( )

P () = S 4 , A () = 4 , maxT = 2.898 103 m. 0 K , u ( , T ) =

u ( ,T ) =

1 dE
,
V d

1 dE
1
, E = Ep( E )dE = E e E dE = = k T ,
V d

0
0

c 8kT
8 2
kT , u( ,T ) = u( ,T ) 2 = 4 ,
3

c
2
8
hv
, u ( , T ) = 3 hv / k
, En ( ) = nhv, n = 1, 2,3,
c e
1

u ( ,T )=< E > g ( ) , u ( , T ) =

E ( ) =

hv
kT

e 1
E
CV T =3 N A k = 3R , dQ m cV dT = mCVdT,
T V
h

3 x

D
h
T
e
x 2e x
x 4e x

,
,
C
R
C = 3R
9
=
C
=
3
R

2
(e x 1) 2 dx ,
(e x 1)2
k h

D 0
e k 1

E
h
h
h
2
=
=
,
=
( 1 cos ) , E = p 2 c 2 + m c 4 , p = =
c
c
c
mc
12,400
1
1
1
,
h = m 2max + , 0 () =
= RH 2 2 , m = 1,
V ( Volts )

n
m
2, 3, , n = m+1, m+2, m+3, . , mr = n , n = 1,2, 3,
2
h2
e2 1
2e 2 1
2
2
,
rn =

n
=

n
,
n
=
1,2,...

n = 1,2,...
n
n
h
n
me 2
4 2 me 2
2 m 2 e 4
h
h
me 4 1
1
1
1
,
, =
E n = 2 2 , RH =
= , (p) (x) h ,
=
+
3
ch
m p
m M

2
n

(E ) (t ) h ,

P[ a ,b ] = p ( x ) dx = ( x, t ) dx ,
< x >=

I ( x, t ) ( x, t ) , p ( x)dx = ( x, t ) dx ,
2

xp ( x ) dx =

p ( x) dx =

x ( x, t ) dx ,

( x, t ) dx = 1 ,

2 ( x, t )
( x, t )
,
+ V ( x ) ( x, t ) = i
2
2m x
t
2

d ( x)
+ V ( x) ( x) = E ( x)
2m dx 2
2

mc2 = 0.511 MeV = 0.511 x 106 eV , Mc2 = 938.3 MeV , c = 3 x 108 m/sec ,
h = 6.626 x 10-34 J sec = 4.14 x 10-15 eV sec ,
hc = 1240 eV nm

=6.58 x 10-16 eV sec ,

c = 197 eV nm , e = 1.602 x10-19 C ,

m = 9.1096 x 10-31 kg , kB = 1.38 x 10-23 J/ oK = 8.617 x10-5 eV / oK ,

NA = 6.0222 x 10-11 mole-1 , R=8.314 J / mole Ko

RH

2
2 m 2 e 4
-1
=
10967757.6

1.2
m
,
= 5.29 nm
=
ch 3
me 2

e2
1
1 2 2
=
= 7.3 x 10 3 ,
mc = 13.6 eV,
c 137
2

En =

13.6eV
n = 1, 2,3,
n2

e2

= 1.44 eV.nm
4e 0

e
= 1.759 x 1011 C / kgr = 5.273 x 1017 ( CGS )
m