ln 3, trc
ca b t ng BT quay c 1 s vng th tip im ng ca b chn l s
chuyn khng ti t V-1 ln V-3, sau tip im ng ca b tip im dp h
quang chuyn t A- v ln V x, nn mch in ca dy 220kV s t N qua A
x
V
3 ca b chn chn
3-9 ca cun dy iu chnh
21, R ca b o
u 20 ca cun dy ni tip
u s 220kv. nc 3 ny cun dy iu
chnh ch tham gia 6/8 s vng dy nn cng cc tnh vi cun dy chung v cun
dy ni tip nn in p cun dy 220kV nh hn nc 2. Qu trnh tng nc
chuyn nc c tip tc nh vy cho n nc 17. T nc 9B n nc 17, b o tip
R sang 22 o chiu cun dy iu chnh ngc cc tnh vi cun dy chung v
cun ni tip. Khi ta thc hin chuyn gim nc t 17 ln 1. Khi chuyn t 17
xung 16, cc b chn chn, chn l khng chuyn ch c b tip im dp h
71
quang chuyn t x sang y, cn cc nc t 16 v 1 c b chn v b tip im dp

h u chuyn khng. B chn chuyn khng ti. T nc 17 n nc 9, b o tip
R v tip im 22, t nc 9A n nc 1, b o chuyn tip R v u 21.
C cu chuyn nc v dp h quang ca b tip im dp h quang:
Khi MBA vn hnh nc l, tip im ng A ca b dp h tip im x. Khi ta
thc hin chuyn nc t nc l sang nc chn tip theo, tip im ng A chuyn
t x, y
y
y, u
u
u
u,v. Ngha l ban u tip im ng
A tch khi tip im x, lc ny dng in ch i qua tip im y sau tip im
ng A chuyn tip xc vi c hai tip im y v u, lc ny dng in i qua c 2
tip im y v u tip theo tip im ng s tch khi tip im y vf dng i ch
ch i qua u, bc cui cng tip im ng A s chuyn sang tip vi tip vi
tip im v, lc ny tip im ng A s tip vi c hai tip im u,v nhng do tip
im u ni vi in tr R nn dng in qua tip im v gn nh bng 0. Nh vy
qu trnh chuyn nc ca b dp h lun c lin mch. Khi thc hin chuyn nc
t chn sang l, tip im ng A chuyn theo chu trnh ngc li t
v,u
u
u, v
y
y,x. Cc in tr R1 v R2 lm nhim v hn ch
dng nhng khng gy chnh lch in p ln gia cc tip im x,y,u,v. Khi tip
im ng A tip c y v u, n ni tt cc vng dy gia cc nc iu chnh lin
tip qua in tr R1 v R2, nh c R1 v R2 m cc vng dy gia cc nc iu
chnh lin tip ny khng b ngn mch. Trong thc t khi cc tip im bt u
tip xc hoc khi bt u ngt ra, do c s chnh lch 1 cht in p gia chng
nn c h quang nh pht sinh. Nhng v tc chuyn i rt nhanh nn h
quang ny khng duy tr. V c h quang nn cht lng du b suy gim, v vy
nn cc b dp h quang phi t mt khoang ring.
72
Ry
y
u
Ru
6
7
Bc 1
x
u
Ru
6
7
u
v
Ru
Ru
4
5
V
6
7
4
5
Bc 5
Ry
Ry
Bc 2
Bc 4
Ry
Ru
Ry
6
7
Bc 3
Ru
Bc 6
4.30. Cc bc hot ng b dp h ca b ADT

kiu UCGRT650-400C
4. B iu chnh in p di ti ca hng MR:
Ry
6
7
H
4
5
73
B iu chnh in p di ti ca hng MR gm nhiu chng loi nh: kiu A,

kiu V, kiu M, kiu MS, kiu T b truyn ng gm cc loi MA7, MA9.
Dng cho cc my bin p 220kV; b iu chnh VIII 200/350Y-10191W. B
iu chnh in p loi MI 501-170/C-10193W
M kiu ca b iu p
I s pha (dng cho 1 pha)
501 - dng in lm vic lin tc cc i
170 - in p lm vic ln nht (in p pha)
C- Kch thc ca b
10193W s u b iu chnh
a. B iu p kiu M loi MI 501 -170/C-10193W
My bin p c ba b iu chnh in p di ti loi MI 501 170/C-10193W
t 3 pha cun dy ni tip pha 220kV v mt b truyn ng chung cho c ba
b ba pha. Mi b iu chnh in p di ti gm c b tip im chn nc, tip
im o nm trong thng my bin p, b tip im dp h quang nm trong
khoang ngn cch vi thng my bin p. T cc tip im ca b dp h quang,
b o v b chn c cc u dy ni ti cc nc vng dy qun ca cc cun dy
my bin p.
B iu chnh in p di ti dng cho my bin p 125MVA 220kV (dng
cho cun 220kV) c 19 nc iu chnh, trong c 3 nc 9a, 9a, 9a l nc nh
mc (225 8 x 1,25%).
b. Nguyn l hot ng
B tip im dp h 4 gm c tip im ng A, tip im tnh chn 2, tip im
tnh l 1 v 2 tip im trung gian 3 v 4 ni vi 2 in tr hn ch dng R1 v R2.
_
B tip im o 5 gm c 3 tip im tnh K ,+, - v tip im ng D c th
ni K vi + hoc K vi B tip im chn chn 6 gm c 5 tip im tnh l 2, 4 ,6, 8 , K v 1 tip im
ng II. Tip im ng c th tip 1 trong 5 tip im tnh.
B tip im chn l 7 cng gm c 5 tip im tnh l 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 v 1 tip
im ng 1. Tip im ng c th tip 1 trong 5 tip im tnh.
Tip im ng ca b dp h ni vi cui cun dy chung. Tip im chn ca
b dp h ni vi tip im ng II ca b chn chn. Tip im l ca b dp h
ni vi tip im ng I ca b chn l. Tip im K ca b o ni vi u 0 ca
cun ni tip 3. Tip im + v ca b o ni tng ng vi im cui 9 v
im u 1 ca cun dy iu chnh 2. Cc tip im tnh 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 , 9
ca hai b chn ni tng ng vi cc u 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 , 9 ca cun dy
iu chnh. Cc mi ni trn thc hin bng cc dy cp ng bc cch in.
Trn hnh v ta thy my bin p ang vn hnh mc 9b, mch in cun
220kV c ni t s trung tnh N qua cun dy chung 1, qua b tip im dp h
4 tip bn chn 2 ti b chn chn 6 tip II-K v qua K ti cun dy ni tip 3
ti u ra s 220kV. nc ny, cun dy iu chnh 2 khng tham gia vo mch
in nn in p cun 220kV l nc trung bnh.
Khi MBA nc 1, mch in 220kV t s N qua cun dy chung 1, b tip im
dp h 4 tip bn l ti b chn l v qua b chn l 7 ang tip I-1 (lc ny b
74
chn chn tip II-2) ti nc 1 ca cun dy iu chnh 2. Nh b tip im o

tip K+ nn mch in qua ht cun dy iu chnh 2 nc 9 ti + v K ri ra
cun dy ni tip 3 ti s 220kV. nc ny, cun dy iu chnh 2 tham gia hon
ton vo mch in, cng cc tnh vi cun dy chung v cun ni tip nn in p
cun dy 220kV mc ln nht.
Ngc li nc 17, b chn l tip I-9 v b o tip K - nn cun dy iu
chnh cng tham gia hon ton vo mch in cun 220kV, nhng ngc cc tnh
vi cun dy chung v cun ni tip nn in p cun dy 220kV mc thp nht.
Khi ta thc hin chuyn tng nc t 1 ln 2, trc ca BT quay c mt s
vng (2 b chn khng chuyn) th tip im ng ca b tip im dp h chuyn
t A-1 sang A-2 nn mch in cun dy 220kV s t N qua A-2II-2 ca b
chn chn -2-9 ca cun dy iu chnh -- + --K ca b o cun ni tip. nc
2 ny, cun dy ch tham gia 7/8 s vng dy nn cng cc tnh vi cun dy
chung v cun ni tip nn in p cun dy 220kV nh hn nc 1.
Khi ta thc hin chuyn nc t 2 ln 3, trc ca BT quay c 1 s vng th
tip im ng ca b chn l s chuyn khng ti t I-1 ln I-3, sau tip im
ng ca b tip im dp h chuyn sang t A-2 sang A-1 nn mch in cun
dy 220kV s t N qua A-1 I-3 ca b chn chn -3-9 ca cun dy iu chnh -- + -- K ca b o cun ni tip. nc 3 ny cun dy iu chnh ch tham gia
6/8 s vng dy nn cng cc tnh vi cun dy chung v cun ni tip nn in p
cun dy 220kV nh hn mc 2. Qu trnh chuyn tng nc c tip tc tng t
nh vy cho n nc 17. T nc 9c n nc 17, b o tip K o chiu cun dy
iu chnh ngc cc tnh vi cun dy chung v cun ni tip.
Khi ta thc hin chuyn gim nc t 17 xung 1 qu trnh din ra theo trnh t
tng t nh chuyn t nc 1 ln 17. Khi chuyn t 17 xung 16, cc b chn
chn, l khng chuyn, ch c b tip im dp h chuyn t l 1 sang chn 2. Cn
cc nc t 16 v 1 c b chn v b tip im dp h u chuyn, b chn chuyn
khng ti. T nc 17 n mc 9b, b o tip K-, t nc 9a n nc 1, b o
chuyn sang tip K+.
V tr cc tip im ca cc b dp h, b chn, b o cc nc t 1-17 trong 2
qu trnh tng v gim nc cho trn bng hnh 6.28.
C cu chuyn nc v dp h quang ca b tip im dp h quang:
Khi MBA vn hnh nc l, tip im ng A ca b dp h tip bn l 1. Khi
ta thc hin chuyn nc t mt nc l sang nc chn tip theo, tip im ng A
chuyn t 1 3
2
4 . Khi chuyn ng t 1 3 n tip xc vi 3 xong mi
ngt 1, sau tip xc vi 4 xong mi ngt 3, cui cng tip xc vi 2 xong
mi ngt 4. Nh vy dng in qua cun dy 220kV lun lin mch khng b
ngt.
Khi thc hin chuyn nc t chn sang l, tip im ng A chuyn theo trnh t
ngc li 2
4
3 1.
75
S v tr: 19
Cc nc khc nhau: 17
A: V tr nc o
B: S th t nc
C: V tr nc b chn
D: Nc
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
K
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9C
9B
9A
8
7
6
5
4
3
3-5
4-6
3-5
4-6
3-5
4-6
3-5
4-6
3-5
4-6
3-5
4-6
3-5
4-6
3-5
4-6
3-5
76
Hnh 4.31
S nguyn l b AT (v cho 1 pha)
Cc in tr R1 v R2 lm nhim v hn ch dng nhng khng gy chnh in p

ln gia cc tip im 1, 2, 3, 4. Khi tip im ng A tip c 2 v 3, n ni tt
cc vng dy gia 2 nc iu chnh lin tip qua 2 in tr R1 v R2, nh c R1 v
R2 m cc vng dy gia 2 nc iu chnh lin tip ny khng b ngn mch.
Thc t khi cc tip im bt u tip xc hoc bt u ngt ra, do c chnh lch
1 cht in p gia chng nn c h quang nh pht sinh. Nhng do tc chuyn
1 chu trnh ca b dp h rt nhanh nn h quang nh khng duy tr lu. Do c h
quang nn cht lng du trong khoang dp h nhanh gim, v vy cc b dp h
quang phi c t trong khoang mt ring, khng chung vi khoang my (hnh
4.32.).
Hnh 4.32
C cu chuyn nc v dp h quang
ca b tip im dp h quang
a. Qun l vn hnh b iu chnh in p di ti.
77
B iu chnh in p di ti ca my bin p hot ng thng xuyn, mt

ngy c th lm vic n 20 ln. Ti thi im xy ra ngn mch th b iu chnh
in p khng lm vic. B iu chnh in p di ti c tui th khong 30 n
50 nm tng ng vi 50.000 ln lm vic nhng trong thc t do khng lm tt
cng vic v sinh bo dng thng xuyn nn tui th b gim i. V vy phi
thc hin nghim ngt ch theo di thi gian hot ng ca chng. B cng tc
K ngm trong du v lm vic trong ch ngn mch nn du cch in thng
b bn v b ho gi rt nhanh. Trung bnh sau 6 thng vn hnh tng ng vi
3600 ln lm vic l phi thay du cch in mt ln. Phi lm v sinh bn du
bm vo tip im, trng ra sch s trong thng du trc khi thay du mi.

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Nng cao hiu qu cung cp in

Khoa H thng in HL- Bin son TQ Khi

CHUYN NNG CAO HIU QU CUNG CP IN

Nng cao hiu qu cung cp in

Khoa H thng in HL- Bin son TQ Khi

Nng cao hiu qu cung cp in

Khoa H thng in HL- Bin son TQ Khi

U l in p thc t trn cc cc thit b dng in. U phi tho mn iu kin:

Nng cao hiu qu cung cp in

Khoa H thng in HL- Bin son TQ Khi

Tc bin thin t Umax n Umin khng nh hn 1%/s

Nng cao hiu qu cung cp in

Khoa H thng in HL- Bin son TQ Khi

U1: tr hiu dng ca sng hi bc nht ca in p.

Nng cao hiu qu cung cp in

Khoa H thng in HL- Bin son TQ Khi

cn thit thc hin c chn la trong quy hoch v thit k li in v

Nu nh P v Q bin thin nh th P t l nghch vi bnh phng in p

Nng cao hiu qu cung cp in

Khoa H thng in HL- Bin son TQ Khi

Ta thy in p nt 1 ph thuc vo:

Ta thy in p trn cc nt h thng ch ph thuc vo dng cng sut phn

Nng cao hiu qu cung cp in

Khoa H thng in HL- Bin son TQ Khi

ang lm vic hoc iu chnh ngoi ti: dng cng tc ca li in iu

Nng cao hiu qu cung cp in

Khoa H thng in HL- Bin son TQ Khi

bng tay, t xa hoc ti ch cc u phn p ca cc my bin p, ng

Nng cao hiu qu cung cp in

Khoa H thng in HL- Bin son TQ Khi

v im cui li HA (im A, l im c in p thp nht) (hnh II.5) trong 2

Hnh 2.4. Min cht lng in p.

Nng cao hiu qu cung cp in

Khoa H thng in HL- Bin son TQ Khi

trn cng tho mn do tiu chun cht lng in p ch cn l

Tiu chun ny c p dng nh sau: Cho bit UH1 v d = 5% theo tiu

Nng cao hiu qu cung cp in

Khoa H thng in HL- Bin son TQ Khi

bin php iu chnh.

Nng cao hiu qu cung cp in

Khoa H thng in HL- Bin son TQ Khi

Cc u phn p c b tr pha cao p, u phn p 0 l u gia cho h s

Nng cao hiu qu cung cp in

Khoa H thng in HL- Bin son TQ Khi

U Cdm (1 n.2,5 /100) U pa( n)

L in p ca u phn p n, ngha ca n l: trong ch khng ti ca

Nng cao hiu qu cung cp in

Khoa H thng in HL- Bin son TQ Khi

ngang c my bin p ph 3 ly in p ph thm t pha B,C ca my bin p

Nng cao hiu qu cung cp in

Khoa H thng in HL- Bin son TQ Khi

My bin p iu chnh dc dng ph bin

c) Cu to ca b phn iu chnh in p dc.

MBA 220kV c 17 u vi e0=1,5%, min iu chnh 12%.

Nng cao hiu qu cung cp in

Khoa H thng in HL- Bin son TQ Khi

p u vo trm trung gian UC v in p yu cu pha trung p Uyc mt cch

Sau khi tnh c Upa ta chn u phn p gn nht.

chn u tiu chun 119,1kV.

U T min = (U c min U b min )

kV chn u tiu chun 123,2kV

e) p dng MBA ADT trong HT

Nng cao hiu qu cung cp in

Khoa H thng in HL- Bin son TQ Khi