U1. MAGNETIZING INRUSH When a transformer is fist enesgized, a transient magneliz- ing oF oxciting current may flow. ‘This inrush current, whieh appears as an internal fault to the differentially-comneeted relays, may reach instantancous peaks Of 8 Lo 30 tious those fer fulllowd “The factors controlling the Uuration and magnitude of the magactizing inrush ate a. Size of the transformer bank b, Sige of the power system Resistance in the pawer system Iron: the source to the teanstormer bank AL Type of iron used in Une Wanstormer core and ils satura tion density Prior history, or residual Mux level, of the bunk f. How the bank is energized. ULA, Initial Inrush tion of a transformer bank is removes, the ‘he flux, following the Hy Figure 8-1). Hf the transformer wexe reenergized at the instant the voltage wave fori corresponds lo the residual magnetic den- sity within the gore, there woud be a smooth continuation of the previous operation with ne magnetic transient (Figure a1). In practice, however, the instant when swatehing takes place canaot be soatroled and « magnetizing transient is practically unavoidable When the exci inagactizing current woes 10 Zt0, hysterisis loop, then falls to some cesidual va ‘restore Transtar becroos Panera rive Fe Te Pat Figura 8-1: Magnotizing Curront When Teansformars Wore Roohergized at Thet Instant of Tho Voltage Wave Form Corresponding to The Residual Magnetic Density Within The Cora: In Figure 8-2, Ue instant the flux would nosrally by at its negative maxis hax! AE this point, the residual flux would have a positive value. Since magnetic flux can neither be Cis assumed thal Bie elseuit is rsenergized at mu value (9, ereated aor destroyed instanély, thy flux wave, instead of ising. along the dot ted Line, will start with the residual value (9nd trace the uve Be starting at its normal value (-9,,4,) amd Terstanes socom Oaanegtes erga arin Pt ot Tes et Figure 8-2: Magnotizing Current When Transformers Were Recnergized at The Inatort Whon The Flux Would Normally be atts Maxienum Value Curve @ is displaced sinusoid, regardless of (he magnetic Theoretically, the value OF Opnay BEC ORIT 21 Opyyy Hs In teansforniers designed for some normal, economical saturation density,* Gg, the cirouit’s saturation characteristics, crest of gig, Will produce supersaturation in the magnetic clr cuit. ‘The result will be a very large crest value in the mag- notizing current (Figure &2) ‘The residual flux, dy i the flax remaining in the core after the voltage is removed from the (arsformer bank. Since current continues to fiow momentarily atter the volluge is somoved, the lux will dvercase along the hysterisis loop to 0. Because the flux in each of the Unree phases is 120" apart, one phase will have a positive Oy and the other two a negative Gp oF vice versa, Asa result value of yg where i FSatonation density iy the projected saturation Mus in per unit of tated voltige fu, In physial terms, saturation density i the per ‘unit value of the flux density at which the iron core starts to satu rate, Saturation denty ss function of the transformer desien ps ramelers, such as KVA rating, loss, neise level rate voltage, and so fon, {tis more easily determined, however, fram tlic excitationthe residual flux may either add to or subtract from the total flux, increasing, or decreasing the inrush current, A typival bnrush current wave js shown in gure 83. Kor the first few cycles, the imrush current decays rapidly. Then, however, the current subsides very slowly, sometimes taking many seconds if the resistanee is low. -Aggiea vutone Figure 8.3: & Typical Magnetizing Inrush Currant Wave, ‘The time constant of the circuit (L/R) is not, in Tact, a com stant the first few eyeles, saturation is high apd Lis low. As the tosses damp the circuit, the saturation drops and L inereases, According to 2 1951 All wush vary from 10 cycles for small units to as much as one minute L varies as 4 result of transformer saturation. During report, Lime constants for for large usits. ‘The resistance from the source to the bank determines the damping of the current wave, Banks near a yenerator will have u longer insush because the resistance is very lowe, Like wise Turge transformer units tend to have a Jong, inrush as they represent « large L relative fo the system zesistance, At remote substations, the (orusk will not be nearly ss severe, since the resistence in tae connecting line will quickly damp the current, In addition to the conditions which influence single-phase inrush, the wave shape of the inrush current into a delta winding is influenced by the number of cores affected and by the vector sum of the currents from the bank windings, Fust, more than one core may experience an inrush, Since the inrush current peaks in each of the cores will be out-of phase by 60°, of a maltiple-of 60%, the normal shape ol a Single-phase inrush will be distorted, The net wave could, in lact, become oscillatory (Figure 8-4), Second, the shape of a polyphase or a single-phase inzush to a delta winding is at feoted by te nature of (he line current itself, which is the: vector sum of two currents from the bank windings, Assume ing that only one core hus saturated, the mature of the line ‘current can result in wither oscillatory waves or the distor- Gon of Lhe single-phase shape. AANAAHA Figure 8-4: Typical Magnetizing Inrush Current Wave that can Exist in One of The Phases tos Delta Connection or in The Socondery of Delta Connected Current ‘Transformers. Where there is more thsa one delta winding on a transiormer bank, the inrush will be influenced by the coupling betws the different voltage windings. Depending on the core con= struction, three-phase transformer units may be subject Lo "iphase coupling that could also affect the inrush current, Similar wave shapes would be encountered when energizing the »ye winding of a wye-delia bank, er when energi¢ing an autotransformer, Here, Lhe single-phase shape would be dis: torted ws a resull of Ue interphase coupling praduced by the delta winding (or tertiary), Maximum inrush will not, of course, ovcur on every ener avvation. The probability of energizing al Une woest condi- on is relatively low, Energizing at maximum voltage will ot produce aw inrush with no residual, In 2 three-phase bank, the inrush in each phase will vary apprcciably. ‘The maximum iazush for a transformer bank ean be caleu lated from the excitation curve if availble, and Table 8-1 shows a typical calculation 6 an inrush eurzent From these calculated values it can he seen, that a. The lower te value of the saturation density Hux. dg, the higher the iarash peak valuc. b. The maximum phase-current inrush occurs at the zero- degree closing angle (ie., zerv voltage) c. The maximum line-cusrent inrush oocurs at £30° closing, angle, Table 81 ‘Typical Inrush Current Calculation Value of Inrush © To Te Eat -3.73|-3.93| 8.33]-3.73} -8.33 hao] 30° |s.10]-1.87]-5.10] 5.96] 5.10] -9.20 1is] 0° |6.53|-4.67]-4.67 | 10,20] 4.67 /-10,20 115] 30° [6.03 |-2.80]~6.03 | 7.83] 6.03 |-11.06Hecause of the delta connection of transformer winding or current transformers, the maximum line-curtent ynrush value should be considered whea applying current to the differen al relay, . Recovery Inrush, “Aninsush can also occur after a fault external te the bank is cleared and the voltage returns to normal (Figure 8-5}, Sidce the icansformer is partially evergized, the recovery inrush is always less chan the bsitial incush, + a 8 @QAH4E-O Ste z sn ie et © sng savage tee Ever Fah Spsuecmer Figure 6: Recovery Inruch AHer an Extornal Fault is Cleared. 1L.C, Sympathetic Inrush When a bank is paralleled with a energized bank can experience a sympathti d bank, the rush, The ofiset inrash current of te bank Being energized will Hind a parallel path in the energized bank may saturate the transformer iron, eveat rush. The magnitude of this incush depends on the value of the transformer impedance relative to that of the rest of Hhe systom, which forms an selditional parallel eireuit, Again, the sympathetic inrush will aiways be loss (han the initia! Phe d-e camponent an gpparent in- inrush, As shown in Figure 846, Ue total current at breaker C is the sum of the initial ingush of bank A anid the sympathetic in- tush of bunk B, Since this wave form looks like an offset fault current, if could cause misoperation if a common set of harmonic restraint differential relays were used for bot Danks. Unit-type generator and transformer combinations have no initial inzush problem because the unit is brought up Lo Full vollage graduaily, Recovery and sympathetic 4 probiem, but, as indicated above, Uese conditions are less severe than iniGal inrusi. rush may be Ba» ce See ‘Chena © a eave ra / /\ N lil rah Cer oA _Syneatnet Tenn Caen at “at Figure 8.6; Sympathetic Inruch When a Bank is Parelltod With = ‘Second Energized Bank. I, DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS FOR TRANSFORMER PROTECTION Since the differential relays see the inrush current as an in ternal fault, some method of distinguishing between Fault and inrush current is necessary. Such methods include: a, A differential relay with reduced sensitivity to the inrush wave (such units have 2 higher pickup for the offset wave, plus time delay to override the higi initial peaks} b. A harmonie restraint or 3 supervisory unit used is con junction with the differential relay ¢. Desensitization of the differential relay during bank © ergization. TILA. Differential Relays with Reduced Sensitivity to tarust. I.A.1, CA (87) Transformer Differential Relay The CA transformer differential relay fas red nved sensitivity to magnetizing inrush, There are anany such relays in stc- ceseful service. The CA relay consists of a percentage differential unit and an indicating contactor switeh, The percentage differentiat unit, an induction dise (ype, hasan electromagnet with pales above and below the dise (Figure 8-7). There are two ra straint coils on the lower left-hand pole: an operating coil is Both the lett aod right-hand poles have bansformer winding, connected in parallel lo supply current to the upper pole windings. wound on the lower right-hand pote