‘THERMAL UNIT TIME CURVES (For Stalling Relay, See 38). ‘The thermal units referred to in this section are those used in types M, H, T, SA, Mn, Hn, Tn, SAn, and all data rofers to the unit together ‘with its associated saturating current transformer. It is important to grasp the distinction between the Operating Time Curves and the Permissible Starting Time Curves. This is best explained by an example. Suppose the thermal unit of a short time rating type Min relay is set to 105% of datum rating (see below) and that the motor start is6 times datum rating for 30 seconds. Reference to section 6C shows that the operating time under cold conditions is about 45 seconds, so the relay has not nearly operated at the end of the start. But although, at the end of the start ‘the current falls to less than the setting of the relay the heater has been overheated by the starting condition and as it coals back to normal it drives the movement of the relay forward until it “overruns” the setting of 105%, operating the relay, about two or three minutes after the start is com: plete Because of this ‘overrun ,, the starting time that can safely be cleared by the relay must clearly be very much less than its normal operating time and reference to the curve, Fig 16, shows, indeed, that at 6 times datum rating the relay will only just clear (or just not clear) a typical start lasting 22 seconds. 140) 130} 120} 10) \e tool 90 so} 7ol 4 60 50 40) 30 sx tb I 20) = {—130min.M 20min.Mn 14 min. M) starting time (secs) to trip on overrun 10 2345678910 multiples of datum rating issible imes_at_105 % Setting Fig, 16. SECTION 3A Permissible Starting Time Curves, The datum rating refer- red to on these curves is tne supply transformer primary rating multiplied by the relay tapping that is used (for choice of tapping see 2D) Example: a 5 amp relay is sup- plied from 300/6 transformers via the 80% relay tapping, therefore, the datum rating is 80% of 300 i.e. 240 amps. The curves are based on a setting of 105% of datum rating and on a typical shape of starting curve but not all starting ‘curves have the same shape so that the graph is only ap- proximate The curves should be used in the following way. If the starting condition lies at least 15% below the ap propriate curve, the relay will safely clear rt. If a short timing relay (ie 14 minute M or 20 minute Mn} will clear the start, use it in proference to a long timing relay (i.e. 30 minute M or long timing Mn), If the starting condition lies within 18% plus or minus of the appropriate curve, the relay may or may not clear it and if the curve 1s a short taming curve either specify a long timing relay or, if the closest protection is required we shall be pleased to experi- ment with the actual shape of starting curve and report as to whether the relay will clear it. If the start lies within 16% of the 30 minute M curve (whether the relay 1s M or ‘Min) tho starting condition (and preferably the starting curve) should in any case be quoted when ordering, as a special very long timing relay may then be required. Operating Time Curves. These form Part 6 of the manuel. To facilitate comparison with other relays in the system, both the horizontal axis and the settings are based on the rotion of datum rating. Datum Rating (DR) is defined as relay rating times tap in use e.g. for relay rated at 5 amps With main CT connected to 100% top the Datum Rating is 5 amps, and with main CT connected to 80% tap, Datum Rating is 80 x 5 = 4 amps. Too Note: The relay with the appropriate DR current applied will indicate 100 percent running load providing DR. current is applied for a period greater than or equal to its time lag. The notion of DR is of importance in calculating operating times of the relay under starting and running conditions For convenience the characteristic curves given in Section 6 of this manual show the operating times of relays with ‘multiples of Datum Rating on the horizontal axis and are also based on ideal conditions, viz starting from cold, and running from 100% load. These curves are not always convenient and the following method may be used to calculate trip operating times from any level of running Toad to a predetermined ‘load to trip’ position under over- load conditions. The method requires calculation of a ratio, ‘Z’ from given data and cross referring to a curve of ratio, ‘2! against operating time. The curves of ratio ‘2’ against time in Section 6 also include a table of factors ‘K’ and ue of constant ‘N’ which are required for calculatingRatio Z = Itrip’ ~Tret! Kare WhereZ trip = Percent load to trip setting +100 WhereLref. = Percent running load+-100 Where K ‘Factor’ at multiple of datum rating Where N Constant for relay, To illustrate foregoing consider the following questions as applied to typical case studies. a) Relay rating required? b) To whet tapping on the relay should connection of ‘the main current transformers be made? What ‘load to trip" setting will be required? 4) What will be the relay datum rating? 2) How are operating time characteristics determined? Example 1 Consider Motor with FLC = 180 amps CT ratio 200/5 and Is required to trip at 105% FLC. 4a} Relay rating required:— Since main CT has a second- ary rating of 5 amps and FLC is close to primary rating then a relay rating of 5 amps with 80, 90 and 100% taps Is suitable. b) Tapping: CT secy current = 180 x = 200, ‘Therefore 4.8 x 100 = 90% B (relay rating) ‘Therefore use 90% tap. ec) Datum rating = Relay rating x% tap in use 5x90" 4.5 amps 100 d) Load to trip setting: Since relay will indicate 100% running load at motor FLC then ‘load to trip’ setting will be 105%. ©} Operating characteristics: From the above results it can be seen that the motor data Is perfectly matched to the relay and therefore providing the motor is either cold or is running at its normal full load current for a period equal to relay time lag, then characteristic curves may be used to determine the operating times at various levels of overload. Example 2 Consider motor with FLC = 150 amps CT ratio 200/6 and is required to trip at 110% x FLC. 2) Relay rating required: Here again a 5 amp relay with 80, 90 and 100% teps is suitable. b) Tapping: CT secondary current = 150 = 200 ‘Therefore 3.75 x 100 = 75% 5 amps = 3.75 amps 5 ‘Therefore nearest tapping Is 80%. c) Datum rating = relay rating x% tap in use = 5x 80=4 amps 100 d) Load to trip setting = 110% «3.75 (FLC) = 103% “4 (Datum rating) €) Operating characteristics: In this instance @ perfect match is not achioved and therefore to determine operating times at various levels of overload the ratio method may be utilized viz. Cold condition, I ret = 0. Running condition, Lref = 3.7 (FLC) SoToR) Litip (starting and running) = 103 = 1.03 700 Referring to table on curve of Z/t obtain values of K and N for patticular relay type under study, from whence the ratio Z can be calculated at various levels of overload and trip times determined, Please note that the K factors are given for unit multiples fof Datum Reting and a conversion will be necessary if operating times are required in multiples of motor FLC. eg in this example, 5 x Datum rating is equivalent to 8x4=5.34 x FLC 376 It Is suggested that when the ratio method Is used for the first time, experience is gained using ideal figures as in example 1, viz I ref = | (Running), or T ref = 0 (Starting) Trip = 1.05 and operating times between the two methods ‘compared; should be within 5% of each other Resetting Times for Thermal Units. After operation of the relay on overload, the bimetals cool slowly (Section 1A) and sufficient time must be allowed to elapse for a restart to be possible. The curves of Fig. 17 give an indication of ‘the length of time necessary to reset a given amount. This ime obviously depends upon the extent of the overload causing the original trip and the overload trip setting, ©. this particular curve of Fig, 17 relates to type M relays with a trip setting of 110% having been subjected to a 250% overload prior to tripping. Thus an infinite number of curves can be drawn — this isa typical one. It should be Noted that this feature of the relay gives builtin protection against damage due to restart on overload or too great a umber of starts in a given time, since, if the motor is, started too soon after tripping, the relay will and again in progressively shorter times.Lh big oz 61 7 a “(80 SUTF UWP] y EAB WT BdAT JO aKINyasIy (sernuyw) Buisoj222 pud Buddin u22Miaq aut si vi eg zt ot OF 6 8 £9 Ht 4 ihe S14 XSz Ww GUMIS %®OII spuos2s O@ (PIO>) dijz07 aw, JOWION {PI0> Gujz304s) disy oy 2w}z jDWIOU obSTALLING RELAY TIMING CURVES SECTION 38 100 1 100; 1 90\—- 90) 80) i 80} 70} - 70;--— 1 t P60) : p60; 350 y 2 3 3 50) 2 40} t @ 40-— 7 = | € Ll F 30 = 30) + 20: 0 i LTT 10) 4 | | | | J ° 310 is 2025-35 45 ° 20 4060 80100 140 180 Seconds to Trip ‘Type_Li.(short_time range) Characteristics Fig. 18. Stalling Relay timing curves are basically quite straight forward and consist of a family of curves showing the relation of the fixed pointer to the operating time for vari ous valuesof stallingcurrent. In practice current is shown as a multiple of the relay rating which is discussed in Section 2E ‘The curved scale of the stalling relay is divided linearly from 0 — 100 and although the fixed pointer can be set at any point on this scale, itis desirable to avoid values below about 30 and above about 90. 30 5 25 3 time 8 20 3 eS setting 2 10 190 E am 60 a 30 8 Times rated relay current Type Character (short time range) Fig. 20. Seconds to Trip Type _L.2.(long time range) Characteristics Fig. 19. Each stalling relay is individually calibrated from data ‘obtained on test and the nameplates show 3 curves corres- ponding to currents4, § and 7 times relay rating respectively. Typical nameplate curves as fitted to stalling relays in both fixed and drawout cases are shown in Figs, 18 and 19, However, in the case of combined Golds’ and stalling relaysin drawout cases, a somewhat different presentation is Used, (Figs. 20 and 21) 180. 150 stat 120 | 90) t or 20 30) 60 f = 30 5 6 7 Times rated relay current — time setting time secs. op. ‘Type _L.2. Characteristics Tiong time range) Fig. 21.It should be noted that in both cases the stalling current of @ motor in eny particular installation is unlikely to be exactly 4, 5 or 7 times the rating. Commissioning engineers may care to draw on the nameplate (preferably in red ink} a further curve applicable to the particular motor and, in any event, the multiple should be calculated and placed on record. ‘The following example will show how it may be obtained: Main C.7. ratio 1090/5 Locked Rotor current 540 amps, Assume Safe stall time 10 seconds. Relay rating (obtained from nameplate). 5 i MO GG0% a5 ~ 60 ‘This multiple has been drawn in on the L1 (short time range) curve (Fig. 18) in a broken line and it will be seen that the relay should be set at 60 to give a tripping time of 10 seconds. 48 amps Then multiple ‘The foregoing discussion applies to @ stalling relay opera- ting from cold. Should a second stall oceur before tl bimetals have had time to cool completely, then the trippit time of the relay will be shortened to a degree shown by the following curve. (Fig. 22), If the relay operates, then cools for a given reset time as shown on the horizontal axis, the time for a second operation is gwen as a percentage of ‘the setting by the vertical axis, By way of example a relay set for a normal operating time of 15 seconds would trip in 72% of 15 = 10.8 seconds ‘on a second stall occurring 4 minutes after a first stall, 3 2 8 ing x 8 é 8 percentage of time sett 8 5 °. 4 6 6 10 12 1416 18 20 22 24 26 28 reset time in minutes Reset Curve for Stalling Relay. Fig. 22.